The Mineral Resources of the Lothians
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The mineral resources of the Lothians Information Services Internal Report IR/04/017 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INTERNAL REPORT IR/04/017 The mineral resources of the Lothians by A.G. MacGregor Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 11. Formerly issued as Wartime pamphlet No. 45 in 1945. The original typescript was keyed by Jan Fraser, selected, edited and produced by R.P. McIntosh. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1999 Key words Scotland Mineral Resources Lothians . Bibliographical reference MacGregor, A.G. The mineral resources of the Lothians BGS INTERNAL REPORT IR/04/017 . © NERC 2004 Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh; see contact details 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 below or shop online at www.thebgs.co.uk e-mail: [email protected] The London Information Office maintains a reference collection www.bgs.ac.uk of BGS publications including maps for consultation. 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INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................5 I. 1 GENERAL GEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES.................................................................... 6 I. 2. OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE LOTHIANS ...................... 8 II ROCKS AND MINERALS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ........................................ 12 II. 1. COAL ......................................................................................................................... 12 II 2. OIL-SHALE .............................................................................................................. 15 II. 3. MINERAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS................................................................... 17 II. 4. BEDDED IRONSTONE ............................................................................................ 17 II. 5. FIRECLAY, SHALE (BLAES) AND CLAY............................................................ 18 II. 5a. Fireclay used for making Refractory Products ..................................................... 18 II. 5b. Shale (Blaes) and Clay (Mudstone) used for Brickmaking.................................. 19 II. 5c. Boulder Clay used for Brickmaking ..................................................................... 20 II. 5d. Alluvial Clays (Marine and Freshwater) used for Brickmaking etc..................... 20 II. 5e. Shale used for making Honestones....................................................................... 22 II 6. LIMESTONE............................................................................................................. 22 II. 6a. Details of Limestone Quarries .............................................................................. 24 II. 6a ( i ) Upper Old Red Sandstone........................................................................... 24 II. 6a. (ii) Carboniferous: Calciferous Sandstone Series............................................. 24 II. 6a. (iii) Carboniferous Limestone Series................................................................ 25 II. 6b. Ochre Beds .......................................................................................................... 28 II. 7. SANDSTONE ........................................................................................................... 28 II. 7a. Sandstone used as Building Stone ....................................................................... 28 TABLE II ............................................................................................................................ 29 II. 7b. Details of Sandstone Quarries .............................................................................. 31 II. 7b. (i) Upper Old Red Sandstone............................................................................ 31 II. 7b. (ii) Carboniferous: Calciferous Sandstone Series............................................. 32 II. 7b. (iii) Carboniferous Limestone Series................................................................ 35 II. 7b. (iv) Carboniferous: Millstone Grit.................................................................... 37 II. 7b. (v) Carboniferous: Coal Measures.................................................................... 38 II. 7c. Siliceous Sandstone used to make Stone Wheels for Glass-cutting etc. .............. 39 II. 7d. Sandstone used as Slabs for Furnace Hearths and Oven Soles ............................ 40 II. 7e. Ganister-like Sandstone and Silica Rock suitable for use in the manufacture ..... 40 II. 7f. Sandstone used as a source of Sand for Furnace Hearths for Moulding Purposes, for Glass Manufacture and for Soil-dressing .................................................................. 41 II. 8. WHINSTONE: IGNEOUS ROCK AND GREYWACKE ........................................ 43 II. 8a. Whinstone used in Roadmaking ........................................................................... 43 WHINSTONE OUTPUT IN THE LOTHIANS 1900-1937............................................... 46 II. 8b. Details of Roadstone Quarries.............................................................................. 51 II. 8b. (i) Ordovician and Silurian Greywackes .......................................................... 51 II. 8b. (ii) Lavas of Lower Old Red Sandstone Age ................................................... 51 II. 8b. (iii) Intrusions of Lower Old Red Sandstone Age............................................ 51 II. 8b. (iv) Lavas of Carboniferous Age...................................................................... 52 II. 8b. (v) Intrusions of Carboniferous Age................................................................. 52 II. 8b. (vi) Permo-Carboniferous Intrusions................................................................ 54 II. 8c. Whinstone used as Building Stone ....................................................................... 58 II. 8d. Igneous Rock used as slabs for Oven Soles ......................................................... 59 II. 9. Sand and Gravel.......................................................................................................... 60 II. 10. Mineral Veins ........................................................................................................... 63 III. PEAT AND ASSOCIATED DEPOSITS.......................................................................... 65 III. 1. Peat............................................................................................................................ 65 III. 2. Associated Deposits: Shell Marl and Diatomite ....................................................... 66 IV. WATER SUPPLY............................................................................................................. 67 IV. 1. General Principles..................................................................................................... 67 IV. 2. Notes on the Hydrology of the Rocks of the Lothians.............................................. 70 THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE LOTHIANS (An Economic Summary and Guide to Sources of Information) by A.G. MacGregor, M.C., D.Sc. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1. General Geological Principles 2. Outline of the Geological History of the Lothians (Fig. 1 = page 3) II. Rocks and Minerals of Economic Importance 1. Coal 2. Oil-Shale 3. Mineral Oil and Natural Gas 4. Bedded Ironstone 5. Fireclay, Shale (Blaes) and Clay 6. Limestone (Table I: Production Statistics) 7. Sandstone (Table II: Production Statistics) 8. Whinstone: Igneous Rock and Greywacke (Table III: Production Statistics) 9. Sand and Gravel (Table IV: Production Statistics) 10. Mineral Veins III. Peat and Associated Deposits 1. Peat 2. Associated Deposits IV. Water Supply 1. General Principles 2. Notes on the Hydrology of the Rocks of the Lothians Figs. 2 and 3. References.