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Marian Alfons Mychra Ekskomunika Marian Alfons Mychra Ekskomunika Prawo Kanoniczne : kwartalnik prawno-historyczny 1/1-2, 25-182 1958 KODEKS PRAWA KANONICZNEGO 25 Can. 71. — Per legem generałem Kan. 71. —- Przywileje zawarte revocantur privilegia in hoc Co­ w niniejszym Kodeksie odwołuje dice contenta; ad cetera quod się przez prawo ogólne; co się attinet, servetur praescriptum tyczy innych, należy zachować can. 60. przepis kan. 60. Kan. 72. — § 1. Przywileje usta­ Can. 72. — § 1. Privilegia ces­ ją przez rezygnację, zatwierdzo­ sant per renuntiationem a compé­ ną przez właściwego przełożone­ tente Superiore acceptatam. go. § 2. Privilegio in sui tantum § 2. Przywileju udzielonego na favorem constituto quaevis per­ swoją wyłącznie korzyść może sona privata renuntiare potest. się zrzec każda osoba prywatna. § 3. C oncesso alicui com m uni­ § 3. Udzielonego jakiejś spo­ tati, dignitati locove renuntiare łeczności, godności lub miejscu privatis personis non licet. nie wolno zrzekać się prywat­ § 4. Nec ipsi communitati seu nym osobom. coetui integrum' est renuntiare § 4. Samej nawet społeczności, privilegio sibi dato per modum czy zespołowi nie wolno zrzekać legis, vel si renuntiatio cedat tn się przywileju danego na sposób Ecclesiae aliorumve praeiudicium. prawa, albo gdyby zrzeczenie się mogło przynieść ujmę Kościołowi lub innym . Can. 73. — Resoluto iure conce­ Kan. 73. — Z ustaniem władzy dentis privilegia non exstinguun­ udzielającego, przywileje nie wy­ tur, nisi data fuerint cum clausu­ gasają, chyba że zawierały klau­ la: ad beneplacitum nostrum, vel zulę: ad beneplacitum nostrum alia aequipollenti. lub inne równoznaczne. Can. 74. — Privilegium personale Kan. 74. — Przywilej osobisty personam sequitur et' cum ipsa jest zw iązany z osobą 1 z nią exstinguitur. w ygasa. Can. 75. — Privilegia realia ce­ Kan. 75. — Przywileje rzeczo­ ssant per absolutum rei vel loci in­ we ustają z chwilą całkowitego teritum; privilegia vero localia, zniszczenia rzeczy lub miejsca; si locus intra quinquaginta annos przywileje miejscowe jednak od­ restituatur, reviviscunt. żywają, jeżeli miejsce zostanie przywrócone w ciągu lat pięć­ dziesięciu. Can. 76. — Per non usum vel per Kan. 76. — Przywileje, które usum contrarium privilegia aliis nie są ciężarem dla innych, nie 26 CODEX IURIS CANONICr haud onerosa non cessant; quae ustają przez fakt niekorzystan'a vero in aliorum gravamen cedunt, z nich lub przez działanie prze­ amittuntur, si accedat legitima ciwne, te natomiast, które obra­ praescriptio vel tacita renuntiatio. cają się na niekorzyść innych, zanikają, jeżeli nastało prawne przedawnienie lub cicha z nich rezygnacja. Can. 77. — Cessat quoque pri­ Kan. 77. — Przyw ilej u staje vilegium, si temporis progressu również, gdy z biegiem czasu, rerum adiuncta sic, iudicio Supe­ zdaniem przełożonego, tak się rioris, immutentur ut noxium eva­ okoliczności zmieniły, że stałby serit, aut eius usus illicitus fiat; się szkodliwy, albo jego użycie item elapso tempore vel expleto niegodziwe; tak samo, nie naru­ numero casuum pro quibus privi- szając przepisu kan. 207, § 2, po leg um fuit concessum, firmo prae­ upływie czasu lub po wyczerpa­ scripto can. 207, § 2. niu ilości wypadków, na które przywilej został udzielony. Can. 78. — Qui abutitur potestate Kan. 78. — Kto nadużywa sibi ex privilegio permissa, pri­ władzy nadanej mu na mocy vilegio ipso privari meretur; el przywileju, zasługuje na pozba­ Ord'narius Sanctam Sedem mo­ wienie samego przywileju; a or­ nere ne omittat, si quis privilegio dynariusz nie omieszka powia­ ab eadem concesso graviter abu- domić Stolicy Ap., jeżeliby ktoś taitur. ciężko nadużywał przywileju przez nią udzielonego. Can. 79. — Quamvis privilegia, Kan. 79. — Jakkolwiek przy­ oretenus a Sancta Sede obtenta, wileje udzielone przez Stolicę Ap. ipsi petenti in foro conscientiae ustnie służą obdarowanemu w za­ suffragentur, nemo tamen potest kresie sumienia, nikt jednak nie cuiusvis privilegii usum adversus może z jakiegolwiek przywileju quemquam in foro externo vin­ korzystać przeciw komukolwiek dicare, nisi privilegium ipsum si­ w zakresie zewnętrznym, jeżeli bi concessum esse legitime evin­ udzielonego sobie przywileju nie cat. udowodni na drodze prawej. TITULUS V I. TYTUŁ VI. De d i s p e n s a t i o i b u s. O dyspensach. Can. 80. — Dispensatio, seu le­ Kan. 80. — Dyspensa, czyli gis in casu speciali relaxatio, zwolnienie od prawa w poszcze­ concedi potest a conditore legis, gólnym wypadku, może być udzie­ ab eius successore vel Superio- lone przez twórcę prawa, jego [23] KODEKS PRAWA KANONICZNEGO 27 re, nec non ab illo cui iidem fa­ następcą lub przełożonego, jak cultatem dispensandi concesserint również przez tego, komu oni udzielili władzy dyspensowania. Can. 81. — A generalibus Ec­ Kan. 81. — Od praw ogólnych clesiae legibus Ord narii infra Ro­ Kościoła nie mogą dyspensować, manum Pontificem dispensare ne­ nawet w poszczególnym wypadku, queunt, ne in casu quidem pecu­ przełożeni niżsi od Biskupa Rzym­ liari, nisi haec potestas eisdem skiego, chyba że im ta władza fuerit explicite vel implicite con­ była udzielona wyraźnie czy mil­ cessa, aut nisi difficilis sit recur­ cząco, albo jest trudny dostąp do sus ad Sanctam Sedem et simul Stolicy Ap. a zarazem grozi bez­ in mora sit periculum gravis da­ pośrednio zło wielkie i mowa o mni, et de dispensatione agatur dyspensie, której Stolica Ap. quae a Sede Apostołka concedi zwykła udzielać. solet. Can. 82. — Episcopi aliique loco­ Kan. 82. — Biskupi i inni miej­ rum Ordinarii dispensare valent scowi ordynariusze mogą dyspen­ in legibus dioecesanis, et in legi­ sować od praw diecezjalnych, a bus Concilii provincialis ac ple­ od praw synodu prowincjonalne­ narii ad normam can. 291, § 2, go i plenarnego, zgodnie z kan. non vero in legibus quas specia- 291 § 2| nie mogą natomiast od tim tulerit Romanus Pontifex pro praw, które Biskup Rzymski wy­ illo peculiari territorio, nis,i ad dał specjalnie dla tego szczegól­ normam can. 81. nego terytorium, chyba że w ra­ m ach kan. 81. Can. 83. — Parochi nec a lege ge­ Kan. 83. — Proboszczowie nie nerali nec a lege peculiari dis­ mogą dyspensować ani od prawa pensare valent, nisi haec potes­ ogólnego, ani od prawa partyku­ tas expresse eisdem concessa sit. larnego, chyba że ta władza była im udzielona wyraźnie Can. 84. — § 1. A lege ecclesia­ Kan. 84. — § 1. Od prawa ko­ stica ne dispensetur sine iusta et ścielnego nie wolno dyspensować rationabili causa, habita ratione bez słusznej i rozumnej przyczy­ gravitat's legis a qua dispensaturi ny, mając na uwadze ważność al'as dispensatio ab inferiore da­ prawa, od którego się dyspensu­ ta illicita et invalida est. je; w przeciwnym razie dyspen­ sa udzielona przez niższego prze­ łożonego jest niegodziwa i nie­ w ażna. 28 CODEX IURIS CANONICI [24] § 2. D ispensatio in dubio de § 2. W w ątpliw ości, czy p rzy ­ sufficientia causae licite petitur czyna jest wystarczająca, można et potest licite et valide concedi. godziwie prosić o dyspensę oraz godziwie i ważnie jej udzielać. Can. 85. — Strictae subest in­ Kan. 85. — Nie tylko dyspensę, terpretationi non solum dispensa­ stosownie do kan. 50, ale i samą tio ad norm am can. 50, sed iipsa- władzę dyspensowania do pewne­ met facultas dispensandi ad cer­ go wypadku, należy tłumaczyć tum casum concessa. ściśle. Can. 85. — Dispensatio quae trac­ Kan. 85. — Dyspensa, która po­ tum habet successivum, cessat woduje skutki ciągłe, wygasa w iisdem modis quibus privilegium, ten sposób, jak przywilej, a rów­ nec non certa ac totali cessatio­ nież przez pewne i całkowite ne causae motivae. ustanie, przyczyny sprawczej. ROZPRAWY I ARTYKUŁY KS. MARIAN-ALFONS MYRCHA EKSKOMUNIKA* II. Praw a Prawami, na które, w myśl Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego, wywiera wpływ ekskomunika są: prawo wybierania (ius eli­ gendi), wyznaczania (ius nominandi) oraz prawo patronackie (ius patronatus). O powyższych prawach mówi prawodawca w kanonie 2265 §1, l-o. „Quilibet excommunicatus: Prohibe­ tur iure eligendi, praesentandi, nominandi”, jak też w kanonie 2256, 2-0. „Nomine autem actuum legitimorum ecclesiastico­ rum signifcantur:............................. suffragium ferre in electio­ nibus ecclesiasticis; ius patronatus exercere”. Ekskomunikowanemu nie wolno wybierać, prezentować, nominować (kan. 2265 §1, l-o). Przez kościelne akty prawne należy rozumieć głosowanie w wyborach kościelnych; wy­ konywanie prawa patronatu (kan. 2256, 2-o). 1. Prawa wyborcze i nominacji 1. Pojęcie Wybór (electio) jest to zgodne z prawem kanonicznym po­ wołanie na wakujący urząd kościelny, dokonane przez tych, którym przysługuje czynne prawo wyborcze. * P o czą tek ro zp ra w y „Polonia Sacra r. 1957 N r 4, 185—224; c. d. „Polonia Sacra” 1958, N r 1, 81— 176; c. d. „Polonia Sacra" 1958, N r 2, 15— 81. 30 KS. MARIAN MYRCHA [196] Nominacja jest to wyznaczenie na podstawie przywileju apostolskiego, duchownego- na wakujące beneficjum koś­ cielne. 1 2. Przepisy prawne dotyczące ekskomunikowanych 1. Ekskomunikowany nienotoryczny (excomunicatus non notorius) nie może godziwie wybierać, nominować. Zasadę tę zawiera kanon 2265 §1, l-o „Quilibet excomunicatus: Pro­ hibetur iure eligendi, praesentandi, nominandi”. Od tej zasady przewiduje prawodawca wyjątek w kanonie 2232 §1. Zgodnie z powyższym kanonem czynności wyżej wymienione, a za­ bronione ekskomunikowanemu będą godziwe, o ile zajdzie przyczyna usprawiedliwiająca skazanego od zachowania cen­ zury, jaką jest grożące mu zniesławienie z podporządkowania się cenzurze „latae sententiae”. 2. Ekskomunikowany faktycznie notoryczny nigdy nie może godziwie wybierać lub nominować. Zasada ta ma tu bezwzględny
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