Appendix 2 – Site Descriptions for 94 High Conservation Value Eastern Hemlock Forests in within 50 km of Lakes Erie and Ontario

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Values Definitions: OG - Old-growth forest MF - Mature forest / entering old-growth stage CF - Contiguous forest tracts or connected to natural heritage network SRE - High scenic, recreational, or educational value UF - Urban forest REP - Representation value: ANSI, Nature Reserve, candidate reserve IBA - Important birding area (IBA) ESA - Recognized environmentally significant area, heritage woodland, signature site RW - Riparian, waterfront or wetland forest SL - Slope stabilization RS - Rare species Name Lat Long Ha Land Use Values Public References Description Designation Access 1=best 4=worst Altona Forest 43.8286 -79.1379 53 TRCA land MF,UF, 1 Wake 1997 This is a mature woodland, including communities ESA dominated by white cedar and sugar maple-hemlock communities. Balls Falls 43.1340 -79.3810 20 Conservation OG,SRE, 1 Bert Miller Hemlock-northern hardwood forest, with inspiring pristine Gorge (Twenty Area RW,SL, Nature Club forest in a spectacular gorge. Kershner (2004) reports ring Valley) RS 2003, counts of hemlocks up to 330 years. Red mulberry occurs. Kershner 2004 Beamers Falls 43.1866 -79.5702 <1 Conservation OG,SRE, 2-3 Bert Miller Only a small pocket of old-growth forest remains in the gorge Gorge Area IBA,RW, Nature Club due to aggressive logging in the early 1900s. This and the SL 2003, old-growth hardwood forest above it at Grimsby Point, Kershner complement cliff-face ancient cedars, and spectacular views, 2004 making this one of Ontario's premier scenic treasures Beattie Pinery 44.123 -79.860 80 Provincial MF,REP Larson et al. The most mature, least disturbed woodland remaining in the Nature ,ESA 1999 Alliston Sand Plain. Trees reach 100+ years. Hemlocks are Reserve mostly small-mid diameter. Big Creek 42.6413 -80.5406 455 ANSI, MF,CF, 4 Lindsay 1981, The north-facing valley slopes and tributary ravines support Floodplain Carolinian REP,ESA Carolinian mixed forests of hemlock with white pine, yellow birch, red Canada ,RW,SL Canada 2017 maple and beech in good condition. The south and east- Signature facing slopes are wooded with sugar maple and some beech Site and hemlock.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Big Otter Creek 42.8333 -80.7447 647 ANSI MF,CF, 4 Lindsay 1981, A large, relatively intact, natural corridor follows the deeply REP,RW IBA Canada incised, meandering valley of Big Otter Creek for about 7 km ,SL,RS 2017 south from Tillsonburg. The east and north-facing slopes and tributary ravines tend to be dominated by hemlock with some yellow birch and red maple. The valleys of two tributaries South Creek and Moore's Creek-are included. Hemlock slopes which contain some sugar maple, beech and yellow birch; mixed deciduous-hemlock forests, and sycamore-willow-aspen floodplains are examples of the vegetation. It is estimated that more than 20 pairs of Louisiana waterthrush (nationally vulnerable) are nesting in the upper Big Otter Creek valley, from just south of Tillsonburg upstream to Otterville. Bolton 43.8855 -79.7878 973 TRCA Land OG,CF, 1 Henry and Several pockets of old-growth hemlock occur within and resource SRE,RW Quinby 2019 adjacent to the Bolton Resource Management Tract, along management ,SL the Humber Valley Heritage Trail. Visual characteristics Tract (Humber suggest the hemlocks are commonly 130-200 years old, but Valley) some have characteristics of older trees, one is estimated at 250-300 years old. Boyd 43.8188 -79.5823 57 Life Science MF,UF, 3-4 NHIC 2016, This site includes the northeast corner of Boyd Conservation Conservation ANSI, REP,RW TRCA 2012 Area and the uplands immediately adjacent to its east side. It Area And Provincial ,SL is characterized by flat uplands flanking a steep-sided flat Adjacent Lands bottomland valley. Dense, semi-mature to mature hemlock forests occurs (NHIC). Fresh-Moist Hemlock Coniferous Forest (FOC3-1) occurs on the northeast aspect of the East Valley, at 43.806, -79.584, while Fresh Moist Hemlock – Hardwood Mixed Forest (FOM6-2) occurs on floodplain terraces south of Langstaff Rd (43.802, -79.582 and 43.798, -79.580). TRCA 2012 Boye's 43.0364 -79.3757 120 Mostly OG,ESA, 4 NPCA 2010 Mixed Swamp habitat in this study area is characterized by a Explosive's - private RW species rich hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis) - Yellow birch Fenwick (Betula alleghaniensis) community which grades into Red Forests Maple (Acer rubrum) swamp on some upland edges. Bridgeview 43.3009 -79.8952 67 Life Science MF,UF, 4 NHIC 2016, Bridgview Valley is a deep, narrow, steep-sided ravine which Valley site, ESA ESA,RW Halton runs south from the Escarpment, and contains a tributary to ,SL Region and Grindstone Creek. The east bank supports a good quality North-South maturing forest of maple, oak and hickory in the south and Environment hemlock to the north al 2005

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Bronte Creek 43.4111 -79.7585 196 Life Science OG,CF, 2 NHIC 2016, A narrow deep winding gorge cut through shale and till plain Provincial Park ANSI, SRE,UF, Halton characterizes Bronte Creek area. The parks 30 m high steep Nature Reserve Provincial, REP,ESA Region and slopes are vegetated with hemlock-white birch-white cedar, Zone Provincial ,RW,SL North-South sugar maple and yellow oak-red oak-white oak. Park Environment al 2005 Brookbanks 43.751 -79.330 17 ESA, MF,SRE, 2 North-South Deciduous forest dominated by sugar maple, American Ravine Municipal UF,ESA, Environment beech and hemlock along the steep slopes of a ravine, to a Park RW al 2012; AFER bottomland dominated by lowland forest. Access is via 2016 Deerlick Creek Trail. Much of the hemlock is off-trail (but accessed by commonly used informal trails). Ring counts of cut tree gives a minimum age of 140. Cavan Creek 44.1926 -78.5347 1601 Candidate CF,RW 3-4 NHIC 2016 Primary headwaters (714 ha (1765 acres)) of Cavan Creek. Headwaters Life Science Open pond, cattail-alder-grasses marsh, alder-willow-cedar ANSI, scrub swamp, cedar-hemlock-white birch-trembling aspen- Regional cedar-white pine upland woodland. Good coldwater trout stream (brown trout). Charleston 44.5066 -76.028 Provincial MF,CF, 1 AFER 2017, Sugar maple, beech, paper birch, hemlock, red oak and white Lake Provincial Park SRE,RW Friends of pine are the most abundant tree species in the park. The Park Charleston Hemlock Ridge Trail leads through rock crevices, and dense Lake Park hemlock and white pine forest with views over wetlands and 2017 hemlock trees up to 120 years old. Collins Lake 44.3584 -76.4515 70 Private. Life OG,CF, 3 White 1990, “This is the least disturbed old forest stand seen in Eastern Science ANSI, REP,RW NHIC 2016, Region in this study or in the author's previous field Provincial Lindsay, 1986 experience of nearly 20 years. Its large size, location along an undisturbed marshy shoreline of Collins Lake, and range of moisture and composition, add to its representative value.” White, 1990. A mature example of maple-beech -hemlock upland forest on a mesic, sandy loam site. Other vegetation and site types present. [Lindsay, 1986] Crawford Lake 43.471 -79.927 664 Private / CF, ESA, 1-2 Halton The Escarpment forests in this area are mature hardwoods - Rattlesnake public - HRCA REP, RS, Region and and hemlock, situated on shallow loam soils overlying Point Conservation SRE, North-South fissured dolomite bedrock. Ancient cedar forests occur on Escarpment Area MF, OG Environment the escarpment. Includes a provincially significant Life Woods al 2005 Science ANSI, Crawford Lake - Milton Outlier Valley. Credit River At 43.5532 -79.6618 248 Life Science MF,CF, 1 NHIC, Wake Steep, wooded river valley and floodplain stretching 6 km in Erindale ANSI, UF,REP, 1997 length, south of Streetsville. River floodplain Manitoba Regional, RW maple-willow-black maple, valley slope sugar maple- hemlock-beech and sugar maple-red oak-black cherry and

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Municipal tableland white oak-white pine. Eastern hemlock and white Park cedar occurs on the east-facing slopes Decew Falls 43.109 -79.264 11 Privately OG,SRE, 3 Cheskey Decew Falls and Gorge "includes one kilometre of and Gorge owned? But IBA,RW, 2003, spectacular gorge that cuts north through the escarpment. a priority for SL,RS Kershner At times the gorge walls are over 40 metres in depth. To the acquisition to 2004 south, above the 20 metre waterfall, are the Fonthill Kame add to Short uplands and valleys. The slopes are heavily forested with Hills hemlock, maple, and oak" (Cheskey 2003). Kershner (2004) Provincial aged a variety of trees including hemlock to over 260 years. Park Delaware 42.9038 -81.4164 35 Life Science REP,ESA 2 NHIC 2016 Fifty ha of steep ridges adjacent to Thames River floodplain. Woodlot ANSI, ,RW,RS Hardwood uplands dominated by beech-sugar maple-ash Regional. and red oak-white oak-basswood-witch hazel with black Private land? walnut-black maple-blue beech. Flowering dogwood and blue ash occur here. Hemlock-yellow birch forest occurs. Area can be access via Thames Valley Trail (access at Pleasant St turnaround) Delhi Big Creek 42.815 -80.507 259 ANSI, MF,CF, 4 Eagles & Eastern hemlock grows on the drier slopes. The best example Valley Carolinian REP,RW Beechey of this type of forest occurs on the west side of the river Canada ,RS 1985, where a large spring-fed creek flows into the main river by a Signature Ambrose and small waterfall. It is unclear if this area includes old-growth site. Largely Kirk 2010 forest, but it seems likely. Cucumber tree occurs and is private regenerating. Delhi Wetland 42.858 -80.494 5 Private MF,CF, 3 LPBLT 2016 Nestled in a deep valley alongside Big Creek north of Delhi, Nature Reserve Nature RW,SL the property is as diverse ecologically as it is varied Reserve topographically. Despite its relatively small size (12 acres), the property includes a diversity of habitat types, including: mature hemlock and hardwood forests on the ravine slopes and uplands; a small stream flowing through the narrow valley; a perched grass and sedge wetland; and, a cedar- fringed ox-bow pond at the property’s lowest elevations. Access by permission only Dundas Valley 43.2385 -79.9919 2698 Mixed land OG,MF, 1 IBA Canada Hemlock often dominates, along with Sugar maple, on valley use CF,SRE, 2017, slopes with a northerly aspect. The Dundas Valley contains a UF,REP, Carolinian nationally significant community of forest birds, with IBA,ESA Canada 2017, breeding evidence for at least five nationally vulnerable, ,RW,SL, Eagles & threatened or endangered species. Notably, Louisiana RS Beechey waterthrush has two to four breeding pairs annually that 1985 could be threatened by loss of hemlock.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Spencer Gorge 43.2746 -79.9799 56 Conservation OG,CF, 3 Eagles & Old growth begins upstream of the fork with Logie’s Creek. A (Dundas area, ANSI, SRE,UF, Beechey ring count of a typical hemlock in the gorge yielded 180 rings, Valley) IBA REP,IBA 1985, AFER for an approximate age of 200. Visual characteristics of old ,RW,SL, 2017 sugar maples near the creek suggest ages of 300+ (M. Henry RS unpublished field notes). Spring Creek 43.2460 -79.9953 Conservation MF,CF, 1 AFER 2017 Groves of hemlock occur along the trail (Dundas area SRE,IBA Valley) ,RW Earl Bales Park 43.7481 -79.4229 51 Municipal SRE,UF, 1 City of The upper slopes of this section of the West valley Park ESA,RW 2016 have good examples of Mixed Forests of sugar maple, eastern white pine, American beech, red oak and eastern hemlock. East Branch Of 43.7846 -79.378 104 Candidate CF,UF, 3 NHIC 2016 This site along the east branch of the Don River, south of Don River Life Science REP,RW Finch Avenue contains: cedar swamp; alder swale with open ANSI, sedge meadows and scattered clumps of tamarack; a Provincial hemlock-yellow birch seepage slope and cattail-burreed marsh. Finch Avenue 43.8269 -79.1965 2 Life Science CF,UF, NHIC 2016 Floodplain, ravine and slope terraces along meander scar of Meander Scar site REP,RW north of Metro Zoo in Toronto. Upland forest of red oak-sugar maple-hemlock-white birch. Provincially rare sycamore; regionally rare black maple. [Hanna 1984] George G. 43.6595 81.6613 32 Private MF,CF, 1 Wake 1997, The river valley and slopes are mostly covered with a native Newton Nature nature RW Ontario stand of white cedar and mature forest of maple, beech, Reserve reserve Nature 2017 hemlock, elm, ash, butternut and other hardwoods. Abundance of hemlock may be limited. Georgetown 43.6555 -79.8775 267 Life Science MF,CF, NHIC 2016, A large wooded valley of Credit River. The slopes are covered Credit Valley ANSI, UF,REP, Credit River in forests of white cedar and sugar maple-eastern hemlock- Regional. ESA,RW Watershed beech-red Oak. Other communities include red oak-sugar 90% private, ,RS and Region maple forest, white cedar-Ash swamp, sugar maple- 10% public of Peel Manitoba maple-poplar-basswood. Hemlock communities (CVC) Natural Areas cover 12.6 ha (about 5% of the area), mostly adjacent to the Inventory river. Fresh-moist sugar maple-hemlock mixed forest is Project 2011 regionally rare. Gillies Grove 45.4430 -76.3620 25 Private OG,SRE, 1 Larson et al. Hemlock to 70+ cm. An impressive, relatively undisturbed nature UF,ESA 1999 old-growth forest. Minimum age is 250 years. reserve Glen Major 44.005 -79.0789 300 Life Science MF,CF, NHIC 2016 A variety of vegetation types are found at this (ca. 300 ha) Forests site SRE,REP site on strongly dissected moraine: maple-beech uplands, hemlock slopes, old fields with natural regeneration, swamp

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] cedar lowlands (headwaters for Duffin Creek) and some coniferous plantation. Glenville Hills 44.0270 -79.5192 345 Conservation MF,CF, Wake 1997 Old-growth forests of sugar maple, beech on mid-slopes; area REP,SL sugar maple-eastern hemlock on cooler slopes; white cedar- eastern hemlock-yellow birch on extensive seepage slopes near the slope bases. Goodrich- 44.1167 -77.8379 179 Conservation MF,SRE, 2 LTCA 2019 The conservation area includes short-grass prairie, one of Loomis Area RW Ontario's largest eskers, and wet hemlock forest along Cold Conservation Creek. Area Grimsby Point 43.1878 -79.5717 4 Conservation OG,SRE, 1 Kershner Identified by Kershner 2004 as an old growth Carolinian area, IBA IBA 2004 forest. Some hemlock occurs with ages reported up to 275 years. Hague Park 43.7496 -79.2384 9.3 Municipal MF,CF, 1 City of The Hague Park ESA (#76) is located south of Lawrence Park, ESA SRE,UF, Toronto 2016 Avenue East between McCowan Road and Bellamy Road ESA,RW North. The ESA at this site includes mature mixed forest on ,SL the ravine slopes that features sugar maple, American beech, eastern hemlock, eastern white cedar, white birch, and basswood. Especially relevant is a healthy stand of trees dominated by black cherry, a typical Carolinian species. Also present is the regionally rare American hazelnut. Happy Valley 43.9631 -79.6100 648 Life science CF,SRE, 1 Larson et al. Forest is dominated by sugar maple and beech, but hemlocks Forest ANSI, REP 1999 under 30 cm occur, and abundant hemlock regeneration was Provincial. recorded found by Larson et al. 1999. Private nature reserve (NCC) Harold Mitchell 42.888 -79.4246 19 Non- MF,RW 2 NHIC 2016 The area is comprised of a mature woodlot dominated by Nature Reserve Government Hemlock, with Maple, Beech and Yellow birch. The area has a Organization slough-ridge terrain with many ponds and open marshes. - Natural This woodlot contains the last remaining stand of hemlock Heritage on the Lake Erie shoreline Property Hemlock Valley 43.0858 -79.2804 5 Provincial OG,SRE, 2 Kershner Hemlock and hardwood forest clings to steep ravine slopes, Park, IBA IBA,SL 2003 the hemlocks were aged by Bruce Kershner in 2003 as being 280 years-old. 43.7819 -79.1979 201 Candidate MF,CF, 3 NHIC 2016 A relatively large natural area remains along Highland Creek Swamp Life Science UF,REP, in Scarborough. It includes cedar-tamarack swamp, hemlock- ESA,RW cedar-bottomland forests, sedge-graminoid marsh and sugar

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] ANSI, maple-red oak-beech slopes. Twelve regionally rare plants Provincial are reported. High Park 43.648 -79.460 160 Municipal OG,SRE, 2 Varga 1989 Included in High Park are regionally rare examples of moist Park, ANSI, UF,REP, red oak and hemlock forests . Mixed forests in High Park are ESA ESA,RW confined to three small stands along the eastern slopes of ,SL Spring Road Ravine. The tree layer is dominated by hemlock, with such strong secondary species as red oak, black oak, red maple and white pine. Hungry Hollow 43.6408 -79.8768 193 Majority OG,ESA, 2 Halton The valley walls support a mature mixed forest of sugar Ravine private, and RW,SRE Region and maple, beech, eastern hemlock and white cedar. The Municipal ,SL North-South wooded areas of the Hungry Hollow Ravine are of very high Park Environment quality. There are excellent examples of mature sugar maple al 2005 forests and mixed forests. Huttonville 43.6474 -79.7909 20 Life Science ? ? NHIC 2016 Terrace sugar maple-beech-hemlock woods and floodplain Valley ANSI, willow-Manitoba maple-basswood totalling 20 h in size, east Regional of Huttonville and Credit River. Relatively undisturbed; surrounded mainly by agricultural lands. Several rare plant species. [Hanna 1984] Jackson Creek 44.313 -78.342 5 Municipal OG,CF, 1 Henry et al. The north-east facing slopes and valley bottom create old-growth park SRE,UF, 2016 ecological conditions that favour White cedar and Eastern forest RW,SL hemlock, and historically discouraged land clearing and development; which has allowed an old-growth forest to persist here on the hilltop, slopes, and valley bottom. Tall white pines, predominantly found on the hilltop and slopes, reach 168 years old. White cedar reaches 256 years, and hemlock 204+ years old. Jones Creek 44.495 -75.828 n/a Thousand MF,CF, 1 Parks Canada A picturesque trail through hemlock forest and past rare Trails Islands SRE,RW 2017 pitch pine trees to a rocky outcrop 14 metres above the Mud National Park . and Jones Creek wetlands. Difficulty: Easy to moderate Trail length: 1.0 km Loop hiking time: 25 minutes Kilworth 42.9642 -81.3984 50 Life Science REP,RW 3 NHIC 2016 Small section along Oxbow Creek near its outlet into Thames Valleylands ANSI, ,SL River with uplands, slope forests, and floodplains. Upland of Regional red oak-white oak-sugar maple-witch hazel. Hemlock-cedar slope. Basswood-cedar-hemlock-black maple-blue beech Kleinberg 43.832 -79.5791 53 Life Science CF,UF, NHIC 2016 Four woodlots totalling 50 h situated parallel to one another, Woodlots ANSI, 3 km southeast of Kleinburg. Surrounded by farmland and Regional adjacent to concession road. Young to semi-mature upland mesic sugar maple-ash-hemlock-white pine and lowland ash- red maple-dogwood. A

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Lake Medad 43.361 -79.893 261 Private ESA, Halton A large variety of flora and fauna is found in this heavily and Medad (includes REP, Region and forested valley which has been identified as one of the top Valley ANSI) RW North-South botanical sites within the Region. A provincially significant Environment wetland complex extends into Hamilton Wentworth Region. al 2005 This site is a provincially significant Life Science ANSI. The west uplands support deciduous forests of maple, oak, beech and cherry, while the valley floor is a mixed swamp of eastern white cedar, white birch, tamarack, maple and hemlock. Along the north margin of the lake is a cattail marsh which extends northward into the valley basin. Lambton 43.6645 -79.5143 19 Municipal MF,SRE, 2 City of “The upland Mixed Forests of sugar maple, eastern hemlock Woods Park, ESA UF,ESA Toronto 2016 and white birch on the steep slopes in Lambton Woods grade into lowland forests of balsam poplar, tamarack and yellow birch in the floodplains in the southern part of the park” Hemlock is not a major component of the park as a whole. Lasalle Park 43.3026 -79.8438 20 Municipal SRE,UF 1 Wake, 1997 Forests of sugar maple, red oak, white pine and hemlock. Park Limehouse 43.637 -79.969 Conservation ESA,MF, 1-3 Krick and Undisturbed sections of the property include a mature mixed Conservation Area SRE Forsyth 2012 hemlock forest on the north side of Area Little Jerry 42.7722 -80.8480 130 Private MF,CF, 4 Lindsay 1981 Immediately north of Bayham, this area features about 130 Creek RW,SL ha of a river valley habitats with natural vegetation intact. Little Jerry Creek empties in Big Otter Creek near Bayham. Mixed woods of sugar maple, basswood, ironwood, blue beech, black maple, hemlock, hawthorn and red oak cover the steep valley slopes and adjacent uplands. Floodplains support willow, black walnut, oak and aspen Little Otter 42.758 -80.796 900 IBA MF,CF, 4 IBA Canada The Little Otter Creek Complex is comprised of three closely Creek IBA,RW, 2017 linked forests known as Howeys Woods, as well as a ten SL,RS kilometre stretch of the creek and its ravines, centred roughly on these forests. The site is located fifteen kilometres south of Tillsonburg, near the town of Straffordville. Highway 19 cuts across the midpoint of the site, which extends five kilometres up and down the Little Otter Creek. The woods are mainly deciduous with an obvious element of White Pine on the uplands, and Eastern hemlock on the cooler slopes. It is not known how many Louisiana Waterthrushes are present in the section of Little Otter Creek within this site, perhaps 10 pairs, but this site

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] certainly covers some of the prime Louisiana Waterthrush habitat in Canada. Little Rouge 43.843 -79.1864 50 Provincial MF,CF, 2 M. Henry Small groves of mature hemlock occur near the Little Rouge River park SRE,UF, unpublished River, along with scattered trees showing signs of advanced (Woodland ESA,RW field notes age (hemlock, sugar maple, cedar). Access is via Woodland Trail) Trail, and informal trails that continue along the river. Some of the oldest hemlocks appear to be south of the parking area, near Reesor Rd (43.8469,-79.1983) (M. Henry unpublished field notes). Other groves are likely to occur in nearby areas. Long Sault 44.0583 -78.7490 286 Conservation MF,CF, 1 Wake 1997 White cedar-eastern hemlock swamp occurs here. There are Conservation area SRE groves of hemlock in the north-central part of the Area conservation area. Lowville- 43.428 -79.914 373 Private ESA, 1-3 Halton The valley walls are densely vegetated with good quality Bronte Creek REP, Region and broadleaf and mixed forests, and the area has been Escarpment RW, RS, North-South designated a provincially significant life science ANSI (Bronte Valley SRE Environment Creek Escarpment Valley) by the OMNR. A second al 2005 provincially significant life science ANSI has also been designated within the ESA (Bronte Creek Escarpment Valley). Includes hemlock swamp and hemlock-mixed hardwood forest. Rare species include Louisiana waterthrush. Access via Bruce Trail / River and Ruin Side Trail. Maple Uplands 43.9032 -79.4931 588 Candidate OG,CF, NHIC 2016, Upland forests, scattered kettle wetlands, old fields with & Kettles / Life Science SRE,UF, TRCA 2009 shrub thickets and the headwaters of the Little Don comprise McGill ESA / ANSI, REP,ESA this ca. 250 ha site. The woodlots are younger, cut-over, Maple Nature Provincial ,RW maple-beech-birch-hemlock and white pine. Dry-Fresh Reserve Hardwood-Hemlock Mixed Forest (FOM3-1) is largely within the McGill ESA. The McGill Area Environmentally Significant Area - ESA covers most of the same area as the Maple Uplands and Kettles ANSI and Maple Spur ANSI (TRCA 2009). The adjacent / overlapping Maple Nature reserve has hemlocks reaching over 173 years old based on ring counts (Henry, unpublished field notes 2018) Marcy’s Woods 42.859 -79.112 285 Private land, OG,REP, 3 Larson et al. An old-growth hemlock stand occurs here, and hemlock is a (Point Albino) ANSI, IBA IBA,ESA 1999 minor understory tree more generally (Larson et al. 1999). ,RW,SL Kershner Rare example of eastern hemlock growing on sand dunes 2004,2005 (Kershner 2005). Moist intraridge basins support deciduous forests of silver maple, yellow birch, red maple and others, or coniferous groves of eastern hemlock and Canada Yew.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Eagles & Nowhere else in the region are the sand hill landforms and Beechey associated community patterns better developed. Access is 1985 granted by request. Mark S. 44.3001 -78.2664 40 Provincial OG,SRE, 1 NHIC 2016, Majestic stands of maple, beech, elm and hemlock - among Burnham Park - RW Henry and the oldest in Ontario. In the middle of the Peterborough Provincial Park Recreational Quinby 2010, Drumlin Field, which contains more than 3,000 of these Class glacial remnants (Ontario Parks website, June 2015). Numerous very old trees have been cored in this forest, including an eastern hemlock with a 439-year ring count, and a sugar maple with a 330-year ring count. Meadowvale 43.847 -79.187 4.2 City of MF,ESA 3 North-South Mature hemlock-sugar maple forest woodlot on the east Woodlot A Toronto ESA Environment facing slope of a valley. al 2012 Morningside 43.7824 -79.1901 240 Municipal MF,CF, 2 City of North of the main entrance, along Morningside Avenue there Park Park, ESA, SRE,UF, Toronto 2016 is an excellent example of a white cedar swamp with one of ANSI ESA,RW the few stands of tamarack in the city. East of Morningside, ,SL the cedar swamp grades into a stand of eastern hemlock and balsam fir with a shrub layer of Canada yew. Morningside 43.8106 -79.1908 10 Life Science OG,CF, 3 NHIC 2016 Sharply incised, heavily wooded 10 ha ravine south of Rouge Tributary site UF,REP, River in Toronto. Cedar-hemlock slopes, immature maple, Ravine (Rouge ESA,RW seasonal swamp, white birch woods and remnant white pine Park) ,SL stand approximately RS0-120 years old (Hanna 1984) – now 140+ years old. Hemlock on the slopes appear to be 250+ years-old. Access to the site is only via an informal (but well used) trail. Mount Salem 42.7199 -80.9144 421 Life Science REP,RW 4 NHIC 2016 North and east of Mount Salem is a ca. 240 ha block of forest Forest ANSI, ,RS on gently undulating sand plain. Sugar maple, beech, Regional hemlock and yellow birch grow on the low ridges. Linear- shaped swamps of silver maple with some ash and elm lie between the ridges. This is the only location known in Canada for the small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides), one of Ontario's endangered species. Niagara Gorge 43.115 -79.065 16 Regional OG,CF, 4 Bert Miller Very steep, unstable slopes of Niagara Gorge were First Growth Park, Slope of RW,SL Nature Club inaccessible and never logged but still deceptively contain Steep Slope Niagara 2003, young "First-growth" woods of Manitoba and Norway maple, Forest Gorge Kershner paper birch, white ash, and cottonwood, because of 2004 collapsing soil, landslides, and tree toppling. Still, old-growth hemlock, white cedar, and hop hornbeam survive. Kershner reported that he cored one hemlock in the Niagara Gorge,

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] midway between the Whirlpool and the Whirlpool Bridge, at 435 years (personal communication, Sept 16 2004), making it among the oldest in Ontario. Nevertheless hemlock is rare here. Nickel Beach 42.8769 -79.2350 197 Mostly OG,SRE, 2 NPCA 2010 A very rich sugar maple (Acer saccharum ssp. saccharum). Woods private land RW,SL Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forest covered cool, north facing slopes in parts of the study area. Also noted here were scattered old growth (balding bark) bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) trees with bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) in understory layer. Occasional large diameter (in sheltered interdune valleys) or tortured, wind-swept (on dune ridges) old growth individual trees were recorded. Several large diameter but short wind-swept Red Oaks ( 1 m+ dbh) in the mature rich section were documented as well. North Castor 45.2735 -75.428 3.5 Life Science MF,RW NHIC 2016 This small natural area was not examined in the field, but River/Pana site data from the RMOC (Regional Municipality of Ottawa- Road South Carleton) Geographic Information System database indicates that it is a 50-100 year old, hemlock dominated forest on non-acidic sand plain. North Fenwick 43.0407 -79.3573 12 Life Science REP,RS 4 NHIC 2016, Private gently rolling sandplain slope; deciduous and Footslope ANSI, Ambrose and hemlock wet mesic forests present; general disturbance of Forest Regional Kirk 2010 cutting, drainage and development; a sample station of P.F. Maycock. [Macdonald 1980]. Cucumber tree occurs here. North Pickering 43.8898 -79.1648 250 Mixed OG,MF, 1 Wake 1997 Sugar maple and beech are reported by Wake (1997) to be / Seaton Hiking CF,SRE, 300-400 years old. A sugar maple dominated forest with a Trail UF,RW, hemlock component is 180+ years old. Stands of hemlock SL and cedar in the valley reach at least 130 years-old (by ring count of cut logs). Seaton is a popular hiking trail. Northwest 43.0358 -79.3735 RS8 Life Science REP,RW 4 NHIC 2016, Broadly rolling sandy clay plain with broad slough landform Fenwick Forest ANSI, ,RS Ambrose and development; deciduous and hemlock forests of sub- Regional Kirk 2010 intermediate to young age present; several district significant flora present; increasing impact of cutting and agriculture. [Macdonald 1980]. Cucumber tree occurs and is regenerating well. Oil Well Bog 43.4559 -80.2459 453 Life Science CF,REP, 2 NHIC 2016 A 336 ha late stage heath and black spruce bog supporting 4 Little Tract ANSI, RW bog forms (leatherleaf-sphagnum; spruce-tamarack), swamp Regional (aspen-red maple-elm; willow thickets), upland woods (sugar maple-beech-hemlock), old fields, marsh and ponds. A network of walking/mountain biking trails allows access.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Osaca - 44.020 -78.4535 396 Life Science CF,REP, 4 NHIC 2016 404 ha (999 acre) river valley complex consists of cedar with Ganaraska ANSI, RW hemlock-crack willow floodplain forest. Patches of mesic, River Regional deciduous sugar maple-ironwood valley wall woods. Borders PSW on town of Osaca. Surrounded by agricultural fields. Peter’s Woods 44.1230 -78.044 102 Provincial OG, CF, 1 OMNR 2009 Old-growth hemlock occurs at the east end of the Park Provincial Park Park, ANSI SRE,REP RW Phillipsville 44.6359 -76.1287 12 Candidate OG,REP, NHIC 2016 This site is a striking west-facing cliff that supports a mixed Cliff Life Science SL forest of red and white oak, white birch, and old stunted ANSI, cedar and hemlock. The gnarled and deformed cedar and Provincial hemlock trees of the cliff and boulder talus have probably never been cut. Pinehurst Lake 43.2807 -80.3395 676 Conservation MF,CF, 2 Eagles & A series of linear morainic ridges are the most notable Complex; part Area, ANSI SRE,REP Beechey features of this complex… Communities include Forest (oak- of the Grand ,RW 1985 hickory; hard maple-red oak-beech; hard maple-oak-hickory- River Valley ash; pine-oak; hemlock-northern hardwoods; poplar-maple; Forests floodplains. The two sphagnum bogs within the study area are unique in the county. A pure stand of hemlock near Spottiswood Lake is also unusual. Pottageville 43.9812 -79.6096 90 Life Science MF,CF, NHIC 2016 A high quality, upland forest (maple-beech-hemlock) broken Southeast ANSI, REP,RW by several creek valleys holding tributaries of the Holland Upland Regional River. On north-facing slope of Oak Ridges Moraine. Just north of the Happy Valley Forests candidate nature reserve. Rattray Marsh 43.5175 -79.6135 95 Conservation MF,SRE, 1 AFER 2017 From the Meadow Wood entrance hike east through mature area UF,RW sugar maple, beech and oak forest. As you continue east the forest is increasingly dominated by hemlock and pine. Ring counts of fallen logs show that pine and hemlock reach at least 150 years old in this small but beautiful urban forest. After the trail crosses Sheridan Creek you will enter a floodplain forest and green ash swamp. Rockway Falls 43.112 -79.3221 2.4 Conservation OG,CF, 2 Bert Miller Seven species of old-growth trees populate the gorge Gorge Authority SRE,IBA Nature Club bottom including black walnut, basswood, hemlock, ash, ,RW,SL, 2003, sugar and red maple, white ash, and sycamore; ages up to RS Kershner 250 years. Includes hemlock to 240 years, and a mature 2004 butternut, estimated at 170 years! Rouge Park 43.8205 -79.1666 7910 Provincial OG,MF, 1 Hanna 1984 Rouge River Central Woodland Valley Complex: Typical Park CF,SRE, in Eagles & vegetation types are willow-Manitoba maple- cedar UF,REP, Beechey, bottomland, red oak-hemlock-white cedar slopes and 1985 hemlock-white pine-sugar maple-beech-black cherry-red oak

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] ESA,RW tableland. The Lower Rouge River Nature Reserve Zones ,SL (Varga, 1984 in Eagles & Beechey, 1985): hemlock forests are essentially confined to northfacing slopes and adjacent tablelands, while beech prefers dependably moist southern aspects. An excessively drained but cool tributary valley supports a white pine-hemlock-white cedar forest, more typical of stands on the Canadian Shield. Roy Ivors 43.5432 -79.6720 Municipal MF,UF, 1 Credit River Hemlock occurs mixed with sugar maple along sawmill creek, Woodlot Park ESA,RW Watershed and in a fairly pure grove west of the Collegeway. Forest is and Region mature, possibly old-growth. of Peel Natural Areas Inventory Project 2011 Scotsdale Farm 43.682 -79.990 215 Ontario OG,CF, 1 Henry and The property has sugar maple forest which estimated to be Heritage SRE,RW Quinby 2019 150-200+ years-old, old and a cedar-hemlock swamp with Trust trees that are over 250 years old. The swamp is extensive, property greater than 50 ha in size, and has trees with old age characteristics at numerous points. Since ages of 250+ were obtained with little effort, and trees in the swamp have little commercial value, maximum ages could be higher. Seneca College 43.9581 -79.515 276 Private OG,CF, 1 Henry and Old hemlock forest occurs near the lake west of Eaton Hall, King Campus (Seneca SRE,RW Quinby 2019, and can be accessed from the Woodland Passage Trailhead. College) TRCA 2012 The cedars and hemlocks in the wetland are often older than they look – though they are small they are likely 150-200 years old or more. As you continue onto the ridge again you’ll walk through a grove of old hemlocks that are over 150 years old. Invasive species in the forest include goutweed and periwinkle. Short Hills 43.062 -79.329 12 Non-profit OG,CF, 2 Bert Miller Carolinian old-growth forest including sugar maple, tulip Wilderness reserve IBA Nature Club tree, oaks, beech, and hemlock with tree ages up to 275 Preserve 2003 years. Access by permission Simeon Lakes 43.9692 -79.3855 137 Candidate UF,REP, NHIC 2016 Intermediate-aged forests of sugar maple with some beech, Life Science RW hemlock and white birch cover the rolling uplands of this ca. ANSI, 100 ha site on the south slope of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Regional Scattered small wetland pockets. Silver Creek 43.692 -79.965 501 Private / OG,ESA, 1-2 Halton Contains hemlock-hardwood forest and white pine-hemlock Valley public REP, CF, Region and forest. The Credit Valley Conservation Authority owns the RW, RS, North-South Silver Creek Education Centre within the boundaries of this SRE Environment

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] al 2005, CVC ESA, and the area is utilized by one of the local school boards 2008 as an outdoor education centre. Bruce Trail passes through. Sixteen Mile 43.456 -79.728 1104 Mostly ESA, 1-3 Halton The valley floor contains good lowland and floodplain Creek Valley private and REP, Region and associations, while the valley walls contain patches of prairie some public RW, CF, North-South species on the dry south-facing slopes and moist hemlock (HRCA) RS,SL, Environment communities on adjacent north-facing slopes UF al 2005 Smeatons 43.1506 -79.0461 2 Regional OG,CF,S 3 Bert Miller Little known, hidden, dramatically deep gorge cut into the Ravine Park, Rim of RE,ESA, Nature Club side of Niagara Gorge with 40 ft. falls; unusual mix of old- Niagara RW,SL, 2003, growth chinkapin oak, tulip tree, and basswood, and Gorge RS Kershner hemlock; includes cliff-hanging white cedars and hemlocks, 2004 also hemlocks in the gorge. Hemlocks estimated by Bruce Kershner to be 300+. Significantly, four tree-sized individuals of nationally rare red mulberry were discovered. The largest is a two-trunked, 8.5-inch diam. tree with a remarkable height of 42 feet. Spooky Hollow 42.7257 -80.3150 67 Life Science MF,CF, 2 Lindsay 1980 Spooky Hollow was identified as a candidate nature reserve, ANSI, Mixed REP,RW and has been designated as a life science ANSI. Part of the land use ,RS tract (~67 ha) is a private nature reserve owned by the including Hamilton Naturalists Club. Diverse habitats and rare and private unusual species occur here, including the endangered nature American Chestnut. The valley bottom supports a wet mesic reserve forest of hemlock, yellow birch, oak, maple and white pine. (HNC) Other forest types include Carolinian forest, oak savannah, and a small tamarack-white pine swamp. Access by permission of Hamilton Naturalists Club. Springwater 42.7425 -81.0243 150 Life Science OG,CF, 1 NHIC 2016, This site is a predominantly deciduous forest with pockets of Forest site SRE,REP IBA Canada eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus ,IBA,ES 2017; AFER strobus) on an undulating sand plain. The site is dissected by A,RW, 2017 a creek system. Springwater forest provides habitat for both RS acadian flycatchers (nationally endangered), and hooded warblers (nationally threatened). It is an exceptional example of old-growth Carolinian forest. St. John’s 43.0628 -79.2845 48 Conservation OG,CF, 1 Bert Miller Mature and some old-growth Carolinian forest. Hemlock is a Conservation Area SRE,IBA Nature Club minor component, but occurs in the older forest. the old Area, East ,RW,RS 2003, growth extends to the east over two secluded sand ravines Ravines Kershner and ridges… the forest is notably tall, with tulip tree, 2004, hemlock, sugar maple, pignut and bitternut hickories, red Cheskey oak, and beech. 2003

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Stephen's 43.9665 -78.6763 106 Conservation MF,CF, 1 NHIC 2016, This property offers a unique variety of settings from wet Gulch Area SRE,RW AFER 2017 hemlock forest and groundwater springs to dry sandy ridges Conservation with butternut trees. Protecting a large area of deciduous Area forest and coniferous forest/swamp along the Soper Creek valley system. From the parking area, the right fork will lead you into the cedar swamp with hemlock becoming more abundant as you go. As you climb back into a more upland forest the ages of the trees increase, and despite some historical disturbance there is a fairly nice old-growth sugar maple and hemlock forest here. Ring counts of trees cut from the trail indicate the forest is 130-140 years old, with some trees possibly older. Stewart’s 44.201 -78.344 27 Conservation OG,CF, 3 Larson et al. Larson et al. (1999) reported that it is “one of the best Woods authority ESA 1999 conifer woodlands examined during this study.” Hemlock land occurs in all diameter classes up to 69 cm. White pine supercanopy and dense hemlock regeneration. The area suffered significant windthrow. Stewarttown 43.624 -79.936 32 Private MF/OG, Halton The vegetation of Stewarttown Woods consists of several Woods SL,RW, Region and plant associations including young sugar maple - white ash - ESA North-South white birch, mature hemlock - beech - sugar maple, and a Environment white cedar - hemlock - mountain maple swamp. Meadows al 2005 and open floodplain areas are located along the creek within the ESA. Sugar Loaf Hill 42.8731 -79.2801 2 Private OG,RW, 2-3 Bert Miller Sugar Loaf Hill is one of only three Lake Erie coastal dunes SL Nature Club known to be covered by Old Growth. The 100-foot tall sand 2003, peak is also one of its steepest and most cone-shaped dunes. Kershner Ancient Hemlocks grow on the protected north slope. It is 2004, extremely rare for this old- growth hemlock to be found on sand dunes. Trees are small for their age: hemlock with a diameter of 14 inches had an age range of 170 to over 200 years old. Terra Cotta 43.722 -79.967 336 Public OG,CF, 1-2 Halton The valleys have slope forests of pine, hemlock and maple, Woods RS,SRE, Region and and a deeply entrenched stream valley runs through the SL North-South western end. The ESA contains a provincially significant Life Environment Science ANSI, Terra Cotta Forests. The area is owned almost al 2005, CVC entirely by public agencies. Some forested communities in 2008 the Terra Cotta-Silver Creek complex are considered near-old growth, with fourteen areas of forest between 100 -125 years old, and two forest stands greater than 125 years old.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Terrace Creek 43.0950 -79.2775 2 Provincial OG,CF, 1-2 Bert Miller Narrow corridor of ancient sugar maple, hemlock, beech, red Gorge Park, Short SRE,IBA Nature Club oak, basswood, red maple, hardwoods lining 75 ft.-deep Hills ,RW,SL 2003 gorge with 3 cascades Thousand 44.2965 -76.1928 n/a Mix of MF,SRE, 2 Frontenac Lake Fleet Islands: the rugged islands of wind-swept white Islands private and RW,SL Arch pine and rich hemlock gullies are reminiscent of our northern crown land Biosphere forests. Admiralty Islands: hemlock is noted on Aubrey and Reserve 2017 Mermaid Islands. Kingston Isles: Milton Island ( 44.2449, - 76.3987) hosts a mature mixed forest of white pine and red oak, interspersed with hemlock. Summer access by boat is good, but is limited in spring/late autumn. Wesleyville 43.94 -78.4 138 Private OG,CF, Larson et al. Hemlock is dominant in all diameter classes up to 69 cm. Ravines (Ontario ESA,RW 1999, AFER Hemlocks are at least 160 years old. This is reported to be Hydro) SL 2017 the least disturbed forest in the site district, and it definitely feels old and undisturbed except for extensive ATV and dirt bike trails. The oldest trees are 160-212 years old; this is a significant old-growth area and should be managed as such. White Rose 43.9745 -79.4414 80 Life Science ? ? NHIC 2016 *This ANSI was considerably reduced in size by residential West Forest site development and a golf course and is no longer considered a regional ANSI (Varga and Mewa, 1998).Relatively mature, maple-beech-hemlock forests characterize this ca. 80 ha site. Wilket Creek / 43.7250 -79.3512 44 Municipal OG,MF, 1 AFER 2017, With the Bata Trail running its entire length, Wilket Creek Sunnybrook / park CF,SRE, TRCA 2017, Park is known for its mature coniferous and deciduous forest Serena Gundy UF,RW TRCA 2010 communities. Depending on soil moisture, light and Parks orientation of the ravine slopes, mature stands of Eastern hemlock, Sugar maple and American Beech thrive along the valley walls, as do several tall Black Cherry trees. The park includes 15 ha of Fresh - Moist Hemlock Mixed Forest (roughly one third of the park). Access to hemlock is primarily from Sunnybrook trails. Some of the hardwoods in particular have characteristics of trees 160-200 years old. Sunnybrook Park, Serena Gundy Park and Glendon Forest have nearly continuous hemlock forests with maximum ages commonly up to 160, and occasionally to 180 years old. Winona 36.5 ANSI, OG,CF, Eagles & This area contains some of the most mature, best developed Escarpment Conservation REP,SL Beechey and most diverse representative vegetation patterns of the Slopes / Area 1985 Niagara Section of the escarpment… on the western end of Winona the area there is a very well developed terrace ridge and Conservation valley pattern consisting of dry mesic Quercus-Pinus-Acer Area forests on the narrow sand and shale ridges… and more common Tsuga dominated canopies in the valleys.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] NOTE: Some other important areas were identified but were not included in the above table because they: 1) didn’t meet the minimum criteria, 2) had little hemlock, or 3) lacked information. These areas should also be considered for management including the following: Lynde Shores Conservation Area, Crothers Woods, Uxbridge Pine-Maple Uplands ANSI, Warsaw Caves Conservation Area, Waterfall Woods, Fallingbrook Woods, Chatsworth Ravine ESA and Cedarvale Ravine.

References for Appendix 2 AFER. 2017. Brookbanks Ravine - Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=87.

AFER. 2017. Charleston Lake Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=92.

AFER. 2017. Rattray Marsh - Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=86.

AFER. 2017. Spencer Gorge - Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=91.

AFER. 2017. Spring Creek Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=99.

AFER. 2017. Springwater Conservation Area Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=20.

AFER. 2017. Stephen's Gulch Conservation Area Forest Information - Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest- info/?Num=RS1.

AFER. 2017. Wesleyville Ravines Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=66.

AFER. 2017. Wilket Creek Forest Information. Ancient Forest Exploration & Research. http://www.ancientforest.org/forest-info/?Num=135.

Ambrose, J. & D. Kirk. 2010. Recovery Strategy for the Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario.

Bert Miller Nature Club. 2003. Old Growth Forest Survey of Niagara Peninsula Project of Bert Miller Nature Club First Phase Report to Trillium Foundation. http://www.bertmillernatureclub.org/assets/docs/library/OLD%20GROWTH%20FOREST%20SURVEY%20OCTOBER%202003.pdf.

Carolinian Canada. 2017. What Is the Big Picture? https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/ConservationPrograms_BigPicture.htm.

Carolinian Canada. 2017. Big Creek Valley - South Walsingham Sand Ridges Area ID17683. https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/CarolinianSites_BigCreek.htm.

Cheskey. 2003. Twelve Mile Creek Headwaters Important Bird Area. The 12 Mile Creek Headwaters IBA Steering Committee. 27 pp. http://www.ibacanada.ca/documents/conservationplans/ontwelvemilecreekheadwater.pdf.

City of Toronto. 2016. Trees, Shrubs and Vines of Toronto: A Guide to their Remarkable World. City of Toronto Biodiversity Series. 85 pp. https://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/City%20Planning/Environment/Files/pdf/B/Trees,%20Shrubs%20&%20Vines%20of%20Toronto.pdf.

City of Toronto. 2017. How are Environmentally Significant Areas protected? http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2015/pg/bgrd/backgroundfile-80449.pdf.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] Credit River Watershed and Region of Peel Natural Areas Inventory Project. 2011. Credit River Watershed and Region of Peel Natural Areas Inventory - Volume 1. https://www.peelregion.ca/planning/pdc/data/monitoring/watersheds/maps.htm.

Credit Valley Conservation (CVC). 2008. Credit Valley Conservation Terra Cotta-Silver Creek Complex. https://cvc.ca/wp- content/uploads/2011/11/tcscweb.pdf [accessed June 21, 2018].

Eagles, P. F. J. & T. J. Beechey (eds.). 1985. Critical Unprotected Natural Areas in the Carolinian Life Zone of Canada. Final Report, Identification Subcommittee, Carolinian Canada. The Nature Conservancy of Canada, The Ontario Heritage Foundation and World Wildlife Fund (Canada).

Friends of Charleston Lake Park. 2017. http://www.friendsofcharlestonlakepark.com/about-the-park.html.

Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve. 2017. 1000 Islands Water Trail. http://www.frontenacarchbiosphere.ca/sites/frontenacarchbiosphere.ca/ files/All Thousand Islands Routes_0.pdf.

Halton Region & North-South Environmental Inc. 2005. Halton Region Environmentally Sensitive Areas Consolidation Report. Unpublished report prepared by Halton Region Planning and Public Works Department in conjunction with North - South Environmental Inc.

Henry, M., P. Quinby & M. McMurtry. 2016. The Jackson Creek Old-Growth Forest: Core Area of the Jackson Creek Significant Woodland In Peterborough, Ontario. Research Report No. 33. http://www.ancientforest.org/wp-content/uploads/RR33-Jackson-Creek-OGF.pdf [accessed March 14, 2017].

Henry, M. and P. Quinby. 2019. Eastern Hemlock Forests in The : Rapid Surveys to Identify Urban Old-Growth Hemlock Forests. Preliminary Results Bulletin #7. 10 pp.

IBA Canada. 2017. Little Otter Creek Complex (ON044). http://www.ibacanada.ca/site.jsp?siteID=ON044.

IBA Canada. 2017. Springwater Conservation Area (ON028). http://www.ibacanada.ca/mobile/site.jsp?siteID=ON028.

Kershner, B. 2004. Old growth Forest Survey of Eastern Niagara Peninsula. Phase 2 report to Trillium Foundation Oct 2004. http://www.bertmillernatureclub.org/assets/docs/library/OLD%20GROWTH%20FOREST%20SURVEY%20OCTOBER%202003.pdf.

Kershner, B. 2005. The Last on Earth: Marcy Woods - Ontario's Endangered Treasure. Report Prepared for Friends of Marcy Woods, October, 2005. http://www.nativetreesociety.org/specialreports/marcywoods/marcy_woods_final.pdf.

Krick, R. & F. Forsyth. 2012. Credit Valley Conservation Invasive Species Program Year End Report 2011. https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/12-069- invasives-programreport-2011-web.pdf.

Larson, B. M., J. L. Riley, E. A. Snell & H. G. Godschalk. 1999. The Woodland Heritage of Southern Ontario: A Study of Ecological Change, Distribution and Significance. Federation of Ontario Naturalists, Don Mills, Ontario.

Lindsay, K. M. 1981. An identification and evaluation of life science candidate nature reserves in site district 7-2 west of the Haldimand clay plain. Parks and Recreation Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Central Region, Richmond Hill, ON and Southwestern Region, London,ON.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected] http://longpointbiosphere.com/download/Environment/An-Identification-and-Evaluation-of-Life-Science-Candidate-Nature-Reserves-In-Site-District-7-2-West- of-Haldimand-Clay-Plain-by-K.M.-Lindsay.pdf.

Lower Trent Conservation Authority (LTCA). 2019. Goodrich-Loomis. http://www.ltc.on.ca/conservation/ca/gl/.

Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC). 2016. Natural areas shapefile. http://www.sse.gov.on.ca/sites/MNR- PublicDocs/EN/ProvincialServices/NADb_Pts_Oct2013.zip.

Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority. 2010. NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY 2006–2009 Volume 1. https://npca.ca/sites/default/files/NAI-Vol-1_web.pdf.

North-South Environmental. 2012. Environmentally Significant Areas (ESAs) in the City of Toronto. Toronto City Planning Department, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vladimir_Kricsfalusy/publication/316256779_Environmentally_Significant_Areas_ESAs_in_the_city_of_Toronto/links/5 8f7d782a6fdcc86f8123506/Environmentally-Significant-Areas-ESAs-in-the-city-of-Toronto.pdf.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2009. Peter's Woods Provincial Park Management Plan. https://www.ontario.ca/page/peters-woods-provincial-park- management-plan [accessed January 16, 2019].

Ontario Nature. 2017. George G. Newton Nature Reserve. https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/PDFs/George G Newton Nature Reserve.pdf.

Parks Canada. 2017. Thousand Island National Park. http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/on/lawren/visit/visit4/~/media/pn-np/on/lawren/cartes- maps/carte_map_jones_en.ashx.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2017. Wilket Creek Rehabilitation Project - Toronto and Region Conservation. https://trca.ca/conservation/erosion-management/restore/wilket-creek-rehabilitation-project/.

TRCA. 2012. Seneca College King Campus Terrestrial Biological Inventory and Assessment. https://trca.ca/app/uploads/2016/02/SenecaCollegeKingCampusMarch2012.pdf.

TRCA. 2012. William Granger Greenway - Pine Grove to Boyd Terrestrial Biological Inventory and Assessment. https://trca.ca/wp- content/uploads/2016/02/WilliamGrangerGreenwayNovember2012.pdf.

TRCA. 2010. Walk the Don: Wilket Creek Walk. http://www.trca.on.ca/dotAsset/93715.pdf [accessed March 10, 2017].

TRCA. 2009. Don River Watershed Plan Terrestrial Natural Heritage – Report on Current Conditions and Refinement of a Target System. http://trca.on.ca/dotAsset/55397.pdf [accessed March 13, 2017].

Varga, S. 1989. A Botanical Inventory and Evaluation of the High Park Oak Woodlands Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. http://highparknature.org/wiki/uploads/Resources/Varga-Report-1989-s.pdf [Accessed March 10, 2017].

Wake, W. 1997. A Nature Guide to Ontario. University of Toronto Press.

White, D. J. 1990. Preliminary Definitions and Evaluation of Old-Growth Forest in Eastern Ontario. OMNRF, Kemptville, Ontario.

Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests, Appendix 2, Research Report No. 38, [email protected]