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UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Influence of Misinformation for Prior Affective Reports on Subsequent Memory and Behavior Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14w7n728 Author Cochran, Kevin Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Influence of Misinformation for Prior Affective Reports on Subsequent Memory and Behavior DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Psychology & Social Behavior by Kevin Jacob Cochran Dissertation Committee: Professor Elizabeth Loftus, Chair Professor Linda Levine Professor Peter Ditto 2018 © 2018 Kevin Jacob Cochran Dedication To my advisors, Beth and Linda: I can’t imagine what graduate school would have been like had I not been working with and learning from you. I am extremely lucky to have benefited from the tutelage of two brilliant, compassionate, and bold researchers. Your ability at once to give your students the freedom to ask the questions they most care about and to lead them with sage advice, support, and wisdom is rare and invaluable. To the other faculty who supported this project, Sarah, Pete, Liz, and Craig: Your guidance, expertise, and criticism all benefited this dissertation greatly. I am grateful to you all for contributing your feedback to this project when it was still being developed, and for your continued support and encouragement. To my professors, Dan Stokols, Sal Maddi, JoAnn Prause, Joanne Zinger, Roxy Silver, Pete Ditto, Linda Levine, Beth Loftus, George Farkas, and Karen Rook: Thank you for sharing your knowledge and your passion with me. It is because of the discussions, the debates, and the ideas shared in your courses that I am the researcher that I am today. To my co-researchers, Emily, Marie, and Amanda: Thank you all for everything you did for the cold pressor study. I think it’s a rare and lucky thing that a team of friends brought together more or less by chance complement each other so well, but I think we’ve set a high bar for future teammates to meet. To all of my research assistants, Alex Resari, Claudia Rodriguez, Steven Schwartz, Kingsley Abel, Melissa Ma, Judy Lee, Yun-Ju Chen, Missy Wilson, Ben Duewell, Phoebe Kao, Jacob Scocca, Alice Chou, Kelly Kang, Kevin McKinnon, Travis Nguyen-Tran, Harmanjeet Dhillon, Cindy Tsai, Brittney Yee, Selene Nguyen, Alexis Pan, Angela Sandoval, Wei Huang, Idalia Mejia, Dilpreet Singh, Ronald Zavaleta, Esther Kim, Marixa Maldonado, Aya Labanieh, Nadia Huynh, Julie Phuong, Dillon Sun, and Maggie Hofstadter: I can say with confidence that my research would have been impossible without you. Thank you so much for your incredible contributions, and for helping to foster an environment where we could learn from each other. To the research subjects: I take seriously the unpleasantness that you may have experienced in participating in this research. When data are deidentified, it can be easy to think of people as rows in a spreadsheet, and when research projects need IRB approval, it can be easy to think of unpleasant tasks as common laboratory methods. I truly appreciate your participation, and I hope that this dissertation represents a contribution to the ever-growing body of psychological knowledge worthy of your effort. To my friends: what an amazing group of people you are. I have learned and grown from my friendships with each of you. This project is all about biases in memories for emotional events, and among the most well-known memory biases are the peak and end rules. Graduate school has been a roller coaster of peaks and valleys, and I don’t know how that will all shake out when I look back on these six years. But if writing and defending this dissertation with your boundless love and support is how graduate school will end, then I look forward to memories of grad school biased by that feeling. ii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... vii Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................................... viii Abstract of the Dissertation .......................................................................................................... xii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Choice Blindness ........................................................................................................................ 3 Consequences of choice blindness. ......................................................................................... 5 Choice blindness and self-perception theory. ......................................................................... 8 Choice blindness: Summary and future directions. ................................................................ 9 The Misinformation Effect ....................................................................................................... 11 Theoretical issues of the misinformation effect. ................................................................... 11 The misinformation effect versus choice blindness. ............................................................. 13 Malleability of Affect ............................................................................................................... 15 Cognitive reappraisal. ........................................................................................................... 15 Regulation, persuasion, & misinformation. .......................................................................... 17 Previous Research on Affect and Misinformation .................................................................... 18 “False” feedback studies. ...................................................................................................... 21 Misinformation and Stress. ................................................................................................... 24 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 25 Study 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Overview and hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 26 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Subjects. ................................................................................................................................ 27 Measures. .............................................................................................................................. 28 Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 30 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Detection. .............................................................................................................................. 33 Temperature, duration, time, and pain: ................................................................................. 34 Distortion in memory for pain: ............................................................................................. 35 Blindness and memory distortion ......................................................................................... 36 Willingness to complete the task again:................................................................................ 39 Exploratory analyses of detectors: ........................................................................................ 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 40 Study 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Overview and hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 44 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Subjects. ................................................................................................................................ 47 Measures. .............................................................................................................................. 47 Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 50 iii Results ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Detection:
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