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Efficacy of Yellow Mustard

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Efficacy of Yellow Mustard EFFICACY OF ORIENTAL MUSTARD (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) SEED MEAL FOR WEED AND DISEASE CONTROL IN TURF A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by DANIEL T. EARLYWINE Dr. Reid Smeda, Thesis Supervisor JULY 2009 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled: EFFICACY OF ORIENTAL MUSTARD (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) SEED MEAL FOR WEED AND DISEASE CONTROL IN TURF Presented by Daniel T. Earlywine A candidate of the degree of Master of Science And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Major Professor: ________________________________ Dr. Reid Smeda Associate Professor Thesis Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Robert Kremer Adjunct Professor ________________________________ Dr. Laura Sweets Extension Associate Professor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my previous advisor Dr. Travis Teuton for getting me started with my graduate research and giving me guidance over the first year towards my degree. I would like to thank my present advisor Dr. Reid Smeda for being there and taking me on so I would have this opportunity to finish my degree and thesis. I appreciate all the knowledge that I have gained as well as your guidance, assistance, and many sacrifices over the past year and a half in order for me to finish my masters. I would also like to thank Dr. Robert Kremer, Dr. Laura Sweets, and Brad Fresenburg for their assistance and imput on my research trials and my thesis. I further like to thank Dr. Mark Ellersieck for his statistical support thoughtout the last 2 years. To all the student workers at the Turfgrass Research Facilty at South Farm: Kyle Briscoe, Andy Cox, Zach Thacker, Craig Solomon, Scott Minnick, Brian Bowe, Jason Brogan, Adam Distler, Zach Lowenstein, Dan Looney, John Haguewood, and Kenton Binkholder for all the support and help with my research in the greenhouse and in the field. I would like to especially thank Kyle and Andy, who not only have become great friends, but for being there everytime I needed help and a laughs over the year’s which made my tough jobs easier and the days shorter. To everyone in the graduate student office, Johnathan, Carl, Travis (T-Bone), Kristen, Lucy, and Tye, thank you for all the support, laughs, and encouragement to push myself each day, but also your friendship. Most importantly I would like to thank my family and friends for all their love and support. To my Mom and Dad, who without your help, motivation through hard times, guidance, and your love I wouldn’t be where, I am today. To my siblings Andrea ii and Matt, thanks so much for being there for me when times were hard, when I needed to talk, or just a reminder that I can do it. To my girlfriend Sarah, thank you so much for your love, patience, and most importantly your support and understanding while I worked long hours on my research trials and long nights in the office on my thesis. Without you in my life, I would definitely not be where I am today and I am so grateful. Above all, I must thank God for all his blessings, guidance, and strength he has given me in order to complete this degree. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ii List of Tables.....................................................................................................................vi List of Figures....................................................................................................................ix List of Appendices..............................................................................................................x Chapter I: Literature Review...........................................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Fumigation with Mustard Seed Meals...........................................................................2 Soil Fumigants...............................................................................................................4 Fungicidal Properties of Mustard Seed Meals...............................................................7 Dollar spot.....................................................................................................................8 Summary and Objectives.............................................................................................11 Literature Cited............................................................................................................13 Chapter II: Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) Seed Meal for Weed Control.......................................................................................................20 Abstract........................................................................................................................20 Introduction..................................................................................................................22 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................24 Results and Discussion................................................................................................27 Sources of Materials....................................................................................................34 Literature Cited............................................................................................................35 Chapter III: Use of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) as a Soil Fumigant for Weed and Disease Control in the Transition Zone.................................................52 Abstract........................................................................................................................52 Introduction..................................................................................................................53 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................56 Results and Discussion................................................................................................58 Sources of Materials....................................................................................................62 Literature Cited............................................................................................................63 Chapter IV: Residual activity of Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) on turfgrass species...............................................................................................................74 Abstract........................................................................................................................74 Introduction..................................................................................................................75 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................78 iv Results and Discussion................................................................................................80 Sources of Materials....................................................................................................85 Literature Cited............................................................................................................86 Appendix...........................................................................................................................98 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page Chapter II: 2.1 Average rainfall (cm) from May to August in Columbia, MO during 2007 and 2008........................................................................................................................38 2.2 ANOVA description for plant counts (28 DAP) following exposure to oriental mustard seed meal (MSM) in the greenhouse. MSM rates ranged from 0 to 3,360 kg/ha with treatments either tarped or untarped. Statistical analyses were combined over two greenhouse experiments.........................................................39 2.3 Mean plant counts of common chickweed in the greenhouse 28 days after planting (DAP) following exposure to mustard seed meal (MSM) and dazomet during 2006........................................................................................................................40 2.4 Mean cumulative plant counts of tarped treatments in the greenhouse 28 days after planting (DAP) following exposure to mustard seed meal (MSM) during 2006 and 200..........................................................................................................41 2.5 ANOVA description for plant biomass 28 days after planting (DAP) following exposure to oriental mustard seed meal (MSM) (rates 0 to 3,360 kg/ha) for tarped and untarped plants. Statistical analyses were combined over two experiments in greenhouse.............................................................................................................42 2.6 Plant biomass of annual bluegrass in the greenhouse 28 days after planting (DAP) following exposure to mustard seed meal (MSM) and dazomet during 2006........................................................................................................................43 2.7 Mean plant biomass of tarped treatments in
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