Factual EWS Objective

NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE $2 PER YEAR FEBRUARY, 1958 'Little Rock' Bills Urged Before 5 Legislatures

L EGISLATURES IN FIVE STATES-ONE OF THEM a border state-have before them bills or proposals for so­ called "Little Rock" legislation, or measures designed for automatic school-closing if federal troops are used in an attempt to enforce desegregation. Georgia saw its first suit filed for school entry since the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision against segre­ gation. while Oklahoma reported the first new planned desegregation of a school district since November. A legislative committee in Delaware approved a "Little Rock" bill and two committees in the Mississippi legislature had a similar measure before them. Georgia's Gov. Marvin Griffin, South Carolina's Gov. George Bell Timmerman Jr. and Virginia's Gov. J. Lindsay Almond also recommended bills to close public schools should federal troops be sent to patrol school grounds in support of court orders. Florida and Texas presently have such legislation in force. Also for the first time, Negro students ------­ sought admission to the University of struck down so-called "NAACP laws" schools in Atlanta. The legislature had South Carolina at Columbia. while the state supreme court upheld at least eight new pro-segregation In New York, Atlanta and elsewhere, legislative right of investigation of measures before it, including three spokesmen for the National Association NAACP membershjp l"Olls. dealing with schools. for the Advancement of Colored People A summary of major developments called for continued efforts to bring state-by-state during January follows: Kentucky about school desegregation (see state Adair County, first district to dese~­ reports and "National Affairs" section of Alabama regate under court order, reported its District of Columbia report), but in A large field of candidates, all pledged schools "pretty quiet" and that after two Virginia it was indicated that no efforts to maintain segregation, entered the years "people just don't talk about it would be pressed to desegregate under race for the Democratic nomination for any more." existing court orders during the current governor. In answering a school entry suit, the first of its kind in Alabama, Louisiana school year. A growing number of school board COURT ACTION DElGHTENED Birmingham's board of education con­ tended that petitioners were premature officials were reported opposed to Court activity was stepped-up in sev­ pr,..;<>cted leeislation which would close eral areas, with these developments: in going to federal court and should have awaited administrative action. public schools rather than permit them e In Florida, Negro publicist Vrrgil to be desegregated. Hawkins renewed his nearly decade­ Arkansas long effort to gain admission to the Uni­ Little Rock's Central High School, Maryland versity of Florida law school. scene of bombing threats and incidents A study of desegregation in Baltimore e In North Carolina, the state su­ involving students, still claimed the showed that in the fourth year of the preme cou1-t ruled Greensboro had act­ spotllght. Elsewhere in Arkansas seven prol!l'am enrollment of Negroes in for­ ed legally (this was a test of the state's integrated school districts reported all merly all-white schools had increased pupil placement law) in enrolling Negro was quiet. 50 per cent over the previous year but children in all-white schools. Delaware that more than 80 per cent continued e In Virginia, a special federal court to attend all-Negro schools. CnJ Alley ln the Memplll.t Commercial AJ>peal The education committee of Dela­ ware's lower House reported favorably Mississippi a bill to close any public school where federal troops were called "to prevent A bill closing schools if federal of 145 Laws Ruled Unconstitutional violence or alleged acts of violence." troops are used to enforce integration was pending in two legislative commit­ TllE 145 SCHOOL segregation laws from judicial remedies, be exhausted Court of Appeals has been asked to rule District of Columbia tees. Another bond issue to finance a added to the statute books in 11 and that relief be sought on an indi­ specifically on which portions of the act, Reading readiness ~showed almost second $27 million expenditure for during the past four years, nine­ vidual rather than a class basis. Finally, if any, are unconstitutional. 50 per cent of elementary children in equalization of school facilities was uding two pupil placement acts and in 1956 when a district court refused a Besides the placement acts, the fol­ "low normal" or "poor risk" categories authorized. though the majority are average or recently three of Virginia's six judgment without regard to the place­ lowing pieces of pro-segregation legis­ Missouri ·-NAACP laws-have been declared ments act's provisions, the plaintiffs lation have been held invalid by fed­ above in intelligence. St. Louis schools, reporting on the nstituUonal in court t.ests. sought a circuit court mandamus (in eral courts in the designated cases: Florida influx of new students in Negro areas One law-a pupil assignment statute Carson v. Warlick) to require this pro­ A Negro publicist who has been try­ noted that more than one-third of them North Carolina-has been approved cedure of the district court. It was in POLICE POWERS ing for nine years to enter the Univer­ had come from Mississippi. eft'ect this connection that the circuit court sity of Florida law school filed a new 1) The Louisiana Police Powers North Carolina \ccording to a survey by SouTHERN ruled the North Carolina act "not un­ amendment to the state constitution, action in federal court but was unable constitutional on its face." The U.S. to get an injunction for immediate ad­ Lurnbee Indians of Robeson County NEWs, six other state laws, in- adopted in 1954, which provided "in the routed a Klu Klux Klan rally after . g placement acts in Alabama and Supreme Court refused to review this exercise of the police powers of the mission. decision. Georgia Klansmen had burned crosses before «ida, have been attacked in court slate of Louisiana . . . all public ele­ Indian homes. The state supreme court . But decisions in these cases Conversely, and previously, a federal mentary and secondary schools in the Ten Negro parents filed suit on behalf of 28 children to gain cnl'ry to all-white ruled that the Greensboro school board have not been 1·endered yet or distl'ict court bad held Louisiana's state of Louisiana shall be operated acted legally in assigning six Negro been inconclusive. placement act "unconstitutional on its separately for white and colored chil­ children to all-white schools last fall. lD all, about 150 court actions in- face," (Bush v. Orleans Pamh School dren.... " (Bush v. Orleans Parish .e :lng school segregation and related Board) and subsequently a district School Board.) Oklahoma have been handled by state and court in Virginia made a similar ruling 2) Louisiana Act 15 of 1956 providing One new district-Bristow in Creek courts since 1954. ln many of on the assignment act in that state that "no person shall be registered at County-announced plans for 1958-59 school segregation provisions on (Newport News and Norfolk cases). In or admitted to any publicly financed secondary school de~ation under books before 1954 were held, gcn­ both instances, the courts looked be­ institution oi higher learning of this the stress of financial difficulties inci­ y,ln conflict with the constitutional yond the assignment act itself and saw state unless he or she shall have first dent to operating separate schools. 'pies enunciated by the U.S. Su­ other legislation which showed the in­ filed with said institution a certificate South Carolina e Court in the Brown decisions of tent of the placement laws was to pre­ addressed to the particular institution An undisclosed number of NCf(ro col­ '.4 and 1955. serve segregation contrary to the prin­ sought to be entered attesting to his or lege students sought-and were denied ciples announced in the Brown case. her eligibility and good moral charac­ -admissjon to the all-white Universitv -'TE COURTS, TOO Again in both instances the Supreme ter. This certificate must be signed by of South Carolina in a move linked to In some cases state, as well as federal, Court refused to review. the superintendent of education of the state withdrawal of approval of teacher­ .arts held school segregation legisla­ parish, county or municipality wherein training at a Negro college. Legislation !GQ enacted prior to 1954 to be invalid, COMPANION ACTS EYED said applicant graduated Irom high was recommended for school closing in in McKinney v. Blankenship involv­ In Louisiana, the companion legisla­ school, and by the principal of the high the event federal troops are ordered in­ scl!ools at Big Spring, Texas. And tion t·onsidered by the distdct court in school from which he graduated." McKnight Harwell to a school situation. (Ludli!'IJ v. Board of Supervisors of 1 other instances, such as Aaron v. so 1·uling was the Police Powers amend­ Tennessee ! ~ 'I ~in Little Rock, no ruling on the ment to the state constitution listed LSU.) Two SERS Direclot·s Two of the state's four largest cities, . ~ otitulionality of school segregation below. In Virginia it was an appropria­ 3) Louisiana Act 249 of 1956 provid­ Nashville and Knoxville, face show­ 111as required when the defendants tions ac-t which defined the term "effi­ ing for removal of any teacher "advo­ Attend NATO Session downs during 1958 on desegregation and ~ed their invalidity. cient system oi education" used in the cating or in any manner performing collei!P admission is an issue in a third "-' illustrated in the table on page 2, nssignmcnl law as meaning "separate." any act towa1·d bringing about inte­ Two directors of Southern Education city, Memphis. cases in which descj.!rCj:(at ion is However, the situation rcgnrding the gration of the races within the public Reporting Service were among 37 world Texas ·~t are still in the news, some with slatus o! Virginia's placement act has school system [i.e., signing a certificate leaders in the fields o! education and Dallas. under a court order to deseg­ ,\ ~ns or other action recorded last been clouded by subsequent court de­ of eligibility for a Negro to seek admit­ public opinion who met in Paris last re~tate "with all deliberate speed," asked 1 IJ!I1b or expected this month. Of these, cisions. In Allen v. Charlottesville tance to a white college)." (Lu.dley v. month for a conference to explain a federal court what it should do in the ::)Volve the principle of pupil assign­ Board of Supervisors of LSU.) operation of the North Atlantic Treaty light of a state law which bars state aid I'\ .;;a, School Board and in Thompson v. Ar­ I lingtoJt County School Board, different Organization (NATO) . to a district that desegregates without VOLUNTARY SEGREGATION .\s noted in With All Deliberate district courts have enjoined enforce­ Representing journalism in the United a referendum. 4) Tennessee Act 11 of 1957 authoriz­ "!d (Harper & Bros., 1957): "Pupil ment of the placement net as though it States were Coleman A. Harwell, editor Virginia ing school boards "to provide separate of the Nashville Tennessean and chair­ were valid, holding simply that it ca~­ Three of the state's "NAACP laws" ~ent in 1957 appeared as the Iocal schools for white and Negro children man of t.he Associated Press Managing >~.. 1 of legislative resistance to the not be used to scf(l'Cf:(atc students m were held unconstitutional in a 2-1 de­ the public schools. The Fourth Circuit (Continued On Page 2) Editors Association, and C. A. Mc­ cision by a special three-judge federal ·~I lsegregationj decisions for one Knight, editor of the Charlotte Observ­ illlount reason. Of the legislation court while a slate court upheld legis­ t!T. Both have served on the SERS board lative subpoena of the NAACP's mem­ ~ l.cs.ted m court, only placement since 1954. McKnight is former execu­ ~ giVen tentative approval." bership lists. A bill to close schools INDEX tive director of SERS. patrolled by federal troops was recom­ .C.PLACEi\IENT TEST The third U. S. delegate was Prof. mended by incoming Gov. J . Lindsay Was in the cases involving North Kentucky ...... 14 Oklahoma ...... 5 Harold C. Deutsch of the University of Almond and adopted by the Senate. !r Alabama 9 Minnesota. According to press dis­ . lila's assignment law adopted in South Carolina . . . . 7 Arkansas ...•. " .. 12 louisiana ...... 14 patches, the 37 delegates were selected West Vlrgin1a Maryland ...... 13 Tennessee 10 by NATO officials on the basis of wide Desegregation at formerly all-Negro ~~. in a case seelcing desegregation Delaware II 5 Texas 3 influence in their field. The week-long West Virginia State College was pro­ ~khool in McDowell County, both Dist. of Columbia 6 Mississippi sess1on was designed to spread knowl­ nounced a success by the institution's ~ and slate courts uphdd the IS Missouri 2 Virginia 16 edge about the workings of NATO. president. ~t act's requirement that ad­ Florida 4 North Carolina 8 West Virginia . 8 # # * # # # ;I ~ve remedies, as distinguished Georgia PAGE 2-FEBRUARY 1958-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS St. Louis Schools Look 29 Major School Cases Continue in the News Case What the Case Is About Current Status At Migration's Pattern ST. LOUIS, Mo. garten, the average child should have Shuttlesworth v. Banks 4 Negro plaintiffs asked injunction against operation of pupil 3-judge cout·t named . mastered the five levels. At that 1\N,., (Birmingham, Ala.) placement law and admission to 2 white schools URING DECEMBER the superm- child•·cn who have fallen behinf~ On appeal to 3rd Circuit D tendent of instruction of the sent to specially organized "Rooms of Evans v. Buchanon School boards of 8 districts ordered to submit to State Board Court St. Louis public school syste~n, 20" where they spend a semester or two (Delaware) of Education plans for desegregation by fall, 1957. Stale board Philip J. Hickey, received a bnef being drilled in the three R's. Ideally directed to submit to court its plan for desegregation of all m {rom the assistant. the child is straightened out and en~~ schools in state, plan to be effective fall, 1957 memorandu the fourth grade to go forward witbOQt superintendent, William Kottmey- unusual difficulty. In practice this 1 U. S. Supreme Court denied 11 Florida ex rei Hawkins v. After 7 years in state courts and U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. certiorari, suggested plain­ er. On the sheet of paper was_ a often the case, but Kottmeyer, who 11 Board o( Control court ordered plaintiff admitted to University of Florida tiff seek relief in federal list of 15 elementary schools m in charge of elementary schools, ll1l .,. law school without delay as allowed grade and high schools. court. New suit filed there h · t Th mem that the shortage o~ teachers makes k ~ State supreme court refused in exercise of judicial discre­ Negro areas oft e c~ Y· e ~ impossible to orgamze as many"~ Y tion orandum said that m Septembel of 20"- that is, rooms with only 20 rathet Distdct cout·i hearing 1957 the 15 schools had 277 ne~v than the usual 35 or 40 pupils-as a!! Gibson v. Dade County District court dismissed Negro plaintiffs' petition for deseg­ awaited pupils, not including those m needed. From 35 to 50 such rooms a!! School Board regation order on grounds admission to particular school had afternoon kindergarten. organized each semester, but there nev. (Florida) not been sought and denied. 5th Circuit Court reversed and <'I' arc enough. .,~ remanded holding that board policy of segregation made such For children with difficult rea~ f'. attempt futile problems, teachers in the St. Loull • Appeal pending in 5th Cir­ system may fall back on what is said It P Holland v. Palm Beach District court found refusal to admit Negro child to school cuit Court be the nation's best public reading clune '.# County School Board closer to home was administrative decision with no intention sc•·vice. There is a well-equipped clillac ~ 1 (Florida) to discriminate. Dismissed in each of the city's five elementuy ~~ Hearing to be set in district school districts. Middle and upper il1dt ! Calhoun v. Latimer Suit filed Jan. 11, 1958 on behalf of 23 Negro children seek- court "Of this number," reported Koll­ pupils are sent to these clinics for diag. s: I (Atlanta, Ga.) ing desegregation of Atlanta schools meyer, "47 were fr·om Missouri, 93 from nosh;. Hearing to be set in district Mississippi, 45 from Arkansas, 36 from If con·ccting the child's deficiencl11 ,:: Hunt v. Arnold 4 Negroes sought admission to Georgia State College of Bus- court lllinois, 12 f1·om Tennessee, 9 £:om is beyond the capabilities of his schod. ·f; (Georgia, College) iness Administration. Motion granted to substitute names of Texas 6 (rom Louisiana, 5 from Oh10, 6 then the child is sent to the clinic f~ 111 new school officials for original defendants from Wchigan, 3 f1·om Indiana and 15 remedial leaching. He continues to at· ~ Hearing to be set in district from other places." tend his regular school, but several e'> Grimes v. Smith End of se~regation in Owen County, Ky., schools sought on court In St. Louis and in other large urban times a week he reports for 45-minlllt ,j,l (Kentucky) behalf of 8 Negro children areas in some more than in others, the classes at the clinic, where a trained Appeal on technicality great' migrations from farm to city, and specialist takes him in hand. As wf. Bush v. Orleans Parish Louisiana Pupil Placement Act and Police Powers Amend­ pending to 5th Circuit from rural South to urban North, have the "Rooms of 20," the overcrow~ ' School Board ment held unconstitutional and admission of Negro plaintiffs Court. bt·ought with them school problems that St. Louis schools and the burdeG (Louisiana) to school without regard to race ordered. Affirmed by 5th could not be solved simply by the con­ poorly prepared children whose pa Circuit Court and denied certiorari by U.S. Supreme Court struction of additional buildings. Dif­ have migrated from the South Decision on appeal awaited ferences in background have had to be impossible to give special attelltioa Moore v. Harford Cow1ty 21 Negro children sought immediate desegre~ation. Suit dis­ from 4th Circuit Court taken into account. It has been some all who need it. There is a waiting lilt '/:J School Board missed by consent on adoption of board policy; t•cinstatcd time since schools here have been (Maryland) when 4 of plaintiffs were denied admission. After once de­ ClnLOREN DISADVANTAGED "ga·aded" schools, set up on the assump­ 11 clining to consider renewed case until administrative tion that children of about the same Kottmeyer, who is widely kn r. remedies exhausted, district court approved transfer plan age have the same learning capacity and among educators for his interest in ~~ previously approved by State Board oi Education can be taught the same program of in­ reading problem, points out that -.;t• struction within rather rigid time limits. of the children entering the Sl LOIIIIt Robinson v. St. Mary's State board decision await­ Negroes sought desegregation under 18n Civil Rights ed public schools are at a terrible dlal6- ' County School Board statutes. District court dismissed case after school board BACKGROUND DIFFERENCES vantage in trying to learn the 1 (Maryland} adopted gradual desegregation plan beginning at primary There have always been differences munications skills. Their homes con . ~: level, to permit plaintiffs to pursue administrative remedies. in background and in individual learn­ no books or magazines; they have n"i' ~ When high school transfers were denied case was refiled and ing capacity of children, even in schools c•· hca1·d English properly spoken. The ~ appeal taken to State Board of Education situated in stable neighborhoods where speech is limited, careless, slov~ .j~ people speak the same language and with the words run together. In tll:l Carson v. Warlick Case in which N.C. pupil placement act was found not un­ U. S. Supt·eme Cout·t denied have the same values and altitudes to­ tJ·ast, some children come to school 1 (Old Fort, N.C.) constitutional on its face began before 1954 as suit for equal certiorari (66 Negro chil­ ward life. In a big city of diverse and much of the teacher's work al facilities. After Brown decision, action was dismissed as in­ dren applied fot· transfers shifting population, the differences are done. They know how words ought appropriate. 4th Circuit Court reversed with directions that under placement act. At aggravated. Integration of schools has sound; they know a great many w district court consider placement law. In state court action school board hearing valid­ underlined them. Supt. Hickey and U1cy come from homes filled with up to supreme court, individual character of case, as dis­ ity of applicants' signatures Kottmeyer are frank to say that the pictures and magazines. tinguished from class action, was stated (Joyner v. Mc­ was questioned) St. Louis "levels" program that wenl "No matter how we expand the DowelL School Board). When district court (in Carson v. into effect in 1953 is of great assistance riculum to meet varying needs, "K McDowelt School Board) refused declaratory judgment with­ just now in permitting schools to ad­ meyer says "successful and sa · out compliance with placement law, mandamus was asked just teaching and materials to the in­ expe,;ences in American schools of 4th Circuit Court which declined. Circuit Court upheld dividual pupil, giving emphasis where still-and will continue to :tr. placement act as not invalid and approved provision for ad­ emphasis is needed. pendent upon the mastery of the IJitl.!!i ministrative remedies as distinguished from judicial The St. Louis levels program, said to tool of learning-control of the langultt 111 be the most extensive in the United art skills." In re: Application for Guilford County Superior Court dismissed petition of white Affirmed by state supreme States has its foundation in the three The levels program is a challenge II Reassignment parents asking reassignment of 6 Negro children assigned to court prima~y grades where the basic lan­ the teacher because pupils must be kept (Greensboro, N.C.) white schools in Greensboro under provision of pupil place­ guage art skills are taught. There are busy with various projects in the samr ~ ment act five levels of skill in reading, spelling. cla~sroom, and the teacher has to kett . writing, speaking and handwriting, each track of it all. Instructions as to wW Bolt v. Raleigh Board o( Claiming compliance with pupil placement act, Negro plain- Hearing to be set by district carefully delineated. Teachers keep a a child must do to pass to the IIIII ._1 Education tiff asked end of school segregation court levels record sheet for each pupil. mark­ level are specific and detailed, howewr. ' (North Carolina) ing off each achievement as the required and the program is uniform througbalt proficiency is demonstrated. Pupils work lhe city. Teachers are told p~ Kelley v. Nashville Board While and Negro parents asked end of segregated schools. District court hearing Jan. at their own levels and at their own what is required, and how to test forl of Education District court approved plan to start desegregation at 1st 28, decision awaited pace. The objective, however, is that (Tennessee) grade level in fall 1957, but ordered plan for complete de­ children should have the basic learning HOPED 'LESS VEXING' segregation and time schedule filed by Dec. 31, 1957. District tools by the time they enter the fourth "There is hope that the problem ti I court ruled state voluntary segregation law unconstitutional; grade. dealing with a wide r·ange of langu41 enjoined interference with implementation of approved plan. arts skills in the middle and uPJ* ~ Defendant board filed a voluntary segregation plan based on GO TO SP ECIAL ROOMS grades will become less vexing in * parental preference and plaintiffs filed exception to the plan Thus children in the same primary future," says the Curriculum Guide,. 1 asking complete desegregation by fall 1958 grade may be working at several dif­ Levels in English, Grades 4-8. isiuetl t ferent levels, but at the end of four years in grade school, including kinder- (Continued On Next Page) Borders v. Rippy District court twice dismissed action to allow school board 5th Circuit Court reversed (Dallas, Texas) time to study and plan. On both occasions 5th Circuit Court and remanded, reinstating reversed and remanded £or hearing and last time directed "deliberate speed" time fac­ two white Birmingham schools withoUt district court to order desegregation with all deliberate speed. tor 9 of 14.S Laws exhausting the administrative retn· • District court ordered desegregation at mid-term, J anuary, (Continued From Page 1) <.'dies provided in the law because (I) 1958 the law is unconstitutional and (2) No appeal taken whose pat·cnLo;, legal custodians o•· thch· efforts to comply with it would Ross v. Rogers District court held Texas constitutional and statutory pro­ guardians voluntarily elect that such prove futile. A three-judge court hll visions invalid insofar as they require or permit seJO"ega­ (Houston, Texas) children attend school with members of heen named to hear the case, but I i tion, and ordered admission of plaintiffs with all deliberate their own race." (Kelley v. NMhville hearing has not yet been seL speed, but set no time limit Board of Education.) 5th Circuit Court reversed The Florida pupil placement law II Allen v. P rince Edward One of original Brown cases, 3-judge court on remand and remanded for order 5) Three Virginia acts. Chapters 31. directly under attack in the case ol County School Board ordered desegregation but set no time limit. District court ending segregation without 32 and 35 of 1956, dealing with solici­ Holland v. Palm Beoch Countl/ Boart (Virginia) in 1957 made similar ruling, holding public opinion in county delay. Stayed pending ap­ tation of funds for support of litigation of Public Instruction on appeal to lilt necessitated deferring order fixing time limit peal and barratry. ( NAACP v. Patty and F1fth Circuit Court. The law is also • District court decJ:ee sus­ NAACP Leoni and Defense Fund Inc. t•. issue in Gibson v. Dade Count11 (Mi­ Allen v. Charlottesville Federal district court ordered desegregation to begin in fall pended pending 4th Circuit Patty.) ami) Bonrd of Public Instruction, whi$ School Board 1957. J udgment suspended while case was on appeal (com­ decisjon on validity of is again before the district court ~ bined with Thompson v. Arlingto1l Count11 Sclloot BoaTd). The Virginia statutes wer·e stl'icken (Virginia) placement set in Newport t·cmond from the appellate court. In': Affirmed by 4th Circuit Court and denied review by U.S. down last month by a three-judge News and Norfolk cases c:.1se, attorneys for the defendant s;h Supreme Court court in two cases brought by the board have raised lhe placement ~ue. holding that it controls school bOafd Under consideration by 4th NAACP and its legal arm. 10 Thompson v. Arlington District court found administrative remedies had been ex­ ilClions and a-cquires assignmen~ Circuit Court In so ruling the court reviewed the County School Board hausted, ordered desegregation of grade schools Jan. 31, ~chool on grounds other than ractal. (Virginia) 1957, high schools September 1957. Affinned with Cltarlottes­ legislative t•ccord to determine the pur­ Attacks also have been le_v~t4 ville case in 4th Circuit decision holding pupil placement. pose of the legislation and found that against four segregation provlSl: law inapplicable. On denial of admission Sept. 14, district In the measures had been enacted as part adopted in Arkansas last year. 1 court ordered admission Sept. 23 but stayed judgment pend­ federal court action (Smith v. F11ub¥1 ing appeal of the program designed to thwart the school segregation decisions. 10 Negro ministers asked for dcdal1· U.S. Supt·emc Court clenied to•·y judgments holding the meas~ Atkins v. Newport News Consolidated for hearing, district court issued memorandum review decision holding placement act unconstitutional on its face, LAWS UN DER ATTACK void. The distl'ict court, however, or School Board dcred n slay of the case pending con· orderd desegregation beginning in September 1957. 4th Cir­ Still und('t' attack nre pupil place­ Beckett v. Norfolk School Sll'lt('fion of the laws by StlllC COUpu Board cuit Courl affirmed, ruling 3-judge court unnecessury since ment laws in Alabama and Florida. In enforcement of placement act had not been enjoined Tht· action now is pending in the (Vir¢nia) lhe Alabama case, four Negro plaintiffs lask1 Countv Chancery Court. ' have asked that they be admitted to . # ' SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-FEBRUARY 1958-PAGE 3 AUSTIN, Texas D ALLAS SCHOOL TRUSTEES asked school at Southern Methodist Univer­ sity and a former president of the the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Dallas Asks Advice of Court on Law, American Bar Association. Appeals what to do concerning a DESPITE CONTROVERSY state law forbidding desegregation Reaction to Integration Is Debated "It is my finn conviction that it is the without approval at an election. duty of a lawyer to his profession lo On Secoud Thounht (See "Legal Action.") ~ "A sincere effort will be made to ex­ render public service even though such A white Citizens Council leader plain the plan to every citizen," said a highly controversial cause may sub­ predicted violence when racial I XII Dr. W. T. White, superintendent of Dal­ ject him lo great criticism," Storey told ~~~· RI las schools. "Parents, teachers and the a reporter for The Dallas Morning integration takes place al Dallas, ~A1f~~~ . community as a whole must have an op­ News. but city officials predicted nothing portunity to adjust to changed condi­ Storey, who was named vice chair­ of the sort will happen. (Sec tions we!J ahead of the time the plan man of the commission, pointed out that •'Community Action.") is placed in effect." it is directed to investigate alleged racial discrimination in allowin(( citizens Segregation views promised to 1w a The article declared thal Police Chief Carl Hansson has prepared a police to vote and other abuses of the U. S. political issue, particularly in Dallas. Constitution's "equal rights" provision. (See "Political Activity.") handbook on riot control, which law en­ forcement officers elsewhere in the "I find a great deal of misunder­ DANIEL STAND CRITICIZED South are requesting. It includes keep­ standins;t of our duties on the part of lhe A noted Baptist minister criticized ing tab on potential troublemakers and general public," said Storey. "Many Gov. Price Daniel for supporting seg­ outside agitators. people seem to think our commission regation in Texas. (See "What They was created to enforce integration­ 'CAN HANDLE' RIOT Say.") which, of course, it was not. Arkansas Gov. Orval E. Faubus said "We will probably have some t·esist­ "There are many basic civil rights guaranteed by our federal Constitution in Dallas that schools should dese~re­ ance to school desegregation here," gate only where favored by a maioritv said Chief Hansson. "We will be alerted other than whether or not people of dif­ of the citizens. (See "What They Say.") for trouble and we have a definite plan ferent races go to school together, for A Negro educator at Houston blamed )IT. fot· handling violence. If we have a riot example." upon segregation that city's high inci­ on the scale of LitUe Rock, we can clente of crime among members of his lfk handle it." race. (See "Miscellaneous.") -Knox in U1e Nasliuille Banner The Citizens Council's Earl Thorn­ Dallas School Board President Edwin The paper said students at the school, t'ln predicted that violence would come DEAN ROBERT STOREY "from the school kids themselves," not L. Rippy said an announcement con- white and Negro, should be chosen "(1) CiviL Rights Commissioner 1!11\iDg future desegregation policy for their willingness and wish to coop­ the atinlts. •ely will be made early nexl summer. erate in the experiment, (2) for their U. S. Tate, a Dallas attorney for the only a few Negroes. Vestal said the State Rep. Reagan R. Huffman of Harry C. Withers, executive editor of scholastic standing and general intelli­ National Association for the Advance board first permitted Negro students to Marshall, a segregationist leader, pre­ Tile Dallas Morning News. in an annual gence level, (3) for the capacity of the me11t of Colored People, said no trouble be taughl in the same building as white dicted in a hometown interview tbal forecaSt speech to the Rotary Club said experimental high school lo accommo­ will result if "the demagogues and the students, but separate classrooms. Next "delaying action" legislation would be 1958 will see "some fonn of racial inle­ date the number of transferees-in, and opoortunisl<;" leave the Dallas public the lunchroom was integrated; nexl continued until the U. S. Supreme Court ption in the public schools of Dallas." with faculty similarly chosen for apt­ school or'lblcm alone. He dP<'I<~rM that physical education and playground ac­ reverses its ruling that compulsory ness, training and willingness lo coop­ some had predicted bloodshed if Ne­ tivity. Two segregated classrooms re­ school segregation must go. erate ..." rrroes were allowed to vote in Texas, main. Fow· Negroes played football for Speaking of activity by East Texas The News editorial predicted voters but nine years of experience proves Dimmitt High last fall such fears ill-founded. legislators, Huffman said, " ... We feel there might approve such a pilot-plant Trustees of St. Stephens School at we can delay integration until the nine integration. and permit compliance with A Dalla.s News labor columnist re­ Austin, sponsored by the Episcopal old fossils on the Supreme Court see the stale law. ported that unionizing of public school Church for high school students, voted lhe error of their judgment or until they teachers there is being hampered by the lo integx·ate but not soon. are replaced by justices who will follow The Dallas school board asked the pro-integration policy of the American The non-segregated policy will be­ the law instead of sociological writings." i1J1 ruth Circuit Court what it should do, Federation of Teachers. come effective after Jive years, and will Huffman termed Hou.se Bill 65, re­ 111 ader the court's order lo integrate Joe K. Nichols, secretary of the Dallas require one year's notice before actual quiring a special election before any 12 "with deliberate speed", in the light of a 2 Mayor Robert L. Thornton told re­ AFL-CIO Council, was quoted as say­ mixing of races begins. school can end segregation, the most :t:l fll9l state law against integration with­ The Council of the Episcopal Diocese JottTilaL ing that many teachers there are important single piece of legislation !:!: flit approval of votet"S within a district. porters for The Wall Street thal he is confident that Dallas will desegre­ " ready, willing and anxious to join a of Texas deferred for one year a pro­ passed by the legislature during the ., 'l'bepenalty is loss of state funds, about union." posal to integrate its summer camps for regular and special sessions. rar: $1,.500,000 a year for Dallas, and fines gate its schools without mob violence. young people. "Some of our citizens won't like lhe Added labor writer Don Freeman: ·.... • the responsible officials. The meeting of Southeast Texas Epis­ Second most important bill was 1 desegregation plan lhe school board ;, U. S. District Judge W . H Atwell. "But the American Federation of copalians at Houston also passed a res­ termed by Rep. Huffman to be the so­ finally agrees on. but I think we can ~ whose decision in the case of Borders Teachers-with clear AFL-CIO juris­ olution condemning mob violence. called registration bill which can re­ have desegregation in Dallas without diction over this profession-presum­ ~ a. Rippy was set aside by the appellat<' Bishop John E. Hines of Houston had quire any group hampering the opera­ mob violence." said Mayor Thornton. .~ laurt. had dismissed the case to lest the ably is afraid that Dallas would mean urged the Texas group to abolish seg­ tions of a school to register a list of • pration of the stale referendum law. This view was disputed by Earl Thorn­ a repeal of its New Orleans troubles. regation immediately in churches, officers, directors and membership as ton (no relation to the mayor), an elec­ The AFI' pulled out of the Crescent .::!• 1148 lSD v. J. W. Edgar, Commis- schools and c.amps. well as income and disbursements. ~d trician who beads the Dallas while er of Educatwn- see SSN, January City when its belief in integrated Ne­ Citizens Council. ~ro and while locals got a sharp re­ ~':.. ~ and earlier.) "There definitely will be violence in •• : The Dallas Momi11q News editorially buff." ,_ - Jpressed opinion that the best solu­ the schools ii they lry to integrate r. _,n would be a "sall-and-pcpp<'r" sys­ here," said Earl Thornton. Gov. Orval E. Faubus of Arkansas ,.,.._ pm. This would permit voluntary said in an interview at Dallas that rr:' . )oice of attending an all-while school, EFFORT TO 'SELL' PLAN . schools should never be desegregated s;. ... )I all-Negro school, or a mixed school. The Wall Street Journn!t·eporled that R. S. Vestal, superintendent of schools Segregation views promise to become without majority support of the com­ ;e:.. ' Jbe newspaper suggested that an ex- Dallas officials plan an effort lo "sell" in Dimmitt, a small agx·icultural town an issue in Texas' most widely-watched munity. He predicted lhat violence will t::2 terimental high school be operated next to lhe public the idea of integration be· in northwest Texas, said integration had congressional race this year. continue until racial integration has ::..~ 1 fall for integration. fore any step is taken. been successful there. The school has State Rep. Joe Pool is a candidate for majority backing. ~t· ~--~~------~~--~~--~~~~--~- lhe Democratic nomination against Stat.e When trooos are withdrawn from pelled lhe student for the remaindet· of land and Missoul'i, being border states, Rep. Barefoot Sanders of Dallas. f'..entral High in Little Rock, there "' Missouri the year. The sequence of events was know all too well "what it is to be de­ Pool has been a leading advocate of be violence among students but prob­ p' (Continued From Page 2) construed in some quarters-and inac- nounced by both sides." pro-segregation legislation, including a ably nowhere else, Gov. Faubus pre­ bill ( HB 5) lo let county judges re­ ~= cw·ately so, Hazlett said-as indicative In certain circumstances, McKeldin dicted. He said that be will reveal "be­ ~ list September. "The primar-y level::; of widespread racial strife in lhc said, the man in lhe middle may be able quire registration of any organization fore the end of the year" the evidence interfering with operation of public of violence which be said prompted the ~ PI'Oeram has been revised and simpli­ schools, finally breaking into the open. to mediate between opposing sides and ; Sf' hd. Larger numbers of immaturt' chit­ schools. This was aimed mainly at mak­ decision lo order Arkansas National "That view is definitely mistaken, a!- become "lhe herald of peace." The gov­ • hen will be held lon~er in the kinder­ ing public the membership list of the Guardsmen to slop Negroes from enter­ ~ Prten. The Rooms of 20 will reduct' though nobody wants to minimize the ernor said there was no greater need m NAACP, but ran into stiff legislative iM the high school after integration had incidents which have happened," said the world than for the peace-maker, opposition from others. (See SSN, Jan­ been approved by the federal court. 0 ll 'lht number of incompetent pupils who Hazlett. ''There have been shake-down and this good office was within the uary 1958.) (;;r mter the fourth grade. rackets by both Negro and while stu- reach of the people of Missouri and MINISTER FLAYS DANIEL -~ "Continued effort wrll be made to in­ denl<; al the five and dune level; leach- Maryland. REGARDED AS 'LIBERAL' A well-known Baptist minister, now >1~" Cftase the number of classrooms for ers have sel up patrols to prevent fights "The controversy over racial segrega­ Sanders is regarded as a "liberal" on retired, criticized Gov. Price Daniel for ::a::l lle!ltally retarded pupils. The Reading in some cases, police have patroled the tion in the schools has revealed a rift segregation proposals, although he did supporting segregation. Dr. Joseph M. ote' 1Cizuc will continue to give some help schoolyards; switchblades and othe~ in the thinking of lhe country," he said, vole for some bills backed by East Dawson, who now lives in Austin, had r::J providing intensive instruction for weapons arc often found in students "and nobody knows better than the peo- Texas segregationists in 1957. testified against school segr~ation pro­ i! !Iiddle and upper grade pupils who Dallas now has a Republican posals at recent sessions of the Texas I!Pnate widely from average classroom possession." pte of lhe border states that the rift ~ "However" Hazlett continued, "the threatens to become a chasm, wide and congressman, Bruce Alger, the only legislature. His latest opposition was ~.ft ~els. Briefly, there is hope that the GOP officeholder above the county level orepared for Christianity Today, a ., number of pupils who will not profit tJ·ouble alm~st invariably has existed in deep. To make every effort to close it school areas which have seen a lower- is the duly of patl'iots everywhere, but in Texas. A reported declining popular­ Washington, D.C., publication. • \ !(· !torn book learning will be t•educcd in ing of economic standards the past few that duty weighs most heavily on those ity o! the Republican Party, including Dr. Dawson, a former pastor o[ middle and upper grades." ./the years. The racial factor is one .~lemenl who know most about it, which brings President Eisenhower, in Texas since Daniel, described him as "my very dear Rere again, the teacher makes out - but it is nol lhe sole clement. it straight home lo us." the Little Rock episode has bolstered friend." The minister wrote: "My heart ?" ~ Grades 4-8 Levels Sh<'et for t'ach the hope of Democt·ats that Alger will sinks when r observe that. in hls official J:r -1- Pllpit and keeps a !'('COrd of inclivicluaJ ftACES LINE UP McKcldin said integration of schools be defeated (or re-election. Some act.c; and in his candidatimt fot· hilth ~ Pnlgress. Tber<' are five levels corre- rt is true, he said, that all too ofl_cn ~ in Maryland had proceeded steadily, Texans h<~v e criticized Alger for not office, this fine Christian man docs nol •:ll 'POnding to grades 4 through 8. Cnlc­ whatever the original spark of an ~~~c1- intt'l't'upted only by a few trifling inci­ making more vigorous complaint about consider that the Negro has infinite .~ ~Qril!ll arc composition (broken down dent- Negroes and whiles :1lign ag~m~t dents, all of which were dealt with by the federal tr·oops in Little Rock, so this worth, at. least. not comparable to that rJ ~ IlLio speaking, writing nnd gt·ammar) l' HC:h other. Thus. another "~ace. me~- police acting not under federal statute, issue may prevail in the November of the white man." dt'nt'' and lhe original mollvafton JS but under laws governing disorderly (!'.!- illd reading. Again, detailed instructio~s general election as well as the Demo­ Q[ "southern politicians" ((enerally, 15 conduct in the stale. ~ to what is required and how pupt~s forgotten . cratic primaries. Dawson wrote, "To be elected lo office ..-p-;: Hill be tested are given. This cmphasLs Also, a gang of young troublemakcn; "Bul I did not say then, and I have Tom Reavley, a well-known Austin they reckon that the violently prej­ 1 ." ~the language arts carries over into - themselves not students- manage to not claimed since that the law would lawyer and former Texas secretary of urliced will make a loud outcry for the A ~school, and the levels program car­ account for much of the violence. be enthusiastically obeyed," McKeldin state, criticized the controversial HB 5 old order and the rest of the people will or . 'Its over as the rceentlv introduced continued. "It. is not. Rational men do (see above) as an effort to restrict free­ not stand up for the coming order." .... ~ ~-track" plan in high .school. (SSN. There is going to be a stringent not undertake in a gay and festive mood dom of speech. crackdown on those persons, Hazlett the eradication of a long-established so­ ' •onuary 1958.) Discussing recent passage of the law . ~-. _...... r List month Kansas Cilv School Su­ said. As for known in-scb_ool ~ouble- eta! pattern. It is a serious matter which for registering organizations and mak­ , ·;; MISCELLANEOUS , c.. makers, their names are bemg listed ~or should be approached soberly and care­ ing public membership lists, Reavley i ~!endent James A Hazlett asked close watching. Persistent fully. No one understood lh.is better additional power to expel disorderly appre~ttce asked in an address to the Texas Press hoods, in brief, Hazlett is determmcd, than our more intelligent Negro leaders, Dr. Henry Bullock, staff member at r~ ltlldents an lhe desegre~at<.od 50-school Association: wtll be booted out for as long as need who have worked with the majority in Texas Southern University (Negro) ,sr:. tr!lem "Where was our sense or (ait·ness? blamed upon segregation the fact that !I ~~·this indicate ,, rise in hoolLgan­ he. anything bul a triumphant mood." Where was our courage? We should 67 per cent of Houston's murders in lllk and in racial incidents'! h<' was ··rn general we are well_sa~!sfied wi_lh Mrs. Daisy L . Bates, president of lhe have heard an outcry against Hou.se 1957 involved Negroes, although that @II. integration in Kansas CtlY; he ~''!; Arkansas State Conference of NAACP, BilL 5 all over Texas. Is it that we find race comprises only about 20 per cent oi ~ delinitelv does not." said Hnzlell. ''Specific cases call for spectfic actton. accepted a plaque in St. Louis Dec. 29 injustice palatable and insignificant ac­ lhe city's population. l'lo'-~ has ~en no geneml increase in His solution: Get tougher. on behalf of Negro students involved cording to who it hurts? The DallM Mominq New& differed .I. ~ce-the move simply means we in the Central High School case at Little "If so, then watch our race relations. editorially with D1·. Bullock's assertion . 1~t going to put up with nny at all." Rock. She t·cceived the plaque, de­ And watch our democracy; unless that segregation increases ct·ime among ' ~ ~ request for power lo expel of­ scribed as a tribute to the courage of the speech is free Cot· lhe mist.aken, it will Negroes. • !J) frlt ~ for a full scmcslct·· insiPad of students, at a Founders Day Banquet not be free for the enlightened." "Ct·imes of passion are not reduced Maryland's Republican Gov .. '.rhcod?re held ol Hotel Kingsway dur·ing the 44th A Dallas man look office in Januar·y f i'"'.J the CUI'I'Cnlly prcscrilwcl mnximum R. McKeldin addressed the LLbcral Fo­ by mixing races but by o;tricl punish­ ~ :/. ~Pelsion of 10 davs canw a ftc•r :1 cond<~vl· of Omega P::;i Phi, a college as a member of Lhe Civil Rights Com­ ment. The rnurdet· rale is lowest where illlll of the Youn~ Men's H<'ht cw _As~o- fratcmal organization. mission. lhe murderer knows he can'l get: away I; , ~ear-old CcmlL al Sc•nioL IIL~lt pupil. . . St Louis Jan J2 ou racwl lll- c:LU llOll 111 • • • M # # # R. G. Storey, 63, i::; dean of the law Atgro, struck u teacher tcgration in the South. He satd ary- with it." fl. # # l liaztcU's request the hoard ~x- PAGE 4-FEBRUARY 1958-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Atlanta Suit Asks for Desegregation; SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS 1 the official pubnc:ation of tfle Southam Eduution Georgia Legislators Weigh New Bans Sout~ern Sc:hool News .s c:tive fec:t-findlng agenc:y established by solriflern 0 1 Reporttng Sd':"lc:e, ed ; • tors' witfl the elm of providing ec:c:urate, unbiased MACON, Ga. In other legal actions: tion of law-abiding Georgians," the newspaper • ,tors 11 'j d ~c:~stretors public: offic:ials end interertecl ley cltirefts Attorneys for the city of Atlanta, cit­ committee requested reconsideration of lnfod•t;on to tsc:~:oed:c:;;;~n arisln~ from the U. S. Supreme Court opinion of SUIT DEMANDING DESEGREGA­ the granting of "unlimited Investigative 0 A ing the "separate but equal" doctrine, one elv; ~';'.:nd~c:lering segregation In the rublic sdlools unconstitutional, SQS TION of Atlanta's public school asked dismissal of a bus integration suit powers" to the commission. ~ y ' 1 d 1 's neither pro-segregat1on nor entl-seg,..getlon, but limply 11 not en a vou e, 1 system has been filed in federal filed in June 1957. re rts the fac:h as it finds them, state by state. . court. (See "L egal Action.") Atty. Gen. Cook asked the state ~bfi shed monthly by Southern Educ:ation Reporting Serv1c:e at 1109 19th Ave, supreme court to dismiss an amendment The move came on the eve of S., Nashville, Tenn. . h 111 T d th .._ .11.... filed by the NAACP in its appeal from Second class mail privileges authortxed at Nu v e, ann., un er • eumo,,.7 the opening of the state legisla­ a conviction for contempt of court for of the ec:t of Marc:h 3, 1879. ture, which will consider a num­ refusual to permit State Revenue De­ OFFICERS ber of new and holdover measures partment agents to inspect records for Dr. Claude Purcell was named state Frank Ahlgren . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Chalrmu TL R w ri- ...... Vice-Chairmen dealing with racial matters. (See tax purposes. superintendent of schools by Gov. Mar­ r nom as • a · . .,. Ex uti 01 Don Shoemaker ...... · · · · · · · · · · · : · ·. · ec ve recfot "Legislative Action.") vin Griffin. Patrick McCauley, Assistant to the Exec:uhve D~rec:tor An intensified voting and registration Dr. Purcell was assistant to Dr. M. D. drive for southern Negroes was an­ Collins who served as state superin­ BOARD OF DIRECTORS nounced by the Southern Christian tendent for 25 years prior to his resig­ Charles Moss, Exec:utive Editor. Nesft. nation. No other state school super­ Frank Ahlgren, Editor, Memphis Com­ Leadership Conference. Atty. Gen. Eu­ mercial-Appeal, Memphis! Tenn. ville Banner, Nashville, Tenn. gene Cook said a rift was developing intendent has held office lhat long. Harvie Branscomb, Chancel or, Vander­ George N. Redd, Dean, Ask University, between the conference and the NA­ The General Assembly of Georgia The new school head joined Collins bilt University, Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, Tenn. ACP, but this was denied by officials of convened on the Monday following fil­ in opposition to the private school plan Luther H. Foster, President, Tus~egee Don Shoemaker, Exec:. Direc:tor, Sou. both groups. (See "Community Ac­ ing of an Atlanta public school integra­ which was approved by Georgia voters Institute, Tu s~egee , AIL Educ:ation Reporting Servtc:e tion.") tion suit (see "Legal Action") on the by referendum in 1954. Coleman A. Harwell, Editor, Nashvlne Bert Struby, Editor, Mac:on Talegreph, State School Supt. M. D. Collins re­ preceding Saturday. This renewed Tennessean, Nashvme, Tenn. Mac:on, Ga. ROY HARRIS REPLACED Thomas R. Waring, Editor, Cherferto. signed and his assistant, Dr. Claude interest in new and holdover bills deal­ Henry H. HOI, President. George p... Roy V. Harris of Augusta, president body Coll119e, Nashvnle, Tenn. News & Courier, Charleston, S.C. Purcell, was installed as his successor. ing with racial matters. of the States' Rights Council of Geor­ Henry I. Willett, Superintendent of (See "School Boards and Sehoolmen.") C. A. Mc:Knight. Editor, Charlotte Ob­ Gov. Marvin Griffin said he did not gia., was replaced by W. Roscoe Cole­ server, Charlotte, N.C. Sc:hools, Ric:hmond, Ve. believe the action would result in ad­ man of Richmond County as a member ditional legislation, but in his State of of the State Board of Regents. Gov. CORRESPONDENTS the State message be vowed "any Griffin declined to reappoint Harris up­ ALABAMA MI SSOURI usurpation of power reserved to the on the expiration of his term. Harris William H. Mc:Donald, Auistant William K. Wyant Jr., Staff Writer, states" would be fought through legal was originally named a regent. by Gov. Editor, Montgomery Advertiser St. Louis Post-Dispatch means and "with all our resources." Herman Talmadge and did not support ARKANSAS NORTH CAROLINA The governor departed from his ad­ Griffin. Wi llia m T. Shelton, City Editor, Ar­ Jay Jenkins, Raleigh Bur.. u Chief, The first integration suit on the grade vance text to say that the Atlanta suit. In an interview in The Red and ka nsas Gaxette Charlotte Observer school level since the 1954 Supreme should surprise no one. When persons Black, University of Georgia student DELAWARE in high places put themselves on record William P. Frank, Staff Writer, Wil­ OKLAHOMA Court desegregation decision was filed newspaper, Harris said university stu­ Le onard Jackson, Staff Writer, Okla. as moderate or middle-of-the-road, he mington News in Georgia durin~ January. dents could help in defeating future in­ DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA home City Oklahoman-Timas Ten Atlanta Negro parents asked a said, it is an invitation for "race­ tegration cases. They could "absolutely Eve Edstrom, Staff Writer, Wash­ SOUTH CAROLINA U. S. district court to order desegrega­ mixers" to move in. This comment was control such a situation if they were ington Post & Times Herald tion of the public school system in interpreted as a slap at Atlanta. Mayor W. D. Workman Jr., Spec:ial Corre­ united and saw fit," Harris said. FLORIDA spondent, Columbia, S.C. Georgia's capital city. Defendants are Hartsfield. In the same issue of The Red and Bert Collier, Steff Writer, Miami TENNESSEE School Supt. Ira J arrell and the nine LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS Black, Editor Earl Leonard in his per­ Herald members of the Atlanta Board of Edu.­ A number of measures dealing with sonal column said the present staff is GEORGIA Tom Flake, Staff Writer, Nashville cation. Attorneys for the plaintiffs are racial matters were reported in prepara­ Joseph B. Perham, Editor, The Mac:on Banner ashamed of the publication's policies of News Wallac:e Westfeldt, Staff Writer, Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel tion or in various stages of being sub- a few years back when readers were of­ for the National Association for the Ad­ KENTUCKY Nashville Tennessean fered the views of writers who pictured Weldon James, Editorial Writer, vancement of Colored People; Constance state and regional leaders as being TEXAS Baker Motley, an associate of Marshall's Louisville Courler-Joumel demagogues. LOUISIANA Richard M. Morehead, Austin Bur.. u , in New York; and E. E. Moore Jr., an A week later, The Red a.nd Black Leo Adde, Staff Writer, New Orleans Dallas News Atlanta lawyer. carried a letter from three staff mem­ Item VIRGINIA U. S. district court officials said no bers saying Leonard was not authorized MARYLAND Overton Jones, Associate Editor, dates had been set for a hearing on the to speak for them. Edgar L Jones, Editorial Writer, Ric:hmond Times·Dispatch suit, filed in mid-January, and a hear­ Baltimore Sun ing was unlikely for at least a month. MISSISSIPPI WEST VIRGINIA Kenneth Toler, Mississippi Bureau, Thomas F. Stafford, Assistant to the 28 PLAlNTIFFS LISTED Memphis Commercial-Appeal Editor, Charleston Guette The names of 28 children of the Ne­ groes were listed as minor plaintiffs. Simultaneous public meetings will be MAIL ADDRESS The plaintiffs contended they had h eld in 20 cities in 10 sou.t11ern states P.O. Bo1 6166, Acklen Station, Nashville li, Tenn. "intermittingly filed" petitions asking on Feb. 12 in cooperation with the Return Postage Guaranteed for reorganization of Atlanta schools on registration and voting drive of the a non-segregated basis between June Southern Christian Leadership Con­ 1955 and September 1956. They charged ference, according to the Rev. Martin the defendants to whom the petitions Luther King Jr., president. Sen. Herman Talmadge. Roger Lawson, overcome obstacles imposed by birth. Ff were addressed had continued to oper­ King opened an office in Atlanta. last fonner state highway board chairman, it George P. Whitman, Jr., cha.i.rman tl I ate segregated schools and bad failed to September for the ''Crusade for Citizen­ is generally believed, will receive the the state board of education, told m~ make an official declaration of their in­ ship," sponsor ed by the conference. Ob­ behind-the-scenes blessings of the out- bers of the House and Senate appro- lie tent to desegregate the schools. jectives are education and action to as­ priations committees that it would cae1 .l:l A similar suit against the Atlanta sist Negroes in the South to register and Georgia more money to educate ii ~I Board of Education was filed in 1950 to vote in 1958 and 1960 elections. Vot­ To Whom It May Concern pupils if the public schools are COD· - but dismissed for lack of prosecution in ing clinics to teach Negroes how to read verted to a private status in efforts to i:lt 1956. A suit seeking to open the doors DR. CLAUDE PURCELL and write and how to register will be ward off integration. '!II of a white public colleite in Georgia to set up in cooperation with local civic Negroes was filed in 1956 and is still New State Superintendent committees, King said. SEES SEGREGATION END :.! pending. m.itted to the House and Senate. They Meanwhile, Atty. Gen. Eugene Cook Dr. James P. Brawley, president rl of Georgia charged a rift was develop­ SPECIAL COUNSEL lURED included bills which would: Clark College (Negro), told the Atlanla Atlanta aldennen voted to employ 1) Rewrite Georgia's voter registra­ ing between the conference and the Frontiers Club that segregation will dil­ NAACP over King's activities. Cook B. D. Murohv, an attorney who has been tion laws in a move generally believed appcar as the church and increastd active in defending integration suits for to be aimed at preventing a large in­ said the conference's activity to increase political activity by Negroes bring their the state, to help in the case. Murphy crease in qualified Negro voters. Negro voters, independent.ly of the influences to bear. will assist City Attorney Jack Savage 2) Abolish the compulsory school at­ NAACP , had antagonized NAACP Lee Davidson of Macon, grand drap 1 and his staff. tendance law outright rather than leave leaders who want to handle all integra­ of the Georgia Ku Klux Klan, $3ld The suit was preceded by a warning its abolishment to the discretion of the tion and voter activity. Klansmen who were chased by Lumbef "' by Atty. Gen. Eugene Cook in late governor. BOm GROUPS DENY Indians in North Carolina are memben l December that Atlanta Negroes would 3) Elect a lieutenant governor by a Denial immediately followed. Con­ of an "outlaw group." Davidson, wba I attempt to integrate the schools soon majority instead of a plurality of county tacted in Rochester, N. Y., King said says one of his ancestors was of Chero­ after the first of the year. J. H. Cal­ unit votes, a move which the measure's there is no rift and that he planned to kee Indian descent, said the North Car­ houn, president of the Atlanta NAACP author, Rep. A. A. Fowler Jr., said take out a life membership in the olina Indian group had the sympathyCII chapter, said there was no basis for would prevent control being exercised NAACP. In Tampa, Fla., NAACP of­ -Atlanta Comtltut!on the Georgia Klan. Cook's prediction. by a "minority bloc." ficials denied there was any discord be­ 4) Reinstate a $1 poll tax. Varied reaction followed filing of the tween organizations attempting to ex­ going Griffin administration. Both can­ suit. Cook said it had "totally disrupted" ON BIRACIAL SPORTS pand Negro voting in the South. didates arc ardent. segregationists. plans of the State School Buildin~ 5) Prohibit interracial social and Authority to finance construction of Comptroller General Zack Cravey, sports activities in Georgia (a holdover who bad earlier said he might run as a more than 700 classrooms in the Atlanta bill from the 1957 session, when it was and Fulton County systems. He said it strong stales righter, announced he will approved by the Senate). not. be a candidate. also sugJtested the possibility of the 6) Require labeling of blood in blood state withholding funds from schools Sen. Talmadge said he had no plans to 1 banks by race and require doctors to endorse anybody for governor. More than 100,000 Negroes have employing teachers and officials who notify close relatives of the racial label contribute to the NAACP and ques­ moved [rom Georgia since 1950, accord­ type to be used in emergencies. John H. Calhoun, president of lhe ing lo census figures and State Health t;oned whether those responsible for 7) Post help-wanted ads from non­ Atlanta. chapter of the NAACP, said filing the suit had violated the 1957 Department estimates. From 1: ' southern papers in state employment plans to get as many Negro voters as through 1950, some 227,000 Negroes barratry law, which makes it a crime offices in an attempt to interest Negroes possible registered in Georgia are pro­ to encourage and take part in the fre­ the state, according to the same SOUJ'CfS to work elsewhere. ceeding. But he declined to elaborate on Speaking in Atlanta, Thw·good Mar­ quent bringing of law suits. 8) Urge Atlanta Mayor Hartsfield to strategy, saying some county officials From 1950 through 1957, Geo~ shall, chic£ counsel of the NAACP, said Negro population increased by 69,. HARTSFIELD COMMENTS criticize filing of a school integration would do everything they could to pre­ ~~~ from the daily newspapers, and whites increased by 352,423. Offi~ Mayor William B. Hartsfield said, suit by Atlanta Negroes. vent Negro registration il specific plans politiCians or others will not stop the "Atlanta takes her racial policy from Compulsory school attendance law re­ were revealed. said, however, Negroes are on the Ill- 1 Atlanta suit to end segregation in the crease in urban areas in Georgia. the motto that adorns the state seal and peal was recommended by the Georgia Calhoun said the greatest obstacle will public school system. Marshall said the Rag-'Wisdom, Justice and Moderation'." Education Commission, a body created be apathy on the part of the potential NAACP would wail until the proposal Atty. Gcn Cook said he is unptr· 1 He said the peace must be kept and "I by the legislature to find means of cir­ Negro voter in some rw·al counties. He ?ecomes law before doing any planrung lurbed over reports the U.S. Post Oftitt will fight to keep our city from becom­ cumventing the desegregation decisions, sad no opposition from registration of­ m answer to a question as to whether Department is investigating use ofJ ing another Little Rock." and by the state board of education. The ficials was expected in most Georgia counter-measures against recommended "Remember Little Rock" emblem on The Atlanta Journal and The Atla.nt« Georgia Education Association, com­ counties. stricter voting laws in Georgia were in mail. I Constitution tenned filing of the litiga­ posed of teachers and school officials, The organization has as its goal the the works. Cook said it is "within the law." Tilt tion unwise. The Atla.nt« Da.ily World, a opposes repeal. registration of 300,000 Negro voters in Comparing India's caste system and attomey general explained out-goilll Negro newspaper, said whether the ac­ The legislature was requested by the the state by 1960. U. S. segregation, Dr. C. L. Shanna a tion on the part of those who would executive committee of the United Meanwhile, it appeared likely the letters are marked with an inked rubber native of India, told the Hungry Club' in stamp showing a soldier ho]dUlg • cause a showdown at this time in its Church Women of Georgia to cut inves­ gubernatorial race in the summer will J\tlanta that the caste system docs not liming and tenor is for the best of all tigative powers of the GEC. Saying it be a two-man affair. Lt. Gov. Ernest dtscriminatc in job opportunities, equal bayonet in the backs of two girls. coot concerned is now beside the point, and did not believe the General Assembly Vandiver, it is generally believed, will pay or education but both 1t and south­ :;aid it was based on a news photog!'~~ called for resolving of the issue in a wished to establish "a secret police receive some behind- the-scenes sup­ t.'rn ~gre~alion stem from ''locaL pride" spirit of support for law and order. agency for the harassment and in tim ida- port from Sen. Richard B. Russell and taken in LilUe Rock. and m ne1ther system may an individual I I ' ~ ' SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEW S-FEBRUA RY 1958-PAGE 5 Since the 1953 Negro-white building equalization program began, the State 'Mississippi Weighs New Educational Finance Commission has Oklahoma District Plans approved 147 applications totaling $27,- 337,521. or this amount, $21,650,225 was 'School Legal Defenses Cor Negro schools, $5,687,296 for white Desegregation Next Fall schools. JACKSON, Miss. sirable to promote the best interests of OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. at Lincoln, despite the classroom deseg­ EW LEGAL DEFENSES against the pupils within their jurisdiction." NEW PROJECTS PENDING p •LEADING A FINANCIAL pinch regation. :. public school integration. as An appropriation of $1,500,000 to re­ By June, an additional S27 million in The superintendent said the decision N move two of the state's senior Negro makes continued operation of well as one to prevent a "Little projects ru·e scheduled for approval, separate schools impossible, an­ to integrate the senior and junior high 1 colleges from probation by the South­ contingent on the sale of the new bonds. school levels was taken by the board or Rock" in Mississippi, have been em Association of Colleges and Second­ At this time, applications are on file, other Oklahoma district has an­ education solely for financial reasons proposed to the 1958 biennial leg­ ary Schools and for accreditation of the ready for processing, totaling in excess nounced plans to desegregate the and was not the result of any request islature now in session at Jackson. third. has been proposed in the House of $17 million. races at the secondary level by patrons. In fact, he insisted, the (See ''Legislative Action.") of Representatives. It is H.B. 102, of­ Sixty-nine o( the 151 new districts in Negro patrons expressed a desire to re­ fered by Ho~e Speaker Walter Sillers The plight in which school offi­ tain the segregated system. ~ Gov. J. P. Coleman did not once 49 diiTerenl counties have shared in the of Bolivar County and Rep. Russell allocations up to this time. cials of Bristow, in Creek County, ~ mention the segregation-desegre­ Fox of Claiborne County. Numer·ous elections have been called said they .find themselves because CONTRIBUTING FACTORS gation issue in his message lo the Jackson State College and Alcorn A by counties for funds to supplement the of cun-ent state aid policies points Sims listed several factors contribut­ legislature Jan. 7, although at a & M College, both for Negroes, are on stale grants. Grenada County will vote up the problem facing other still­ ing to the Bristow schools' financial special session in November he probation for lack of buildings an.d staff March 11 on a $550,000 issue, most of pinch under the segregated system. ratings. Mississippi Vocational College which will be spent for Negro schools. segregated districts as they enter One is a change, voted in the 1957 I warned the lawmakers that Mis- (also for Negroes) at Itta Bena is ap­ The city of Jackson bas announced a new calendar year. (See "School legislative session, in the handling of 1 sissippi "is legally naked and le­ plying for accreditation. plans for the largest Negro school in Boards and Schoolmen.") cash surpluses, he said. Previously, gally defenseless" against integra­ The bill proposes $750,000 for a sci­ the state to cost $1 million. It will be a A leader of the National Association school districts were permitted to carry ._ tion suits. (See "Legislative Ac- ence-library building, a mechanical arts junior-senior high school facility and for the Advancement of Colored People over from year to year any cash sur­ tion.") builcting and a gymnasium at Alcorn; will accommodate 1,400 students. hinted the group may press for im­ pluses they might accumulate. In Bris­ $575,000 for a classroom building, a site mediate change of the Oklahoma City tow's case they amounted to $15,000 to Mississippi's Negro - white school for a dormitory and equipment for school board's special transfer policy. $30,000 annually, Sims said. building equalization program moved buildings at Jackson State, and $175,000 Two NAACP committees which have Effective with the 1958-59 school year t, forward with projects totaling S27 mil­ for an infirmary and equipment of been studying the transfer situation a district's cash surplus will be charged lion (mostly Cor Negroes) approved and buildings at Mississippi Vocational. were preparing their report at month's against its minimum program of state ttCOmmended the second bond issue to end. (See "Community Action.") aid. This, the superintendent explained, p-ovide funds for a like amount of REQUIRED COURSE will reduce by $15,000 to $25,000 the applications now on file. (See "School Gov. Coleman was principal speaker Tulsa law enforcement officers moved The House has passed, and sent to the in fast in an effort to prevent a recur­ amount of money available to finance Boards and Schoolmen.") at the Jan. 14 dedication of a $400,000 Senate, H .B. 99 to require the teaching rence of the bombing of a Negro home operation of Bristow schools next year. of Mississippi history in high schools of high school for Negroes in West Talla­ COLEMAN CLAIM CHALLENGED hatchie County at Sumner. It replaces in a racially mixed north-side neigh­ the state. borhood. (See "Miscellaneous.") LOSS OF P OPULATION Gov. Coleman's statement at dedica­ S .B. 1587, providing for a statewide 40 small schools in the western section Another factor is a continuing loss •' lion of a $400,000 Negro school in Talla­ nine-month public school term and of the part-delta county. of population in Bristow, he said. The hatchie County that the races in Mis­ carrying salary increases for teachers, The new 12-grade school has 1,355 resultant drop in school membership sissippi "remain at peace with each has been approved in that branch. It students. It has an all-Negro staff of reduces the number of teachers for ,_. other while others elsewhere have been calls for $23 million more than the $81 32 headed by Principal R. H. Beardon, a which the district can qualify under " beset with strife and unhappiness," was million already voted by the House for native of the county. the minimum aid program. Sims said challenged by the state branches of the support of the minimum foundation Gov. Coleman told the audience, Bristow had 1,610 students in average National Association for the Advance­ made up mostly of Negroes, that "I am program in the biennium commencing The desegregation plan announced by daily attendance five years ago but Ill ment of Colored People. (See "What July 1. a young man (42), but if I had been "we'll do well to hit 1,500 this year." They Say.") taken to a school plant of this magnifi­ H. H. Sims, superintendent of Bristow About half the state's 500,000 school schools, will take effect with the fall This has meant a state aid loss of five The state president of the NAACP children now have the benefit of a nine­ cence when a student I would have teachers in the intervening period, and f%})ressed a "dim view" on possible ac­ thought I had been transported to an­ tenn of the 1958-59 year. On the basis month term, the adctitional month being of current school membership it will in­ the school system has had to ctip into tkn by the new federal Civil Rights financed from local funds which sup­ other world." local tax money to maintain its staff J • Coounission in aiding Negro registration volve about 690 white students and plement those put up for eight months 100 to 105 Negro students in grades 7 for the same enriched program it In Mississippi. (See "What They Say.") by the state. Under the bill, the state 'MONUMENT TO IDEALS' offered five years ago, he said. "This is a monument to the highest through 12. Total enrollment in the The Association of Cilizens Councils would pay for the ninth month in all ideals and mutual faith of all the people Bristow School District is 1,560, includ­ A third factor cited by the superin­ llill of Mississippi named Mrs. Sara Mc­ 82 counties. tendent is a depressed economy in Corkle as director of women's activities. of Mississippi, both white and Negro, ing about 260 Negro pupils. and it is only upon this kind of founda­ Bristow, caused by the closing down of (See "Community Action.") TEACHER SALARY INCREASES The desegregation will be accom­ an oil refinery. The schools thus lost The bill also sets up a new teacher tion that our state can be built," the plished by abandoning the junior and governor said. "The one great accom­ senior high grades of the Negro school, some $200,000 in assessed valuation. salary schedule with an overall raise of Sims said no protest to the impend­ $700. The state's average classroom sal­ plishment in our state is that we re­ Lincoln. The 40 to 45 Negroes in grades I :~ - ~dy of Errors,' Remarks of Ron D. C. Study Shows Low Score in Reading Readiness Richard B . Russell of Georgia." · In the envelope we•·e a reprint of 111 WASHINGTON, D.C. identified a multitude of serious needs. The District Board of Education has Both commiSSIOn members and the address by W. E. Michael, Sweetwattr LMOST 50 PER CENT of W ash.inl!­ The reading readiness tests adminis­ voted $1,000 as its sharl' of a study of starr director's nomination must clear Tenn. lawyer .in the Clinton, Tenn. ton's elementary school chil­ tered last fall showed wide divergences unwed motherhood among Washington thl' Judiciary Committee headed by school integration cases; a mimeo. A Sen. James 0. Eastland (D-Miss.). dren fall into the "low normal" or between schools and neighborhoods. The teenagers. The survey is currently J!raphcd sheet soliciting conlribu~ .~ tests were given to 12,594 first grade1og unde1-way and will pull togethe•· city­ Easlland said he wiU act "very prompt­ to th<.' .. John Kasper legal attack r.. ft~., )"' "poor risk" groups in reading in 124 local elementary schools. Chil­ wide statistics on the extent or the ly" to schedule hNn·ings. The nomina­ and u folder entitled ''The Coming R~ ~ readiness despite the fact the ma­ dren falling into the '·low normal'' or problem so that remedial steps can bl• tion of Atty. Gen. William P. Rogers Dictatorship." The latter includes , .. jority of them are average o•· "poot· risk" groups numbered 49.7 per •·ecommended. lt was prompted by last went through his committee with no statl!mcnt that Kasper was jailed ~~ 1r; above in intelligence. cent of the total enrollment. year's fragmentat·y study of Washing­ trouble. cause he '·expos<.'<~ the Jewish-Collllllu. 11 This was disclosed J an. 22 with But School A had 61 first graders in ton's "junior mothers" by Dr. John R. Despite Roge1-s' asking for a "cooling nisl conspiracy bl'hind racial integra. Pate. The Pale study mainly concen­ off" period on civil rights legislation, lion~ ~ the release of an exhaustive ele­ the "superior," ''high normal" and "average" categories; only eight in the trated on the problem in southwest the Little Rock, Ark., integration inci­ Russell said the envelopes originally )> mentary school study which un­ "low normal" and '"poor risk'" range. Washington. dent has upset the assumption there were used by the Committee for Con. .) derscored the educational task School B had six students in the high­ Partly as a result of the Pale study would be no push for further civil slilullonal Government in New York IG ¢ confronting District school offi­ er groups and 87 in the lower. No the Commissioners Youth Council has rights legislation this year. mail out reprints of the Michael articif '!-' which Russell has inserted in the • cials. It produced recommenda­ schools were identified by name in the extended its program of specialized Sen. Jacob K . Javits (R-N.Y.) an­ c011 gressionaL Rerord. Russell said he had ...: tions for a strengthened school survey which was prepared by the Dis­ counseling and psychiall"ic services to nounced he will sponsor a bill reinstat­ trict's Office of Elementary Education. the J effetogon Junior High School in ing Pru·t Three o{ the original civil been told 2,500 to 3.000 of the envelopes :S program and i! it is not successful southwest Washington. ln addition to rights bill. thereby allowing the Justice had been sold by the Committee to 1 ~ "other and more drastic means of POINT TO '1\IOBJUTY' working with unwed mothers, the proj­ Department to seek injunctions in all Washington group with the und~. ·! improvement." One of the "chief educational prob­ ect also seeks to help newly arrived civil rights cases including those con­ standing they would be used solely to "Any school system which fails to give lems" emphasized in the report is the families from the South. cerned with school desegregation. mail out the reprints. The Commit~ ~ its students the ability to read with "mobility" of Washington school chil­ for Constilulional Government said It ~t. facility should not be tolerated by the dren. Studies in other cities have shown MORSE liAS BILL had '"nothing whatever to do" with lJl.. i~ community," said School Board Presi­ that children who stay in the same elusion of the anti-Semitic material. 11 dent Walter N. Tobriner. school achieve at a higher rate than do Sen. Wayne Morse (D-Ore.) also The "Remember Little Rock" stamps (J those constantly on the move. But in said he will introduce a new civil rights under investigation by the Post Oll¥:t -;. PROGRESS CITED Washington the frequency with which bill und Sen. Paul Douglas (D-Ill.) an­ show soldiers with bayonets pointed at ~ Another report on the junior and nounced h e would introduce one undet· children transfer from school to school the backs of tccnage1·s. Post Office offi. -s!"• senior high level recorded an "unusual is 45.2 per cent, a "very high" figure bipartisan sponsorship. Douglas sug­ degree of progress" for students in the cials have not yet commented on tht. 11 ~ according to the report. gested that in lieu of placing emphasis legality but noted federal law forbid, ,-: basic or slow-learnin~ level of the Washington first graders had a medi­ on penalties Cor civil rights violations, putting anything on the outside of District's four-track system. the new bill may provide some addi­ 1 Nationally, Pres;denl Eisenhowet· sent an score of 65 in the readin~ readiness ma:J wrapt)l'r inte~dcd to reflect In• exam compared lo a national median or tional aids and inducemenlc; lo full com­ juriou ~ ly on the character or reoutll. his four-year bilUon-dollar federal pliance with the 14lh Amendmt>nt in school aid proposals to Congress. The 71. It was significant that local young­ lion of work in the South was taken to Utr ately ran into trouble. Rep. Adam fo1· school construction. In his message, experience show a greate1· readiness for Judiciary Committee, filed a bill to pre­ Supreme Court. On Jan. 16, the coun :t Clayton Powell Jr. (D-N.Y.) said he the President described his program as learning." vent a state governor from using the was nsked to declat·e that an Alaba1111 ~ would seek to attach his anti-segrega­ an "emergency stimulant" which must tion rider. Prominent southern Demo­ But in many schools where reading National Guard to obstruct enforcement court violated constitutional rights • Cit "be later carried on by those who must of a federal court order. Rep. A1·thur crats denounced it Cor leading to fed­ readiness was lowest there were long fining the NAACP $100,000 for refus· ~ wailing lists for admission to kinder­ continue to carry the responsibility­ Winstead (D-Miss.) filed a bill to pre­ eral control. Others in both the South the local school districts, universities ing to disclose a list of its members. C1 garten. More than 300 children are now vent the President from using the Na­ and North said it didn't go far enough. and industry." ARGU~tENTS HEARD i;l The administration also asked Con­ on waiting lists at 20 of these schools. tional Guard or regular armed forces to During the arguments Ju•lice Felis !i ! But Sen. Harry F. Byrd (D-Va.) im­ enforce a federal court ot·dcr. gress for more than $1 million to carry Frankfurter said f1·om lhe ben~'h tlunu out provisions of the new civil rights FACILITIES LACKING mediately declared that "once started Sen. Strom Thurmond (D-S.C.) in­ the only ic;sue before the court is U. ;:g:; law. To date the Civil Rights Commis­ Similarly thet·e are waiting lists for it will grow and grow and open up a troduced a resolution lo establish a Pandora's box of spending and even­ validity of Alabama's contem9t order 14 sion has virtually nothinl( on which to clinical examinations and special place­ commission to study the powers of the A brond<'r issue, which may require spend money. Its first three choices for ments. Principals requested clinical tually lead to federal control." The federal and state governments under same fear was expressed by Rep. other suit. is the validity of recent the top job o! staff director turned examinations for 3,276 children during the Constitution and also to study prop­ and shte cou1t actions aimed at Geol'ge H. Mahon (D-Tex.), a key down the post. the 1956-57 school year but only 1,227 et· boundaries of the legislative, execu­ NAACP in the South. were given because of lack of facilities. member of the House Appropriations tive and judicial branches of the WILKINS HEARD Committee. The NAACP cannot operate in At its 49th annual report meeting in More than 230 children who have been federal government. He declared there bama until a restraining order is In attacking the proposals for not go­ New York Jan. 6 the National Associa­ tested and recommended for placement is a "dangerous trend in motion" be­ solved. That order was issued after in special classes are still in regular ing far enough, Alabama Democrats cause of the "growing imbalance" wilh­ NAACP failed to register under tion for the Advancement of Colored Sen. Lister Hill and Rep. Carl Elliott classes because of lack of space. In ad­ in the structure of the federal govern­ state corporation laws. The N People heard Executive Secretary Roy said they would sponsor a "defense dition the survey noted "a great many ment brouqht about by the " r·ash" of cannot gel a hearing on the order Wilkins decry appeals for a slow-down children who present serious emotional education" program four times lru·ger in racial integration. court decisions. it PUr(!eS itself of contemnt. Jl and behavior problems for whom there than the one planned by the adminis­ purgl' itself of contemol only bv "We have heard the cries for 'cooling­ is little help and no placement." tration. They would provide 40,000 an­ AWARD TO CONGRESS off,' for 'slowing down' and 'taking it closing its membership, which it The survey further identified "poor nual scholarships of some $1,000 each, fuses lo do. easy' and similar slogans," Wilkins told mainly for scientific, engineering and Meanwhile, the Anti-Defamation teaching" as a cause of many of the NAACP lawyers contended that 150 NAACP members. "Our reply is mathematics training. League of B'nai B'rith will award its that we ru·e already going slowly, ac­ children's difficulties. It noted how edu­ America's Democratic Legacy Award to bama 's purpose was not to make cation is disrupted by the numerous cording to law and order. Ninety-three PLAN DESCRIBED Congt·ess for passing the first civill"ights comply with rcgistt·aLion lnws but chan~es in leaching personnel - 22 bill since Reconstruction. oust NAACP from the state. Edmon years have passed since emancipation. The President's plan in the first year ... We think the time is long overdue build:ngs have over 40 per cent of the Rinehart, assistant attorney general faculty on temporary status. would provide 10,000 federal scholar­ In particular, the league emphasized for us and our children to enjoy these ships with preference given to students the long debate was free from "Negro Alab·,mn, agJ"l'ed that Alabama wa~ rights." The IQ scores, measured in the third baiting and racial slanders which in the the NAACP ousted but only becauw prade, showed an average of between with good high school preparation in In a report £rom NAACP General science and mathematics. Graduate fel­ past had pockmarked civil rights de­ its lon~ history of ignol'ing ·the corpo Counsel Robert L. Carter, the organ­ 90 and 110 in 87 schools. an avera"e bates." For this the league credited lion law. i of between 80 and 90 in 23 schools and lowships would go to 1,000 st\ldents the ization was urged to "push ahead" with Democratic leadeJ'S in both houses and "Has Alabama ever done this I01J51. :f over 110 in three schools. first yeat'. There also would be match­ "renewed fervor" for school desegre­ ing grants to states for aptitude testing the floor leaders of the southern bloc, i?g a corporation] before?" asked J ~ gation. He said the NAACP must also Rep. Howard W. Smith (D-Va.) and lice Hugo L. Black, a native of COACHING NOT DESIRED and counseling of students, and grants press its drive to increase Negro vot­ to strengthen state departmenl'! of edu­ Sen. Russell (D.-Ga.). bamn. ing. Advising against coaching after school cation and local school systems. Sen. Russell expressed outrage at the "We never had a case like this wrr: hours because the total educational fore," Rinehart answered. t:l NAACP membership, the group was To finance it over a four-year period, use of his envelopes by lhe Seaboard told, had declined from 350,000 in 1956 prorram should be strengthened, the Rinehart's a•·gumenl was based mai report recommended expanded kinder­ ll is estimated the federal government White Citizens Council, declaring it to 302,000 in 1957 under "stepped-up ly on the grounds the NAACP had ~t garten faciUlies, in-service courses for would put up about $1 billion and the was done without his knowledge or legal attacks on southern units." Wil­ propel"ly appealed its conviction to ,e. teachers and provision of elementary stales would put up "between $550 mil­ authority. He asked the Post Office "to stale supreme court. The NAACP atl Cl: kins said that while the association had counselors and assistant principals. lion and $600 million." lake appr·opriate action." experienced "the greatest financial year J..'Ued that the contempt order was in its history," it had acquired an over­ School Board President Tobriner Of the funds sought to administer the ~ch enve!ope had a three-cent stamp constitutional because the heavy fill all deficit of $52,734-resulling from the called for frequent testing of school new civil rights law, $750,000 would go over Russells frank and had printed on violates due process. # I f ' cost of court actions in the South. He children in the hope that Washington to the Civil Rights Commission which is reported also that the total1957 income ultimately will come abreast of and charged with investigating alleged vio­ lations of voting rights and assessing into the general operating fund was exceed national averages. If not, he said $716,174 as against $682,906 in 1956. other means of improvement must be the need for more civil rights legisla­ Mississippi the ncar future a •·equest will be mad tried. tion. The budget also includes $342,000 lo sheriffs and cit·cuit clerks in counli~ NEW BILLS SEEN In reporting progt·ess under Washing­ for the Justice Department's new civil (gregationist cannot overcome his saying: ''The r·esponse is that J cannot awareness of the continuing guilt of his Speak." vent slate institutions and agencies from IJicident was disc\osl.'d ns n Ku Klux accept your application." State and local law enforcement entering into agreements with the fed­ Klan undertaking. (St•t• ''Lt•).!al polici('s." eral government when the government Some of the students, none of whom Newspaper articles in The Greenville officials arrested five men in connection Action.") with the dynamiting. Seventh Circuit specifies that there be no discrimination would disclose their nam<..os. told re­ News and the Charleston News and because o{ race, color, creed or religion. SCHOOL CLOSJNG SUGGESTED porters that their· actions were based in Courier drew public attention to Dr. Solicitor J. Allen Lambright will seek indictments against the men when the "The word 'creed,' " said the governor, Gov. Timmerman commended South par·t on the slate board's withdr·awal of Margolis' article and evoked unfavor­ "being unqualified, is broad enough to certification acc1·editation from Allen. Cherokee County grand jury convenes Carolinians for maintaining peacefully able comment in letters to the editors of embrace the Communist creed." segregated schools and They also indicated that they planned March 17. ~ 1·ecommende~ both papers. Several legislators ex­ At the state capital, no final action The governor made specific reference !! legislation which would close schools 1f to pr·ess the matter· through to conclu­ pressed concern over the professor's has been taken on a pending application to Clemson College's refusal to accept ·~ federal troops were ordered into a sion even if it meanl going to court. aJ·ticle. The acting president o! the Uni­ for chartering a pro-segregation organ­ a federal grant for nuclear studies be­ ·~ ~ehool situation. (See "Political Activ­ They indicated familiarity with South versity, Dr. Robert L. Sumwalt, de­ Ca1·olina laws which require the im­ ization to be known as the Association cause the grant would have embodied !- lty.") Candidates £or governor _and other clined comment, as did the office of Gov. mediate closing of any white college t~ of Red Shirts, submitted by former such a non-discriminatory clause. 'I' stale officers in the 1958 electiOns were Timmerman. KKK members from York County. Sec­ With reference to the use of federal 1:' laking strong stands for segregation. which a Negro is ordered admitted by court order, along with the conespond­ retary of State 0. Fran!< Thornton tw_ice troops to enforce integration at Little The General Assembly convened for returned the applicabon. The pendmg Rock Ark., Gov. Timmerman said: "I _ the 1958 session without very much in~ closing of State College (for Ne­ groes) at Orangeburg. Appropriations application, which was re-submitted for am opposed to children attending school .tress on segregation, except for recom­ the third time, now is in the hands of with bayonets pointing in their backs. I mendations from Gov. Timmerman. Cor all state institutions of higher learn­ ing are for ·'racially segregated" use. the State Department of Public Welfare, deplore the operation of a school under (See "Legislative Action.") {rom which it must Jlaln approval be­ police controL Let federal agents patrol Later in the week, three applications fore it can be issued a charter as a empty halls and empty classrooms. Let from Allen students were received by The South Carolina General Assembly mail at lhe University of South Caro­ charitable organization. them point their weapons at the backs convened in annual session on Jan. 14 of empty seats. I, therefore, recommend lina. During the following week, four and on opening day had before it two Negro students from Benedict College that we join other states that have taken measures concerned with school inte­ action, and enact a law closing any sought in vain to obtain admission fonns gration at Little Rock, Ark. One was a school whenever and for so long as any at the university. resolution sponsored by Rep. John C. The University of South Carolina has federal force or group, armed or un­ Hart of Union County condemning the armed, attempts to police its operation." rejected applications for admission from NAMES WITHHELD President's action in sending federal il 111 undisclosed number of Negro stu­ University of South Carolina officials troops to enforce the integration of Federal Judge George Bell Timmer­ dents of Allen University and Benedict have declined to make public the names BOTH RACES LAUDED Central High School and denouncing man Sr., on Jan. 6 before a joint meet­ The governor commended both white · College, two church-supported N~gro of the Negroes who have applied for the "arrogant ignorance" of the federal ing of Lions and Rotary clubs at Winn~­ and Negro citizens of the state for ilstitutions at Columbia. Some apphca­ admission. judge who ordered the school to be inte­ boro: "The judicial power of the Urn­ "wisely" continuing to send their chil­ tlons were tendered in person but were The action of the stale board of ed­ grated. Fewer than 30 members of _the ted States, as the Constitution shows, 110t accepted by the officials of the uni­ dren to separate schools. The absence of ucation in withdrawing accreditation 124-member House of Representatives does not extend to the enforcement of racial violence in the public schools o{ ~ rersity. Others were received by mail, from Allen University brought an in­ voted on the resolution and it passed by Marxist socialism as interpreted by the state, he added, is "in marked con­ bu~ presumably were returned, since quit·y from the American Association of a vote oC 15 to 6. Later it was approved Myrdal, the Swedish Socialist ... For a trast to the schools were ... the throw­ one unidentified Negro applicant re­ University Professors to Gov. Timmer­ by the Senate. court to require school trustees to per­ ing of acid in the faces of little children, !:: ported that his application and deposit man. The governor wired back that "the Another measure by Rep. Hart would fot·m some affirmative act now required knife fights and cuttings and racial riot­ ~ for entrance examinations were re­ state is concerned with protecting all of extend an invitation to Arkansas' Gov. by some existing law should be an act ing . . . underscore the racial hatred turned. its peoples and your authority to ques­ Orval E. Faubus to address the South oC legislation, a power that is actually that is generated by an integrated sys­ - The attempt of the Neg1·ocs to enter tion its official actions is withou,t recog­ Carolina legislature. That resolution was denied to courts and judges by the Con­ tem." ; J the university came against a back- nition." referred to the Rules committee. stitution ... J ground of related events dating back Meanwhile, candidates and prospec­ AA.UP Gen. Sec. Robert K. Carr sub­ During the third week of the session, "I believe ... that the Constitution tive candidates for state office in the ~'< "' 11!Veral months. Early in the fall. the sequently expressed alarm over the gov­ Rep. 0. L. Warr, Darlington County means what it says, and what it was 1958 elections continued to dwell at "II' dale board of education rem~ve? A_1len ernor's "curt" reply and said: "We have farmer and Citizens Council member, intended to mean by those who agreed University from the list of mshtutJOn !'; some length on the race issue. The only reason to be concerned about condi­ introduced a bill which would author­ to it . . . that neither the President, announced candidate for governor, whose graduates were accepted for tions involving academic freedom ann ize the state's attorney general to pro­ nor the Congress, nor the Supreme teacher certification in the state. On former university president Donald S. tenure at Allen University, and whether vide legal defense for public officials Court has the power to effect a change Russell. said at North Augusta on Jan. Jan. 15, Gov. George Be\1 Timmer~an this situation now involves political under indictment or suit for violation in the Constitution, and any attempt to Jr. gave his explanation of that actton 14 that the preservation of racial segre­ interference with a private institution." of federal "civil rights" acts. do so by any one or more of them, or gation in the schools will be a prom­ during bis annual message to the South On Jan. 29, Gov. Timmerman ad­ even by all of them, would be an il­ inent issue in the race. Carolina General Assembly. dressed a special message to the Gen­ legality deserving condemnation and The governor said: "An investigation punishment." JOHNSTON DECLARES SELF of Communist activities has led to the eral Assembly and in it reported that Communists were thought to be active U.S. Sen. James 0. Eastland of Mis­ A probable candidate for governor, discovery of a record in the possession Mayor William C. Johnston of Ander­ at Benedict College. The gove~nor An all-white jury in Greenville sissippi, on Jan. 15 at the annual meet­ of the co\lege [Allen University] re­ County convicted four of ll men ing of the Greenville Chamber of Com­ son said on Jan. 18 that he is "opposed lating to several faculty members." urged early action toward th~ establr~h­ ment of a permanent comm1ttee to m- indicted for the July 1957 beating of a merce: "Since the Supreme Court has to the mixing of the races in any way, / Mter enumerating the alle~ed Com- shape, form or fashion ... Should any other school where his race predomi­ tion to Negroes, that they will sell to condition develop in the future con­ and Wagoner. They have 18 of the still­ cerning the maintaining o{ segregation nates. anybody," he said. "In that case the .. ~ Oklahon1a segregated districts and a numbe1· of of the races and I were governor, 1 othet·s which probably are segregated. original [school board] rule wouldn't ~ (Continued From Page 5) Federal court action on the issue was stand." would immediately take necessary steps d>"' But these are in the mino•·ity. By far Racial segregation in the classroom recommended by the NAACP education to continue segregation o£ the races for committee, but it is understood organi­ ~· lh~ greater number of the 50 distl'icts can also be found in a three-county our people." ~ 1"1 definitely known to be opc•·aling sep­ central area-Canadian, Logan and zation attorneys asked for a citywide Lt. Gov. E. F. Hollings of Charleston, JF..P' arate schools (seven other·s p1·obably Oklahoma - and in a three-county study of the special transfer situation whose announcement for governor is are) have substantial Negro em·oll­ southwestern section-Kiowa, Jackson before proceeding. expected momentarily, said at Kingstree rnents. Districts which may possibly and Tillman. One other county, Nowa­ on Jan. 7: "Good race relations cannot 1 find themselves in trouble linancia\ly if ~a has a single segregated district, PARENTS WA NT RELIEF be created by law, but can be destroyed -s.P ~ continue seg1·egated sc~ools nre Ailuwe, with only six Negroes and 244 Jimmy Stewart, Oklahoma City A homemade bomb exploded Jan. 19 by law . . . Good relations can be , Sf laid to include Stringtown m Alo~a white pupils. branch president, indicated some sort in the front yard of a home occupied created only by understanding and tol­ oC action might be taken immediately. erance ... The public school system has .r~ County and Wright City in Mc_Gurt_am by Mr. and Mrs. Johnny Gamble in a I (:f- County, both in Liltle Dixie; Twm I hils, He said parents or the Negro children racially mixed neighborhood of Tulsa's been reserved to the states-reserved who requested transfers to Harmony , ~' Okmulgee County; Bixby, Tulsn Coun- north side. A Negro couple, the Gam­ for education and not integration." l' ly; and Alluwe Nowata County. Others "want to know what to do for the sec­ bles had moved there recently !rom ond semester. These people are want­ ~ ~ lllay be similar'ly situated but statistics Denver with their three children. No I~ ... ' J ing relief, and it's our obligation to try ~~ on their enrollments ar(' incomplete. one was injured although a 14-year-old "~ -~ · MISCELLANEOUS to give to them." ~ e Little Dixie-the. 13 ~ountil·s compris-. . . The legal redl·ess and educational daughter was treated !or hysteria. The . I -~ the Th1rd Congressional Otstnct tn committees of the Oklaho~a. City Stewart suggested residential lines blast cracked the dining room wall and On J an. 1 in Greenville, "Grand Drag­ ~J lite far southeast corTwr of tht• stntr­ branch of the National AssocJ:ltJon for may have already caused a break­ shattered most or the windows in lhe ~n" James W. Bagwell told the press !!l.aiJltains thl.' most OJ>position to dt·s~­ the Advancement of Color<.od People through in one traditional boundary. house. that the "National Ku Klux Klan of rteation. The only counlic!; in lht• state prepared to report Jan. 28 to the execu­ The line of demarcation between the Although Gamble insisted he had South Carolina" was being disbanded. -hich, on the \;asis of avmlablc in­ tive committee on its study of the Okla­ east-side Negro section and the white been having no trouble with his white Bagwell said the action was being taken fQnnalion, hav(' no intej:tr·at<.-d districts homa City schools' special transfel· homes farther north has been N. E. neighbors, other reports indicated because of "recent activities" of which dlaU are in Little Dixie: Atoka, C;u·ter, 23rd Street. Only white youngsters liv­ otherwise. Don Fuller, district fire chief, he did not approve and because he was policy. f ll fte Choctaw and McCurtain. Along with The study was ordered last a a r ing south of that thoroughfare have said neighbors told investigators the "thoroughly disgusted" with the bicker­ Pittsburgh County, also in Lillie. Di>_Cie, the school board refused ~ transfer been permitted to transfer into North­ family had experienced difficulties with ing which had been going on between they account for 20 of thl.' 50 d1stncts seven Negro pupils from an Integrated east High School. white residents of the area. various KKK groups. d~itely known to be segregated. elementary school (Culbertson) to an Stewart said he has observed a num­ The Tulsa county attorney, J . Howard On the next day, some 10 or 12 men nll-white school (Harmony). ~AA~P ber of "For Sale" signs in front of Edmondson, warned the parties re­ who identified themselves as officers and O'rltER COUNTIES LISTf;O ~fficials protested that while puptls ltv­ homes north of N. E. 23rd Street and members of Klavern 460 of the Ku Klux Outside of Lillie Dixie the chid sponsible would be prosecuted "to the . . the Culbertson area had b~en noted that they appeared to have been limit." Police Chic( Joe McGuire or­ Klan called The Greenville News to say Poc:ket of remaining sej:tregation lies in mg tn B d r educotton !''l·anted transfers. oar o . h d I erected by Negro realtors. dered a heavy around-the-clock patrol that the Klan had not been disbanded, ' ._ · l middle area or eastern Oklahoma, 8 ~ ...-. co k . · · isted their pohcy a - of the area. despite Bagwell's statement. ~v lllPrising 10 counties: Chero ce, authontJes ms . ·1 to trnns£er "I would interpret that to mean that wa s been to permit a pupl ' they arc opening that residential sec- # # # # # # .;J Cl'ttk, Mcintosh, Muskogee, Ofuskee. fro~ his resident district school to an- ~ I Obnutgee, Seminole, Sequoyah, Tu\~'1 PAGE 8-FEBRUARY 1958-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS There are no bills in this ses.c;ion oC and Hampshire-joined the ranks the legislatw·e that bear on the deseg­ those: in !he state that have de5egrega~ w111 West Virginia College's regation or segregation questions. ed s1tuations. 1 West Virginia had some minor diftj cullics at schools in the southern • Head Recalls Experience of the state last fall, traceable to~ unu.,.:·wl>UU asked the Little Rock situation, but they ~ CHARLESTON, W. Va. to cut into West Virginia State's en­ legislature early last month for $52 only a few days. There have been no D RESIDENT WILLIAM J. L. wAL- rollment, but the college has grown in million in new taxes, U1e biggest. single­ recurrences. spite of them. First, tuition fees have LACE year request a West Virginia governor Supt. L. K. Lovenstein has suggested The Little Rock trouble, Ro~ took a backward look at been increased, and second, the school's 9 West Virginia State College the has ever made. that the Kanawha Count.y Board of said, may have slowed the switch froin X land grant status has been removed. Approximately $37 million of the in­ segregation to desegregation in West other day, and said he saw a suc­ Education ~plore the advisability of In 1948, Dr. Wallace recalls in speak­ crease would go into an expanded road lengthening the school year, perhaps by Virginia schools, but otherwise he tx .: cessful program of racial desegre­ ing of the change in tuition, 50 per cent program-the remaining $15 million into 20 to 25 days. Kanawha is totally de­ pects nothing to occur to retard ~ J gation. of the college enrollment was from out­ schools. transition. 7 side West Virginia. Now, there are only segregated, and according to the The governor's school request, made NAACP, has one of the nation's "best" The veteran educator, who for 250 such students enrolled, and the re­ tt: in his budget message, was in line with desegregated situations. the last five years has adminis-­ duction is traced directly to the in­ the "incentive plan" for school im­ tered affairs at the state's second crease in tuition. provement drafted by the State Depart­ The Lovenstein proposal was one of ~ largest publicly-owned college, Losing its land grant status did not ment of Education that would increase several contained in a report released two weeks ago. "Many school systems A lack of enthusiasm shown by Negro found that unlike Bluefield State have nearly so great an effect on the the county share in public school fi­ school, he went on. Few Negroes in nancing by several million dollars. The thr·oughout the country have 195 in­ leaders, including teachers, in SO!nr College, West Virginia State has West Virginia are farmers, and before state's share in the county school pro­ structional days," Lovenstein said. Ka­ counties has slowed West Virginia'• prospered from the Supreme 1954. the courses in agriculture attract­ gram is now about 72 per cent. nawha County, like other systems in march toward complete desegregation. Court's 1954 decision. ed very few students. Thus, when all The legislature, which will wind up West Virginia, has a school term of 175 said Carl T. Hairston in addressing lht such training, at least at the upper di­ instructionAl days. Both Bluefield and West Virginia its activities early in February, hasn't Charleston bt·anch of the NAACP ill ~ : vision level, was centered at the univer­ yet considered any school program. Two Lovenstein suggested eliminating days early January. : State were Negro institutions before sity, few students transferred. 1954, but where Bluefield has failed others have been introduced-one by off for schools after athletic victories; In other counties, school boards and .,.. since to grow, West Virginia State has the West Virginia Education Associa­ gelling school and non-school organi­ public officials have failed to provl~ 1 80 P.C. FROM NEARBY zations out of the school day, and en­ had an enrollment boom. (See January These constricting factors, as the in­ tion, and another carrying the name of necessary local leadership, the super. ~ Dr. Harry G. Wheat, professor emeritus couraging clubs and other organizalio'1s 1958 SotrrHEilN SCHOOL NEWs for the creased enrollments indicate, were visor with the State Department c1 Bluefield story.) at West Virginia University-and they, to sponsor trips on weekends and in va­ Education contended. "But we've madt 1 easily offset by the opening of West cation months rather than during Virginia State to white students o£ the too, are being examined. very fine progress in integrating our ., school days. "In area around Institute. Approximately REPORT IS RECALLED public schools," he stated. £act 80 per cent of the students come it'Om The legislature has shown a good deal we've done the best job in the nation.• "' nearby communities, where a few years of concern over the public schools KANAWHA SINGLED OUT ago lhey made up only 50 per cent of mainly because a report it financed the student body. two months ago at a cost of $100,000 Hair·slon singled out Kanawha Coun. I "In other words," says Dr. Wallace, showed that West Virginia school chil­ The assertion by Tuskegee Institute ty for setting "one of the best. exam. e At the beginning of the 1953-54. term "West Virginia State now is primarily dren finish school academically inferior that race relations have worsened in pies among the country's larger schoo. 11 West Virginia State had an enrollment a community college." to the national average by approxi­ the South dur·ing the past year bt·oughl systems." Public officials as a whole, bt ,_e. of 827 full time and 10 part time stu­ Before desegregation, the staff was all mately two years. !rom State School Supt. R. Virgil Rohr­ went on. have done "a great job in iJn. dents. When State opened last Septem­ Negro. This year there are 10 full time Any program adopted by the legis­ bough the remark that there has been plemcnting the Supreme Court's deti. 1: ber, 1,275 full time and 948 part time and 10 part time white instructors on lature will be bi-racial, since desegre­ no material change in West Virginia. ~ ~~ ~ students showed up for classes. the staff o! 70 full time and 16 part time gation is in effect in one form or an­ Rohrbough was queried after· the But Ilait·ston warned that "all citJ. ~ The institution was chartered in instructors. Moreover, says Dr. Wallace, other in each of the state's 55 counties Tuskegee report came out Jan. 14. He zens must work together iC we're goillc ~ 1891 as a Negro college, and in 1927 it when he goes out looking for replace­ and state aid is distributed according to made note of the fact lhat despite to complete school integration by 1959.' .. was accredited by the Northcentral ments for the faculty, be t.ries to get enrollment and the cost borne for bus troubles at Little Rock, Nashville and the five-year target date set by the West Association of Colleges and Secondary the best possible instructors regardless transportation by the respective coun­ other communities, the last of West Virginia division of NAACP. Schools. It is located at Institute in the of race. ties. Virginia's holdout counties-Jefferson # t f ""'l chemical rich Kanawha Valley, and is IS made up of 30 buildings, the most re­ cent additions being a library and science building. N. C. Indians in Clash with l(u l(lux l(lan at Rally,!: Like other state-owned colleges, West RALEIGH, N. C. and whites attend the same Warmoth G!bbs, beca Virginia State was desegregated in the 'Holy Cow! Where Did All Indi~ns .A~T pr~ident, ~· WARWHOOPS AND gunfire, fall of 1954. That first term 182 of the WI·'B Those Indians Come From? ! ! ' public school. of ~munds .affiliation Wl~ the NAACP 983 full time and part time students several hundred Robeson State-supported P embroke State Col- Gtbbs demed Edmunds charge, were white, compared to 575 white and County Indians broke up a Ku lege has 243 students of whom 167 are said the dismissal was requested bf. • white, the rest Indiad. cause procedures leading to EdmWlllr t 700 Negro full time and 800 white and Klux Klan rally before it began. appointment had not been correct. 148 Negro part time students today. There were some minor injuries Wesley Foundation has no official LISTS 'BIG FACTORS' as the Indians routed the out­ nection with the college and is Dr. Wallace, a staff member at the numbered Klansmen, who sched­ trolled by the church. college for 19 years before becoming uled the rally as a "warning" to Edmunds said, "Dr. Gibbs told me. ' Kr its president in 1952, lists several "big Indians against "racial mixing." my activities were too controveniiiA ... factors" for bringing about this change. (See "Community Action.") He said Dr. Gibbs denied use of Most importantly, he says, "We've been The state supreme cou.rt ruled that college gym last year for a speech ~ cultivating a racial atmosphere of re­ The state's Pupil Assignment Act the Greensboro school board acted Dr. Martin Luther King, leader of 'c spect for a good many years." survived another test at the hands of within its legal powers last summer Montgomery, Ala., Negro bus bo Then, of course, he says, West Vir­ the North Carolina Supreme Court, when it assigned six Negro children to Edmunds said Gibbs also turned d ginia State has "an excellent academic which spelled out its definition of a previously all-white schools. a student petition to organize a collet reputation," tuition is relatively low, "person aggrieved." (See "Legal Ac­ chapter of the NAACP. tion.") Three white parents of children at­ and since desegregation evening classes tending the schools to which the Ne­ Methodist officials said they remcml. have been started. In what is regarded as the beginning groes were assigned tried to block inte­ Edmunds on grounds the head of He called attention, only indirectly in stage of still another test o.f the law, gration, but Superior Court Judge L. foundation on the college campus hit mentioning low tuition, to the fact that U.S. district court in Raleigh denied a Richardson Preyer dismissed their suit. to be acceptable to college authori · the college is only 20 miles from Morris motion Jan. 28 designed to speed up None of the trio appealed for reassign­ Harvey College at Charleston, a private­ desegregation in the Raleigh school ment of his child. Instead, the three ly-owned school, and its tuition is system. (See "Legal Action.") parents attacked the assignment of the lower than that at Morris Harvey. The president of the Greensboro six Negroes. Gov. Luther Hodges came in AREA STUDENTS ATI'END chapter of the NAACP, Dr. Edwin R. Author o£ the high court's opinion criticism by a South Carolina legisWir Therefore, when the racial ba.rs were Edmunds, was fired as director of the was Associate Justice William B. Rod­ -Rep. John C. Hart of Union County-; ' dropped at State, many area students Wesley Foundation at North Carolina man. As a legislator, before he was who sponsored a resolution crilic~ ll who before that time couldn't afford Agricultural and Technical College in car, set up a single electric light bulb named to the bench, Rodman had President Eisenhower for using IJOOIII college, enrolled at State. This accounts Greensboro. (See "In the Colleges.") over a microphone, and played hymns helped draft the assignment act. in Lit.Ue Rock. t for the big influx of day time and part Gov. Luther H. Hodges advocated on a public address system. Hart said Hodges "has worn the ~ . time students since 1954. more extensive use of student loan Cole relinquished the honor of mak­ 'PERSON AGGRIEVED' out of his trousers riding first one silk 1 Also, said Dr. Wallace, by extending funds. (See "What They Say.") ing the speech to an unidentified Klans­ "The interpretation here given is of the fence and then the other. He • 11 the college day to include night classes, man. the only KKK member wearing a clear," Rodman wrote. "If a parent is now given in to our enemies." a large number of adults were able to hood. A cluster of 15 to 20 Klansmen dissatisfied with the operation of the enroll. This, he went on, created a chain surrounded the hooded Klansman. In a school because of the assignment of reaction. After they found the college larger circle were the armed Indians. another pupil to that school, his remedy is to request reassignment of his child, was good both "morally and academi­ Suddenly, an Indian plunged the field cally," they began sending their children not to appeal tl1e assignment of the In Greensboro, police are investigalil!h into darkness by smashing the light other pupil." another rock-throwing incident at 0 there, he explained. bulb with his rifle barreL Gunfire home of Ben L. Smith, city 1 One field where the enrollment in­ roared. The Klansmen scattered. A de­ A "person aggrieved" under lhe as­ ~ Klan superintendent. It was one of a sent:~ crease has been pronounced is pre­ For the first time, the Ku Klux tail of 16 highway patrolmen arrived to signment act. and therefore entitled to engineering. Most of the students are took on the Lumbee Indians in Robeson restore order. appeal, Rodman wrote, "is the child of incidents that have occurred sillCI while, and their preparation is for up­ County. Whooping and firing the.ir guns, assigned or· some one acting in behalf of Greensboro last year admitted si.JC Ne- • per division work at West Virginia the Indians made a shambles of the The Indians flred most of their shots that child." groes to white schools in the city. University, and ultimately for jobs in rally on the night of Jan. 18 in a field into the air or the ground. A newspaper A five-pound rock was thiO"' photographer and a soldier received In U.S. district court at Raleigh Jan. the Kanawha Valley's industries. near Maxton. 28 Judge Don Gilliam refused a sum­ through a .front window of the Smi4 superficial buckshot wounds, and a tele­ home and struck a piano. Damage W1l CREATED PROBLEMS The Indians not only dispersed the vision cameraman's ear was nicked by a mary judgment in lhe appeal of Joseph rally before it could get underway, they Hiram Holt Jr., 15-year-old Negr·o, who estimated at $20. City police have s11 Dr. Wallace is frank to say that de­ rifle bullet. lioned a guard at the residence. segregation created racial problems and also carried away the Klan public ad­ is seeking admission lo aU-while Need­ dress system to the Indian village of Sheriff McLeod said he will seek to ham Brouf! hlon High School. In Raleigh, the State Board of Ed that adjustments bad to be made. But prosecute Cole, who departed the scene ucation reported that school properlY i• the fact that nothing alarming has oc­ Pembroke, where they burned in effigy Gilliam told Holt.'s attorney "there is the Klan boss, the Rev. James W. Cole of the rally when the guns sounded, on at least one issue, maybe more," to be the stat.e now has a value estimated • curred would seem to indicate that the charges of inciting to riot. of Marion, S. C. considered before decidin~ the case, $519,606,658. Indebtedness on the proP transition was without notable difficulty. Cole subsequently was indicted by the ert.y is about $150 million, or 28.8 P' He said the Negro students felt in Klansmen burned two crosses before and he ordered an early pre-trial Indian homes in Robeson. An Indian Robeson County grand jury on charges hearing. The judge turned down the cent of the whole. 1954 that the white studen~ would of inciting to riot. He posted $1,000 bond move in and try to dominate the school. woman was charged with ''breaking up" Raleigh school board's request for a CONSOLIDATION RECOl\fMENDED a white man's home. An Indian man at Marion and made a formal request jury trial. The school board had twice In Charlotte, a special "Perhaps some of the white students," for an extradition hearing to South Chamber~ he continued, "expecled to assume a was blamed for moving into an all­ rejected Holt's application for admis­ Commerce committee recorrunen dominant role. But we have made great white neighborhood in Lumbel'ton. Then Carolina Gov. George Bell Timmerman sion. unanimously that cit.y and eounl Jr. A second Klansman, James Garland progress in eliminating these racial the rally was annoi.U\ced. schools in Mecklenburg County be I# Martin of Reidsville, N.C., was convict­ attitudes." solidated by 1960 as an economY !llO' As things now stand, a genuine un­ 'REPUTATION' TO CONSIDER ed in Lumberton recorder's court of City school board members exp!CSil derstanding between the two races Sheriff Malcolm McLeod of Robeson carrying a concealed weapon and pub­ favor for the recommendation, ~ lic drunkenness. The trial judge, an In­ exi.sts, Dr. Wallace declared, and they're and other leaders tried to get county school board spokesmen el making an effort to work together. Best Cole, who identified himsel£ as a Free dian, gave Martin a lecture and a 60- pressed doubt that the merger should I evidence of this is in sports, where Ne­ Will Baptist minister, to cancel the rally. day suspended sentence upon payment attempted by 1960. groes and whites play football, basket­ But the minister persisted; he said the of $60 fine and court costs. Martin still Dr. Edwin R. Edmunds, president of In Raleigh, the Council of S~te 81~ ball, and baseball together. Also, the Klan has its reputation to consider. faces a charge of inciting to riot. t~e ~AACP chapter in Greensboro, was pr·oved the sale of $10 million m_~ dismtsse? as director of the Wesley editor of the school paper this year is So on a dark Saturday night, hun­ MODEL RACE RELATIONS school construction bonds to a 5Y'"' a white student, and Negroes and whites dreds of cars converged on a plowed Foundation at N. C. Agricultural and cate headed by the First National Ci Pembroke, the Indian village, has long Technical College (Negro) in Greens­ work together in putting out the year­ field near Maxton. Weapons of all kinds been a model in race relations. Its town Bank of New York. The interest 11 book. were in evidence. The Klan strung a boro. Edmunds, who heads the depart­ will average 2.393 per cent on ~e t board consists of two white men and at Bennett College, Two things have happened since 1954 banner with "KKK" on the side of a two Indians, with an Indian mayor. m~nt ~f so~iology million. State Treasurer Edwin G1ll sa S8ld his dlSmissal was requested by (Continued On Next Pale) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-FEBRUARY 1958-PAGE 9 Pro-Segregation Candidates in Alabama Flock to Political Race LABAMA'S 1958 DEMOCRATIC "take over the county" by an aggressive the Ku Klux Klan Inc. could be forced didates of the Democratic Party who Southern Accrediting Association. Two primarY campaign opened offi­ voter registration campaign, he said. to open its membership records to a have taken this oath." out of three high school students are A Rep. Charles Adams of Alexander Birmingham grand jury.) The oath could have had the effect attending non-accredited schools, he tiallY Jan. 25 when the State City, chainnan of the commission's cen­ The NAACP contends that Judge of barring Negroes from Ule primary, said. J)emocratic Executive Committee sus subcommittee, reported Jan. 16 that Jones exceeded his authority in barring Judge Mayhall said, since few would ;et the qualifications for guberna­ the subcommittee had decided not to the NAACP from the state and that to sign the segregation pledge. Besides, ~rial candidates and other state recommend a special census of Macon reveal its membership would subject Mayhall said, it is unnecessary because "all candidates in Alabama will be for d party offices. County because "special influences now individual members to intimidation and 111 existing might make it difficult to make possibly violence. segregation anyway." Almost immediately, nine can­ an accurate count." NAACP counsel Robert L. Carter of When it was clear the executive com­ didates for governor qualified. A Previously, Engelhardt had warned New York told the high court that Ala­ mittee would support Mayhall's view half-dozen others are expected to that Macon Negroes would probably not bama NAACP members had been de­ and reject the pledge, attempts to intro­ Race relations in the South have cooperate in the census. Adams suggest­ prived of the right of free speech and duce it were abandoned. However, the worsened in the past year. This is the enter the race, with the field pos­ conclusion of the Tuskegee Institute's totaling ed the census of 1950 should be used. due process of law. The atmosphere in committee did adopt, with only two dis­ siblY 15. This would equal The judiciary subcommittee will meet Alabama, be said, was one of open hos­ senting votes, a loyalty pledge which 44th annual report on race relations. the all-time high set in 1950. in Tuskegee Feb. 10 to discuss the Ma­ tility and the court proceedings were a had its roots in the Dixiecrat revolt of "The divergent segregationist and de­ ~ A. proposed special segregation pledge con problem with county officials and perversion of judicial processes. (See 1948 and the increased Republican to­ segregationist points of view a1·e held ~ for candidates lost out when members lawyers. also D.C. report, page 6, "National tals of 1952 and 1956. more resolutely now than in the recent of the executive commitlce expressed past," the report said. "There is urgent 'EXl'LORE POSSmlLITIES' Affairs.") The oath disqualifies any prospective i!< fear that such an oath might jeopardize need for realistic and constructive com­ At the initial meeting of the commis­ BOYCOTT CASE CONSIDERED 1958 candidate who voted Republican the legality of the primary. munication on the southern scene if se­ sion Jan. 6, Engelhardt said that his Circuit Judge Will 0. Walton took in 1956, as some one-time Dixiecrats rious difficulties are to be avoided in the did, or who "openly and publicly" op­ ALL FOR SEGREGATION home county would be abolished only as under advisement Jan. 22 opposing ar­ near future." So far, the early campaigners have a last resort. "We will explore every guments over the question of whether posed the Democratic Presidential tick­ possibility of saving Macon County, or a permanent injunction, to replace an et. Among the factors contributing to beel1 unanimous in their pledges to this situation, the report said, were the reducing it in size. But having been exjsting temporary one, should be is­ 1118inlain separation of the races. following: The committee did readopt, by a vote given a mandate by the people on Dec. sued against the Tuskegee Civic Asso­ SEGREGATION RESOLUTION rJ 56-2, a strong party loyalty oath 17, if we find it necessary to abolish ciation and its followers. The committee also unanimously "Segregationists have at their com­ which also had its origin in the fight Macon then it will be done." White merchants testified that busi­ adopted a resolution endorsing racial mand substantial control of the econ­ omy, extensive authority in political af­ ID maintain southern white supremacy. This seemed the dominant sentiment ness fell off as much as 71 per cent fol­ separation, committing the Alabama and considerable in.fluence on the (See "Political Activity.") of the whole commission. However, the lowing the boycott by Negro customers party to a pro-segregation stand. How­ fairs, publication policies of most media of (n Birmingham, the board of cduca­ commission is determined, as it has last summer. The state contends that the ever, no oath in support of the policy is mass communication. There is, too, the ~ ~ answering a suit fil<>d by Neg.·oes made clear in a unanimous statement boycott was engineered by the TCA and required. momentum of decades of operation of ill the first test of Alabama's school of policy, to uphold "the way of life that the organization bad also been Immediately after qualifications were k these resources in behalf of a segregated ~ ~ment law, contended that the peti- that is truly Alabamian," and to abolish guilty of threats, intimidation and coer­ fixed by the committee, nine men quali­ society." liooers went into U. S. district court the county rather than let it be "con­ cion to prevent Negroes from shopping fied as candidates for governor. The too soon, that they should have waited trolled and operated by elements and in the city. field is expected to reach 15 by the INTEGRA'l'IONISTS SUPPORTED !or final administrative action on their individuals who are not qualified by TCA again denied direction of the qualifying deadline March 1. Integrationists. on the other band, - application for admission to white Alabama standards." boycott, insisting instead that the refusal The acknowledged front-runners now ''have the support of an awakened and schools. In reply, the plaintiffs said their Orl another occasion Engelhardt said to trade with white merchants follow­ - Agriculture Commissioner A. W. expressed national concern for the wel­ case belonged in federal court because the county's fate may depend on actions ing the gerrymandering of the city last Todd, Circuit Judge George Wallace and fare of all the American people. They -::1 the constitutionality of n state law- of the federal Civil Rights Commission. summer was a voluntary, individual ac­ former State Sen. Jimmy Faulkner­ also have the urgent pressures for free­ the placement act-has been challenged. tion. The organization has also denied have all firmly pledged themselves to dom on the international front, and the ~ A three-judge panel has been appointed knowledge of threats or intimidation. the maintenance of segregation. There widely proclaimed doctrine of human 1110 to hear the case. (See "Legal Action.") SIIORES QUERIES PATTERSON is no indication that any candidate will brotherhood." t!c- The U. S. Supreme Court has heard Negro attorney Arthur Shores of take an opposite view. Southerners understate or deny the ' uguments in the $100,000 contempt rul­ Birmingham climaxed the defense's case The race for lieutenant governor is importance of southern race relations illg against the Alabama NAACP, im­ by calling Atty. Gen. Patterson to the said to be shaping up as a test of the in international affairs, the report said. posed by Montgomery Circuit Judge stand. Shores inquired Patterson's degree of public over segregation. UI The first serious challenge to segre­ into alarm They also have tried to "divert atten­ \iilll'a!ter B. Jones after the organization gation in Alabama public schools (SSN, motive for bringing the action and the State Sen. Sam Engelhardt of Macon tion from their policies of restriction" ,rtfused to submit membershjp lists as injunction proceedings against NAACP County, white Citizens Council leader, January) continued to develop in Bir­ by publicizing examples of discrimina­ s.:; court had ordered. The NAACP is in the slate. (See above.) author of many segregation bills includ­ tion in the North. :21.,itill under a temporary restraining or- mingham. ing the Macon abolition amendment and In reply to a suit brought by four Shores asked Patterson if he had ever White southerners rarely mention 11=11u• issued by Judge Jones, prohibiting Negro chHdren seeking admission to instituted court action on behalf of Ne­ the Tuskegee gerrymander, will be run­ that the ''legal support for racial dis­ :311 ~ from operating in Alabama (Sec Birmingham white schools, the board of groes who bad complained they were ning against State Sen. Albert Boutwell crimination in the South is in sharp n i:~Lega.l Act•on.") education contended that the petition­ unable to register as voters. of Birmingham, among others. contrast to the legally desegregated situation which prevails generally in ers went into federal court too soon, Patterson replied: ''I carry out the AUTHORED SCHOOL BILL duties of my office to the best of my the North." before final administrative action had Boutwell also has a record as a seg­ been taken on their applications for ad­ ability without regard to race, creed or color,'' adding that disappointed voter regati.on leader, though be is regarded LITrLE CO~lUNICATION mission to Phillips IDgh School and as calmer on the subject than Engel­ The fact that there is little communi­ I! ·~ The Macon County abolition commis- Graymont Elementary. applicants could seek redress in the . n, charged with the authority to de­ hardt. Boutwell beaded a special in­ cation between white and Negro in the The legal challenge is directed at the state courts. 1954 South is "deplored by many spokesmen !. ""IMde the fate o{ the slate's heaviest Ne­ terim committee on segregation in stale's placement act. The petitioners He acknowledged that he hasn't tried which proposed the "freedom of choice" with rarely a constructive suggestion for n populated county, will collect ad­ claim the two white schools named are to get a court order to outlaw the Klan i!l'l tional data before attempting to reach plan to give parents the right to say interchange of ideas or opinions in terms nearest their homes. In the fall they in Alabama, but emphasized that be has what kind of school their children of current realities." Further, there is o,.. t solution. were given a battery of tests, under been investigating Klan activities for should attend. an "almost complete absence of any 1::;.:. Authority to abolish or otherwise al­ two years and that prosecutions will be authority of the assignment law, but State Rep. McKay (see above) has joint effort or program by the total ;;::· 'rr the county was gr·anlcd by voters no results of the tests have been made instituted as soon as his office gets in a Dec. 17 amendment election (SSN, qualified for attorney general. McKay citizenry in any southern community to public. The board of education a~o necessary evidence. promote the community welfare." :.~ lanuary). As a substitute for outright attracted stale and national attention queried parents of Graymont and Phil­ ADVOCATING BOYCOTT DENIED uJ» abolition of the county, one plan is to with his nullification resolution. State Sen. Sam Engelhardt of Macon lips white children as to their opirUon TCA President C. G. Gomillion denied County, Citizens Council leader, said .. ~ reduce its size. of the reaction to the admission of the that his organization had at any time One of McKay's opponents will be ;;. Principal proponent of the reduction former Asst. Atty. Gen. MacDonald Gal­ the Council will question candidates for children to the two schools. The poll advocated or supported "what might be the May Democratic primary. Among .. Eis Rep. Joe Dawkins of Montgom­ fmdings have not been revealed. interpreted as a boycott." And defense lion of Montgomery who resigned in . Dawkins, one of the 17 commission December to enter the race. Gallion bas th.e questions, he said, will be the fol­ attorneys insisted Patterson had failed lowing: mbers, said simple reduction would CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION to establish such or the existence of become closely identified with Atty. ·~uy minimize the problems" of the In response to the board's contention Gen. Patterson's various pro-segrega­ Will the candidate deny the Negro threats and intimidation. runmission. "II you abolish the county, that the federal action was filed too tion court actions. vote? Tuskegee will become a ghost town," early, attorneys for the four N~gro chil­ Judge Walton took the case under Will the candidate submit a list of bC Dawkins said, "and I don't want to see dren said their case belongs m federal advisement wiUl the announcement that REPUBLICANS PLAN SLATE financial contributors to his campaign? ~ that happen unless we have to do it." court because a constitutional question he would be in "no particular rush" to The Alabama Republican Committee hand down a ruling. Even if the tempo­ LITl'LE ROCK 'GARDEN PARTY' has been rajsed. announced Jan. 9 it would again select WOULD RETAIN OFFICIALS rary injunction is made permanent, as Engelhardt, whose Association of Citi­ r:>) candidates for state offices. The GOP in ~ U part of the county is preserved, "It is not necessary to exhaust the ad­ the state asks, there is litUe likelihood zens Councils claims 60,000 members, ministrative remedies where the statutes that it will have much effect on the boy­ Alabama holds no primary. The party said that attempts to force school inte­ ~ Dawkins said, the courthouse would is expected to offer candidates for gov­ ~; tenain as well as all publjc officials under which such remedies arc aiTorded cott which continues. gration in Alabama "will make Little are attacked on constitutional grounds," ernor, Congress (in four of the state's Rock look like a garden party." He add­ r!' and their employes. A federal court suit demanding de­ nine districts), public service commis­ Slate Sen. Sam Engelhardt, sponsor the petitioners said. segregation of Bessemer recreational ed that there are more southern school sion, state auditor, secretary of state, districts than army divisions. the amendment and chairman of the "Nor is it necessary to exhaust the facilities was dropped Jan. 14 when the treasurer, as well as candidates for the · ion, did not oppose the sugges­ administrative remedies where such city commission agreed to build a park Jefferson County (Birmingham) legis· Episcopal Bishop C. C. J. Carpenter, tion but warned the members against r-emedies are inadequate or resort to lor Negroes with facilities equal to the lative delegation. speaking at the 127th annual diocesan ~ "ju~t outling oiT the funeral." them would be a vain and useless ges­ convention in Birmingham, noted in­ while one. Consensus among politicians seems to -3/) Dawkins replied that the passnge of ture." Under tenns of the settlement, the creased tensions in the South and ;~> the abolition amendment was n "thr·cat be that whatever chances Republicans warned: "We of the Deep South must A three-judge panel (SSN, January) city agreed to construct for Negroes a bad to stage a comeback in Alabama the heads or the Negroes." (The not allow ourselves to be pulled Into c;•l over has been appointed to hear the case, park and bath house at the cost of were severely hurt by Little Rock. ~ county populnUon is 85 per· cent Nc­ but no date has been set. $66,000 and to continue development of the depths of foolish pride, prejudice P:~ ITO.) and unreasoned and unreasonable antip­ NAACP CASE ARGUED the pat·k until it is equalized with white ::t· ''The day a Negro is elected to an of- facilities. athies by the shallow-minded oppor­ Attorneys for Alabama and the tunists who thrive on aroused animosi­ 11 • See in Macon then nl the m•xl session NAACP argued before the U. S. Su­ i~ of the legisl;ture the county cnn he ties." preme Court in mid-January whether a The Alabama Education Commission, :I abolished," Dawkins said. This threat $100,000 contempt fine against the or­ ~ 3hould deter Negroes from trying to a special study group set up by the ganization should be allowed to stand. legislature to spell out the long-range The fine was imposed in 1956 by needs of education in the state, has be­ I Montgomery Circuit Judge Walter B. gun its work. Montgomery Negro leaders are con­ North Carolina Jones, who found the Alabama NAACP Candidates for governor and other The commission-comprised of legis­ sidering asking the federal Civil Rights (Continued From Page 8) in contempt when its officers refused to slate and party offices in the May 6 lators, laymen and educators, aided by Commission to investigate voter regis­ "We regard this as an unusu,•ll:v good submit membership lists and other rec- Democratic primary were officially off expert educational consultants - was tration in the capital city, according to bid." 01-ds as the court had ordered. The fine and running when the State Democratic created to detail and, hopefully, remove Rufus A. Lewis, who heads the voting The money will hl· u ~l' cl to continue grew out of a case brou~t. by Atty. Executive Committee fixed the qualifi­ from controversy the precise needs of committee of the Montgomery Improve­ &nancin~ Lhe slate's school (•onstruction Gen. John Patterson to en]OID opera­ cations Jan. 25. Alabama schools. ment Association. lfOgram. An expected fight over a proposed tion of the NAACP in Alabama as an Even as the commission began its Lewis said only 2,200 Negroes are reg­ unregistered foreign corpor~ti~n ~nd segregation amendment to the party work, State Superintendent of Educa­ istered in Montgomery. He put the eligi­ one guilty of agitation. The IDJunction pledge for candidates failed to material­ tion Austin R. Meadows warned that 100 ble number at 34,000. The county board ize. The oath, proposed by National still is in effect. more Alabama schools faced the possi­ of registrars denied there bas been any Attorneys for the slate told the Su­ Democratic Committeeman Charles W. bility of losing their accreditation. racial discrimination in registering new In Raleigh, a white juror in a civil preme Court that it has no grounds to McKay of Sylacauga, author of the voters. in Wake County Superior· Court Among schools now on probation be­ case consider the contempt case which rests state's nullification resolution, met op­ cause of too many pupils, inadequate excused from jury duly when he The Associated Press announced that ~ solely on state laws. But, State ~t. position from the committee. The chair­ instruction or library facilities, are 95 member newspapers in Alabama had ~l~ted to being seated in the jury box Atty. Gen. Edmond L. Rineh?rt. sa~d, man Judge Roy Mayhall of Jasper, said white schools and 12 Negro, Meadows unanimously voted the violence-marked U~:S~de a Negro man. E. L. Br·aswell, pro­ if the high court does assume l':":sd•c- it might jeopardize the legality of the Prietor of a seed company in Wendell, primary by, in effect, excluding Negroes. said. conflict over racial segregation the No. . . t should reaffirm the dec•sron of 1 story of 1957. Incidents included the lllade the request. tIOD1 I h' h The McKay pledge read: "I believe Meadows called on the state to "sup­ the Alabama Supreme Court w IC up- port a better financed school system." Tuskegee boycott and bombings of Ne­ Judge Raymond Mallard said thal re­ in and will support the principles of held Judge Jones. segregation upon which the Democratic He had earlier released a statement gro homes and churches in Montgomery, fardless of the nature of Braswell's (In its refusal to consider the Mobile and Birmingham. ~ppeal, Party in Alabama was found~ and will which srud that 246 of the state's 341 COmplaint, he felt Braswell should be the Alabama Supreme Court cllcd a white schools are not accredited by the ,. # # exCUsed from jury duty. support in the general election all can- # #: I 1949 decision in which it had ruled that PAGE 10-FEBRUARY 1958- SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS nomination. With .a large field of candj. /. plaintiffs and the National Association cnce Committee, Thomas P. Gore, told the court he believes that "over a period dates, even m~r~11al and minor issu.., for the Advancement of Colored Peo­ become more stgntficant. 2 Tennessee Cities Face ple, that the board hesitated to agree of years, the people will go along with to such an injunction, even though the desege·egation, but it is a radical d~~~~·· ­ State Sen. Clifford R. Allen, who ~ assignment law is adopted, because "the ture in U1is section of lhe country. He considered certain to run for govel'll4r 'Showdown' on Schools board is unwilling to take the position declared that the preference plan again, has challenged candidates t NASHVILLE, Tenn. of white and Negro parents seeking an ... that it will abandon a discrimina­ "later will amount to integration. It will public office to omit appeals to what~ in caJn. end to segregated schools. tory policy." get the same result ultimately without called racial prejudice their T wo OF TENNEssEE's FOUR major paigns. In a speech to a Kiwanis Club The motion was based on a contention Williams and Z. Alexander Looby, disorder or troops being sent in, or lhe cities face showdowns during both Negroes, challenged the Tennessee Nationai Guard being called ouL" at Cleveland, Tenn., the Nasbvil~ 1958 on desegregation of public that Nashville now can adopt the pupil said: assignment law enacted by the Ten­ assignment law as "unconstitutional on School Supt. William H. Oliver was "One of the greatest disservices schools, and college admission is nessee ~neral Assembly last year but its face." They said it is equally invalid the only witness called during the an an issue in a third. not yet invoked by any of the 153 local wilh the parents preference law de­ tht·ce-how· hearing. He said he believes candidate for public office can rend/ clared unconstitutional last September. to the people of Tennessee is to try ~ In Nashville, federal court was school boards in the state. t.he board is trying to comply both with Williams charged that each of the five court orders and with "the wishes of fall the O.ames of racial prejudiee or to expected to rule soon on further The legislation, the court was told, try to array class against class. "provides each of the plaintiffs with an acts in the "package group" enacted a the vast majority of people it. serves." are too many issues-there are too steps to be taken by the city adequate administrative remedy" which year ago "shows clearly the intent of When asked whether he would prefer the legislature" to ward off desegrega­ challenging opportunities about w • schools, which desegregated the must be exhausted before a court may a graduated plan for further ~esegrega­ first grade last September. The act on the question of a plaintiff's right tion. tion or complete desegregation of the we can do something- to pennit our. selves to be divided by those who would ~ to transfer to a different school. Should Judge Miller decide against schools at one time, the superintendent board of education moved to in­ dismissing the lawsuit or otherwise al­ exploit and fan the flames o.f rad,f , voke the state's new and untried The Nashville board argued that the said a graduated arrangement would be local court already had ruled out "dis­ lowing Nashville to invoke the new prejudice and class hatred." pupil assigrunent law. (See "Legal state law, the school board declared he "Iar betler." Two of the four candidates who an. e' crimination on account of race" in the Should the court refuse to allow either Action.") school system and that this question no should approve the so-called "salt-and­ nounced early for governor have in. • pepper" plan filed late last year. It is invocation of the state assignment law dicated they will take strong stands r~ School board members at Knoxville longer is before the court. The board's or adoption of the preference plan, the continued to work on a proposed plan counsel contended that Nashville schools the "parents' voluntary plan" advocated segregation. They are former Gov. Pres,. t by the Parents Preference Committee in school board asked that it be allowed to being from now on should be allowed to oper­ lice Cooper of Shelbyville and Judtt for desegregation after granted a petition bearing signatures of some formulate still another plan. Such a plan, additional time by U. S. District Judge ate under the "definite and precise" Andrew T. (Tip) Taylor of Jackson, !Jot! Y 6,000 parents. school officials indicated, possibly would expected to depend heavily on Wet Robert L. Taylor. Court action for de­ standards prescribed by the state law. call for continuation of the grade-by­ segregation was started there by par­ The plan, hailed by leaders of the Tennessee, where segregation sent:imeJt ~ parents' group as "an affirmative alter­ grade and year-by-year desegregation ents o! 14 Negro children. CASE 'NOW MOOT' reportedly is most pronounced. native to forced integration," was at­ started last fall. But Cooper has said "there is no 1'0011 , Memphis State University has 14 Ne­ And, it was contended, "in view of the tacked by attorneys {or the plaintiffs Meanwhile, at Memphis, a court de­ for demagoguery" and Taylor has 1!10 : groes' applications for admission which Tennessee pupil placement act, the case is now moot except insofar as one of the as "substantially identical, in effect," to cision was pending on a request for chewed "special interests or pressurt ts! were held in abeyance last September racial desegregation of public transiL the school preference law that the coul1. groups"' without m~:>ntioning racial • and are expected to be renewed. School plaintiffs may be aggrieved if and when the board refuses a requested transfer." had ruled out. The state intervened in the case, adopt­ ters. officials are expected lo submit a stu­ ing the defense of the city of Memphis, dent "scl'ccning" plan to the stale boa I'd It was suggested that the court would CITE SEPARATE SCIIOOLS The other two, former Secretary 11 not wish to keep the pending lawsuit and a state attorney indicated he might Suttl· G. Edwar·d Friar of Knoxville aDf of educalion eal'ly this month. (Sec "ln Looby and Williams said the "salt­ ask lhat the case be thrown out of court open merely for heal'ing such individual Glen Nicely of Erwin, former exeeuU ~ lhe Colleges.") and-pepper" plan violates the Constitu­ on grounds that the state was not legall y instances. assistant to Gov. Clement, indica~ tion as it has been interpreted-"be­ notified of the proceedings. NOT AFFECTED Judge Miller raised the question of cause it authorizes and requires estab­ their platforms will include definl~Pro- "' Chattanooga, the state's other "big­ whether dismissing the suit would have A Sevierville lawyer, Hansel Profitt, segregation planks. lishment and maintenance of separate said he had asked the U.S. Supreme four" city, has had no efforts by Ne­ the effect of desegregating all schools schools for Negro and white children." groes to attend white schools so far. immediately. Only the first grade so far Court to reopen the Brown v . Topeka CLEMENT CHOICE? The plaintiffs, who contend that the Board of Education case which resulted Among the yet unannounced Smaller Tennessee communities have is desegregated under court order. Hunt voluntary plan would not provide "equal experienced no desegregation moves ex­ replied that this would be true, subject in the 1954 decision against school seg­ pirants, Sen. Allen is considered protection" as guaranteed by the 14th regation. He said t.he action was on be­ only one who may "sort-pedal" the~ ~ cept at Clinton, where the high school to the state laws. Amendment, told the court the Nashville 1 is attended by both races under court Using the law, Board Attorney Edwin half o[ "all the white children in the sue. Whoever is backed by outgo' pt·oposal does not set forth any method United States." Gov. Clement is expected to stand order, and at nearby Oak Ridge, where Hunt argued, would avert "the transi­ to abolish segregation in the school the federally supported high schools tional problem contemplated by the the administration's segregation prif grades beyond the first, which was de­ gram in the last legislature. But f ~ were desegregated on the basis of the board and by the court in desegregating segregated last year. They said a meth­ U. S. Supreme Court opinion of 1954. the schools. He pointed to a provision Clement backs Agriculture ~ I! od was what the court had ordered the sioner Buford Ellington, as many es, L1 ~ Meanwhile, a half-dozen or more can­ allowing chancery (state) courts to board to prescribe. didates for governor were announced overrule school boards on pupil assign­ pect, the Mississippi-born Ellingtollfl: But the school board attorneys, Hunt 1 or in prospect, and most of them are ments. stand for separation of the races is ~ and Reber Boult, told the court that the pected to be more emphatic than is considered certain to take pro-segrega­ The judge said it appeared that the volunary plan "seeks to avoid either Segregation is bound to come up in tion stands. One likely aspirant has board "would have to recede from its Tennessee's forthcoming Democratic present governor's. compulsory segregation or compulsory And Carl Fry of Donelson, whose urged candidates "not to fan the flames present position maintaining segrega­ integration." gubernatorial campaign, but there of racial prejudice." (See "Political Ac­ tion in all but the first grade" in order seems to be no possibility of the issue didacy would be directed parti tivity.") to show full compliance with past de­ THREE-SCHOOL SYSTEM being pro or con. Rather, it. appears that toward rural supporters, is consid cisions before the case could be dis­ Three types of schools would be pro­ most candidates will vie as to which of no less likely to put segregation in missed. vided: (1) for Negro students whose them could more successfully resist de­ platform. He asked Hunt his attitude toward parents prefer that their children attend segregation. Meantime, three candidates in a closing the litigation with a court in­ school exclusively with Negroes; (2) for Despite the apparently near-unani­ cia) election for Congress stumped 'WI junction to ban all discrimination on white students whose parents pr·efer an mous feeling among candidates that a Tennessee's eighth district with pi account of race. Hunt repled: "I don't all-white enrollment, and (3) for stu­ pro-segregation stand is in order, the of strong resistance to desegrega In Nashville, attorneys for the city think the board should have to act un­ dents "whose parents prefer that their absence of a runoff provision for Ten­ They are seeking a seat vacated with school board moved that Federal Judge der an injunction." children attend schools available to both nessee primary elections means that death of veteran Rep. Jere Cooper William E. Miller dismiss the entire case This brought a retort from Avon Negro and white children." even a relatively small bloc of votes may Dyersburg. which was started in 1955 by a group Williams, one of two attorneys for the An attorney for the Parents Prefer- provide the mere plurality needed for (Continued On Next Page)

II Interviews Show Situation in Nashville's Integrated 1st Grades NASHVILLE, Tenn. usually starts the play period playing by herself. started and I still don't like it. The only reason among the children. Of course you must ~ l In September 1957, 19 Negro children were en- Her te~~;cher, Oliver said, ''brings her into group my girl's still going there is because I haven't ber that we only have desegJ:egation in the I rolled at seven formerLy all-wMte elementary play Wlth the others as soon as she spots the enough money to carry her somewhere else to grade and among children that young you sch?~ls here in the first grade after a federal court yo~gster s~ding off." school. I could have gotten a transfer for her, child problems, not race problems." ' deClSton. Oliver Sald he be- but then I would have had to carry her to another M' B t 'd ts h b' ted to d..... lieved desegregation has d I h ' " •ss ren sal paren w o o JCC ...... ,. ~ After a week which saw mob activity, a school k h 1 . zone an . aven t got a car. regation and l. oined demonstrators '" front of 1111 --L· d . l' _ _. le ' t' wor ed smoot y l.ll Thi , child .. th "' J bvrt~mg an vtgorou.s po «:e ana go.• ac 1~ Nashville because of . s woman s ts m e second grade, which school "fow1d out they couldn't do anything abcllll ago.mst denumstratMs, the number of Negro chtl- f fa Th ts not desegregated. The child according to her il so they shut up . d d h •- d _. B our . ctors. ey are: th has _ ' · d ren m esegregate sc oo... r~u. to 13 . 'II l) The fact that the mo er, had no contact Wlth a Negro student. tthed~ ot_~ept~bher, 11~ Nefigrot ch~~ren _wefire at-! children involved are so Another mother, one whose daughter is in the SOME ClrtLOREN MOVED en mg c .....ses wtt w ltte rs -gru.aers m ve o first grade with a Negro student in a North N sh- "Some removed their· children from school tthe ~tv's schools. The number since has dropped yo~he fact that the ville school, said that if she could, she would ~ave sent. them to schools in the county [which are s1iD \ 0 nut.e. community moved swift- her daughter transferred but that the oUler ele- segregated 1," Miss Brent said. "It's interesting 10 SOUTHERN ScHOOL NEWs asked one of its two ly against demonstrators mentary schools nearby were also desegregated: note that parents of two of the children who did Tennessee correspondents, Wallace Westfeldt, to at the schools last Sep- this have approacl1ed me about returning th~ interview schooL official$ including the principals t be d d •t cl WOULD GO TOO FAR children to Glenn when the new term begins. • em ran ma e 1 ear "She'd ha to t { to h I of tl1e five schools, and parents of both. white and. to any potential trouble- . . ve go 00 ar away . get to a sc 00 "Many of the parents who were the stroniesl l Nef!T'O children to determine conditions in the makers that further wttho~t _rug~ers, and. I haven't ~me ~ ta~e he;. protestors in the beginning," she said, "have ac- school.s o.fter the first half-year of desegregation. demonstrations at the I don.t like It one bit. The Lords agamst It, so s quired an attitude of acceptance of the situatkla His report follows: schools would not be Supt. Oliver the Bt~le, but I can't do anythjng about it." But I can't say that they have changed th.eir vlewt Nashville School Supt. W. H. Oliver told me: tolerated. A third mothe.r, whose child attends the deseg- deep down inside. Some of them, for instancf, "I have just finished visiting each one of the de- 3) The attitude of most parents, particularly the ~ega~d ~choo\;:' South. Na~ville, summed up won't attend PTA because of desegregation a!· segregated schools to see how things were going Negro parents. "It has been fortunate that the er ,gs W1 a question: What could we do though the Negro parents have not attended." ~ 1 and I found everything going along nicely. The Negro parents have been so level-headed and co- a~~t tt.. . . The two Negro children at Glenn, she said, rank Negro students are well treated and apparenUy operative," he said. ''Let me give you an illustra- b u~ ~td:.: did r:;:t Iii ke t:? se~ the change come average and above average scholastically. "Oneal· happy." tion. At one school which was the scene of serious a 0 u . 1 was e aw, we JUst have to make d It f th th f N . the best of 1t we can. ten ed kindergarten at Fisk [University! t.O Interviews with parents of the nine Negro chil- disur t b ances as a11 • e roo er 0 a egro gtr1 "Afte ll th years," she said, "and i! it had not been for tbr dren disclosed complete satisfaction with the man- going lo school there was invited to join the PTA. d 't" r ha ' ·de~b peop~ say we don'.t have to age limit, she would really have been able to go 0 1 1 ner in which their children were being treated in She joined, that is, she is a dues-paying member. fi h~ th s ; ~ ' cut w at are we. gomg to do, into our second grade. The other child is an aver· the schools But she has never attended a meeting. Why not? g e upteme ourt and the Umted States?" age student." . Another mo~er, whOSe child attends the deseg- Interviews with a cross-section of parents of WANTED NO TROUBLE regaled school l.ll East Nashville said she was "just ACTION OF MEN'S CLUB white children supported the statement of a white ~ing to make the best" of something she didn't woman principal that while many have accepted "She wrote the woman principal," Oliver said, like. ~he had no complaint about the Negro chil- She was asked about the report that the GlenD school Men's Club broke up over the desegregatiOD the change, there has been no change in attitude "telling her that she, as principal, had so much dren m the school and she said she's "nodded" to issue. "deep d own mst· 'd e " th. em. And the1r · acceptance or trouble as the result of her da-ughter enrolling at the moth er o f one as she passed her on the way desegregation in the schools their children attend the school, she, the mother, was not going to at- to school one morning. Said Miss Brent: "You'd be interested to kn~ ranged from what might be called a passive atli- tend a PTA meeting unless she was positive it "But l didn't have to go to school with coloreds" that lhe lhe·ee officet·s of the club, the ones w~ tude to one of extreme bitterness. would cause no trouble for the principal." she said, "and I still don't see why my child h~ raised the ruckus, did not. even have a child Ill "There was some evidence that one or two of the 4> The fact that the principals and teachers at to. Haven't we got any rights any more?" Glenn school. It's just as well it broke up becJIUlt Negro children may be lonely at times, but outside each of the affected schools have treated all chil- • they were among those causing trouble at tbt of that, they appeared no different from any other dren alike. school. The. prin<:ipals. and teachers of the five schools "Actually the club was not a school men's club students in their behavior," Oliver said. are.sti~ heSltant m speaking frankly about the sit­ The consensus among •white parents interviewed uation 1f they are to be quoted by name. in the real sense of the phrase. It had membl;" STANDS AT END OF LINE is best described by the word "reluctant." None of from all over northeast Nashville who had cbil· on.e p~ncipal, however, said she did not mind. In one school, he continued, a Negro boy always those interviewed said they favored desegregation. dren in other schools. It was more of a communiiY Sh: IS M1ss Mary Brent, principal of Glenn school, thing." takes his place "at the tail end of the line" when One mother, whose daughter attends a deseg­ whtch has two Negro children (both girls) in the the class lines up for lunch and "he looked like regated school in North Nashville-one where the first grade. The principal of a second school-one in North he thought that was where he should stand." PTA stopped meeting because of the desegrega­ She said, "It bas gone much better than I ex­ Nashville, also a focal point of disturbances WI At another school, said Oliver, a Negro girl tion issue-sajd, "I didn't like it back when it pected. There has been absolutely no trouble (Continued On Next Page)

jJ SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-FEBRUARY 1958-PAGE I I Tennesse~ (Continued From Page 10) And in Knoxville, a cont.ractot· and nn Delaware Legislative Committee Gives ,ppliance repai~an. ~ho have been ac­ Tw':Ilty-.seven Negro ministers have "'P in the wh1te CllJZens Counctl an­ orga~ed the Nashville Christian Lead­ ~ced they will run for governor and ershil? Council ''to promote social action, Approval to a 'Little Rock' Measure 11 s. senator in November as members especially through use of the ballot." ~the ''Whib" party. The organization cooperates with the WILMINGTON, Dela. tt·oops are called in: (Dunkle has held charges in Jackson­ Lee Foster and Tom Gouge said the Southern Christian Leadership Confer­ CHIEF AMONC THE DEVELOPMENTS 1) In the event the National Guard ville, Fla., Richmond, Va., and Atlanta, '1!111 "Whib" is taken from the:- words en~e and planned to join other organi­ or any military forces or personnel are Ga. He was educated at the University ·wheat in bread." Taking wheat from in Delaw

:-t:o~ they are not the most unpopular." meeting started. The father carne to a meeting of harmed, although one was withdrawn after con­ ~- NashYillc lnler views The principal of another school said the Negro the Men's Club. Every white person there went up sultation between teachers and parents because of ·~~ (Continued From Page 10) children in his school get along well with the other to him, shook bands and introduced themselves. "immaturity." ~ 1111-said the one Negro child in her school gt•L-. students. "We have a very peaceful situation here," He stayed for the entire meeting." A third parent gave another and somewhat un­ rtt'; long "fairly well" with the other students: . .. he said. "I'm really very optimistic about the sit­ usual reason: the school's social makeup. Her hus­ :rr.: ( "She is nice, well kept and of average ab1lity, uation. ll has worked out so much better than Parents of the nine •Negro children said they band is well-to-do. The school her child would were completely satisfied with the manner in t Cll'I lle princtpal said. "She usually plays by hers~ I! I tl1ought it would." have attended is located in a low income grade .¢.., thoUgh, and 1 feel that she is more or less sltll The Ncgr·o children in the school, one boy and which their children were being treated. neighboThood. Many of the white children attend­ ,:tt~ lfgl'tgaled in that I believe she would be much one girl, are "average" scholastically, the princi­ The interviews also disclosed a conviction on ing class there are from poverty- stricken families. ~~ l.ppier attending school wilh other Negro chit­ pal said. the part of the parents that they did the right While she did not consider herself an economic :.~ l:m," "At first, our litlle girl was somewhat reluc­ thing by sending their children to desegregated snob, she did not want to subject her child to ~~ This school started ofT with five Negro children tant to take part in games with others during play schools despite the disturbances that swirled about attending class with children of such sharply dif­ the schools last fall. ~·" ·l'OUed. period," he said. "But now she goes right along ferent economic backgrounds. :.~~ What is the attitude of the pan'nt~; of white with the rest. Tbe little boy has always played Said the father of a Negro student in a North The interview with the Negro parents also dis­ ~~ t.iJdren m lhe school? along with the others. He's had no trouble at all." Nashville school: "l know this school is better closed the .fact that the night of Sept. !)-..(luring ~·45i One tllustt·ation, said the princtpal, is the fact What about the PTA? than the Negro school he would have attended. the hours prior to the bombing of Hattie Cotton )i~- lh.ot the PTA has not met since last Octobt.•r. The The mothers of both children have attended Our other child goes there and I know that my school, the hours during which parents o£ the Ne­ boy at the desegregated scl1ool is getting a better ~1' Xle meeting was ~•!tended by thl.' mother of the PTA meetings without incident. gro children received countless threatening, an­ education. This school is fundamentally better in onymous telephone calls-was one in which the ~sl olllgl~ Negro child in ~chool. . • ONE NEGRO CHILD TUERE '"!'bey arc usually very friendly to tht' gtrl s every respectr-teachers, facilities and curriculum Negro neighborhoods were armed camps. The principal of the fifth desegregated elemen­ -than the Negro school." hother when she comes to pick lwr up after t•u·y school said the one Negro first grader there 'Orval Faubus, Arkansas State Sov­ said. "If the people of Little Rock s11D11 and generally are doing all right. No to the bomb threats. Rev. Wesley Pru­ ereignty Commission and Prosecuting pat and he is forced to keep trocJIII trouble. den, president of the Capital Citizens Attorney J. Frank Holt, No. 3453). A here from now on, he soon will be tile • Van Buren, integrated in Septem­ Council, said that if Blossom was talk­ three-judge panel appointed by Chief laughing stock of the nation and ber 1957 with 24 Negroes among 550 ing about his and other segregation Gov. Orval E. Faubus produced dur­ Judge Archibald K. Gardiner of the world." whites In high school-the school board Eighth Circuit Court will conduct the groups, he was talking about the wrong ing January what he called a "new He s<~id that the National AssQciatiGI policy is not to issue any information. hear·ing. The law is Act 85 of 1957. ones. Closing the school isn't the an­ thought" on the Little Rock impasse. It for the Advancement of Colored P:; • Bentonville, integrated in 1955- swer, he said. Pruden said that Blossom, was, in brief, that the matter of inte­ The NAACP contends that it is an at­ pie was trying to get political c:on only two Negro students in the school the school board and the Central High gration be left up to a popular vote in tempt to "retain legally enforced segre­ gation." in the South. ''They have thrown d~ district, both attending white elemen­ principal all should resign. each school district. He presented it in the challenge and we must accept 1~ tary schools. No trouble. a speech to a convention of magazine In Pulaski County (LitUe Rock) Cir­ FBI TO PROBE distributors. cuit Court, a jury of 11 whites and one he said. "We must see to it that.~ • Charleston, integrated with 11 Ne­ white man and woman is a registt~ gro students in 1954-the school board At Washington the Justice Depart­ The speech aroused little comment. Negro .found guilty a 16-year-old Ne­ ment said the FBI had been ordered to The popular vote idea, while not pre­ gro boy, Sims Walter of Little Rock, for voter and will vote for the peo_Pie .w. _t policy is not to issue any information. are in favor of restoring consUtutioo­ investigate the dynamite incident. viously advocated by Faubus, bad been aggravated assault. He was convicted of It was different at Little Rock where govemment in the United States." the school board went through a har­ In New York, Thurgood Marshall, brought up many times before by hitting a Little Rock man on the head chief legal counsel for the NAACP, said rowing month of incidents in the school others. with a stone on a street corner six AUDIENCE IS RESPONSIVE that about 40 students in Central High Faubus was interviewed many times blocks from Central High School on and anonymous calls about bombs in His audience was very responsivt the school building. were annoying the nine Negroes daily during the month. More than once he Sept. 23, the day of the worst violence and that the Negroes "can't take much attacked Woodrow Wilson Mann, former at the school. The jury sentenced the and gave him a standing ovati~ ~ GIRL REINSTATED more." At Little Rock, Mrs. L . C. Bates, mayor of Little Rock who while mayor boy to six months in jail but Circuit he praised Gov. Faubus for his Minniejean Brown, Negro student state NAACP president, said this didn't opposed the governor's position in the Judge William J. Kirby ordered that a in the LitUe Rock crisis. 11 suspended in December two days before mean that the Negroes would withdraw Little Roclc situation. Mann began writ­ fine be assessed. The jury retired again A week later the Mothers' League the start of Christmas vacation for from the school. But she said she didn't ing a series of articles called "The and decided on a $25 fine. Central High School held an open~roed· throwing a bowl of chili on a white see how the situation could get much Truth About Little Rock," starting Jan. ing and about 200 persons a boy, was reinstated Jan. 13. She missed worse and that stronger discipline in 19 in the New Y~Wk Herald Tribune and WOMAN FINED The Rev. Wesley Pruden, pastDr of nine days of school. the school was needed. they continued his strong criticism of In North Little Rock municipal court, Southern Baptist Church at Little . . Darlene Holloway, a white girl, was When classes resumed Jan. 2 after the Faubus. They also revived speculation Mrs. Birdie Williams, president of the and a local segregation leader, ~ suspended Jan. 10 after a shoving in­ Chrisbnas holiday about 25 members that Mann might be thinking of run­ North LitUe Rock NAACP, was fined main speaker. He said, "We are g cident involving Elizabeth Eclcford, Ne­ of the Mothers League of Central High ning against Faubus in the Democratic $28.25 for violating an ordinance by not see the day that we have school gro. Darlene's mother, Mrs. Fred Gist, gathered outside the school. They said primaries this summer. providing a list of NAACP members and cials who stand up like men and ~· a member o£ the Mothers' League of they were there to register a token pro­ The governor said there were three contributors. She appealed to Pulaski not be pushed around by a sawed· Central High, said Supt. Virgil T. Blos­ test and to see if Minniejean Brown or four "absolute falsehQOds" in the Circuit Court. The NAACP vice presi­ federal judge." som was partial to the Negro girl and was being allowed back in school be­ first Mann article. "I think Mann is try­ d~t, W. A. Fair, had been fined pre­ Some men and a Iew Central rogl fore her suspension was up. ing to discredit me nationally," he said. demanded a hearing before the school vtously and also appealed. A hearing for (Continued On Next Pa:e) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-FEBRUA RY 1958-PAGE 13

~ altimore Shows 50 p. c. Rise in Negro Course of Desegregation in Baltimore• Number of Schools ~ \ttendance at Once All-White Schools Ele mentary 1954 1955 1956 1957 BALTIMORE, Md. of "selective desegregation." Part of the Marshall recalled how long the Lucy White ...... ·· · · · · 44 4D 31 31 ALTIMORE IN ITS FOURTH YEAR of Harford desegregation plan calls for case in Alabama and the Hawkins case Negro ...... 50 46 44 45 Mixed ...... 39 47 61 62 ti. h d d screening Negro applicants to white in Florida were before the courts and • 3desegrega on as recor e a high schools during the transition pe- then got onto the subject of achieve­ 136 138 ~ of nearly 50 per cent over the riod, and NAACP attorneys have argued ment levels: Total ...... 133 r · us year in Negroes attend- that the selective process imposes a "They say they can't integrate the Junior High 0 White ...... 3 0 0 1 • ~ormerly white schools, but "clearly unconstitutional burden" on the schools because the colored people, on 4 5 4 5 ,g than 80 per cent of the Ne- one racial group. a whole, on achievement tests, make an Negro ········ ...... Mixed ...... ······ ...... 5 8 10 8 ..,, !Oft! Us ontinue to attend average lower than the white average. • ro pup c . , I was mad when I first heard about it, Total ...... 12 13 14 14 Jegro schools under _B albmo:e s and I checked with our experts, and Senior High ..., oluntarY desegregation policy. they say it's true. So what? There are White ...... 2 1 1 0 2 , d,.tjstical data r eleased by the colored peopl.e who are, above the av- Negro ...... ···· · ·· · 2 2 2 1'"" artrn t of education show erage, they JUSt haven t been on the Mixed ...... ··· · · 5 6 6 8 '' ~ endd'ti l · ed h 1 other side. And our democracy is based b}y one a 1 ona m~ sc 00 The jostling field of Democrats ready on individuals ...." Tota.l ...... 9 9 9 10 ~ the curren~ year, w 1th a ~esult- and willing to take over the executive In urging his audience not .to. slow Vocational 2 1 llt jncrease m th e proporb_on o{ office to be vacated at the close of their efforts, Marshall gave this mter- White ...... · ·· · · · · · · · ·· ·· 4 2 h 1s s1 Gov. McKeldin's second term was nar- 4 3 3 ' jegropupUs in sc oo p r evtou Y rowed in January when the two lead- pretation of the legal status of segrega- Negro ...... ········ •1 2 3 3 (See "Under Sur- ing asp'pants . 1Il. ed forces. Baltimore's tion. "On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Mixed ..... ······ ... ········ ' •...m~ted 10 1 '"""'- • ... Court issued its decision. Reading be- 8 8 7 fY·") M a y o r Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. tween the lines of lhat decision, it is Tota.l ...... · · · · · · · · · 9 All Schools Compu l sory dese~gation was dropped out of the gubernatorial race obvious that any form of racial segre­ 33 ' tarred durlnit January m Mon.tgo~ery to accept a place on the ticket headed by gation is gone-it's unlawful. That will White ...... 53 43 34 ,. ty which borders on the Distrtct of J. Millard Tawes, now state comp- not come to full fruition unless the Negro ...... · · · 60 57 53 55 63 80 81 ~ bia, when the county school ~~d troller. D'Alesandro wUl run for the people want it thus.'' Mixed ········ ...... ········ 50 c1 t th tw0 mammg U. S. Senate against an even more ::Z lied to ose ou e re crowded field but will have the advan- --~~~~---. Total ...... :163 163 167 169 ti secondary schools. (See "School • Figures fUrnished by BalUmore Department of Education on basis of Oct. 31 enroll- ,.. • and Schoolmen.") tage of organized political backing as ~ part of the dominant Democratic slate. m~~e~~· schools 1n the tabulation Include shop ~~tersls, tnOCfujllti~ 11 of the gradual desegregation pro- or Corpus Christi, but "can't stay in a to keep the year-to-year statistics on having 163 white and 269 Negro pupils. schools. In response to a question by a 17~~ - in Hartford County. Originating hotel in Baltimore or eat in a decent the same basis, includes as "white" When the 10 Negro schools with a school board member in December, the ~ Stephen Moore Jr. v. Board of Ed- restaurant." He urged support of an no less than nine schools in which the staff members had said that lack of ion of Harford County, the case scattering of white pupils are added to anti-discrimination bill now before the Negro pupils now greatly outnumber space and programs precluded closing in and out of the U. S. District the 71 white schools having some Negro City Council. the white ones, because of changing out the Negro secondary schools alto­ :0 · • thr . enrollment a total of 22,573 Negro pu­ 1 in Baltimore on ee occasaons Addressing a capacity crowd in a residential patterns. Under the former :=t re a seven-year desegregation pils are f~und to be in mixed class­ gether. Negro church, Marshall spoke in c~·it­ system of segregation, these schools by ~-betable was devised to the satisfac­ rooms or 31.2 pe1· cent of the Negro At a school hearing in J anuary, how­ ical terms of Governors Faubus, Griffin now would have been classified as col­ enrofunent. The percentage of white !l.it bt of Chief J udge Roszel C. Thomsen. p~­ ever, civic groups advocated the use of and Almond and exhorted his listeners ored. In another instance, when one pils in mixed classes is more than tw1ce the Carver building as a junior high The plaintiffs, represented by three not to relax what he called their efforts large new school has replaced two small as high: 87,312 white children are in for both races. Faced with a $13,800,000 IU IAACP lawyers, took an appeal to ~e to achieve fully equal status: formerly aU-white schools that grad­ schools having one or more Negroes request for school construction funds, ft1_ t.rth circuit, their attorneys ~g "When people say, 'we shouldn't push ually became predominanty Negro, enrolled, or 67.2 per cent of the white along with a $26,100,000 request for .,-· '- Harford County was not movmg too fast,' 'we should take it easy,' I've the new school is classified here as enrollment. school operating funds, the seven­ • "deliberate speed but with delib- been trying to find out what they mean "colored," since its enrollment is 1,223 As has been true since the start, most member board of education by majority 1 delay." The plaintiffs contended when they say 'too fast.' You know, in Negroes and 40 whites." (See table on of the integration has occurred, numer­ vote adopted the economy suggestion a Charlotte that the "clear inference this program of action we've been car­ this page.) ically speaking, on the elementary level. that saved the cost of a new school _- bam the record has been that the sole rying on in the last few years, I'm UP 50 PER CENT But it is now quite extensive in the and spelled the eventual end of all :p •n for the delay has been reluctance afraid that we're moving too slowly secondary schools as well All of the separate facilities for Negroes on the =:. • admit" Negro children to white Within this frame of reference, the .., daools. with it; in fact, we're moving back­ 1957-58 enrollment data show that Bal­ "white" high schools now have some secondary school level. Th.e voting was Tl wards. timore has 13,603 Negroes currently en­ Negroes enrolled, ranging from a single close, with one minority board member it· Wilson K. Barnes, a Baltimore attor- Negro pupil in a student body of 1,660 charging that school construction plans NOT 'YESTERDAY' rolled in 71 white schools, an increase r liJ representing the county school of nearly 50 per cent over the previous at one school to 310 in an enrollment of were being used to accelerate and en­ :ss- liard, defended the county's efforts to "We've got to remember these de­ 1,381 at the new Southwestern High force desegregation. 1 cisions came down in '54-three and a year. The integrated Negroes repre­ ~ lliDg about orderly segregation. One sent 18.8 per cent of the total Negro School. # # # rt:f ~of the case is the test it affords half years ago. That wasn't yesterday.'' ~~~ The cost of maintaining the troops at ;,;:.;' introduced by Gov. Faubus, Hoyt the school is down to about $100,000 a Arkansas spent part of his speech the (!i::li dis~ussing month, with 420 guardsmen still on fed­ (Continued From Page 12) effect on international affa~.rs of the :-i' LitUe Rock integration crisis. He said eral duty. Back in October when the - 1~ lbidents attended the meeting. Two stu­ he was not trying to place bl~e on entire guard was on duty the cost was :1~ denta spoke briefly. At the end Mr_s. anyone or even discuss whether 1t w~ ltll' llargaret C. Jackson, president, sa1d $1,754,86L 1 right or wrong for nine Negroes to be m sflJ lbe League was broke and a collection Central IDgh School. But the fact that An appraisal of Little Rock unsym­ tJ' t. Ti1s taken up. he was on the subject of Little Rock pathetic to Gov. Faubus came out dur­ apparenUy was too much for some ing the month in a book An Epitaph. fo-r U'.GRO GROUP MEETS s . of his listeners and a disputed num~r Dixie, by Harry S. Ashmore, executive ciJI- A. new Negro organization, the Great­ of them walked out. At least two edt­ editor of the Arkansas Gazette at Little !?I timocen tlnorgang ~n1za. h. on . . c·1r Is also led s ...,.;n...m....,cr of "White Central" to tho tune of ''White ~~~ vancement of Colored Peopl~, Urepo;~ sary. The most important result may be, tern t to bomb her Ltt e 0 Christmas.'' an at P y r' Ev She said the Ashmore suggests, that the new Con­ j~ home on New ea s e. il·tA The state adjutant general's office re­ C. Page said that about 120 men had gress will be so stirred up on civil bomb a crude device in a bottle, went not re-enlisted because of the integra­ ·~I ofT in 'the driveway and caused no dam- ported that the strength of the Arkan­ rights because of LitUe Rock that inte­ 1 sas National Guard was about 9,500 at tion duty and thal another 700 to 800 ~tJ 1\lmer Hoyl, editor and publisher. of Use Two weeks later gration will actually be speeded up ·1ge to the h 0 • bed the end of December, about 500 ~ow had said they would not re-enlist be­ ,, ~ Denver Post, :;poke al lhc mu.l- ~omebody Uu-ew a rock through a - cause of it. instead of delayed. # * If tutter meeting o£ the Aa·kansas Pr~ss the desired level Maj. Gen. William room window. '8'-_. ~ation at LitUe Rock. After bcmg ~~ PAGE 14-FEBRUARY 1958-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS iLatingly, "There's a lot of good white county some money by enabling It, ton amplifying their contention, already close two one-room Negro schools. reported, that shortage of classroom people in Adair County. They got be­ j( hind iL-that's why everything's worked teachers in these schools "accepted l(entucky's Adair County space prohibits the immediate desegre­ sitions in other counties." The ~ gation sought by eight Negro children so wonderfully well." system, in addition to the in~ and their parents. He is Joe Tayor Jr., a slender, soft­ spoken Negro of 42 who Jives on schools in Columbia, has two other Terming this an "unjustifiable" rea­ ~he tegraled grade-center schools, Reported 'Pretty Quiet' outskirts of Columbia, one of the plam­ son for delay, James A. Crumlin, maintains a total o£ 54 all-whitesc: \ LOUISVILLE, Ky. school districts must meet these condi­ NAACP official and attorney for the tiffs in the 1955 suit. and four all-Negro institutions, · 11 tions before qualifying for a share of plaintiffs, said he would ask £or a pre­ E VERYTHING IS PRETI'Y QUIET" in RENTED 'SCHOOL' latter employing four Negro teacher, it , the fund: (1) Set teacher-salary trial conference in February and file a total of 59 pupils. White entollmt.i jf Adair County nowadays, first schedules so that their totals are no motion for summary judgment. He lives in a pleasant white f1·ame house and owns "two or three others." is about what it was in 1955, (3.201 · Kentucky school district desegre­ less than the current fiscal-year totals. In the same court. on Jan. 13, Federal When the Negro school in his area but the total Negro enrollment of 18 ; gated under a court order issued (2) Pay no teacher less than 90 per cent Judge H. Church Ford ordered the now is GO higher than in the daYS~~ !" back in 1955, and "people just of the minimum salary specified by burned down several years ago, he Scott County case (Dishman v. Archer) rented his home. then a four-room many NegJ·oes went to schools in O!he e don't talk about it any more." law (or the various ranks of teachers, dropped from the docket after U. S. counties. Overcrowding is serious Gill, ~ with each rank to average at least the affair, to the school board for $40 a (See "Community Action.") Attorney Henry J . Cook reported the month, hclped tum over a Negro in the Columbia Grade Center (40 It •I legal minimum for that rank. (3) Not court's order for complete desegregation 41 students in each of six cl Desegregation in Kentucky has allow the number of basic classroom church fo1· the same purpose at the beginning last September had been same rent, all as "a temporary expedi­ 33 to 40 in each of the other 15). occurred quickest in large cities, units claimed fo1· support purposes to complied with. The suit was filed Nov. slowest in poorer, rural commu­ exceed the number of classroom teach­ ent." But in 1955 he wanted his home 13, 1956. back, and he joined other Negroes in INTEGRATED SPORTS nities, where the "poor white ers. (4) Not provide for more teachers than one for each 27 pupils in average keeping his two daughters out of school Basketbnll is the major sport at A •- fanner" is the biggest delaying daily attendance. (5) Operate all until they could J;(O to the desegregated County High School. Back in - ; factor, according to a Harvard schools and all grades for at least nine Adair County High School. Coach John Burr had said that U. !­ sociologist's report. (See "Under months. "The board said then," he recalled. color of his skin wouldn't keep lllJ • "that they'd take our children to Camp­ qualified boy from playing on his tea " Survey.") SPEED UP DESEGREGATION bellsville, 23 miles away. But we said It hasn't. Michael White, a Negro ju-, j In a budget request for more money Qualifying for state funds under this for the public schools, Gov. A. B. Back in 1955 the consolidated school 'no.' and then we tried for admission, is a requlm· forward this year, and Itt I~ program, some educational observers which we had to do before we could other Ne~roes are on the squad of!! Chandler stipulated conditions some hold, will speed up integration in the system of Adair County became the first school district in the state to face sue, and then we sued. Coach Bun·, a graduate of Kentuci(l • observers say would speed up integra­ state, particularly in districts slill main­ 1 tion. And the state House of Repre­ taining separate Negro schools with a federal court order to end compulsory "AU we had in the old days was a Georgetown College who has taught IIIIi sentatives for the first time in Ken­ small enrollments. racial segregation. shell of a school- four rooms, no play­ coached at Adair for 15 years, said II! An advisory committee earlier in gJ'Ound, toilelc; out. in the woods. At tucky's history named a Negro chair­ Gov. Chandler told the legislature had lost no while players because of 1955 had recommended desegregation. Adair County High our kids have room man of a standin~ committee. (See that, under the state's minimum-foun­ te~1·ation and that his squads had And Negroes in the county seat., Co­ in a splendid modem school only five "Legislative Action.") dation program, average salaries of in­ "no trouble." lumbia (population about 2,600), were years old, with everything, and good Owen County filed an answer to a structional personnel have risen from On the town square a busin pennitted to enroll in September be­ suit for school desegregation, pleading about $2,400 in 1955-56 to $2,943 in teachers, too. ventured the opinion that Negro lack o£ classroom space. A suit against 1956-57, and over $3,200 in the current fore, a day later, they were "disen­ letes had "helped to smooth" tht TEACHE RS LIKED HER Scott County was dropped from a fed­ year. (There is no racial differential in rolled" from the Adair County High gration program. And young Whlll' , J eral district court docket on notice that Kentucky.) School. The NAACP had sought only "My daughter, Norma Jean, just he was "completely satisfied" with il... high school desegregation that fall, the system had complied with a deseg­ For the first time in Kentucky's his­ graduated from there, and she's going "even to having to make good grades~ P regation order. (See "Legal Action.") tory, a Negro, the Rev. Felix S. Ander­ (elementary schools manifesUy were to college this fall. Made mosUy A's, play." ~ f son of Louisville, was named chairman overcrowded), but then it went to court, too, in this report I'm going to frame. of a standing committee of the House of and on Dec. 1, 1955, won an order for Just loved her teachers, too. and from NO POLITICAL ISSUE high school desegregation in mid-year the way they keep asking about her Representatives - the Committee on Back in 1955 the mayor, a ru Suffrage, Elections, and Constitutional and elementary school desegregation now I think they were fond of her, too. the following September. faced, bespectacled businessman of Amendments. "I'm a basketball fan, and I go to all who is also a Baptist. deacon, was in There was talk of trouble then, the school's basketball games. No seg­ A native of North Carolina who though not much. Some white parents second four-year tetm. Last fall, taught school and preached there and regated seating. Nothing at the school's integration no issue, he won a The poor white farmer-not only in vowed they would never let their chil­ segregated. elsewhere before coming to Ken­ dren "go to school with niggers." But term as a Democratic vote-getter ill Kentucky and Missouri but perhaps tucky, the 66-year-old Democratic "One of the best things that has hap­ largely Republican area. throughout the South-may be the Mayor Ralph Willis of Columbia said, pened to us is this--our Negro-school legislator is pastor of the Broadway "It was bound to come. I think it will He still thinks "we need biggest stumbling block to integration Temple, A.M.E. Zion Chu-reh in Louis­ players used to study nothing at all but in the public schools, according to a work out all right. Of course, there may citizens we can get." And he said be .:J ville. He is the fourth Negro to serve be a little hell-raising on both sides, still gol to play, but now if they get to pleased with the way the int · study made by Thomas F. Pettigrew of play they have to make their grades. in the General Assembly (the first, a but the good people aren't going to program has gone in Columbia Harvard University and published in Republican, was elected in 1936), has That made three or four of 'em quit, American SociologicaL Review. cause any trouble. We have to educate Adair County. pleased particularly ::<~~ been in the House since 1954. His com­ the Negroes too, because in these days but I think that's fine--no sense in be­ "you never hear anything said about . Pettigrew reported that desegregation ing in school if you're not learning any­ ~ mittee normally has charge o£ all bills we need the best citizens we can get." any more--though 1 know not ev • m both Kentucky and Missouri pro-. dealing with voting and election pro­ thing." body likes it." ceeded, up to May 1957, quickest in cedures. 'HOW'RE THINGS?' large cities and slowest in the poorer How have things gone in Adair Coun­ CONFIRI\tATION, STATISTICS The Mayor was reminded that~. rural counties. ' pie of teachers had spoken despai ~ ~- --S:.;;;:_ ~ ~--c:: ty since. How are they today? From County Supt. Harbert Walker Integrating counties, he found, were ~ -.:; -- lllf'...;.:____ - The reporter finds a variety o£ an­ came confirmation that "everything is of the scholastic aptitude of a few 1 more urban and "significanUy more - ,· ~ ~ :- swers. Most of them add up to saying ~oing very well"-and some statistics. the Negro pupils, with the guess prosperous" than those still maintain­ the mayor was right-"it's worked out The high school enrollment is 596 while "it might take a second generaU~ ing complete segregation, and fre­ LEGAL ACTION okay, without any 'hell-raising,' and and 29 Negro, with 25 white teachers. integration before Negro pupils quenUy had a higher ratio of Negroes everything's pretty quiet ... so quiet The Columbia Graded Center enroll­ average out with the while." to the total population. The Owen County integration suit that nobody even talks about it any ment, in a building that up to five years ··u could be," he said. " A lot of· af.{o also served high school students, is TABLES SBOW FINDINGS (Grimes v. Smith, reported in SoUTlf&RN more, unless they're asked . . . not haven't had much in the way of ScHOOL NEws last month) advanced one everybody likes it, not at all, but ..." 698 while and 75 Negro, with 27 white schooling hct·cto(ore. But we're m For Kentucky, Pettigrew reported teachers. these findings on integration in urban, step in January. Defendants filed a re­ And a local NAACP official, asked pr·ogress." partly urban, and totally rural coun­ ply in federal district court at Lexing- what accounts for all this, says unhes- Integration reportedly has saved the ties: URBAN PARTLY TOTALLY (50% or more) URBAN RURAL (1 to 49%) Opposition Seen to Louisiana School-Closing Mov Some desegregation 8 31 35 NEW ORLEANS, La. drafts of segregation laws is for a.~~ Complete O PPOSITION TO PROPOSED state per sale" of school properties to ~ ' segregation 0 14 27 vale" educational corporations w tlt laws for closing public schools would operate the schools. Some Pettigrew's findings on the relation­ rather than integrating them was galion laws from the last bi ship between poverty and segregation general legislative session still in rural Kentucky counties are shown reported gaining strength among on the books. in this table: So far their opposition has been ex­ school board officials around the pressed privately only, but a growing Rainach said he has never r 66 Desegregated 47 Segregated number of members of the Louisiana the validity of federal court nJlings !-" ., Rural Counties Rural Counties state. {See "School Boards and School Boards Association is reported validating 1956 or 1954 segrega Median family Scboolmen.") income (1949) .....$1 ,600 $1,400 to be dissatisfied with the Rainach laws. Louisiana was the first stall' Population change With the legislative session com­ committee's plan to close public schools reply to the May 1954 U. S. s.uprellll (1940-50 ...... -2.7% -10.8% ing up in May, the drafters of the in any district faced with a final court Court's integration order with Jts Median years of integration order, and re-open them as segregation laws. The~.e design.at~ ~ l schooling ...... 8.3 8.1 new segregation laws, members of quasi-private schools. state's "police powers for mallltaini!IC Dwellings with central the Rainach committee, were A highly reliable source, close to the peace and order· as the basis (or school segregation. ~ heat ...... 10.6 6.4 working diligently but in strict state's leading school district officials, Dwellings with mechanical says "many are genuinely worried refrigerators 57.5 51.6 secrecy. The committee majority about the Rainach approach. They Average farm value was reported favoring actual want to have public schools much more (land and strongly than they want to not have buildings) ...... $6,560 $5,604 transfer of ownership of public integration." Pettigrew's conclusion, based on the school properties to private "edu­ Schoolmen from the !aJ·geJ• cities, the Ke~tucky-Missouri study: "The Negro cational corporations" if the source said, tend to this point of view mt1o factor may intet·act with economic more than those from largely rural STATE SEN. RA INACII The U. S. Fifth Cir·cuil Court of Ap­ variables in the Deep South's future schools are forced to close lo avoid districts. Segre!Jatioll Advocate integration. The schools would be peals took under advisement a plea b1 educational integration process· low The association held its annual con­ the Orleans Parish School Board tha~ Negro-ratio, prosperous rural c~mmu­ re-opened as private, segregated vention in New Orleans late in January. lee presents on ~he floo1· of the legisirogress. witness and asked about the role the ing under the "separate but equal" • years to enter the Univet·sity of NAACP played in his long legal battle. "The real problem now is that mod­ Miami's Police Chief Waller E. Head­ llorida as a graduate law student, has clause in the state constitution, which ley said he has ordered special train­ Thc committee reported Hawkins' re­ was invalidated by the U. S. Supreme crates have passed out of the picture. '-rted a new legal fight. sponses were "evasive." However, Haw­ The proposals on both sides are equally ing for his 618-man force to "curb f\) 'l1lis time Hawkins filed his suit Court rulings. In his request for briefs anticipated violence in integration." kins denied that he had received as­ Judge Lieb specifically asked a discus­ unrealistic. You've got to get the mid­ 1Zi! ~ll'kinl t>. Florida. State Board of sistance from the NAACP or that his sion of the constitutionality of the as­ dle-ground people back and talking." Headley said his men will be taught 1 I) in the federal district court as all anti-riot techniques "from the use attorneys were paid by that organiza­ signment law. An early decision is ex­ ERVIN UNDER FIRE trr class action on behalf of himself and tion. pected. of water to shotguns with tear gas and other qualified Negroes. It was an The American Civil Liberties Union sickening gas in between." 12 Francisco A. Rodriquez. Tampa at­ look issue with Florida's Atty. Gen. D:l roach suggested by the U. S. Su- torney who filed the latest suit in behalf a: =Court in a decision last October. Richard W. Ervin on his statements DEBATE DROPPED of Hawkins, has served as Florida gen­ about segregation. In his recent appear­ kins asked that the State Board o£ <> ral counsel for the NAACP. He, also, A scheduled debate on integration by h ~! I be enjoined from refusing to ance before the U. S. Supreme Court two of Florida's pubUc figures widely was a witness before lhe legislative tn the HawkiM case (see "Legal Ac­ l'l !il dmit him to lhe university "solely on committee. recognized as spokesmen for divergent f ~ kount of race and color.'' He further tion"), Ervin said: points of view did not materialize. ll: jktd an order that the Board of Con­ PLENTY OF CLIENTS "Thus far Florida has coped with the Representatives of the University of segregation issue with remarkable suc­ e lot "may not continue to pursue the "Contrary to popular belief." Rodri­ The legislative committee which has Florida's student body invited State ~ fliey, customs and usage of opcratinF( qucoz told the committee, "we don't have been involved in a controversy with the cess. The U. S. Supreme Court must Rep. John B. Orr Jr. of Miami and 1 devise a new approach to the school ·1'll td maintaining the University of to look for clients. We have more vol­ NAACP (see "Legal Action") came Gen. Sumter Lowry of Tampa to discuss integration question or (ace a possible ~rida with its several schools and untect"S than we can handle." under fire from one of its members. Sen. the subject from the same platform. Orr d llleges as a publicly supported insti­ State Sen. Chal'lcy E . Johns. fonnc1· collapse of the school system in the is the lone House member who opposed Marion B. Knight of Blountstown an­ South." llion for white persons in the state of acting governor who heads the legisla­ nounced he would resign "unless the segregation bills in a 1956 special ses­ !(': ~da only." tive committee, said the transcript of committee starts functioning." Challenging this, A. Richard Finchell, sion. Lowry campaigned for governor in testimony has been t\Jmed over to the secretary of the ACLU's Greater Miami 1956 on a segregation platform, finishing r.l ' )PIC OF DISCUSSION Flor·ida Bar with a request for an in­ Kni~ht in a press conference charged afl'tliate, said: second in a !our-man field. fhe new approach by Hawkins that three faculty members of the all­ vestigation of possible unethical con­ white Florida State University were "Mr. Ervin's remarks are additional Orr accepted the invitation but Lowry ~ ,Used much discussion. Since the out- duel. declined. pe of the class action would affect sent into the state to work in behalf of evidence of the unconciliatory, inflam­ This broueht an accusation by the matory and irresponsible attitudes of ~ Jter potential st\Jdents than Hawkins, the NAACP. Knight declined to name The university students asked Geor­ NAACP in Florida that the committee the professors because he said the hi~h Florida stale officials to support gia's Gov. Marvin Griffin to replace t CBoard of Control met in secret ses­ was allempting "to intimidate Negro their unrelenting defiance and resis­ !!: to discuss "highly confidential charges "have not been proven.'' But he Lowry, but he also declined. lawyers.'' tance to federal programs for gradual tters." Although no official would suggested the investigative committee call them as witnesses. and piecemeal desegregation of public KKK ORDERED TO DISBAND ~ what had happened behind the C Ol\I~UTI'EE CHARGED schools in Florida." doors, several newspapers re- The statement said: "Reports that the Bill Hendrix, long-time Klan leader !o6ed INFORMANTS AS WITNESSES who currently calls himself Imperial ,~~ty~e Hawkins case was given top Florida legislative committee formed to Emperor of the Knights of the Ku Klux investigate organizations whose princi­ After his charges appeared in print, Klan, said his group has been ordered • Thls i.s the first time in lhe long fight ples or activities include a course of Knight said his information about the FSU faculty members came from in­ to disband and destroy all robes and 1 Hawkins has made his approach conduct which would constitute vio­ records. tly to the federal court. His pre­ lence has turned to the F1orida Bar to formants that he hoped would be called actions originated in the state find out if the NAACP attorneys acted as witnesses later. Hendrix said there were "too many illed bv citizens of thi'! state who be­ several white professors in the Univer­ which was set uo to study school de­ The Klan leader said he will merge ttl red the Florida Supreme Court to lieve i~ constituted authority as another sity system who are members of the segrej(Btion problems in Dade County all groups under the name of the Na­ ~ e a mandate for Hawkins' imme- st<>o in th<> direction of totalitarianism." NAACP may be called at future com­ published n program of community ac­ tional Christian Church. with an affili­ lt acceptance by the university. The The NAACP declared one member of rni ttl'<' sessions. tion. Pointing out that the Dade system ated action group to be known as the !.f~ llatt court refused on grounds that it the legislative commitlt>e had openly Sen. Johns, committee chairman, said is the eighth largest in the nation, the Knights of the Whlte CamelUa. !!~:~ IllS the sole tribunal to decide if such said the stale seeks to maintain segre­ a meeting will be held this month as committee said: Hendrix urged aU persons who believe r' lrlion would result in "public mis- gation "by curbinJt those lawsuits soon as investigators "complete some "There is general agreement that de­ in a segregated church to join. 1 tt~ and possible violence. brou~ht by interested citizens attacking spade work." segregation is inevitable, even among # # # ~''jj------r' L .. College at Lake Charles, Southwestern school personnel to th<> effect that they plaintiffs were substituted for Amease precedent-breaking move. :tt OUISJana at Lafayette and Southeastern at Ham­ refused to sign certificates because they Ludley was faulty. A public affairs organization called (.l"l (Continued From Page 14) mond. About 200 Negroes are attending relt lht>y would be fired if they did so. the Civil Council of New Orleans ques­ :t~ t~ court on June 26, 1957, date of the these colleges as the fall term con­ George M. Ponder, first assistant at­ tioned mayoralty candidates on various lil1l bearing of appeal on this point. cludes, and indications are the same torney general, argued the state's case. subjects, including the race question, at ge Wright l'Uled on the first ap­ number will return for the spring term, He said the acts in question were not, a meeting in the St. Charles hotel. This that the bond posting was not rc­ barring academic failure. in {act, a segregation "package." is what they said about segregation. while the case was still before WllAT ACTS PROVIDE Judgt> Hutcheson admitted Act IS 'AVOID EXTREMES' court on appeal. As Jon~ as the liti­ Art 15 requires registrants at state was not unconstitutional on its face. New Orleans will elect a mayor April e Morrison: "We must avoid extreme But. hc said. the pr·actice of consulting 8, but victory in the Feb. 4 Democratic continued, he ruled. there was collel(es to present a certifical~ or eli­ thinking and actions. These things lead 110 chance of damage to the school gibility and good moral character. minutes of lei(Lc:lativc committee mect­ primary is tantamount to election. The to the difficulties which other cities ~d, because the injunction was not signed by their high school principal m~s and public statements of legislators three major candidates have avoided have had. Here. we can avoid trouble to ascertain legislative intent was rcc­ Glade effective. and district school superintendent. Act the race issue, ignoring the campaign by adopting fair attitudes toward the ~llrjlood Marshall, chief counsel fot o~ized court procedure of businessman Leonard W. Gunzburg, 1 249 says a public school t<>acher mav be Negro race, and providing the Negro ~ National Association for the Ad- fired for acts which would hring about who made the maintenance of segrega­ people with proper facilities.'' APPLlES ONLY TO TEACllERS tion his number one plank. f L;:eement of Colored People, arguC'd school integration. "Act 249 applies only to teachers in e Claude W. Duke: "A mayor is not a '::~ ap~al for Bush. He poinl<"d out F<>deral district court ruled on April public schools," Ponder argued. "It has Without factional support, Gunzburg judge. In matters such as these, the city P" 'hit the bond was posted June 20, 1957, 15. 1957, that the two laws were un­ no application whatever to school su­ has made an energetic campaign, which government must await court decisions. f., ~ IUt days after the school board's ap- constitutional since they worked to­ perintendents or school principals who includes, for instance. 16 full-page ad­ What city government can and should !P lltal on the matter. This posting cor­ are tht> officers designnted in the eligi­ vertisements in the city's three news­ do is promote negotiations for peace Jtt>t hcr to bar Negroes from ~hei.r ~nsti­ papers during January. ; 'I ~ the "minor deviation" in pro- tutional rights, :md dtscrtmtnated bility statute as the persons who are to between leaders of the two races." f) ·,. Ure, he said. :11!ninst them solely on the basis of race. furnish such certificates.'' The Citizens Council has nol made e Fred Donaldson: "A mayor must f.:! faJ:shaU called the appeal of the cmw Motion fot· a rehearing was denied last Superintendents and principals arc the endorsement in the mayor's race uphold the laws of the state. If elected ~ 011 this point a "dilatory tactic " May 20. not forbidden to issue the certificates, which some expected after certain state­ mayor, I would do nothing to change ments made by speakers at a Novem­ D£CJsiON IN 6 WEEKS Since the April 15 decree, thc four Ponder asserted, nor arc they "required the law. U the law were changed, I ber council mass meeting. "You are go­ The appellatc court's rulin~ on B11slt collcces have b<><>n restrained from to discriminate ~ainst any person on would follow it in a sensible manner.'' ing to get a mayor in New Orleans who Orlean.~ School Board will probably turning down Nec:ro applicants solely account of racC' " Further quel;tioning by lhe chief will fight against integration all the is; :,e in about six week:-;, court soun:~s hecnultc thC'y failed to present the Art way," Rainach then declared. t .~ , If the school board's appeal ts 15 certificate. The Nct~roe s enrolled at judge brought an admission from Pon­ der thnt it il; slate school practice to t;~ ;;fJ'ted down. tt is likelv that the oril(­ the formerly all-white ~olleges w':re COUNCIL nAYS 1\IAYOR require princtpals and superintendents Thurgood Marshall, interviewed by : plaintiiTs will go back to the dis- admitted without lhe cerltficales.. Whtte DeLesseps Morrison, seeking a Courth ~' to maintain thdr t€'achcr slrmn- students hnv<> he<>n and are sltll re­ term. was criticized for his non-at­ New Orleans: "Unconditional victory J ~l restraining order. docum<'nts SU~ AGAINST STATE tendance at the rally, and also because against segregation is still our goal. We ~ ~ time limit when nE'sf'gr<'1!ation Ponder also argucrl that lh(' suJl'l he went "duck hunting" when Arkan­ can tolerate no hard core o£ permanent NO Tt:ACnF.RS FIRF.D Usi be startccl. were directly ngninst the state, nnd thus sas Gov. Orval Faubus made a Veter­ resistance to integration. In fact, the Tlwre hav(' b<'<'tl no lllSld thl.' ouL-;idl' the f<'dl't'lll judicial nuthority: nns' Day appearance in New Orleans. t<'ncht•r or ~l'hOOI official ht•in1! fit cd for hnrd t-ore is what we ore attacking right 11.\r involving rour slntl.' c·oll<>g<'s. thnt n thret•-JUsl' ~rOt'S !itUC1 lt' as • " .. • n A ' • I • PAGE 16-FEBRUARY 1958-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS rule on the validity of the Virginia Pu­ pil Placement Act. Virginia 'NAACP Laws' In the Norfolk-Net~J"port News deseg­ regation case, District Judge Walt~r E. Hoffman declared that the act was 'un­ constitutional on its face." His de~o~ Invalid, Probe Upheld was sustained by the Fourth Circwt RICHMOND, Va. his colleagues' discussion of the Su­ Court, and in October the U.S. Supreme preme Court's decisl~n in ~~ school Court refused to review it. However, the SPECIAL THREE-JUDGE federal segregation cases, the mterposltion reso­ state takes the position that it is still not A court declared unconstitu­ lution, statements of the governor of clear just which part of the act, if any, tional three of Virginia's so-called Virginia and other actions and state­ is unconstitutional. The circuit court "NAACP laws," while the state ments dealing with the integration dis­ has been asked to clear up this matter supreme court upheld the right of pute. in its decision in the Arlington case. The effect of all that discussion, said The oral arguments on Jan. 9 m~y a legislative investigating commit­ Judge Hutcheson, is "to becloud the covered points previously presented m tee to subpoena the Virginia issue before the court and to surround briefs filed by each slde. NAACP's membership list. (See the case with an atmosphere foreign to "Legal Action.") the judicial calm which should prevail SEATING LAW INVALID when a legal principle is dealt with." Virginia's law requiring segregated Newly-inaugurated Gov. J. His position was summed up as fol­ seating at public meetings was ruled Lindsay Almond Jr. asked-and lows: unconstitutional by a state circuit appeared certain to get-two ad­ court judge, Walter T. McCa.rt~;t y. of I expressly ~train trom exp~ an Arlington. The ruling is not bindmg on ditions to Virginia's anti-integra­ oplnlon concerning the c:onstltu:tlonal valid­ Ity of the statutes. As applied by the eourts other circuit courts and will not be un­ tion legislation. Bills introduced they might be held V1llld, they mlgbt be til, and unless, it is sustained, or a sim­ into the General Assembly to found Invalid, or they ml(ht be held valid 1n ruling part and Invalid In port. The point here 11 ilar is made in some other case, carry out the governor's recom­ that they should be construed by the courts by the state supreme court. mendations would (1) close any of the state In whlcb their enforcement will This particular case apparently will take place. Then and only then can the fed­ school patrolled by federal troops, eral courts pi'Of)Crly lnqu lre as to their In­ not reach the hi~her court since Al1.y. and (2) create a commission that vasion of rlg1tts ruanmteed by tl~e Constitu­ Gen. A. S. Harrison told the Arlington tion of the Unlted States. stale's attorney that the prosecution would work with like-minded cannot appeal from an adverse decision groups from other states in behalf BARRATRY CHARGE As to Chapter 35 (which defines bar­ in a criminal case. of states' rights. (See "Legislative ratry), Judges Soper and Hoffman held Prince Edward County bas appealed Action.") that it is not "within the power of the to the U.S. Supreme Court to set aside Any showdown clash in Virginia be­ state to make it a crime for any cor­ the U. S. Fourth Circuit Court order tween federal court orders and the poration other than a general legal aid directing the county to make "a state's anti-integration policy appar­ society to pay in whole or in part the prompt and reasonable start" toward ently will not come before the beginning expenses of litigation if it has only a school desegregation. of the 1958-59 school year this £all. general philanthropic or charitable in­ In its petition, the county argues that NAACP attorneys indicated they would terest in the litigation: the circuit court exceeded its preroga­ not ask for integration to start in any Tho activities of tho plalnt:Ufs u they ap­ tive in setting aside a district court de­ locality before that time. pear 1n these cases do not amount to a soU­ cision which declined to fix a definite citation of business or a stlrrlng up of UU­ desegregation deadline for the county. ptlon of the sort condemned by the cthlcal standards of the lqal profession. They com­ The district court decision was by prise In substance publlc Instruction of the Judge Sterling Hutcheson of Richmond. colored people as to tile extent of thelr rights, On Jan. 31 parents of a Negro child, recommendation that aliPCals be made to the J. Lindsay Almond Jr. was inaugurated governor of Virginia Jan. ll. In hk In a 2 to 1 decision, a special three­ cou11s for relief, offer of uslstanee In pros­ Ann Patrice Walker, of Petersburg, address he requested legislative enactment of mea~ures to (1) close sch?Ois shouW ~ sought an injunction in U.S. district judge federal court here on Jan. 21 ecutl.ng the cues when assistance ts asked, federal force be used to to implement dcseg-~e.ga?on and (2) to establish a com· , and the payment of legal expenses for people court at Richmond against the state 1 ruled unconstitutional Chapters 31, 32 mission to seek restoration of states' rcsponstbillhcs and powers. '; unable to defend thenuelves ••. The right pupil placement board. Also named de­ and 35 of the Acts of the 1956 extra ses­ of the plalntlff corpor11t10ns to render this sion of the Virginia General Assembly. assistance cannot be denied. fendants were the Petersburg school ~ Chapter 35 defines barratry, the of­ Chapters 33 and 36, relating to the board and the Petersburg superintend­ spectively and the functions delegated cality's share of state school funds ·~ fense of stirring up litigation. conduct of lawyers, were termed "vague ent. to the central government, and the in­ could be cut off. Defeat of the measun . The majority opinion was signed by and ambiguous" by Judges Soper and The girl's parents contended she was dividual liberties preserved to citizens, seemed certain. ~ Judge Morris A. Soper of the U. S. Hoffman. All three judges agreed to denied enrollment in the "school of her all in accordance with said constitutions Del. John B. Boatwright of Buck.in&· ~ Fourth Circuit Court and Judge Walter withhold action on those two laws own choice" when she appeared with­ of the several stales and of the United ham introduced a resolution to send I E. Hoffman of the Norfolk district court. "pending the determination of such pro­ out a signed placement certificate, and States; from time to time the commis­ President Eisenhower a token in recog· Judge Sterling Hutcheson of the fed­ ceedings in the state courts as the plain­ that this violated the 14th Amendment. sion may publish such information as it nition of the Eisenhower administra­ eral district court of Richmond dis­ tiffs may see fit to bring to secure an The state supreme court has refused deems appropriate in order to acquaint tion's "many accomplishments." sented. Basically, his view was that the interpretation of these statutes ..." to review the conviction of David H. the general public, both in this state and token would be: laws should be interpreted by state Scull of Annandale on charges that he elsewhere, with the nature of the rela­ "A copy of the Constitution of refused to answer questions of the Gen­ courts before the federal courts con­ LOSE IN STATE COURT tionship between the individual states United States, impaled upon a bay sider whether the laws violate the fed­ On the day before its victory in the eral Assembly's Committee on Law and the United Stales and the freedoms ... in order that he (the Presid Reform and Racial Activities. (Back­ eral Constitution. federal court, the NAACP lost a suit in reserved to the stales and theit· individ­ may have a lasting memento of the the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. ground on this case may be found under ual citizens under the constitution of the INVOLVES TWO SUITS "Legislative Action" in SoUTHERN ScHooL which he has wrought either by (NAACP v. Committee on Offenses United States. Such publication may be sign or oversight." Technically, two suits were involved. Against the Administration of JtUtice.) NEWs for November 1957.) by book, pamphlet, advertisement or Delegate Boatwright headed one One was brought by the NAACP and The case grew out of the action of a otherwise as the commission deems ap­ ~ the two committees which conduc:tal the other by the NAACP's Legal De­ legislative committee in subpoenaing propriate.... " probes into the operations of tht ~ fense and Educational Fund. They were W. L. Banks, executive secretary of the Gov. Almond's request for the two NAACP. brought against the state's attorney gen­ Virginia NAACP, to produce various new laws came during his inaugural ad­ eral and against the state's attorneys in records of the association. The associa­ A "Little Rock bill" backed by Gov. dress on Jan. 11 in which he said he several Virginia localities. (NAACP v. tion furnished all the data except the Almond was approved by the Senate, was convinced "that there is not one TESTil\tONY RELEASED Patty, and NAACP Legal Defense and names and addresses of the 23,000 mem­ 36-0, with two members refraining from political subdivision in Virginia where His committee (Committee on Of· .. Education4l Fund, lnc., v. Patty.) bers of the organization and its "volun­ voting. racially mixed schools can be conducted fenses Against the Administration ol \ As described in the court's majority tary workers and associates.'' When a One hundred and twenty-three of the ...,ithoul such serious and irretrievable Justice) which held all its sessions In opinion, Chapters 31 and 32 "require second subpoena was issued for those 140 members of the Assembly signed loss and damage to the cause of public private, released the transcript of lel­ registration with the State Corporation names and addresses, the NAACP asked the bill, thus assuring its enactment education as to render the attempt, timony given by NAACP Attol1lfY Commission of Virginia of any person the Hustings Court of Richmond to dis­ into law. Several others who did not even on an experimental basis, all but Spottswood W. Robinson, ill, at ses· or corporation who engages in the solici­ miss the subpoenas, which that court sign said they would have done so if futile. sions here Oct. 28-29. tation of funds to be used in the prose­ refused to do. NAACP then appealed to they bad been present the day the meas­ cution of suits in which it has no pecun­ ure was introduced. Among other things, Robinson said the state supreme court. '1\tEANS DESTRUCTION' he did not know of any Virginia local· iary right or liability, or in suits on The bill would automatically close (Immediately after the supreme court's "The agonizing study I have given this itics in wbjch new litigation was c:oo· ~ behalf of any race or color, or who ruling last month affirming the hustings any public school policed by military engages as one of its principal activities forces or civilian personnel ordered into problem over a period of many months lemplaled for U1e integration of thl 1 court action, the General Assembly's has persuaded me," he continued, "that schools. Desegregation suits have heeD in promoting or opposing the passage Committee on Law Reform and Racial action by federal authorities without of legislation by the General Assembly the state's consent. so far as a state system of public edu­ brought in Prince Edward and Arlin«· Activities subpoenaed the NAACP's cation is concerned, integration any­ ton counties and in the cities of Char­ on behalf of any race or color, or in the membership records. The Committee advocacy of racial integration or segre­ EXCEPTION MADE where means destruction everywhet·e. lottesville, Newport News and Norfolk. on Offenses Against the Administration With a specific exception for re­ And to paraphrase a great statesman, gation, or whose activities tend to cause of Justice which was involved in the Boatwright introduced into the legis· racial conflicts or violence." quested help against domestic violence I say to you simply that I have not been lature a bill providing that contributions suit, has gone out of existence, but the under Article VI, Section 4, of the U. S. elected governor to preside over the The majority opinion went into detail other committee bas been doing much to the NAACP or any other group sup­ Constitution, the bill would automat­ liquidation of Virginia's schools. . . . porting litigation in which it has no to give the legislative history of the of the same type of investigating of the ically close a school whenever "any mil­ "I am keenly conscious that, as gov­ statutes in question. The interposition NAACP.) dit·ect interest, should not be deductible itary forces or personnel" acting by or­ ernor of Virginia, I am governor for all for slate income tax purposes. resolution passed by the General As­ NAACP officials appeared at the cap­ der of any federal authority "enter upon the people o{ Virginia, white and Negro sembly, statements of the governor, and itol Monday morning, Jan. 27, at the the premises of any public school or in alike. To the Negro people I would say other laws enacted as part of Virginia's deadline for answering the subpoena, the vicinity thereof for the purpose of this: I cannot agree to any program o( policy of "massive resistance" to inte­ but again they refused to furnish the policing its operation or to prevent acts integration of the schools, for the over­ gration were cited to show that Virginia data sought. They said they had just of violence or alleged acts of violence." riding constitutional and social reasons is committed to a policy of no-integra­ filed a notice of their intention to ap­ The governor would be empowered I have attempted to set forth; yet I in tion. "We certainly don't need the Klan ply for a rehearing on the state supreme to reopen the closed school and return would express my profound hope that Virginia, we frown on the activities of COURT'S FINDING court's decision. They also contended it to local authorities whenever he de­ in the months ahead we may explot·e the Klan in Vit·ginia, and I hope our Wo ftnd [tho court aaldl that the activities that the Committee on Law Reform and termined the threat of federal force no other areas of mutual concern, involv­ citizens do what they can to clisc0Uf8ge ot the state authorities ln IIUPPOrt of the cen­ Racial Activities, created by the 1956 longer existed. ing state services, with greater hope for its growth," Gov. Almond told a press cral plan to obsl:rucl tho Integration of the General Assembly, was no longer races ln JChools ln Vlrflnla, of whlcb plan The "Little Rock bill" was one of two resolving decisive issues in a spirit of conference. tho statutes In su.lt fonn an l.tnportant S»art, in existence. pieces of legislation requested by Gov. unity and good will." Prior to the opening of the General brouJbt about a loss of members and a :re­ Almond in connection with the school Assembly, State Sen. John A. K. ~­ duction of tho revenues of the IISIOclatlou RIGHTS NOT VIOLATED WOULD CONTINUE PROBE [NAACP) and made It more cWftcult to ac­ The supreme court held that none of segregation controversy. The other was ovan of Falls Church in northern Vll"~ compllm Its leBUimate alms ••• creation of a state commission to rally As it neared the mid-point of its ginia said on a television program tha the constitutional rights of the NAACP biennial 60-day session, the legislature Statutes ••• were cle6.rly designed to erfp­ other states to the fight for restoration foresaw an end to VIrginia's or its officers or members would be vio­ was considering bills to continue an in­ he "mass­ ple the agencies that have had tho greatest lated by furnishing of the names to the of state responsibilities and powers. ive t·csistance as we know it." SUc:ceiiS ln promotina' the rights of eolored The commission would consist of 15 vestigation of the NAACP and similar peraons to equality of treatment In the past legislative committee. The court said groups active in the race relations field. He said he was confident the ne\f and a.re pol!illessed of mftlclcnt ruourecs to members, seven from the legislature it did not agree with the NAACP's con­ It also was considering proposals for governor, Almond, would "come _up make an et'fort at thlll time to sceuro the tention that the disclosure of the names and eight appointed by the governor. enforcement of the Supreme Court's decree. investigation of the public school cur­ with a forward and progressive-looking "would be necessarily coercive" or a pro~ram that will meet with the ap­ The law was "not saved" by making DUTIES DEFINED riculum and of whether children are restraint of freedom of speech and right Duties of the commission are set forth being subjected to pro-integration proval of most of the General AsseJD• it applicable to both sides in the segre­ of assembly. gation controversy, said the court, since as follows: teachings. Gov. Almond told reporters bly and the courts.'' The court took the position that there "registration of persons engaged in a "The commission shall develop and he had serious doubts about the pro­ Republican Rep. Joel Broyhill of V~ popular cause imposes no hardship ..." was no proof that the data sought were promulgate information concerning the posed study of the curriculum and giniu's Tenlh District said "there.. ,, w not material to the committee's inquiry. dual system of government, federal and teachers. never be a LitUe Rock in Vir~· t DUE PROCESS 'DENIED' The Arlington county desegregation state, established under the Constitu­ State Senators Ted Dalton of Rad­ "I cannot bring myself to case was argued in Charlotte, N.C., on ~ev~e In view of all these facts, the court tion of the United States and those of ford and Armistead L. Boolhe of Alcx­ the government will repeat this rn .. he said, the registration laws represent a Jan. 9 before the U. S. Fourth Circuit the several states. It may assemble and andda, opponents of the law which cuts [of sending troops to Little Rock), denial of the due process clauses of the Court. A decision was not expected make available to interested persons off state funds rrom any school which said. "On the contrary, the atrn05P~e:: Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. before some time in February. facts concerning the relationship be­ is integrated, introduced a bill which in Washington is now one of restr.un In his dissent, Judge Hutcheson The case has added interest in that tween the states and the United States, would require prior approval of the one of 'wait and see.' " labeled as "immaterial and unnecessary'' the state also has asked the court to the powers reserved to the states re- voters of any locality before that lo- If I I •r UMIIUI( - ATE UIIA"' AffO A'-'!HIVD ~ '•f P. l lhrarv ~