Habent sua fata libelli Early Modern Studies Series General Editor Michael Wolfe St. John’s University Editorial Board of Early Modern Studies Elaine Beilin Raymond A. Mentzer Framingham State College University of Iowa Christopher Celenza Charles G. Nauert Johns Hopkins University University of Missouri, Emeritus Barbara B. Diefendorf Max Reinhart Boston University University of Georgia Paula Findlen Robert V. Schnucker Stanford University Truman State University, Emeritus Scott H. Hendrix Nicholas Terpstra Princeton Theological Seminary University of Toronto Jane Campbell Hutchison Margo Todd University of Wisconsin–­Madison University of Pennsylvania Mary B. McKinley James Tracy University of Virginia University of Minnesota

Merry Wiesner-­Hanks University of Wisconsin–­Milwaukee Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Jacques de - 1531–1585 Matthew Vester

Early Modern Studies 9 Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri Copyright © 2012 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu

Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: L’Apanage du au coeur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siècle original edition published by Droz, CH-1206 , copyright 2008 by Librairie Droz SA. All rights reserved.

Cover art: Anonymous, Detail from Portrait of Jacques de Savoie, of Nemours (1531–­1585), 16th century. Musée Condé, Chantilly, . Photo courtesy of Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY.

Cover design: Teresa Wheeler

Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Vester, Matthew A. (Matthew Allen) Renaissance dynasticism and apanage politics : Jacques de Savoie-Nemours, 1531–1585 / Matthew Vester. p. cm. — (Early modern studies series ; 8) Originally published in French (translated from the English text) as: Jacques de Savoie-Nemours. Genève : Droz, 2008. (Cahiers d’humanisme et Renaissance ; v. 85) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61248-071-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61248-073-2 (ebook) 1. Savoie-Nemours, Jacques de, duc du Genevois, 1531–1585. 2. (France and )—History— 16th century. 3. (Italy)—History—16th century. 4. Savoy (France and Italy)—Foreign relations—France. 5. France—Foreign relations—Savoy (France and Italy) I. Title. DG618.4.V48 2012 944'.585028092—dc23 2012011875

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—­Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–­1992. Contents

Maps, Portraits, and Figures vi Acknowledgments vii 1. and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe 1 2. Violence and Honor: Jacques de Savoie in the Service of Henry II, 1546–­1558 27 3. Honor, Sexuality, and Marriage in the Françoise de Rohan Scandal 44 4. Treaties, Tragedy, Tumults, and the First War of Religion, 1558–­1563 79 5. The Apanage of the Genevois and Its New Duchess, 1564–­1566 102 6. Renaissance Warrior and Courtier, ca. 1566–­1570 128 7. Dynastic Prestige, A Self-­Regulating Mechanism: Dynastic Relations among Members of the 156 8. Local Political Autonomy in the Apanage of the Genevois 186 9. Conflicts of the Late 1570s 213 10. Piedmontese Postlude 235 Conclusion 251 Bibliography 257 Index 275 Maps, Portraits, and Figures

Simplified Genealogy of Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Genevois-­Nemours xii

Maps Map 1: The Savoyard States, ca. 1559 ix Map 2: The Apanage of the Genevois, 1571 x Map 3: The European Networks of the Savoie-­Nemours xi

Portraits Anne d’Este, by François Clouet 111 Emanuel Filibert, Duke of Savoy, by G. Vighi 157

Figures Figure 1. Genevois-­Nemours income, 1568–­71 113 Figure 2. Purchasers of rentes constituées by social group, 1568–­71 115 Figure 3. Ties of Jacques and Anne to French magistrates and legal personnel 140 Figure 4. Genevois-­Nemours financial brokerage, 1556–­80 143 Figure 5. Spending by category, 1568–­71 147 Figure 6. Pensioners by social category, 1568–­71 149 Figure 7. Monetary totals of pensions by social category, 1571 149 Figure 8. Genevois officials before and after the restoration 201 Figure 9. Savoyard officials before and after the restoration 205 Figure 10. French occupation officials recruited into the Genevois after 1559 207 Figure 11. “Things that belong to the sovereign lord…,” 1578 232

vi Acknowledgments

I thank the history department and the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University for helping to subsidize the English version of this book. I am grateful to a number of people who helped me to develop and clarify my ideas (since this project began twenty years ago) and who assisted me both intel- lectually and practically: Geoffrey Symcox, Kate Norberg, Jean-­Laurent Rosen- thal, David Sabean, Sam Gilbert, Mark Potter, Robert Oresko, David Parrott, Laurent Perrillat, Pier Paolo Merlin, Claudio Rosso, and Erik Midelfort. Others read or listened to portions of this research, and I thank them for their precious comments and suggestions: Jonathan Dewald, John Marino, Edward Muir, Pen- ny Richards, participants in the UCLA European History Colloquium, members of the Mid-­Atlantic Renaissance and Society (in particular Sharon Kettering), and the Pittsburgh Area Early Modern Group (especially Renate Blumenfeld-­Kosinski, Neal Galpern, Jack Crotty, and Jotham Parsons). Among the archivists and librarians whose help was fundamental for this project, I would like to recognize Marco Carassi, Anna Marsaglia, Maria Paola Niccoli, and Federica Paglieri (at the Archivio di Stato di Torino). I also thank members of the staff at the Archives départementales de Savoie who introduced me to those wonderful Savoyard delicacies, les diots and la gnolle. I would not have been able to write this book without the crucial assistance of the interlibrary loan departments at UCLA, Southern Illinois University–­Carbondale, and West Virginia University. A variety of expenses associated with the research and writing of this book were underwritten by Rotary International (in particular, the club Grenoble-­ Drac-­Romanche), by the history departments at UCLA and West Virginia Uni- versity, and by the West Virginia University Faculty Senate. Revisions to the text were completed while I was a Fellow at Villa I Tatti (the Harvard Univer- sity Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Florence). The Ministero per i Beni

vii viii Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics e le Attività Culturali (Soprintendenza del ) assisted in authorizing the reproduction of G. Vighi’s portrait of Emanuel Filibert. I am grateful for the interest and abundant patience of Michael Wolfe and Nancy Rediger at Truman State in bringing out this English version, which has benefited significantly from Michael’s suggestions. I owe debts of gratitude to a number of friends, some of whom I have known for a long time and others for shorter periods. In both cases their humanity and kindness was a great encouragement: Ken Fones-­Wolf, Jason Parker, Sandy Bald- win, Kirk Haas, Briane Turley, Jean-­Claude and Edith Grimaud, Claudia Sardella, the Annequin family (of Les Yvrouds, St. Sulpice), and Mme. Dominique Bérard (of Lyon and Grésy-­s-­Aix). Others welcomed us during research trips: Françoise and Massimo Bellini, Marie-­Antoinette Grimaud, Dora Magnin, Lucy Nairac, Clothilde Schneider, and Jean-­Olivier Schneider and Dianne Van der Vorst. Finally, I thank my parents and my sister for their constant support. I owe more to Annastella than I am able to say, and more to our children, Charlotte and Ben, than they realize. Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics ix

Map 1: The Savoyard States, ca. 1559 x Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Map 2: The Apanage of the Genevois, 1571 of the Genevois, 2: The Apanage Map Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics xi

Map 3: The European Networks of the Savoie-Nemours xii Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Simplified Genealogy of Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Genevois-Nemours Duke Savoie, de Jacques Genealogy of Simplified Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics xiii Chapter One Dynasties and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe

Jacques de Savoie, duke of Genevois-­Nemours (1531–­85), was one of the most brilliant courtiers and military leaders in Renaissance Europe. Madame de Lafay- ette’s celebration of his gallantry in her anonymously publishedLa Princesse de Clèves (1678) suggests that his reputation far outlasted his own lifetime. Liter- ary historian Émile Magne posited that the novel’s depiction of the princess and of Clèves represented Anne d’Este (1531–1607)­ and François de Guise (1519–­63). Jacques was said to be “Anne’s lover, a role paralleled by his position [in the novel] with respect to the princess of Clèves.” This parallel was perhaps inspired by Lafayette’s reading of Brantôme’s memoirs, published in Leyden in 1665/66.1 The last male member of the Nemours line, Henri de Savoie, had died in 1659, and his eldest niece was Marie Jeanne-­Baptiste de Savoie-­Nemours, who married Duke Charles Emanuel II of Savoy in 1674.2 Following the publication of her book, Lafayette “revived, slowly and carefully, a relationship that she had long before established with Her Most Serene , Jeanne-­Marie-­Baptiste de Savoie-­Nemours, duchess of Savoy, also called ‘Madame Royale.’” According to Magne, Lafayette aimed to serve as a kind of unofficial intermediary between the and courts, and carried on a regular correspondence with the duchess’s first secretary, Joseph-­Marie de Lescheraine. But Lescheraine surprised Lafayette by transmitting to her the duchess’s view that during the previous cen- tury “the Savoie-­Nemours hardly needed to be depicted as gallants,” and that the

1. Lafayette,La princesse de Clèves, xi–­xii, 10n2. The memoirs of Pierre de Bourdielle de Brantôme, were based on personal experiences and hearsay at the late Valois and early Bourbon courts. 2. Oresko, “Sabaudian Court,” 238, 240.

1 2 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics family’s head did not benefit from being portrayed as the hero of a love story. Lafayette quickly denied having authored the novel, but her personal interest in the Savoie-­Nemours continued; friends of hers were creditors of the abbot of St. Rambert (Jacques’ grandson and Maria Giovanna Battista’s first cousin once removed) and she developed a close friendship with the widow of Maria Giovanna Battista’s (apparent) former lover.3 What was it about the life of Jacques de Savoie that continued to resonate so powerfully among European courtiers a century after his death? Pierre de Bourdeille, abbot and lord of Brantôme, one of the best-known­ memorialists of late Renaissance France, called Jacques de Savoie “one of the most perfect and accomplished , lords and gentlemen that ever was.” Brantôme, who had interacted with Jacques at the French court, found in Jacques the embodiment of sprezzatura, the signal characteristic of Castilgione’s perfect courtier: Everything that he did, he did so well, and with such good grace and address, without the hint of any effort … but so naïvely, that one would have said that his abilities were natural. He enjoyed all sorts of exercises; and was so universal that he was perfect in all of them. … Anyone who never saw M. de Nemours in his best years has seen nothing; and whoever saw him can baptize him to the entire world as the flower of all chivalry. Because of this he was greatly loved by every- one, and especially by the ladies, from whom (at least from some) he collected more favors and good luck than he desired—and­ he turned down such favors from many who very much wanted to grant them to him.4 Brantôme’s portrait indicates that Jacques de Savoie was wildly successful at fashioning a courtly self and creating and appropriating an unmatched reputa- tion. This book explains Jacques’ success. Central to this success was his dynastic position within the sovereign house of Savoy. The political experiences of Jacques de Savoie were directly linked to the prestige, interests, and actions of other members of the Savoyard in European politics. This fact provides a key for our understanding of Renaissance political culture. Jacques’ political career and dynastic relationships show that noble houses and their various branches, not just individuals, were actors on the European political stage during the Renaissance. The evidence of Jacques’ life also establishes that a variety of asso- ciational and institutional forms other than nascent states provided the backdrop and props for the stage upon which Renaissance political actors performed. The

3. Lafayette,La princesse de Clèves, xxxi–­xxxii; Perrero, “Lettere inedite,” 500, 500n2, 503n1, 504. 4. Bourdeille, Œuvres complètes, 4:164–­66. Dynasties and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe 3 princely apanage, one such institution (and in particular, the Savoyard apanage of the Genevois), played a crucial role in Jacques’ success and was a product of the dynastic logic that governed so much of sixteenth-­century European political life. Although the house of Savoy was the longest-­ruling dynasty in European history, its European role in sixteenth-­century politics has been neglected. The experiences of Jacques de Savoie shed light both on the dynasty’s Renaissance past and on the international roles played by nonsovereign princes and heads of cadet branches of ruling dynasties. These experiences help show how dynastic pressures shaped the lives of Renaissance nobles, from military service to court life and self-­representation, to sexuality and marriage, patronage politics, medical concerns, diplomacy, and statecraft. If one considers Brantôme’s assessment that Jacques was baptized “to the entire world as the flower of all chivalry,” one is initially tempted to view Jacques as a poster child for successful “Renaissance self-­fashioning.” In The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), Jacob Burckhardt created a breathtakingly evoca- tive portrait of a new culture rooted in a revolutionary concept—tha­ t of the self-­ creative individual.5 Brantôme’s Jacques de Savoie seems, on the surface at least, a wonderful example of the Renaissance individual who succeeded in creating a reputation and identity for himself. While scholars have challenged many aspects of Burckhardt’s portrait of Renaissance culture, in the area of political culture Burck- hardt’s assessment has remained surprisingly vigorous. Burckhardt’s description of Renaissance rulers stressed “the fitness of the individual, his worth and capacity,” and his depiction of “the state as a work of art” relied on the comparison between the individual ruler and the individual artist.6 Recent scholarship has insisted that Renaissance states were negotiated into existence by multiple elites (nobles, prel- ates, townsmen), but this scholarship has had a tendency to minimize the collective character of those political actors and has instead reinforced Burckhardt’s image of individual Renaissance virtù. With few exceptions, historians of Renaissance politics since Burckhardt have remained attached to methodological individual- ism—­in which agents are individuals and their interests and choices are construed in such terms—­and to a conceptualization of “the political” that views phenomena not linked to state-­building narratives as peripheral, local, and unpolitical.7 Burck- hardt’s image—­of bold Renaissance princes creating states as works of art—­lost some battles perhaps, but seems to be winning the war.

5. Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 98; Greenblatt,Renaissance Self-­Fashioning. 6. Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 30. 7. On methodological individualism, see Lukes, Individualism. 4 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

This state of affairs hinders a clear understanding of how families, especially princely ones, participated in Renaissance politics. How did the family identities of Renaissance rulers affect their personal goals and sense of self? Did dynastic history and political history cease to overlap when central state institutions were not concerned? Should scholars of dynastic politics abstract the individual from the dynasty and the state from the political? One would think not, given that his- torians of the European family are now suggesting that, between the end of the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century, Europe became “kinship hot,” ascribing more importance, not less, to the influence of family identity and relationships on one’s life choices.8 Thus, one goal of this book is to reassert the importance of dynasties as actors in Renaissance politics. This does not suggest that Jacques had no distinct goals of his own or that he took no actions that could have been seen to damage family interests. In fact, a recurrent theme here is that the dynastic relationship between Jacques and his cousin Duke Emanuel Filibert of Savoy was both a powerful source of prestige for Jacques de Savoie as an independent actor, and a structural constraint on his ability to act autonomously. Both Jacques and Emanuel Filibert were frequently conflicted over actions that could have bene- fited them or their branches, but that would have harmed the dynasty as a whole. Jacques and his cousin most frequently chose actions that tended to benefit the dynasty at large. It is in this sense that the dynasty can be said to have been a political actor in its own right, taking action through the choices of its members. A second goal of this book is to draw attention to the ways in which family-­ based action expressed itself in an array of nonstate political structures and practices. Jacques’ apanage of the Genevois was one such structure, created for dynastic reasons. Patronage systems involving court officials, bureaucratic appointees, and pensioners of various stripes constituted another political struc- ture that flowed from Jacques’ dynastic position. Although Jacques declared that his “natural prince” was the head of his dynasty, the duke of Savoy, he also held some of the most prestigious positions granted by the French , includ- ing a seat on the royal council, the governorship of the Lyonnais, and several high military commands. The international profile created by Jacques’ dynastic ties also permitted him to serve as an influence broker between clients in France, the Savoyard lands, and elsewhere, and his affinal kin in Rome and . His influ- ence was not spatially tied to a single center. While state structures were some- times important in these political interactions, often they were not, but that did not render the interactions themselves any less political. Thus, individual strate-

8. Sabean and Teuscher, “Kinship in Europe,” 3. Dynasties and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe 5 gies and family strategies were frequently inseparable during the sixteenth cen- tury, and only a broad view of “the political” will permit one to analyze the state and nonstate phenomena that structured political life when families ruled. Of course, historians have long recognized that European political life dur- ing the Renaissance and early modern periods was characterized by struggles between ruling families; however, most dynastic studies have focused on the actions of individual members and how such actions strengthened or weakened incipient national states. Little work has been done on how dynasties functioned collectively in European politics, or on the ways in which specifically dynastic interests structured political choices and molded the political landscape itself.9 Burckhardt remarked that “within the family one man was recognized as head; but deep and secret jealousy prevailed among the members of the different branches.”10 In this model, the family was strong when an individual controlled it, such that the influential family was merely an extension of the powerful head of the family. To the degree that families have been discussed as actors in Renaissance politics, this model has been dominant. Ruling families have been portrayed as groups of individuals bound in obedience to an autocratic head, somewhat resembling modern corporations or tightly disciplined political par- ties. This book suggests that families were more like coalitions in which mem- bers’ identities were strongly linked to that of the coalition, members derived substantial benefits from remaining in the coalition, and strong incentives for members to break with the coalition sometimes presented themselves. While the members only recognized one head of the coalition, they could also take ini- tiatives of their own that produced political effects beyond those created by the head of the coalition itself. Similarly, heads of Renaissance dynasties acted in the name of their dynasties, but other family members also made moves that carried political consequences for their own and other families. These two conceptual threads—­dynasties as political actors, and the impor- tance of nonstate structures within a polycentric political environment—­tie together the details discussed in this biography, which is unconventional in its simultaneous attention to the life of a person, the position of a dynasty, and a political culture that embraced them both. While the chapters that follow do offer an account of the main events of Jacques de Savoie’s life, they also show how a range of thematic issues in early modern political culture (dynastic relations,

9. Two exceptions are Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers; and Spangler, Society of Princes, both published after this book’s 2008 French version. 10. Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 35. Index

affranchissements (exemptions from feudal dues), 192, 196n40, 197 capital of Genevois, 21, 23–25, 29, 109, abortion, 51, 57 186–212, 218n19 absolutism, 7–9, 19, 27–28, 184–88, 191, 255 castle, 154, 163, 224 Acqui, 178 church of Notre Dame, 126, 246 Adrets, François de Beaumont, des, 37, Jacques’ childhood in, 67 95–97, 230n65 privileges of, 160, 213, 216 affinities, 190 residence of Jacques, 93, 106 , 107 residence of Jacques and Anne, 116, 128, Alba, duke of, 10, 39n49, 69, 83, 214, 233n73, 178–79, 215, 227–30, 242 236n5 , duchy of, 20, 207, 209n61 Albon, Antoine d’, archbishop of Lyon, 66 apanages, 2–4, 6, 19, 138, 161, 181, 190–91 Albon, Jacques d’, marshal St. André, 42, 66, 93, administration of, 16–17 95n50, courts, 18 Albret, Henri d’, 75, 112 historic development of, 15–18, 117 Albret, Isabeau d’, 48, 53, 58 juridical status of, 17–18, 23, 191 Albret, Jeanne d’, queen of Navarre, 24, 30, 118, See also Genevois, apanage of 120, 146, 172 Aragon, Hugues d’, lord of Passy (sometimes and Rohan affair, 48–49, 54, 60, 62–64, 69, 74 “Daragon”), 114, 154n85 Alençon, duchy of, 17 Aragon, Jean d’, 140 Alexant, François, 105 architecture, 118, 145, 152–53 Aligret (parlementaire), 154 Aristotle, 164, 176 Allegre, Claude, 140 Armagnac, Louis d’, 173 Allemand dit Rey, Humbert, 202 Arme, Alessandro dall’, 125 Amadis de Gaule, 76 Arnay-le-Duc, battle of, 134 , 249 ars moriendi, 244–45 conspiracy of, 84–86, 105 Ascoli, 41 edict of, 119 Asti, 38, 82, 102n1 Ambronay, 106 Aubeterre, Antoinette d’, 99 Amiens, 99 Auch, diocese of, 115 Andelot, François d’, 118 Augsbourg, 173, 242n31 Androuet du Cerceau, Jacques, 118–19, 153 Augustins, Quai des, 154 Anet, 52 Auvergne, 161 Angeville, Christophe d’ (aka Daugeville), Avalos d’Aquino, Francesco Ferdinando, marquis 155n86, 201 de Pescara, 38–40, 94, 230n62 Angoulême, duchy of, 16–17 Avignon, 19, 180–81 Anjou, duchy of, 17

275 276 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

Bachet, Jean, 205 Bonnivet, admiral de, 76n124 Bachet, Pierre, 205 Bonvisi (banking family), 114, 143 Bacheville (husband of Françoise de Rohan?), 68 Boucher, Jacqueline, 76–77, 152, 253 Baker, Joanne, 123 Boucher, Pasquier, 51, 61n65 Balbani (banking family), 114, 143 Bouchet, Pierre Maillard, baron du, 81, 86, Balland, Guillaume, 205 106–8, 138n37, 160, 196n39, 242 Balthezard, Claude, 201 and Geneva, 215, 220–23, 229, 231n66 Baptendier, Claude, 201 Boulainvilliers, Philippe de, 153 Baptendier, Paul, 201 Boulogne, siege of, 31 Baptendier, Pierre, 201 Bourbon, Antoine de, duke of Vendôme and then Barberis, Walter, 28, 138n36, 163n26 king of Navarre, 30–31, 85, 118, 150n73 Barcelonnette, 20 and Rohan affair, 48–49, 52, 60–65, 73 Barge, Fleury, 51–54, 61n65 Bourbon, Antoine de, lieutenant-general of Barricades, Day of the, 141 France, 87–90, 93 bastards, 161, 232 (see also Rohan, Henri de; Bourbon, Antoinette de, 100, 144 Savoie, Jacques de, prior of Talloires; Bourbon, Charles, cardinal of, 32, 117 Savoie, René de; Savoie, Rosa Maria de; Bourbon, Henri IV, king of Navarre and of France, Savoie, Amédée de; Savoie-Nemours, 121n57, 179, 255n8 Jacques de: illegitimate son) Bourbon, house of, 19, 74, 85, 87, 164 Bay, Henry, 205 court, 1n1 Béarn, 112 Charles III, duke of Bourton, 9n23 Beaufort, 22, 105, 109n17, 201–2 conflict with other families, 29, 73, 184 Beaujolais, 224 dynastic polity, 17n63 Beaune, 133 Bourbon, Louis I de, prince de Condé, 87n31, 89, Beik, William, 188 118, 148, 252n1 Bellegarde, Claude de, lord of Montagny, 201 marriage of, 24 Bellerive, 220 military activity of, 30, 38, 85, 95, 129–31 Bély, Lucien, 10 prisoner of Emanuel Filibert, 42 Bernard, Charles, 204n59, Bourbon, Louis, duke of Montpensier, 129, Bern, 20, 29, 103, 117, 126, 164 136n32, 145–46 and conflicts over Geneva, 129, 220, 222, 225, Bourbon-Vendôme, Elizabeth, 250 226, 227n53, 255n8 Bourdillon, Imbert de la Platière, maréchal de, 83, Berrot, Antoine, 198n50 90, 92, 94 Berry, duchy of, 16–18, 133, 172 Bourdin (judge), 65–66 Besançon, 197 Bourg-en-Bresse, 95, 105, 106n8, 159, 198n50, Bienvenu, lord of, 223 199n54, 205–6, 233n74 Binel, Gabrielle, lady of Coué, 48, 51–55, 57–58 Bourges, 65n84, 172, 181n92, Birago, Carlo, 128, 138, 138n36, 166 Bourquin, Laurent, 8 Birago, Giorgio, 138n36 Braille, Aime, 201 Birago, Ludovico, 128, 138n36 Braille, Jean, 201 Birago, Renato, 106, 128n3, 138n36, 253 Brancaccio, Giulio, 81, 96, 132, 253 Bisque, Angela de, 76 Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, abbot and lord Blockmans, Wim, 188 of, 44n1, 137, 173 Blois, 48, 52, 53, 55, 75n121, 135, 249, 253 on Anne d’Este, 120 Bohanan, Donna, 9n21 descriptions of Jacques, 2–3, 38–39, 75, 90, Boldù, Andrea, 27–28 150, 241 Bolliers, Gaspard de, lord of Manes, 39n50 on members of house of Savoy, 11n36, 103–4, , 71, 125, 147n64, 171 247–49 Boltanski, Ariane, 190 source for Mme. de Lafayette, 1 Bon, Augustin de, 150 Bray-sur-Seine, 22n79 Bonmercati, Girard, 114 Bresse, 20–21, 102n1, 106, 138, 199n54, 204–7, Bonne, 140n44 210n67 277 Index

Brittany, duchy of, 16n61, 17, 48, 53, 121, 171 Cecil, William, lord Burghley, 241 Bretagne, Parlement of, 69 Cerdon, 22n79, 107–9, 138, 208, 247n52 Brissac, Charles de Cossé, of, 32–40, 75–76, , Garcilasco di, count of Ormea, 158 81–84, 129–30, 134, 171 Chabeu, François de, lord of Feillens, 205 Brisson, Barnabé, 69 Chablais, 20, 22, 23, 117, 138, 209n64 Brittany, Anne of, 95, 135 Chabod, Federico, 9 Brosse, Jean de, 153 Challant, house of, 80 Brou, 171 Chalmazel, lord of, 243 Brussels, 81 Chalon, house of, 19 Bugey, 20, 21, 21n79, 102n1, 106, 107, 179, Châlons-sur-Marne (diocese), 45 206–7 Chambard, Benoît, 205 Bulferetti, Luigi, 27 Chambéry, 160, 211, 213, 223 Burckhardt, Jacob, 3, 5 capital of Savoy, 20, 30, 103, 171, 186, Burgundy, 23, 94–95, 130–32 216–20 as apanage, 16n61 officials from, 105, 108n16, 109, 142, 191–98, duke of, 173 204–8 as “in-between” zone, 19 Parlement of, 24–25, 50n20, 191, 194, 200, Jacques’ lands in, 22n79, 237, 247n52 204–8, 218n19 Parlement of, 105 , 196n39 Buysat, Jean, 151n75 Champagne, 9, 23, 96, 129, 141, 154, 227 Champier, Claude, lord of la Bâtie, 29 Calais, 86 Chantilly, 77, 128, 129, 154 Calvin, John, 219–20 Chapman, Sara, 139n41 Cambrai, 171 Charansonnay, Georges de, 209n62 Canaye, Jacques, 106 Charny, 22n79 Capris, Stefano, lord of Altessano, 236 Chartres, 16, 130, 135, 136 Caracciolo, house of, 142 Châtelet, Oléry du, 47 Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, Pope Paul IV, 39n50, 40 Châtellerault, duchy of, 17, 133 Caraffa, house of, 39n50 Châtillon, Gaspard de, admiral Coligny, 97, 100, Carcassonne, 171 118 , 167n42 Châtillon, Odet, cardinal of, 97, 100, 118 Carnavalet, 136n32 Châtillon-sur-Loing, 48, 53 Carpi, Girolamo da, 152 Chaumont, 109 Carroll, Stuart, 48n14, 63n72 Chauneau, 140 on affinities, 27n1, 140n44, 189 Chavannes, lord of (deceased prior to 1567), on Anne d’Este, 86n25, 112n25, 119 204n59 on dynastic interests, 6n11 Chazey, 22n79, 107, 122, 215, 234, 242, 247n52 on Guise religious position, 123–24 Chevrier, Humbert, 205 on Guise wealth and prestige, 11n34, 112, 252 Chevron, Monsieur de, 201 on intradynastic relations, 5n9, 12–13, 14n47 , 82 on Jacques, 90n35 Chivasso, 82 Carronier, Thomas, 205 Classé, lord of, 39n50 Casale, 171 Clefs, Humbert des, 201 Castagna, Bernardo, 198n46 Clefs, Philibert des, 201 Castelnau, Michel de, 86n25, 118 Clefs, Philippe des, 201 Castile, 189 Clément, Jacques, 250 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 14, 61, 80–81, 94, Clermont, 109, 202 102, 163 Clèves, house of, 1, 112, 113, 173, 174 Cavet, Etienne, 205 Clez/Cloz, lord of, 205 Cavriana, Anne, 141 clientele networks, 184, 187–90, 210–12 Caylus, 184 Clisson, hôtel de, 154 Cecil, Robert, count of Salisbury, 241 clothes, 52–54, 83, 100, 146–51 278 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics coats of arms, 47, 68, 151, 244 Dauphiné, 19, 20, 37, 94–97, 105, 122, 140, 166 Cognac, 117 Davet, Jacques, 140 Cologne, Solomon of, 243 Davies, Joan, 146n60 Colonna, Vittoria, 172 Davis, Natalie, 112 Combault, Robert de, 130, 141 Dean, Trevor, 189 Comtat Venaissin, 19 Delbene (banking family), 114, 134n24 Constant, Jean-Marie, 8 , Girolamo, bishop of Toulon, then Constantin, Etienne, 195, 195–96n38, 201 archbishop of Turin, 42, 62, 164, 245–46 Constantin, Pierre, 201 Della Rovere, Guidobaldo II, duke of Urbino, 13 Cordier, Marc, 196n39 Denise (servant of Catherine de Médici), 90 Cornillon, 196n38 Des Portes, Guillaume, 105, 203n58, 204n59, Cornillon, Jacques de, 109n17 207, 216n14, 231n66 Coué, Antoine de, 51 Devilla, Barthelemy, 151n75 Coué, Esmard, lord of, 51 Devilla, Humbert, 151n75 court Devos, Roger, 28 anticourt rhetoric, 32n15, 73–74, 247, 253 Dewald, Jonathan, 10, 77 ceremonies and precedence, 10, 156, 173–75, Dijon, 114, 141, 171, 221n34 181, 184 doctors/healers, 41, 54, 55–57, 236, 241, 243 non-royal, 18; apanage courts, 17, 21, 200; Dourdan, 22n79, 112n25 of Ferrara, 125, 239; of Lorraine, Du Crest, François, 207 122n62; of Renée de France, 118, Du Crest, lord, 161–63 121; Savoyard, 31–32, 103, 126, Ducrest, 207 148n67, 170–71, 235–36, 248; duels, 38–40 viceregal, 190 Dufour, Claude, 208 court of France Dufour, Guillaume, 205, 208 and Anne d’Este, 119, 158, 233, 237, 249 Dugué, Estienne, 49, 55 between 1559 and 1562, 80–81, 83–87, Dugué, Jean, 50n20 89–93 Dugué, Julien, 50n20 during 1540s/50s, 29–32, 34–35, 37, 40n52 Duhamelle, Christophe, 27n1 and Jacques, 2, 25, 99, 102–3, 138–42, Duilly, lord of, 47 150–55, 161 Duindam, Jeroen, 10, 10n31, 11n34 and Jacques as dynastic envoy, 163–68, 228 Dumesnil. See Mesnil and the Guise, 14, 122, 124 Dumesnil, 140 and Philippe de Savoie, 22–23 Dupuy, Hugon, 105 and the Rohan affair, 46–65, 73–77 dynasties under Charles IX, 106–7, 116–17, 128–29, and clientele networks, 15, 210–12 131–33, 135–36 competition between, 29–31, 60, 63–64, under Henry III, 153–54, 178–81, 183–85, 239–40 249, 252–53, 245–55 Guise as political actors, 63, 252 Coyffier (général), 82 honor and prestige of, 11–12, 68–69, 102–27, Coysia, Antoine de, 205 110n23, 143, 228–29, 252 Cracow, 180 honor shared among branches, 175–76 Cramer, Lucien, 224 and marriage, 47, 60–61, 65–66, 158, 170 Crassus, François, 205 as political actors, 2–6, 9–10 45, 59, 127, 156, Crema, 152 175, 255 Croisent, François, 140 relations between brothers, 13–14 Cusy, 214 relations between cadet and elder lines, 4–5, Cyrus, 145 14–15, 79, 158–63, 168–69, 191–92, 229–31 Dadiaceto (banking family), 114 relations between fathers and sons, 13 Dammartin, 116 relations between members, 13–15, 146n60, 156–63, 181–82, 235–36, 252 279 Index

relations between various branches, 9–10, 138, religious position of, 118–19, 121 233, 248–49 reputation of, 119–20, 249–50 transnational culture of, 138–39, 144–45 sister of Alfonso II and Luigi, 33, 37, 126 women’s roles within, 12, 14, 64, 100–101, Este, Ercole II d’, 42, 118 139–40, 158, 162–63 Este, Filippo d’, 125n75 See also Savoy, house of: relation between Este, Francesco d’, 138 Jacques and Emanuel Filibert Este, house of, 67n90, 110n23, 148, 152, 167 influence in Rome, 142 Ecosse, 225 marriage talks with, 38, 41, 60–61, 239 Ecouen, 129 Este, Ippolito d’, cardinal of Ferrara, 154, 198n47 Edwards, Kathryn, 15, 18, 19 Este, Lucrezia d’, 37–38, 41–42, 50, 52, 56, elites 59–60, 63 fragmentation on the regional level, 208–12 Este, Luigi d’, cardinal, 142, 169, 217, 239, 243 of official/clients, simultaneous service by, 86, at French court, 40n52 141, 189, 203n58, 210–11 friendship with Jacques, 75n121, 125–26, political role, historiography, 187–90, 209n62 236–37 , 61, 86, 163, 171, 226 ennoblement, 17n65, 107, 109, 187, 206, 232 families Entraguet, 184 and honor, 12, 30, 35, 38, 63–64, 69, 72–73 Entremont, abbey of, 240 and individual identity, 3–4, 23, 35, 38, 156, Epinac, Pierre d’, archbishp of Lyon, 253 175–78, 252–55 Erasmus, 241 and politics, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 28, 138, 158 Este, Alfonso II d’, prince and then duke of Fer- as protagonists, 2, 4–6, 10, 138–39, 156 (see rara, 33, 87, 142, 169, 246, 253n2 also dynasties: as political actors) friendship with Jacques, 41n56, 92, 121, Fangon, Pierre de, baron of Chavannes, 206 125–26, 130–31, 239–40, 242–43 , 20, 140n44, 142, 149, 220 Este, Anne d’, 44n1, 86n25, 111, 137, 196n39, estates in, 36, 81, 193 249–50 as part of apanage, 22, 24–25, 105, 107–10, biographical details of, 116–22, 128–30, 133, 192n24, 194n31, 201–2 179–80, 240 Faure/Favre, Philibert, 206 care for the sick, 133, 182, 243–46 Fauzone (family), 239 children with Jacques, 67, 128, 133, 247n52 Faverges, 162, 206 courtship with Jacques, 65 Febvre, Lucien, 197 and death of Jacques, 243–46 Fere, Gilles, 140 diplomatic role of, 164–67, 175, 221n34, 233 Ferrante, Lucia, 71 heiress of Renée de France, 135–36, 169, 181 Ferrara, 4, 41–42, 87, 139, 147n64, 180, 245 household of, 142–43, 146, 148–50 and Este court, 125, 127 marriage with François de Guise, 31, 67n90, Jewish community in, 242–43 100, 116, 119, 122–23 Renée de France and, 14, 95, 118 marriage with Jacques, 67, 139, 151–52, 158, Ferry, André, 150 240 Fichtner, Paula, 12n41 as mediator between Jacques and Emanuel Fieschi, house of, 142 Filibert, 216, 227 Flandrin, Jacques, 206 as mediator and legal activities of, 68, 96, Flandrin, Jean-Louis, 47 139–41, 161, 179, 215 Florence, 171 polemicist, 100, 120, 250 Foix, Gaston de, 173 position at French court, 152, 183, 237, 249, Foix-Navarre-Albret, house of, 112–13 253–54 Fontaine le Chastel, 22n79 as princess of Cleves, 1 Fontainebleau, 37, 48, 53, 139, 154, 166 property and finances of, 22n79, 110, food, 147–49, 214 112n25, 114–16, 143, 153–54 Forcrand, Jacques, 206 relations with Guises, 123–25 Forez, 105, 161 280 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

Fornier, Jacques, 208n61 polycentric structure of, 186–87, 191–93, , Treaty of, 94–95, 180 196, 210 Foyssia, Claude, 206 privileges of, 21–22, 24, 103–10, 160, 175, France 192, 222, 229–33 administration of transalpine Savoyard lands, taxes, 104, 108–10, 232–33 23–26, 191, 204–8 Genevois, county, then duchy of, 107, 177n77 as political and cultural model, 145 Genevois and Faucigny, estates assemblies, 36, clergy of, 115 81, 193 court of (see court: of France) Genoa, 80, 142, 158 court of, and the Rohan affair, 45, 49, 55–56, Gex, 117 62, 64–65, 73 Ghislieri, Michele, Pope Pius V, 220–21 Estates-General, 85, 140n44 gifts, 33, 52, 81, 112, 125, 146–47, 224, 239n19, provincial governors, 99–100, 122, 139 244, 247 royal council, 32, 62, 67, 129 Gigli, Gio Paolo, 134 Frankfort, 114 Giovanelli, Joseph, 243 Franquelin, Claude, 140 Giraud, Antoine, 203n58, 204n59, 216, 223 , Ottavio, 125 Gisors, county of, 17, 135 , 23, 114, 219n24, 222, 228 Giustiniani, Angelo, bishop of Geneva, 142, 221 friendship, masculine, 75n121, 92, 103–4, 125 Glasgow, archbishop of, 226 Frigo, Daniela, 9, 18, 212 Gomez, Ruy, 163n23 Fugger (family), 242n31 Gonard, Estienne, 206 Furjod, Etienne/Thivent, 220n29 Gondi (banking family), 114 Gonzaga, Ferrante, 32 , 117 Gonzaga, Guglielmo, duke of , 126, 180, Gargan de Morette, Jacques, 201 239 Gargano, Francesco, 147n64 Gonzaga, house of, 9n23, 148, 152, 170, 174, 239 Garino Canina, Attilio, 148n67 Gonzaga, Isabella, 38n45 Genaud, François, 206, 208 Gonzaga-Nevers, Charles de, 190, 205 Geneva, 20–23, 29, 63, 103, 107, 138, 171, 199, Gonzaga-Nevers, Ludovic de, 145, 190, 205 255n8 Gordans, 162, 215, 238n17, 247n52 diocese of, 21, 36, 142, 221 Gordes, Bertrand Raimbaud de Simiane, baron Jacques’ claims on, 221–22, 228–29, 233n74 of, 130, 223, 242 projects for attacking city, 93, 138n37, Gottlieb, Béatrice, 45 212–13, 219–30, 238 gout, 241. See also Savoie-Nemours, Jacques de: Genève, Prosper de, 229n61 gout Genevois, 20, 92, 208–9, 215 Granier, Bernardin, lord of Feisson, 155n86, Genevois apanage, 2, 7, 16, 18–26, 102–4, 127, 201–2 178–80, 186–212 Granier, Claude de, bishop of Geneva, 142 borders and geopolitics of, 21–23, 103, 107, Gratien, 45 138, 213–14, 230–31 Grenoble, 31n10, 204n59, 218n19 Chambre des comptes of, 109, 186, 191, 193, Grisons, 42 200–208 , lord of, 216 conflicts with other jurisdictions, 24, 194, Gruyères, 222 214–15 Guerin de la Bastie, François, 95 Conseil of, 150, 186, 191, 193, 200–208, 214, Guicciardini, Francesco, 110n23 218, 230–31 Guirod, Claude Janus, 201 inhabitants and elites of, 103, 109, 142, 185, Guirod, Pierre, 201 186–212 Guise, Charles de, cardinal of Lorraine, 83, 117, officials in, 193–94, 200–208, 210–12 129, 137, 165 political autonomy of, 7, 104–5, 108, 185, , and Council of Trent, 45 186–212, 233 relations with family members, 14, 30, 90n35, 121n56, 123n64, 154n84 281 Index

relations with Jacques, 37, 122, 124, 131 and Dutch revolt, 128, 213 and Rohan affair, 49, 55–58, 63, 67 French politics and, 89–91, 164 on royal council, 32 mistress of, 65n84 Guise, Charles de, duke of Mayenne, 237, 249 and peace with France, 80–83 Guise, Charles, marquis d’Elbœuf, 163 Habsburg, Rudolf II, 12 Guise, Claude de, duke of Aumale, 30, 32, 34–35, Hanley, Sarah, 65–66 38, 40, 42, 48, 129, 132–33 Hanover, house of, 12–13 Guise, Claude, duke of, 30 Harding, Robert, 184, 187–88 Guise, François, duke of Aumale and then duke of Herman, Arthur, 11n35 Guise, 40, 61n67, 81, 83, 118–19 Herrain/Herbin, 97–98 assassination of, 65, 100, 117 Holy , 9, 19, 22, 30, 173–74, 233n74 children of, 115–16, 249 Holy Shroud, 170–71 at court (1559–63), 85, 89 horses, 33, 81, 146, 147n64, 152, 180 and Habsburg-Valois wars, 30, 40, 42, 141 Huizinga, Johan, 11n35 relations with family members, 14, 63 relations with Jacques, 37–38, 47, 63, 93, 122 Ivoy, 33 as royal governor, 35–36n31, 96–97 , 82, 214 Guise, Henri de, prince of Joinville and then duke of Guise, 77, 133, 180–82, 224–27, 248–49, 254 Jackson, Richard, 184 income of, 112 jeu de paume, 52 and kidnapping plot, 90 jewels, 110, 150–51, 171 relations with Jacques, 90n35, 128 Jews, 242–43 Guise, hôtel de, 130, 154 Jouanna, Arlette, 112, 139, 144 Guise, house of, 93, 139, 166, 173, 184, 190, 252 Joyeuse, duke of, 248 conflict with the Bourbons, 63, 87 Juge, Pierre, 206 Diane de Poitiers and, 119 Jura, 20, 138 influence on Francis II, 85 Italy and, 40, 152 Kamen, Henry, 10 Paris residences of, 100 Kettering, Sharon, 14n51, 19n71, 112, 188 Guise, Louis, cardinal of (brother of François, duke of Guise), 30, 92, 117, 128 La Balme, lord of, 35n31 Guise, Louis, cardinal of (brother of Henri de -Montrevel, François de, 206 Guise), 249 La Chambre, Charles de, baron of Sermoye, 206 Guise, René, marquis d’Elbœuf, 30, 40 La Charité, 133 Guzmán, Magdalena de, 69 La Clayette, lord of, 243 La Ferrière, Hector de, 44n1, 51, 58, 62, 132n15 Habsburg, Catalina Miachaela, 240 La Garnache, 69, 225 Habsburg, Charles V, 13, 22, 31–32, 34, 37, 152, La , 133 158–59, 171–72, 236n5, 241 La Marck, house of, 61n67, 139 Habsburg, Elizabeth, 150 La Marck (marshal), 32 Habsburg, Ferdinand, 13, 93 La Nocle, Jacques de La Fin, lord of, 183, 185 Habsburg, house of, 12, 16n61, 19, 138, 187–90, La Noué, 56 211 La Palud, Marie de, 209n63 conflict with Valois, 31, 91 La Renaudie, 85 court, 80, 138 La Rive, François de, 207 in Tyrol, 19 La Roche-l’Abeille, 133 Habsburg, Margaret of Austria, 12 , 69, 131 Habsburg, Maximilian II, , La Rue (client of Jacques), 130 126, 232 La Tournette, 167–68 Habsburg, Philip II, king of , 93–94, 172, La Vernée, Mlle. de, 150, 178 221, 226, 227n53, 233n73, 240–41 Lafayette, Mme. de, 1, 2 282 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

L’Allée, Ayme de, 201 house of, different branches, 85, 114, 122–23, L’Allée, François de, lord of La Tournette, 108n17, 127, 252 197n45, 198–99, 201 interests in Italy, 40n52 L’Allée, Humbert de, 195, 198n52, 202 relations with Bern, 226 L’Allée, Pierre Louis de, 202 sovereignty of, 30–31 Lambert, Jacques, 204n59 Lorraine, Louise de, 29, 122n62, 162–63, 167, Lambert, Pierre, bishop of , 126 181 Languedoc, 19, 30, 94, 180 Lorraine, Marguerite de, 248 Lanzo, 32, 228 Lorraine, Nicolas de, duke of Mercœur and count Laon, hôtel de, 122, 154 of Vaudémont, 33, 34n24, 48, 162, 181, Larchier, Michel, 140 248 Lausanne, Treaty of, 117, 164, 220 financial ties to Jacques, 86, 114, 143–44 Le Cirier, Antoine, bishop of Avranches, 140n44 marriage to Jeanne de Savoie, 29, 37, 47, 51, Le Cirier, François, 140n44, 144 81 Le Cirier, Guillaume, lord of Neufschelles/ Lorraine, René, duke of, 30 Neuchelles, 140n44 Lotharingia, 18–19 Le Cirier, Jean, 140n44 Louvre, 46, 57, 83, 100, 154, 254 Le Coignet/Coigneix, 140 Lucca, 134 Le Court, 141 Lucian, 241 Le Fevre, Antoine, 199n54, 206 Lussey, dame de, 236 Le Mort, Jean, 124n71, 202, 204n59 Luxembourg-Martigues, Sébastien, viscount of, Le Mort, Philibert, 124n71, 202 80, 162, 180 Le Normand, Guillaume, 141 Lyobard, René, lord of Chastellard, 105, 109, 206 Le Puy, 246 Lyon, 4, 106, 119, 132n15, 168n47, 180, 230n62 Le Roux, Nicolas, 129n7 archbishopric of, 61n65, 66–67, 78, 116, legitimacy, 103, 170, 186 198, 253 Legrand, Perrine, 51, 69n100 bankers of, 114, 131, 143, 253 Lescheraine, Joseph-Marie de, 1 fortifications in, 128 Lesfelle, François, lord of Guébriand, 69 geography of, 20, 107 L’Estoile, Pierre de, 124, 185 Italian wars and, 40 L’Hôpital, Michel de, 152 Jacques’ connections in, 139, 199, 204n59 Lignerolles, Philibert Le Voyer, lord of, 92, 136n32, merchants in, 209n64 141 public finance in, 221n34, 253 Lingotto, 236 Soubise and, 34n24, 83 Lipp, Charles, 10n33 Lyonnais Livarot, 184 first war of religion in, 93–101, 141 Loches, lord of, 142 government of, 31, 64, 67n90, 116, 138n36, , 133 161, 178 Lombardy, 190 later wars of religion in, 129, 131, 134, 143, Longjumeau, Treaty of, 130 224 Longueville, Eléonore Françoise de, 24 Longueville, Léonor de, 24 Machard, Louis, lord of Chassey, 202 Longueville, Louis I, duke of, count ofNeuchâtel, Machet, Louis, 202 24 Mâcon, 221n34 Longueville, Louis II, duke of, 24 Mączak, Antoni, 18n67 Lorraine, Charles III, duke of, 33, 83, 233, Major, J. R., 188–89 239–40 Malta, order of, 142, 239 Lorraine, Christine de, 233, 240, 248 Manrique de Vargas y Valencia, Jorge, also Vargas, Lorraine 221, 226 duchy of, 9, 10n33, 16, 19, 22, 34, 89–90, 92, Mantua, 9n23, 38n45, 120, 126, 147n64, 180, 239 130, 198n46, 227, 241 Marest, Claude, 114 house of, 12–14, 67n90, 139, 148, 173, 239 Margotti, Giovanni Francesco, 125 283 Index

Mariéjol, Jean-H., 9n23 Mondovì, 228 Marot, Clément, 118 Mondovì, bishop of, 239 marriage money, 21, 167, 213, 227, 230 clandestine, 44–48, 53, 59, 65, 70–71, 74 Monstrebellay, 22n79 honorable, 47, 55, 59–60, 63, 78 Montafia, lady of, 236 royal decree on, 47 Montargis, seigniory of, 17, 135–36 simulated, 45, 69–70 Montargis, town of, 118–19, 121, 125, 139, 181, marriage/sexuality, and community, 70–72 183, 215 Martin, Guillaume, 141 Montbard, 22n79 Martin, Jean, lord of La Court, 202 Montbrison, 95 Maugiron, 184 Montchenu, Mario, 29 Maurienne, 20, 102n1, 126 Montegal, Mons de, 153 Meaux, 129, 136–37, 154–55 , 178, 239 Medici, Cosimo de’, 241 Montfort, Louis Oddinet, baron of, later count Medici, Cosimo de’, grand-duke of Tuscany, of Montréal, 108, 114, 151n75, 198n46, 71n110, 77–78, 98n65 206–7, 220 Medici, Ferdinando I, grand-duke of Tuscany, 248 as envoy to Emanual Filibert, 142, 161, Medici, Giovanni Angelo de’, Pope Pius IV, 66, 93, 172–74, 197n42, 229 Medici, house of, 94, 148, 158, 170 as president of Chambre des compte of Savoy, Order of Saint Stephen, 254 108n16, 196n39 Medici, Piero de’, 241 service to Jacques, 208, 214n7, 223 Médicis, Catherine de, 84, 116–17, 131, 134–36, Montgomery, Gabriel de, 84 164–65, 174 Montholon/Monthelon, 140n44, 179 Anne d’Este and, 121, 156–58, 161 Montmélian, 198n51, 206 Genevoise apanage negotiations, 107 Montmorency, Anne de, 24, 83, 93, 129, 158 guardian of Charles IX, 87, 89–93, 96, 99 and Habsburg-Valois wars, 29, 33–34, 38, 42 household of, 38 and Rohan affair, 46, 49, 55, 57, 64 Italy and, 40, 119, 248 Montmorency, François de, 46–47 Margaret, duchess of Savoy, and, 173 Montmorency, Guillaume de, lord of Thoré, 175 political motherhood, 14 Montmorency, house of, 15, 29, 110, 115, 156n1, relations with Jacques, 180–92, 239, 242 175, 252 and Rohan affair, 49–50, 52, 55–60, 62–64, Montmorency-Damville, Henri de, 40n51, 77, 93, 67 123n67, 134, 136n32, 225 Meilleret, Claude Janus, 202 as governor of Languedoc, 30 melancholy, 145n58 military service of, 34–35 Meleager, 155 Montpensier, Jacqueline de Longwy, duchess of, Mesmes-Malassise, Henri de, 136n32 49, 89 Mesnage, Joachin, 150 Montréal, Georges de Mouxy, count of, 134, 167, Mesnil, 37 254 Metz, 33–34, 48, 132, 152, 225 Montrevel, countess of, 210n67 Mignon, Collège de, 184 Montville, 22n79 Milan, 31, 33, 38, 94, 147n64 Morata, Olympia, 119 Milles, Jean, 200n55 Moretta, Obertino Solaro, lord of, 34, 86 Milliet, Louis, lord of Faverges, 138n37, 198, Morgan, Victor, 188 206, 242 Moulins, edict of, 1566, 17n65, 117 Milort, 39n50 Mousnier, Roland, 188 Modena, 121, 147n64, 175 Moyron, Jehan de, 199n53 Mollenauer, Lyn, 57n58 Mugnier, Jean, 206 , 82, 160, 236–37 Munns, Jessica, 14, 250n57 Moncalvo, 38 music, 171 Monceaux, 67, 129 Muzio, Girolamo, 233n72 Moncontour, battle of, 133 284 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

Nancy, 34, 37, 48, 122n62, 139, 179, 190, Orléans-Longueville, Charlotte de, duchess of 226–27 Nemours, 22, 24–25, 29, 199n53, 201–2 Nanteuil, 22n79, 92, 139, 165, 174 Orléans-Longueville, house of, 140n44, 175n66, Guises and, 116, 153 247n52 royal court at, 89, 128–29, 153n83, 154 Orsino, Troylo, 254 Nantua, 198n47, 208n61 Osasco, Ottaviano, 105 Naples, 8n16, 40–42, 142, 189n14, 190 Osborne, Toby, 11, 12 Nassau, house of, 19 Osorio, Isabel, 65n84 Nassiet, Michel, 9 Negro, Filippo di, 198n46 Pacquellet de Moyron, François, 199, 203n58 Nemours, duchy of, 21–22, 23 Padua, 243 Nemours, hôtel de, 154 Papon, Jean, 105 Nemours, town of, 118–19 Paré, Ambroise, 55, 57, 241 neo-Stoicism, 177–78, 241 Paris, 83–84, 119, 121–22, 134, 137, 178–79, Netherlands, 17, 31, 79, 187n3, 188, 226, 227n53 190, 247 Neuchâtel, county of, 24, 36 customs of, 135 Neuschel, Kristen, 14n51, 146n60, 188–89, 209 episcopal court in, 49, 61 Nevers-Clèves, house of, 112, 113, 173, 174 Parlement of, 65, 67, 139, 218, 253 , 20, 31, 86, 102n1, 105, 148n67, 171, 240 Parthenay, Catherine de, 69 nobility, 253 Pascal, Arturo, 138n36 and the court, 32 Pascal, Colette, 125–27, 138n36, 145, 193n26, disputes and competition during war, 34–37 194, 217–18 and feudal ties, 7, 8, 9 Paschal, Claude, lord of Valentier, 218n19 finances, 36, 110–12 Pasquier, Estienne, 140n44, 141, 179 foreign, 9n23, 85, 144–45, 158 Pasquier, Marc Antoine, 204n59 generational differences, 13 Pastey, Benigne, 114, 143, 154n85 and honor, 11, 29, 68, 85–86, 194–95 patrie, 163 malcontents, 88 patronage, 4, 142, 187–90, 210–12 political role, 8, 9, 27–29 Pau, 49, 54 Savoyard, historiography, 27–28 Pavia, battle of, 22 and sexuality, 69, 75–77 Peace of Monsieur, 183 social distinction, 151n75, 169, 184, 190, Peccais, salt of, 221n34, 226 194, 218–19 Pelard, Claude, 202, 209n65 violence, 77, 141, 144, 184, 252, 254 Pelard, George, 202 women, 12, 14 Pelard, Guillaume, 202 younger brothers, 9n23, 12–15, 158; military Pelard, Henri, lord of Noyret, 109, 202 actions of, 14 Pelard, Jacques, 202 youth, 32 Pelletier du Mans, Jacques, 69 Nogent, 22n79, 109n17, 182 perjury, 45–46, 59 Normandy, 22n79, 50n20, 242 Pernoct, Claude, 207 Perraton, Jean, 207–8 Obrecht, George, 132n15 Perrillat, Laurent, 194n31, 200n55, 201n57, 203, Olivier (chancellor), 86 204nn58–59, 218n19 Orange, prince of, 131 Petit, Vincent, 67 Orange, town of, 19 Petit-St. Bernard pass, 214 Oresko, Robert, 14, 171 Petrarch, 241 Orlandin, Marie, 218n19 , 147n64 Orlando, Ermanno, 70 Picardy, 99, 171, 196, 252 Orléans, duchy of, 17 Picot, Jehan, 49 Orléans, Jean d’, count of Dunois, 173 Piedmont, 36, 48, 52, 96, 168–69n47, 215, 227, Orléans, Louis d’, 173 235–50 Orléans, town of, 62, 97, 171 principality of, 102n1 285 Index

restitution of 1559–62, 82–84, 86–88, 90, Regard, Gallois de, bishop of Bagnorea, 142, 144, 94, 180 152, 240 Senate of, 198n49 Regnard, Florentin, 50, 55 Piennes, Charles de, 46 religion Piennes, Jeanne de, 46, 74, 140 Catholic, 95, 118, 121, 132n15, 231n67, 246 Pillet, 208 Catholic army in France, 68, 100 Pillet, Pierre, 151n75, 208 Catholic cantons in Swiss Confederation, , 20, 82, 94, 141, 180 222–23, 228 Pinerolo, monastery of Santa Maria, 130n8 Catholic Church on marriage, 45 Pingon, Emanuel Filibert de, 208 Catholic League, 141, 182–83, 250 Piochet, Amé, lord of Salins, 207 Catholic party in France, 14, 63, 84, 93n46, plague and poisoning, 108n16, 193, 196n39, 213, 123–24, 136, 141 216, 220n29, 247 international Catholic union, 93 Plombières, 129 Reform and Jacques, 118–19, 121n56, 124 Pobel, Catherin, 202, 208 Reform in Lyonnais, 116 Poencet, Claude, 202 Reform, and religious war, 93–95, 97, Poencet, Nicolas, 202 129–33, 137, 141, 166 Poencet, Pierre, 202 Reformed, 117, 179, 183–84, 224 Poggio (banking family), 114 Reformed cantons in Swiss Confederation, Poggio, Gaspare di, 144 20, 23 Poisat (brothers), 216 Reformed French nobles, 30, 36n32, 62–63, Poitiers, Diane de, 30, 40, 49, 55–57, 83, 119 83, 85 Poitou, 99, 133 Renom, Claude de, 21n76 Poland, 179, 217 Renty, 37 political formations Rey, Jean, 202 non-state, 2–4, 18–19, 27, 186–212, 251 Ribadeneira, Pedro, 12 and polycentrism, 4, 6, 18, 186–87, 190–91, Ribérac, 184 196–97, 210, 251 Richards, Penny, 14, 250n57 Poltrot de Méré, 97, 100 Riley, Philip, 57n58 Poncin, 21n79, 107–9, 138, 167n42, 208, 213, Ripailles, 223 247n52 Robertet, Florimond, lord of Alluye, 128, 131, 154 Pont de Beauvoisin, 224 Jacques’ ally at court, 95–97, 99, 125, 148 , Beatrice of, duchess of Savoy, 22, 31 as royal secretary, 47, 64, 89, 139–40 Portugal, Crown of, 166 Rocheret, Jean de, 109n17 Portugal, Isabel de, 31 Rohan, Anne de, 74 Possevino, Antonio, 38–39, 71 Rohan, Françoise de, 38, 44–78, 84 Possevino, Giovanni Battista, 38–39, 71, 73, 103, duchess of Loudun, 68 172, 176 in historiography, 44, 51n26 Press, Volker, 191 pregnancy, 48–49, 51, 55–58, 64 Primaticcio, 152 and the Reform, 62–63 Provana, house of, 80 testimony against Jacques, 44 Provana di Leynì, Andrea, 164, 225 witnesses, 51–55, 58–59, 61 Provence, 19, 94 youth, 48, 51 Provins, 22n79, 112n25 Rohan, Henri de, 49, 54, 62, 63, 68 Rohan, house of, 48, 62, 69 Rafael (Jewish doctor from Ferrara), 243 Rohan, Jacqueline de, marquess of Rothelin, 36, Ramus, Pierre, 69 130 Rangone (family), 121 Rohan, René de (brother of Françoise), 62, 69 Rangone, Palavicino, 175 Rohan, René de (father of Françoise), 48 rape, 71 Rome, 46, 66, 125, 171, 239 regalian rights, 11, 216, 230 Jacques’ mission to, 32, 51 286 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

Rome, continued Savoie-Nemours, Charles Emanuel de, 128, 155, Jacques’ ties in, 4, 75n121, 126–27, 139, 142, 161, 176, 215, 245–50 152, 237 apanagiste and dynastic obligations, 174, , county of, 20, 23, 222 239–40 Rondin (almoner), 153n83 Savoie-Nemours, Henri de, marquis of St. Sorlin, Rothstein, Marian, 76 115, 169, 179, 240, 245, 248, 250 Rousselet, Guillaume, 150 Savoie-Nemours, Jacques and Anne, duke and Rowlands, Guy, 9, 10 duchess of the Genevois, 67, 118, 120 Ruble, Alfonse de, 44n1, 49, 51, 63, 92n43, 133 court of, 146–50, 178–79 Rubod, Bartholomé, 209n66 finances of, 110–18, 133, 135–36, 147–48 Ruffin, Jean, 207 at French court, 133, 136, 139–40, 143, 154, Ruggiero, Guido, 70–73 166–67, 181 Parisian officials of, 139–41, 179 Sacconay, commander of, 142 residences of, 122, 128, 139, 150–55, 163–64, Salcedo, Nicolas, 114, 143 182, 215 Salerno, Ferdinand of Sanseverino, prince of, 40 ties with Italy, 125–26, 138, 142, 151–52, Sallenôves, 217 253–54 Salmon, John, 8–9n21 Savoie-Nemours, Jacques de Salon (doctor), 54, 56–57 and Amboise conspiracy, 85–86 salt gabelle, 106n8, 108–9, 148n67, 202, 205–6, and Antoine de Bourbon, 56, 60, 61n67, 232 62–64, 73, 88–89, 164 Salteur, Jacques, 207 as apanagiste, 101, 175–76, 178, 181–82, 222, saltpeter, 194n33, 213, 216, 220n28, 231 228–33, 238 , marquisate of, 22, 167n42, 171, 221n34, birth, youth, and kinship, 23–24, 31 233 and competitions, 38–40, 52, 83 French possession, 94, 96, 128, 138n36 conflicts with apanage institutions, 195 Jacques and, 126, 166–67 conflicts with Savoyard institutions, 109, Sánchez, Magdalena, 12 126–27, 145, 160, 175, 191–94, 213, Santhià, 82 216–18 Sarrazin, Yves, 154 as courtier, 80, 103, 107, 136, 144–50, 155, 185 Saumur, 112n25, 114 critics of, 84, 90–92, 130, 133 Savigliano, 82, 94, 121, 180 death of, 243–47 Savoia, Don Amedeo di, 166, 238n16 diplomatic activity of, 93–94, 117, 161, Savoia, Don Filippo di, 238n16 163–68, 181–82, 238–39 Savoia, Rosa Maria di, 125n75 dynastic obligations of, 159–61, 168, 170–78, Savoia-Collegno, Antonio Maria di, 125n75 185, 218, 229, 238, 248–49, 252–53 Savoia-, Bernardino di, 237 and Elizabeth of England, 61, 86–87, 163–64 Savoia-Racconigi branch of the dynasty, 161n16 expenses of, 145–51 Savoie, Amé de, 11n36 as financial intermediary, 114–15, 143–44, 166 Savoie, estates assembly of, 30, 197, 206–7 financial resources of, 36, 55, 105–7, 110–16, Savoie, Henriette de, 237 143–44 Savoie, Jacques de (prior of Talloires and proto- and Françoise de Rohan, 38, 44–78, 97, 116, notary of Savoy), 36, 116, 130n8, 162 124 Savoie, Jeanne de (sister of Jacques), 24, 51, 81, and Geneva, 219–29 143, 181 gout, 129–30, 133–34, 136, 145n58, 179, marriage to Vaudèmont, 29, 37, 47, 122, 162 236, 241–43, 253 Savoie, Louise de, 22 as governor of Lyon, 4, 64, 96–97, 99–100, Savoie, Madeleine de, 23, 29–30, 49, 55, 57 116, 128–29, 131, 133–34, 161, 178 Savoie, Philibert de, 171 and the Guise, 61, 63, 97, 100, 122–25 Savoie, Philiberte de, 22–23 heir, 36, 60, 62, 81, 102, 105–6, 160, 168–69 Savoie, René de, 23, 215 illegitimate son of, 240 and kidnapping plot, 89–93, 141, 163 287 Index

and Lucrezia d’Este, 37–38, 41, 50, 56, 59, death of, 234 60, 63 defender of Jacques, 66, 92 malcontent at the French court, 88–89, 131, diplomacy, of 172, 220, 222–23, 228 135, 166, 183 and Geneva, 93, 138, 219–29 marriage with Anne d’Este (see Este, Anne d’: marriage of, 62, 83–84 marriage with Jacques) military exploits of, 32n15, 79 as member of the royal council, 4, 32, 62, 121, policy toward nobility, 38 129–30, 137, 165–66 position in dynasty, 22–23 military activity in 1540s/50s, 31–34, 37–43, relations with Catherine de Médicis, 90, 92–94 63, 79–80 relations with Charles IX, 129 as military leader, 4, 94–103, 129–34, reputation and resources of, 82, 113, 171–72, 137–38, 145, 242–43 233 officials and servants of, 141–42, 195, 203, in service of Charles V, 31, 37, 42 210–12 and transalpine institutions, 25, 160, 191–93, and passage of Spanish troops, 213–14, 216–17 197–98 pensioners of, 146, 149 Savoy, house of, 19–20, 60, 66, 99, 100, 151, 173, 252 political ideas of, 31–32, 84, 176–78 court of, 125, 148n67, 172, 190 as political intermediary, 4, 125 disagreements between Jacques and Emanuel political position of, 104, 138–39, 142 Filibert, 17n65, 105–7, 135, 139, religious position of, 119, 121, 123–24 159–61, 165, 213–34 reputation of, 32–33, 80, 96, 99, 155, 218, in European politics, 20, 22–23, 31, 43, 246–47 80–82, 93, 116, 164 reputation and Amboise conspiracy, 86 Order of the Annonciade, 176 reputation in Italy, 41–42 Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 166, 231 reputation in literature, 2–3 prestige of, 4, 31, 78, 79, 87, 136, 156–85 reputaton and military experience, 107, 136 relations between Charles Emanuel de Savoie- reputation and Rohan affair, 44, 57, 75, 77–78 Nemours and Charles Emanuel of sense of self, 4, 39, 100, 251, 254–55 Savoy, 248 sexual exploits of, 75, 92, 97 relations between Jacques and Charles witnesses for, 55–59, 61 Emanuel of Savoy, 235, 240 Savoie-Nemours, Marguerite de, 133, 179 relations between Jacques and Emanuel Savoie-Nemours, Marie Jeanne-Baptiste de, 1–2, Filibert, 34, 103–4, 133, 194, 241–42; 250 and clients, 141–42; (1559–63), Savoie-Nemours, Philippe de, 21–24, 173 86–89, 93, 99; and peace of Cateau- Savoie-, Honoré de, 138 Cambrésis, 80–81; and Rohan affair, Savoie-Tende, Renée de, dame d’Urfé, 159, 162 61, 64, 68; shared dynastic interests, Savoie-Villars, Honorat/Honoré de, 21n76, 135, 4–6, 10–11n33, 25, 116, 127, 156–85, 162, 215, 237 252–53 Savoy, Amadeus VIII, duke of, 21, 170 subjects of, 27–28, 38, 167, 231 Savoy, Chambre des comptes of, 108–9, 191–98, territories of, 19–20, 80, 89, 97, 106, 117, 222 138, 158 internal divisions in, 198–200 various branches of the dynasty, 125n75, 135, Savoy, Charles Emanuel I, duke of, 101, 147, 164, 138, 159, 161–62, 237 166–68, 233–34, 237–38, 245, 255 Savoy, Senate of, 126–27, 217–18, 225 Savoy, Charles Emanuel II, duke of, 250 Genevois apanage and, 107–8, 160, 175, 191, Savoy, Charles III, duke of, 20, 22, 24, 29, 31–32, 194–98, 214–15 37, 155 , house of, 158–59, 173 Savoy, Emanuel Filibert, duke of, 38n45, 110, Saxony, Johann-Friedrich of, 158 147, 152–58, 181, 249, 255 Saxony, Maurice of, 158 annual revenues of, 113 Schalk, Ellery, 144 and apanage of the Genevois, 17n65, 102–10, Schomberg, Gaspard de, 116, 184 186 288 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics

Scrivia, 41 marquisate of, 115, 169, 178, 192, 240, 247n52, Semur-en-Auxois, 22n79 248 Seneca, 241 Stango, Cristina, 148n67 Sens, archbishop of, 61 state Sertini, Louis, 114, 141, 144, 150n73 centralization, 3–4 Seurre, 22n79 and marriage policy of noble houses, 31, sexuality, 69–77 59–61, 65–66, 68, 78 and deception, 70 Ste. Jullie, 22n79, 247n52 from a female perspective, 71–73, 76–77 Stuart and honor, 70–74 house of, 12, 13 and magic, 70–71 Mary, queen of France and of Scotland, 61, Seyssel, 214, 224 63, 84, 99, 120 Seyssel, Jean de, marquis of La Chambre, 207 Stumpo, Enrico, 28 Shannon, Silvia, 63 Susa, toll of, 198n46, 206 Simiane, Bertrand-Raimbaud de, lord of Moncha, Swiss cantons, 149, 206–7 39n50 Bern, 23, 172, 219–22, 225–26, 229–30n62 Simond, 194n31 mercenaries, 40, 131, 137 Simons, Patricia, 13 social centralization, 187 Tabouet, Raymond, 207 Soleure, 219n24, 222 Talloires, 36, 151n75, 162 Sospel, 20 Tanaro, 41 Soubise, Jean de Parthenay-Larchevêque, lord of, Tarentaise, 20, 102n1, 209n66, 210n67 34n24, 69, 83, 95–99 Tavannes, Gaspard de, 95, 97, 129n7, 133 sovereignty, 102, 110n23, 161, 177n77, 185–87, taxes, local, during wartime, 36 222, 252–55 Telle, Emile, 74 dynasties and, 2–3, 7, 30–31, 60, 80, 136, 156 Tende, county of, 162, 167 monarchs and rulers, 78, 112, 139, 192n22, Termes, Paul de, 38, 40, 167n42 248–49 Terni, Bertolino, 152 nonstate forms of, 6, 8n16, 22–25, 210–12 Ternier, 117, 196n39 relations within sovereign families, 16–19, 79, Thérouanne, 46 146, 168, 181, 196, 229–33 Thionville, 37 sovereign-noble relations, 10–12, 35, 47, 138, Thompson, I. A. A., 189 176–77, 189 Tillet, Jean du, 16n60, 85 symbols of, 104, 107n12, 173, 216–20 Toledo, Fadrique de, marquis of Coria, 69 violations of, 226, 235 Tornabuoni, Niccolò, 230n62 Spain, 80, 82, 87, 89, 91, 170, 213, 219, 226, 240, Törnes, Olivier de, 226 245 Toul, 132, 225 passage of armies, 138, 213–14, 216–17, 232 Toulouse, 134 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 122, 179 Touraine, duchy of, 17, 65n84 St. Chamond (lieutenant of Jacques), 132, 243 Tournelles, 83–84 St. Denis, battle of, 129–30, 138 Trent, Council of, 45–46, 70 St. Genis, 224 Trissino, 53n37 St. Germain-en-Laye, 54, 55, 119 Troillet, lord of, 224 Treaty of, 134 Troyes, 45, 141 St. Jeoire, 162 Tudor, Elizabeth, queen of England, 61, 86–87, St. Lary, Roger de, marshal of Bellegarde, 166, 163–64 167n42, 225 Tuileries, 129 St. Maur-des-Fossés, 67 Turin, 98n65, 119, 147n64, 248 St. Pierre d’Albigny, 214 capital of Piedmont, 103, 165, 169, 198n49, St. Quentin, 42, 171 227–28, 230, 235–38 St. Rambert, abbot of, 2 court of, 1, 104, 125n75, 139, 167n42, St. Sorlin, 22n79, 138 170–72, 180 289 Index

French occupation of, 32, 40, 76, 82 Valois, Marguerite d’Angoulême, queen of Tyrol, 19 Navarre, 48 Valois, Marguerite de, queen of Navarre and of Vache, Antoine de, lord of La Chise, 202 France, 179 , 23 Valois, Marie-Elizabeth de, 179 Valence, François de, 208 Valois, Renée de, duchess of Ferrara (aka Renée Valence, Jean-Bapiste de, 195, 200n55, 203n58, 208 de France), 63n75, 95, 179, 181 Valenza, 40 marriage to duke of Ferrara, 14, 118 Valléry, 48 possessions of, 17, 169 Valois, Charles d’Orléans, 17 relations with Anne d’Este, 40n52, 118–19, Valois, Charles IX, king of France, 129–32, 121, 149 134–37, 150–55, 167, 183, 253 relations with Jacques, 121–24, 135–36 house of Savoy and, 173 Valperga, Amedeo, count of Masino, 38 minority of, 84–85, 87, 89 Valromey, 20, 102n1 relations with Jacques and Anne, 100, 110, Van Nierop, Henk, 187n3 115–17, 143, 178–80 Vargas Mexia, Juan de, 226 and Rohan affair, 66–68 Vassé, Antoine de, 39n50 Valois, Diane de France, daughter of Henry II, 46 , lands of, 20, 23, 138 Valois, Elizabeth, queen of Spain, 83 Vauluisant, abbey of, 23 Valois, Francis I, king of France, 22–25, 29, 173, Veillet, Charles, 207 191 Veneto, 70, 72 Valois, Francis II, king of France, 61–63, 85–86, , 8n16, 152, 171, 180, 239, 243 164 Ventabreu, 77 age of majority, 84–85 , 31, 32, 82, 171, 237 Valois, François de, duke of Alençon and then Verdun, 225 Anjou, 17–18, 117, 178–79, 181–82, 184, Verneuil, 22n79, 75n121, 139, 185, 215, 233, 254 226, 228 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau and, 118, Valois, Henry II, king of France, 30–32, 34, 36, 153–54 40, 42, 46, 49, 52, 55. 57, 60–61, 80–82, purchase of, 144 93, 119, 168, 173, 253, 255 royal court and, 150, 154 death of, 83–84, 252 Versoris, Pierre, 100, 140n44, 141, 179 Valois, Henry III, duke of Orléans, then Anjou, Vesalius, 84 then king of France, 117, 141–42, 158, Vetus, Jean, 114, 140n44, 141, 144 161, 180–85, 239 Vieilleville, François de Scepeaux, lord of, 30, court of, 178, 252–55 32–33, 47, 81, 85–86, 98, 152 and diplomacy, 222, 225–56 Vienna, 19, 180 as duke of Anjou, 67, 129, 132–34 Vienne, 95, 98, 247 as duke of Orléans, 89–93, 163 Viète, François, 69, 95–99 marriage to Louise de Lorraine, 167 Vignorry, count and countess of, 154n84 plots against, 114, 249–50 Villanova d’Asti, 82 relations with Jacques and Anne, 115, 150, Villars, Boyvin de, 32–35, 38–40, 75–77, 171, 172 153, 175, 217 Villars, county of, 21n76 relations with younger brothe François, 13 Villars, lord of, 224 and Rohan affair, 68–69 Ville, Gaspard de, 207 Valois, house of, 31, 40, 99, 151, 170, 252 Villers-Cotterets, 80 Order of St. Michel, 152 Viry, Marin, baron of, 142 Valois, Louis XII, king of France, 135, 249 Visconti, Valentina, 173 Valois, Margaret of France, duchess of Savoy, 91, Volpiano, 38 101, 106, 133, 164, 172–75, 180 at French court, 17, 49, 55–57 , 20, 166, 224 marriage of, 62, 80–81, 83–84 war during the 1550s, 27–43, 137, 152 290 Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics war, continued Xenophon, 73, 145 and epidemics, 42 finances, 36, 94–96, 99, 131–32 see( also Yenne, 224 nobility, finances; Savoie-Nemours, Yvry, 247 Jacques de: finances) stratagems, 96–98 Swiss or German mercenaries, 40, 131–32, Zweibrücken, duke of, 131–33 137, 182 troop numbers, 33, 137, 224 war of 1589, 255n8 wars of religion first, 93–101 second, 126, 129–30, 137–38 third, 126, 131–35 fourth, 179 fifth, 179–80, 182 Watteville, Girard de, 198n46 Wood, James, 99n68, 135