Habent sua fata libelli Early Modern Studies Series General Editor Michael Wolfe St. John’s University Editorial Board of Early Modern Studies Elaine Beilin Raymond A. Mentzer Framingham State College University of Iowa Christopher Celenza Charles G. Nauert Johns Hopkins University University of Missouri, Emeritus Barbara B. Diefendorf Max Reinhart Boston University University of Georgia Paula Findlen Robert V. Schnucker Stanford University Truman State University, Emeritus Scott H. Hendrix Nicholas Terpstra Princeton Theological Seminary University of Toronto Jane Campbell Hutchison Margo Todd University of Wisconsin– Madison University of Pennsylvania Mary B. McKinley James Tracy University of Virginia University of Minnesota Merry Wiesner- Hanks University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Jacques de Savoie-Nemours 1531–1585 Matthew Vester Early Modern Studies 9 Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri Copyright © 2012 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: L’Apanage du Genevois au coeur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siècle original edition published by Droz, CH-1206 Geneva, copyright 2008 by Librairie Droz SA. All rights reserved. Cover art: Anonymous, Detail from Portrait of Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Nemours (1531– 1585), 16th century. Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. Photo courtesy of Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY. Cover design: Teresa Wheeler Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Vester, Matthew A. (Matthew Allen) Renaissance dynasticism and apanage politics : Jacques de Savoie-Nemours, 1531–1585 / Matthew Vester. p. cm. — (Early modern studies series ; 8) Originally published in French (translated from the English text) as: Jacques de Savoie-Nemours. Genève : Droz, 2008. (Cahiers d’humanisme et Renaissance ; v. 85) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61248-071-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61248-073-2 (ebook) 1. Savoie-Nemours, Jacques de, duc du Genevois, 1531–1585. 2. Savoy (France and Italy)—History— 16th century. 3. Piedmont (Italy)—History—16th century. 4. Savoy (France and Italy)—Foreign relations—France. 5. France—Foreign relations—Savoy (France and Italy) I. Title. DG618.4.V48 2012 944'.585028092—dc23 2012011875 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher. The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48– 1992. Contents Maps, Portraits, and Figures vi Acknowledgments vii 1. Dynasties and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe 1 2. Violence and Honor: Jacques de Savoie in the Service of Henry II, 1546– 1558 27 3. Honor, Sexuality, and Marriage in the Françoise de Rohan Scandal 44 4. Treaties, Tragedy, Tumults, and the First War of Religion, 1558– 1563 79 5. The Apanage of the Genevois and Its New Duchess, 1564– 1566 102 6. Renaissance Warrior and Courtier, ca. 1566– 1570 128 7. Dynastic Prestige, A Self- Regulating Mechanism: Dynastic Relations among Members of the House of Savoy 156 8. Local Political Autonomy in the Apanage of the Genevois 186 9. Conflicts of the Late 1570s 213 10. Piedmontese Postlude 235 Conclusion 251 Bibliography 257 Index 275 Maps, Portraits, and Figures Simplified Genealogy of Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Genevois- Nemours xii Maps Map 1: The Savoyard States, ca. 1559 ix Map 2: The Apanage of the Genevois, 1571 x Map 3: The European Networks of the Savoie- Nemours xi Portraits Anne d’Este, by François Clouet 111 Emanuel Filibert, Duke of Savoy, by G. Vighi 157 Figures Figure 1. Genevois- Nemours income, 1568– 71 113 Figure 2. Purchasers of rentes constituées by social group, 1568– 71 115 Figure 3. Ties of Jacques and Anne to French magistrates and legal personnel 140 Figure 4. Genevois- Nemours financial brokerage, 1556– 80 143 Figure 5. Spending by category, 1568– 71 147 Figure 6. Pensioners by social category, 1568– 71 149 Figure 7. Monetary totals of pensions by social category, 1571 149 Figure 8. Genevois officials before and after the restoration 201 Figure 9. Savoyard officials before and after the restoration 205 Figure 10. French occupation officials recruited into the Genevois after 1559 207 Figure 11. “Things that belong to the sovereign lord…,” 1578 232 vi Acknowledgments I thank the history department and the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University for helping to subsidize the English version of this book. I am grateful to a number of people who helped me to develop and clarify my ideas (since this project began twenty years ago) and who assisted me both intel- lectually and practically: Geoffrey Symcox, Kate Norberg, Jean- Laurent Rosen- thal, David Sabean, Sam Gilbert, Mark Potter, Robert Oresko, David Parrott, Laurent Perrillat, Pier Paolo Merlin, Claudio Rosso, and Erik Midelfort. Others read or listened to portions of this research, and I thank them for their precious comments and suggestions: Jonathan Dewald, John Marino, Edward Muir, Pen- ny Richards, participants in the UCLA European History Colloquium, members of the Mid- Atlantic Renaissance and Reformation Society (in particular Sharon Kettering), and the Pittsburgh Area Early Modern Group (especially Renate Blumenfeld- Kosinski, Neal Galpern, Jack Crotty, and Jotham Parsons). Among the archivists and librarians whose help was fundamental for this project, I would like to recognize Marco Carassi, Anna Marsaglia, Maria Paola Niccoli, and Federica Paglieri (at the Archivio di Stato di Torino). I also thank members of the staff at the Archives départementales de Savoie who introduced me to those wonderful Savoyard delicacies, les diots and la gnolle. I would not have been able to write this book without the crucial assistance of the interlibrary loan departments at UCLA, Southern Illinois University– Carbondale, and West Virginia University. A variety of expenses associated with the research and writing of this book were underwritten by Rotary International (in particular, the club Grenoble- Drac- Romanche), by the history departments at UCLA and West Virginia Uni- versity, and by the West Virginia University Faculty Senate. Revisions to the text were completed while I was a Fellow at Villa I Tatti (the Harvard Univer- sity Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Florence). The Ministero per i Beni vii viii Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics e le Attività Culturali (Soprintendenza del Piemonte) assisted in authorizing the reproduction of G. Vighi’s portrait of Emanuel Filibert. I am grateful for the interest and abundant patience of Michael Wolfe and Nancy Rediger at Truman State in bringing out this English version, which has benefited significantly from Michael’s suggestions. I owe debts of gratitude to a number of friends, some of whom I have known for a long time and others for shorter periods. In both cases their humanity and kindness was a great encouragement: Ken Fones- Wolf, Jason Parker, Sandy Bald- win, Kirk Haas, Briane Turley, Jean- Claude and Edith Grimaud, Claudia Sardella, the Annequin family (of Les Yvrouds, St. Sulpice), and Mme. Dominique Bérard (of Lyon and Grésy- s- Aix). Others welcomed us during research trips: Françoise and Massimo Bellini, Marie- Antoinette Grimaud, Dora Magnin, Lucy Nairac, Clothilde Schneider, and Jean- Olivier Schneider and Dianne Van der Vorst. Finally, I thank my parents and my sister for their constant support. I owe more to Annastella than I am able to say, and more to our children, Charlotte and Ben, than they realize. Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics ix Map 1: The Savoyard States, ca. 1559 x Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Map 2: The Apanage of the Genevois, 1571 of the Genevois, 2: The Apanage Map Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics xi Map 3: The European Networks of the Savoie-Nemours xii Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics Simplified Genealogy of Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Genevois-Nemours Duke Savoie, de Jacques Genealogy of Simplified Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics xiii Chapter One Dynasties and Political Culture in Renaissance Europe Jacques de Savoie, duke of Genevois- Nemours (1531– 85), was one of the most brilliant courtiers and military leaders in Renaissance Europe. Madame de Lafay- ette’s celebration of his gallantry in her anonymously publishedLa Princesse de Clèves (1678) suggests that his reputation far outlasted his own lifetime. Liter- ary historian Émile Magne posited that the novel’s depiction of the princess and prince of Clèves represented Anne d’Este (1531–1607) and François de Guise (1519– 63). Jacques was said to be “Anne’s lover, a role paralleled by his position [in the novel] with respect to the princess of Clèves.” This parallel was perhaps inspired by Lafayette’s reading of Brantôme’s memoirs, published in Leyden in 1665/66.1 The last male member of the Nemours line, Henri de Savoie, had died in 1659, and his eldest niece was Marie Jeanne- Baptiste de Savoie- Nemours, who married Duke Charles Emanuel II of Savoy in 1674.2 Following the publication of her book, Lafayette “revived, slowly and carefully, a relationship that she had long before established with Her Most Serene Highness, Jeanne- Marie- Baptiste de Savoie- Nemours, duchess of Savoy, also called ‘Madame Royale.’” According to Magne, Lafayette aimed to serve as