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Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants

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Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 25 · Annual Herbaceous Broadleaf Plants n Annual ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Asteraceae B A C D E F A. Plant on a bog. B. Cluster of male flowers. C. Female flowers in leaf axil. D. Compound leaf. E. Stem. F. Base of plant and root system. Both native and introduced in U.S. states; native for Canada. Annual plant. Blooms in summer-fall. Botanical description: leaves are simple, opposite (usually towards the base) or alternate, irregularly toothed and deeply lobed. Leaves can also be pinnately compound. Older leaves tend to be hairless; younger leaves usually have hairy undersides. Upright, hairy, branching stems are 8 to 40” (20 to 100 cm) tall. Male flowers (parts indistinguishable) are yellow and grouped in clusters (racemes) at the top of the stem and the tips of the branches; female flowers (parts indistinguishable) are greenish, inconspicuous and located in the leaf axils. Distinctive features: seed have extended longevity in the soil. Note: ragweed pollen is a significant allergen in late summer. Favorable growing conditions: grows well in moist and clay-type soils where the pH is between 6 and 7. It grows well in locations with direct sunlight. Prevention and suppression: hand-weed plants prior to seed formation. Clean bog edges. Maintain a healthy canopy of cranberry vines. Keep soil pH low. Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 27 · H I G J K L G. Mature plant. H. Young plant. I. Seedling with 4 leaves, opposite. J. Seedling with 2 leaves, with first leaves rounded. K. Plants, top view. L. Infestation. · 28 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants nn Nodding beggartick Bidens cernua Asteraceae A D B C E A. Plants in the field. B. Hairs on stem and base of leaves. C. Leaf. D. Flowers. E. Opposite leaves. Native to all regions; not reported in NL. Annual plant. Blooms in summer. Botanical description: opposite, simple, long leaves (1.5 to 7.8”; 4 to 20 cm) have toothed margins; leaves are sessile (no petiole). Upright stems are 12 to 30” (30 to 80 cm) tall, often reddish, and covered with long rigid hairs. Yellow flowers (parts indistinguishable) with a brownish yellow cen- ter, are 1.5 to 2” (4 to 5 cm) in diameter, usually with 8 petals (sometimes without petals); green narrow leaf-like bracts are beneath flowers. First leaves (cotyledons) are long. Distinctive features: at maturity, flower clusters are droopy or nodding. Favorable growing conditions: well-adapted to moist environments. They are often found in ditches along fields. This plant will colonize different soil types including organic soil. Prevention and suppression: prevent seed formation and hand-weed young plants. Keep bog edges and irrigation canals clean. Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 29 · F G H I J F-G. Seedlings. H. Older seedling with root. I. Plants at edge of field. J. Infestation. · 30 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants n Devil’s beggartick Bidens frondosa Asteraceae B C A D E A. Plant at the onset of flowering. B. Flower. C. Leaf. D. Young plant. E. Whole plant with roots. Native to all U.S. states; introduced to all Canadian provinces. Annual plant. Blooms in summer-fall. Botanical description: opposite, pinnately compound leaves, with 3 to 5 toothed, lanced-shaped leaflets. Erect, smooth stems are 24 to 40” (60 to 100 cm) tall. Flowers (parts indistinguishable) are surrounded by 5 to 10 green bracts that are longer than the petals. Petals are yellow-orange. Seed are flat with 2 barbed spines (hooks). Favorable growing conditions: well adapted to moist environments and tolerates dry areas as well. It will easily colonize different types of soil inclu- ding organic soils. Prevention and suppression: hand-weed before seed formation and clear bog edges and irrigation ditches. Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 31 · nn American burnweed Other common names: fireweed, pilewort — Erechtites hieraciifolius (=E. hieraciifolia) — Asteraceae B A C D E F A. Mature plant. B. Flower buds. C. Unopened buds and open flower with fine hairs. D. Plant in the field. E-F. Underside and top of leaf. Native to all growing regions; not reported in BC, NL. Annual plant. Blooms in summer-fall. Botanical description: oval, elongated, alternate, simple leaves with too- thed margins and undersides that are gray/green. Upright stems have few branches, 8 to 32” (20 to 80 cm) tall, and are usually covered with hairs. Flowers (parts indistinguishable) are whitish or greenish, clustered as cylin- drical buds at the top of the stem and in leaf axils. Fruit are brown seed with tufts of bright white hairs, produced in large numbers (many thousands), and easily dispersed by the wind. Cotyledons are oblong. Favorable growing conditions: grows well in dry sandy soils. It grows in disturbed and open, sunny locations. Prevention and suppression: prevent seed formation and hand-weed young plants. Keep edges and ditches clean. Maintain a healthy canopy of cranberry vines. · 32 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants G H I J K L G. Young plant in the bog. H-I-J. Young plants, seedlings. K. Infestation close-up. L. Infestation (note the presence of other woody plants). Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 33 · n Marsh cudweed Other common names: Low cudweed, catfoot, everlasting — Gnaphalium uliginosum — Asteraceae B A C D E F A. Plant on a bog. B. Flowers. C. Stem and petiole covered in hairs. D. Young plant on a bog. E. Seedling. F. Infestation. Introduced species to all regions. Annual or short-lived perennial plant. Blooms in summer. Botanical description: branches come out of the plant base, looking like a basket. Alternate leaves with entire margins are simple, without petioles, small, elongated (a bit enlarged on top), and densely covered with white hairs. Stems are generally less than 8” (20 cm) tall. Flowers (parts indistinguishable) are small, whitish or brownish and grouped in clusters at the tops of stems and in the leaf axils. Seedlings are rosettes; stems do not elongate in the early stages of growth. This plant propagates exclusively by seed. Favorable growing conditions: grows well in dry areas but can be found in moist locations. Often present in disturbed locations. Prevention and suppression: hand-weed plants at the start of summer. Main- tain a healthy cranberry canopy. · 34 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants n Jewelweed Impatiens capensis Balsaminaceae B A C D E A. Plant in field. B. Flower. C. Seed pod. D. Young plant on a bog. E. Stem cross- section and swollen node. Native to all growing regions. Annual plant. Blooms in summer. Botanical description: plant is entirely hairless. Leaves are alternate, simple, elliptical to oval, with coarsely toothed margins. Translucent stems are hollow, 20 to 40” (50 to 100 cm) tall. Orange flowers (irregular) are exten- sively speckled with red-brown, have a short inward-curved spur at the back, and dangle from a long stalk. Fruit is a plump, green pod containing 4 to 6 seeds. Seedlings appear only in the spring; cotyledons are approximately circular (orbicular), indented on their ends. Distinctive features: at maturity, fruit pods rupture at the slightest touch. Favorable growing conditions: grows well in moist, rich soil and shade. Prevention and suppression: hand-weed plants prior to seed formation. Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 35 · F G H I F. Stem, note red-orange tint. G. Plants on a bog. H. Seedling at the 2-leaf stage. I. Colony. · 36 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants n Corn spurry Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae A C B D A. Plant on the bog. B. Mature plant. C. Open seed pod . D. Seedling with linear first leaves. Introduced to all regions. Annual plant. Blooms in summer and fall. Botanical description: usually hairless but may be slightly hairy. Leaves are whorled in groups of 6 or more, simple, entire margins, mostly hairless, very narrow, up to 1.4” (3.5 cm) long. Upright branching stems, or occasio- nally without branches, are 4 to 16” (10 to 40 cm) tall. Small, white flowers (5 petals) and are at the ends of stems and in leaf axils. Fruit have 5 valves that contain a large number of very small seeds. Cotyledons are linear. Distinctive features: Corn spurry produces many seeds that will germinate the following spring; the new plants often produce a dense carpet of weeds. Favorable growing conditions: grows well in sandy, acidic soils, and sunny locations. Prevention and suppression: hand-weed bogs prior to seed formation. Maintain a healthy cranberry canopy. Use clean cuttings at planting time. Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants · 37 · E F G H E. Young plant on a bog. F. Whole young plant. G. Plants on a bog. H. Flowering colony around an irrigation head. · 38 · Annual Broadleaf Herbaceous Plants n Lambsquarters Other common names: goosefoot — Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae B A C D A. Plant in field. B. Flowering cluster. C. Leaf. D. Young plants. Both native and introduced for US and Canada. Annual plant. Blooms in summer. Botanical description: hairless plant. Leaves are alternate, simple, toothed, often rhombic to egg-shaped to lanceolate; new leaves often have a whitish coa- ting. Upright stems are 8 to 40” (20 to 100 cm) tall and often with maroon stripes. Numerous small, green, sessile flowers (parts indistinguishable) are produced in spikes grouped into a panicle at the end of the stems and in the leaf axils. Seed are very small, smooth, and black. Seed are produced in large quantities (many tens of thousands). Cotyledons are elongated. Favorable growing conditions: this plant easily adapts to all types of soil at most pH levels, growing best in high-nutrient soils (or compost) that are well drained. Prevention and suppression: prevent seed formation and hand-weed young plants. Maintain a healthy canopy of cranberry vines.
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