Male Reproductive System Review Male Body Terms Definitions

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Male Reproductive System Review Male Body Terms Definitions 1. Penis A. Either of two glands that produce sperm and testosterone 2. Urethra B. Tube through which urine or semen exits the body 3. Scrotum from the penis 4. Testicle C. Either of two tubes that allow sperm to pass from (testis) the testicles (testes) D. Organ that holds urine 5. Vas deferens E. Fold of skin over the head of the penis 6. Bladder* F. Opening from which feces leaves the body 7. Foreskin G. Organ used with urinating or for reproduction 8. Anus* H. External pouch that contains the testicles. * These are not part of the reproductive system. Male Reproductive System ANATOMY Review 5 1. Penis 6 2 2. Urethra 3. Scrotum 4. Testicle 1 (testis) 5. Vas deferens 7 6. Bladder* 7. Foreskin 8 4 8. Anus* 3 * These are not part of the reproductive system. Female Reproductive System Female Body Terms Definitions Review 1. Cervix A. Pear-shaped reproductive organ in which the baby grows and develops until birth 2. Vagina B. Either of two glands where egg cells and female sex 3. Vulva hormones are produced 4. Fallopian C. Narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina tube D. Either of two tubes through which an egg cell travels from an ovary to the uterus 5. Ovary E. Passage that leads from uterus to the outside of 6. Labia the body 7. Clitoris F. Organ that holds urine 8. Uterus G. Sensitive erectile organ at the top of the vulva 9. Anus* H. Tube through which urine leaves the body I. Folds of skin on either side of the vagina 10. Urethra* J. External genital area between a female’s legs 11. Bladder* K. Opening from which feces leaves the body * These are not part of the reproductive system. Female Reproductive System ANATOMY Review 1. Cervix 2. Vagina 5 3. Vulva 4 4. Fallopian tube 8 11 7 3 5. Ovary 1 6. Labia 7. Clitoris 8. Uterus 10 9. Anus* 2 6 10. Urethra* 9 11. Bladder* * These are not part of the reproductive system. OVULATION AND MENSTRUATION The ovum The lining of travels down the uterus the Fallopian continues to tube to the thicken. The An ovum uterus. It is fertilized egg The The (human fertilized by implants in menstrual menstrual The lining of egg cell) is a sperm the wall of flow begins flow begins. the uterus released cell in the the uterus again. The uterine begins to get from one of Fallopian and begins The uterine lining thins. thicker. the ovaries. tube. to develop. lining thins. OVULATION AND FERTILIZATION The lining of The ovum the uterus travels down continues to the Fallopian thicken. The The An ovum tube to the fertilized egg menstrual The The lining (human egg uterus. It is implants in flow does menstrual of the cell) is fertilized by a the wall of not appear; flow begins. uterus released sperm cell in the uterus embryo The uterine begins to from one of the Fallopian and begins continues to lining thins. get thicker. the ovaries. tube. to develop. develop. .

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Reference Sheet 1
MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum.
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Human Physiology/The Male Reproductive System 1 Human Physiology/The Male Reproductive System
Human Physiology/The male reproductive system 1 Human Physiology/The male reproductive system ← The endocrine system — Human Physiology — The female reproductive system → Homeostasis — Cells — Integumentary — Nervous — Senses — Muscular — Blood — Cardiovascular — Immune — Urinary — Respiratory — Gastrointestinal — Nutrition — Endocrine — Reproduction (male) — Reproduction (female) — Pregnancy — Genetics — Development — Answers Introduction In simple terms, reproduction is the process by which organisms create descendants. This miracle is a characteristic that all living things have in common and sets them apart from nonliving things. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, it is not essential to keeping an individual alive. In human reproduction, two kinds of sex cells or gametes are involved. Sperm, the male gamete, and an egg or ovum, the female gamete must meet in the female reproductive system to create a new individual. For reproduction to occur, both the female and male reproductive systems are essential. While both the female and male reproductive systems are involved with producing, nourishing and transporting either the egg or sperm, they are different in shape and structure. The male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis, while the female has reproductive organs entirely within the pelvis. The male reproductive system consists of the testes and a series of ducts and glands. Sperm are produced in the testes and are transported through the reproductive ducts. These ducts include the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra. The reproductive glands produce secretions that become part of semen, the fluid that is ejaculated from the urethra. These glands include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
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The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners
vol. 157, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2001 The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners Gregory S. Farley* and Don R. Levitan† Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 1996a, 1998b; Coma and Lasker 1997). The proposed mech- Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 anism generating this result is simply that larger egg targets are more likely to be struck by swimming sperm (Rothschild Submitted February 2, 2000; Accepted January 19, 2001 and Swann 1949, 1951; Vogel et al. 1982). This finding has generated the hypothesis that sperm availability can influ- ence the evolutionary trade-off between egg size and num- ber (Levitan 1993, 1996a, 1996b, 1998a, 1998b). However, abstract: Sperm limitation may be an important selective force the idea that fertilization kinetics might influence this trade- influencing gamete traits such as egg size. The relatively inexpensive off has been challenged because of the notion that extra- extracellular structures surrounding many marine invertebrate eggs might serve to enhance collision rates without the added cost of cellular structures or chemoattractants may increase sperm- increasing the egg cell. However, despite decades of research, the egg collisions yet may not represent as great a cost to effects of extracellular structures on fertilization have not been con- fecundity as the trade-off associated with increased egg size clusively documented. Here, using the sea urchin Lytechinus varie- (Podolsky and Strathmann 1996; Styan 1998). These con- gatus, we remove jelly coats from eggs, and we quantify sperm col- tradictory ideas have not been resolved because data de- lisions to eggs with jelly coats, eggs without jelly coats, and inert tailing the influence of extracellular materials on fertilization plastic beads.
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Fertilization Selection on Egg and Jelly-Coat Size in the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus
Evolution, 55(12), 2001, pp. 2479±2483 FERTILIZATION SELECTION ON EGG AND JELLY-COAT SIZE IN THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS DON R. LEVITAN1,2 AND STACEY D. IRVINE2 1Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 2Bam®eld Marine Station, Bam®eld, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada Abstract. Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm- egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a selection experiment. We used a cross-sectional analysis of correlated characters to estimate the selection gradients on egg and jelly-coat size in ®ve replicate male pairs of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Results indicated that eggs with larger cells and jelly coats were preferentially fertilized under sperm limitation in the laboratory. The selection gradients were an average of 922% steeper for egg than for jelly- coat size. The standardized selection gradients for egg and jelly-coat size were similar. Our results suggest that fertilization selection can act on both egg-cell and jelly-coat size but that an increase in egg-cell volume is much more likely to increase fertilization success than an equal change in jelly-coat volume. The strengths of the selection gradients were inversely related to the correlation of egg traits across replicate egg clutches. This result suggests the importance of replication in studies of selection of correlated characters.
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Male Reproductive System
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DR RAJARSHI ASH M.B.B.S.(CAL); D.O.(EYE) ; M.D.-PGT(2ND YEAR) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY CALCUTTA NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gonads – Two ovoid testes present in scrotal sac, out side the abdominal cavity B. Accessory sex organs - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands C. External genitalia – penis and scrotum ANATOMY OF MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Two principal cell types in seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Germ cell INTERACTION BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS AND SPERM BLOOD- TESTIS BARRIER • Blood – testis barrier protects germ cells in seminiferous tubules from harmful elements in blood. • The blood- testis barrier prevents entry of antigenic substances from the developing germ cells into circulation. • High local concentration of androgen, inositol, glutamic acid, aspartic acid can be maintained in the lumen of seminiferous tubule without difficulty. • Blood- testis barrier maintains higher osmolality of luminal content of seminiferous tubules. FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS 1.Germ cell development 2.Phagocytosis 3.Nourishment and growth of spermatids 4.Formation of tubular fluid 5.Support spermiation 6.FSH and testosterone sensitivity 7.Endocrine functions of sertoli cells i)Inhibin ii)Activin iii)Follistatin iv)MIS v)Estrogen 8.Sertoli cell secretes ‘Androgen binding protein’(ABP) and H-Y antigen. 9.Sertoli cell contributes formation of blood testis barrier. LEYDIG CELL • Leydig cells are present near the capillaries in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. • They are rich in mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum. • Leydig cells secrete testosterone,DHEA & Androstenedione. • The activity of leydig cell is different in different phases of life.
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The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Luteinizinghormones Hormone/Follicle-Stimulating Are Chemical Hormone Messengers
the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM LuteinizingHormones hormone/follicle-stimulating are chemical hormone messengers. (LH/FSH) They bind to specific target cells Crucial for sex cell production Growth hormone–releasingwith receptors, hormone regulate (GHRH) metabolism and the sleep cycle, and contribute Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Regulatesto thyroid-stimulating growth and hormone development. release The endocrine glands and organs secrete Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Regulatesthese to release hormones of adrenocorticotropin all over that is vitalthe to body. the production of cortisol (stress response hormone). The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells that serve as the central relay system between the nervous and endocrine systems. hypothalamus Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormones Luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) Crucial for sex cell production Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Regulates the release of adrenocorticotropin that’s vital to the production of cortisol 2 The hypothalamus translates the signals from the brain into hormones. From there, the hormones then travel to the pituitary gland. Located at the base of the brain inferior to the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland secretes endorphins, controls several other endocrine glands, and regulates the ovulation and menstrual cycles. pituitary gland 3 The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands by producing hormones that regulate bone and tissue growth in addition to playing a role in the absorption of nutrients and minerals. anterior lobe Prolactin Vital to activating milk production in new mothers Thyrotropin Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones vital to metabolic regulation Corticotropin Vital in stimulating the adrenal gland and the “fight-or-flight” response 4 The posterior lobe stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
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The Male Body
Fact Sheet The Male Body What is the male What is the epididymis? reproductive system? The epididymis is a thin highly coiled tube (duct) A man’s fertility and sexual characteristics depend that lies at the back of each testis and connects on the normal functioning of the male reproductive the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another system. A number of individual organs act single tube called the vas deferens. together to make up the male reproductive 1 system; some are visible, such as the penis and the 6 scrotum, whereas some are hidden within the body. The brain also has an important role in controlling 7 12 reproductive function. 2 8 1 11 What are the testes? 3 6 The testes (testis: singular) are a pair of egg 9 7 12 shaped glands that sit in the scrotum next to the 2 8 base of the penis on the outside of the body. In 4 10 11 adult men, each testis is normally between 15 and 3 35 mL in volume. The testes are needed for the 5 male reproductive system to function normally. 9 The testes have two related but separate roles: 4 10 • to make sperm 5 1 Bladder • to make testosterone. 2 Vas deferens The testes develop inside the abdomen in the 3 Urethra male fetus and then move down (descend) into the scrotum before or just after birth. The descent 4 Penis of the testes is important for fertility as a cooler 5 Scrotum temperature is needed to make sperm and for 16 BladderSeminal vesicle normal testicular function.
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Female Reproductive System Chapter 28
The Female Reproductive System Chapter 28 • Female Reproductive System Anatomy • Oogenesis and the Sexual Cycle – Ovarian Cycle – Menstrual Cycle Female Reproductive System Functions: • Produce female sex hormones and gametes • Provide nutrition for fetal development • Nourish the infant after birth The Uterus • Thick-walled, pear-shaped, muscular chamber opening into vagina. • Cervix is the rounded opening of the uterus. • Two uterine tubes (also called Fallopian tubes or oviducts) branch off the uterus and terminate near the ovaries. Uterine Tubes • Also called Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts • Open-ended, muscular tube lined with secretory cells and ciliated cells that sweep secretions and peritoneal fluid towards the uterus. • Uterine Tube Regions: – narrow isthmus near the uterus – middle portion is the ampulla – flared distally into infundibulum with fimbriae • Fertilization usually occurs in ampulla or isthmus Epithelium lining the uterine tube consists of ciliated cells, goblet cells and other secretory cells. Cilia move peritoneal fluid and uterine tube secretions towards the uterus. Cervix and Vagina normally have a stratified squamous epithelium Test developed by Dr. G.N. Papanicolaou can detect cervical cancer by identifying transformed squamous cells. normal PAP smear abnormal PAP smear Histology of the Uterus • Perimetrium is the external serosa layer • Myometrium is the middle muscular layer – 1 cm thick in nonpregnant uterus – composed of smooth muscle – produces labor contractions to expel fetus during childbirth • Endometrium – simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands – stratum functionalis is superficial layer that is shed with each menstrual cycle – stratum basalis is deeper layer that regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each menstrual cycle Ovary • Ovaries produce oocytes and female hormones.
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Anatomy and Physiology of a Bull's Reproductive Tract
Beef Cattle Handbook BCH-2010 Product of Extension Beef Cattle Resource Committee Reproductive Tract Anatomy and Physiology of the Bull E. J. Turman, Animal Science Department Oklahoma State University T. D. Rich, Animal Science Department Oklahoma State University The reproductive tract of the bull consists of the testicles normally and usually produces enough sperm so that and secondary sex organs, which transport the sperma- the male will be of near normal fertility. However, since tozoa from the testicle and eventually deposits them in this condition appears to have a hereditary basis, such the female reproductive tract. These organs are the epi- males should not be used for breeding. If both testicles didymis, vas deferens and penis, plus three accessory are retained, the male will be sterile. sex glands, the seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper’s Usually, hormone production is near normal in the gland. This basic anatomy is illustrated in figure 1 as a cryptorchid testicle and the male develops and behaves greatly simplified diagrammatic sketch. like a normal male. If the retained testicle is not The testicle has two very vital functions: (1) produc- removed at time of castration, the male will develop the ing the spermatozoa; and (2) producing the specific secondary sex characters of an uncastrated male. This male hormone, testosterone. The testicles are located operation is not as simple, nor as safe, as removing tes- outside of the body cavity in the scrotum. This is essen- ticles that are in the scrotum. Thus, it is recommended tial for normal sperm formation since this occurs only at to select against this trait by culling cryptorchid males.
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Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig.
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Anatomy and Physiology Male Reproductive System References
DEWI PUSPITA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REFERENCES . Tortora and Derrickson, 2006, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Medical Embryology Langeman, pdf. Moore and Persaud, The Developing Human (clinically oriented Embryologi), 8th edition, Saunders, Elsevier, . Van de Graff, Human anatomy, 6th ed, Mcgraw Hill, 2001,pdf . Van de Graff& Rhees,Shaum_s outline of human anatomy and physiology, Mcgraw Hill, 2001, pdf. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION SYSTEM? . Unlike other body systems, the reproductive system is not essential for the survival of the individual; it is, however, required for the survival of the species. The RS does not become functional until it is “turned on” at puberty by the actions of sex hormones sets the reproductive system apart. The male and female reproductive systems complement each other in their common purpose of producing offspring. THE TOPIC : . 1. Gamet Formation . 2. Primary and Secondary sex organ . 3. Male Reproductive system . 4. Female Reproductive system . 5. Female Hormonal Cycle GAMET FORMATION . Gamet or sex cells are the functional reproductive cells . Contain of haploid (23 chromosomes-single) . Fertilizationdiploid (23 paired chromosomes) . One out of the 23 pairs chromosomes is the determine sex sex chromosome X or Y . XXfemale, XYmale Gametogenesis Oocytes Gameto Spermatozoa genesis XY XX XX/XY MALE OR FEMALE....? Male Reproductive system . Introduction to the Male Reproductive System . Scrotum . Testes . Spermatic Ducts, Accessory Reproductive Glands,and the Urethra . Penis . Mechanisms of Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation The urogenital system . Functionally the urogenital system can be divided into two entirely different components: the urinary system and the genital system.
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Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21
Chapter 21 Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21 Sex is not absolutely necessary. Single-celled organisms can reproduce by sim- In This Chapter ple mitotic division, and many plants propagate vegetatively by forming multi- cellular offshoots that later detach from the parent. Likewise, in the animal king- OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL 1269 dom, a solitary multicellular Hydra can produce offspring by budding (Figure REPRODUCTION 21–1), and sea anemones and marine worms can split into two half-organisms, each of which then regenerates its missing half. There are even some lizard MEIOSIS 1272 species that consist only of females that reproduce without mating. Although such asexual reproduction is simple and direct, it gives rise to offspring that are PRIMORDIAL GERM 1282 genetically identical to their parent. Sexual reproduction, by contrast, mixes the CELLS AND SEX DETERMINATION IN genomes from two individuals to produce offspring that differ genetically from MAMMALS one another and from both parents. This mode of reproduction apparently has great advantages, as the vast majority of plants and animals have adopted it. EGGS 1287 Even many procaryotes and eucaryotes that normally reproduce asexually engage in occasional bouts of genetic exchange, thereby producing offspring SPERM 1292 with new combinations of genes. This chapter describes the cellular machinery of sexual reproduction. Before discussing in detail how the machinery works, FERTILIZATION 1297 however, we will briefly consider what sexual reproduction involves and what its benefits might be. OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction occurs in diploid organisms, in which each cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
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