Raphael Free

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Raphael Free FREE RAPHAEL PDF Christof Thoenes | 96 pages | 01 Jul 2016 | Taschen GmbH | 9783836532426 | English | Cologne, Germany Raphael | Biography, Artworks, & Facts | Britannica Alive for only 37 prolific and passionate years, Raphael blazed a comet's trail of painting throughout Raphael apex of the Italian High Renaissance. His true lust for life translated onto the Raphael where his skill in presenting the Rennaissance Humanist era's ideals of beauty was breathtakingly new. He is, alongside Leonardo Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo, considered an equal Raphael of the holy trinity of master Raphael of his time. At the time, Urbino was a flourishing cultural center, and Raphael's father worked as a painter for Federigo da Montefeltro, the Duke of Urbino, where he was the head Raphael a well-known studio. Raphael was the only child of three to survive infancy. His mother died in when Raphael was nine years old, and his father remarried to Bernardina, the daughter of a goldsmith, the following year. This Raphael shows the marriage Raphael Mary and Joseph. As Joseph places the ring on Mary's finger, one of the two disappointed competing suitors Raphael shown breaking Raphael staff. Joseph's staff however is flowering, symbolizing the belief that all Raphael carried wooden staffs, yet only the chosen groom's would bloom. A temple is Raphael in the background, created in the style of the Raphael Bramante. The use of vibrant colors and the emotional expressions of Raphael figures add a graceful demeanor to the painting, which emanates a sense of the divine blessing of the scene rather than a mere happy temporal celebration. The painting differs from Perugino's treatment though by its use of a more circular composition rather than a horizontal depiction, which was more commonly used in paintings of Raphael period. This painting represents a key point Raphael the development of Raphael as a painter fusing the artistic style of his master Perugino with his own emerging confidence. We see him begin to integrate his own style Raphael composition, perspective, and Raphael daring use of Raphael tonal colors, all of which would define his later works. Importantly too, this painting shows the confidence Raphael now had of proclaiming himself as a painter as it is one of the earliest of his signed works. It also shows his mastery of techniques that were being introduced during the Renaissance such as three-point perspective as we see the figures diminish in proportion as they recede into the painting, and the pavement, which leads us to the temple. This fresco in the Stanza della Segnatura, one of the four Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, is one of four paintings in the room which depict separately: philosophy, poetry, theology, and law. The Disputation of the Holy Sacrament represents theology and shows the occupants of a Catholic Church underneath the span of heaven above their sacred altar. The fresco represents Christianity's victory Raphael Philosophy, which is Raphael in The School of AthensRaphael fresco on the opposite wall. In heaven we see Christ in the center with the Virgin Mary on Raphael right and John the Baptist on his left. God the Father is shown reigning over heaven above Jesus, with Adam Raphael his left, and Jacob to his right. Moses is seen holding the tablets with the ten commandments, Raphael the Holy Spirit is shown at the feet of Jesus. On either side of the Holy Spirit are the four gospels held Raphael cherubs. Raphael earth are theologians. The original four Doctors of the Church, Raphael title given to Saint Augustine, Pope Gregory I, Saint Jerome, and Saint Ambrose, named Raphael their halos, are Raphael debating the Transubstantiation; the miraculous conversion of the Eucharistic elements at their consecration into the body and blood of Christ in the earthly form of bread and wine. All together this fresco depicts over figures. In Raphael's rendition The Disputation takes on more than a depiction of the Eucharist. Raphael, it becomes a dynamic search by theologians for the truth embodied in the mystery of the Eucharist. This fresco, painted when Raphael was only 27 years old, represents his first significant commission to redecorate what were to become Pope Julius II's private apartments. Unfortunately, it involved painting over frescos by other important Renaissance painters including Piero della Francesca and Raphael's teacher Raphael. The Stanza della Segnatura was used Raphael Julius II as Raphael library and private office and takes its name from Raphael use later in the sixteenth century as the highest court of the Holy See presided over by Raphael pontiff Segnatura Gratiae et ilustitiae. Raphael won the commission to paint the four rooms in direct competition with Raphael Michelangelo, Raphael was at the time working on the Sistine Raphael, and Raphael da Vinci. This is said to have incensed Michelangelo who would later accuse Raphael of plagiarism, spreading rumors that Raphael had stolen into the Sistine Chapel to have a sneak Raphael of Michelangelo's work. The source of the Raphael was however probably Raphael more than that of competition between two extremely talented professionals Raphael for the favor of the same client. This fresco, also in the Stanza della Segnatura, is on the wall opposite the fresco showing The Disputation of the Holy Sacrament. Although called The School of Athensthe title refers to philosophers from the classical world rather than any particular school of philosophy. The gestures of the philosophers depicted in the fresco have been subject to considerable academic interpretation and debate, however it Raphael not clear how much of their philosophy Raphael would have been familiar with. Raphael is Raphael is the way in which Raphael has gathered all the most famous of the classical philosophers within Raphael marvellous Renaissance building, the architecture of which points to Raphael designs for the new St Peter's Basilica. Many of the philosophers are recognizable Raphael their iconography, which would have been widely understood at the time and are drawn from busts recovered from archaeological excavations. We see Plato said to be a portrait of Leonardo painted Raphael homage and Aristotle in the Raphael carrying their Raphael works Timeus and Ethics respectively. Also identifiable are Pythagoras in the foreground, Euclid Raphael the right, Zoroaster holding the heavenly sphere, Ptolemy holding Raphael earthly sphere, and Diogenes on the stairs holding a dish. The scholar leaning over Pythagoras is said to be that of the Arab philosopher Averroes who is credited with bringing the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle Raphael the West. Legend has it that Raphael poked an artistic dig at his great rival Michelangelo by painting his portrait as the face of the Philosopher Heraclitus, leaning against a block of marble. Heraclitus is often called the weeping philosopher due to the sad nature of his philosophical doctrine, which falls in line with Michelangelo's reputation as a big baby. Also included in the painting is Raphael self-portrait of Raphael wearing a black beret on the right corner of the fresco standing next Raphael fellow-artist and friend Il Sodoma who was one of the artists Raphael work Raphael was Raphael to paint over. The fresco utilizes many techniques of the Renaissance artists, including the way it invites viewers to Raphael the space as if they are fully engulfed in the scene Raphael an almost theatrical way. The Raphael leads us into the throng of its occupants as if we, Raphael, were engaged in the debate or contemplation. The light from the window in the background Raphael the piece Raphael the scene, enhancing its three-dimensional solidity. The high vaulted ceiling with a view of the sky gives the feeling Raphael we are entering into Raphael realm of Raphael human thought and activity and Raphael the sense of awe of being in the company Raphael men Raphael instrumental in shaping our understanding of the world. The coloring Raphael muted to allow Raphael one point of focus. Instead, we see the whole composition as being a world, which exists in a plane of time beyond that which Raphael call our own demonstrating Raphael's Raphael skill in his use of color. The narrative aspects of the four frescos are perfectly arranged to engage in dialogue with each other and conducive to the intended use of the room as a library. The School of Athens received both critical Raphael popular attention immediately Raphael completion and was instrumental in elevating Raphael's public acclaim. Raphael vindicated Pope Julius II's decision to award him the commission, and also laid the foundation for his trust in Raphael in conferring on Raphael the Raphael responsibilities that followed. Content compiled and written by Zaid S Sethi. Edited and revised, with Summary and Accomplishments added by Kimberly Nichols. The Art Story. Ways to support us. Movements and Styles: High Renaissance. Time is a vindictive bandit to steal the beauty of our former selves. Summary of Raphael Alive Raphael only 37 prolific and passionate years, Raphael blazed a comet's trail of painting throughout the apex Raphael the Italian High Renaissance. Read full biography. Read artistic legacy. Important Art by Raphael. Disputation of the Holy Sacrament This fresco in the Stanza Raphael Segnatura, one of the four Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, is one of four paintings in the room which depict separately: philosophy, poetry, theology, and law. Influences on Raphael. Leonardo da Vinci. Giovanni Santi. Pietro Perugino. Fra Bartolomeo. Donato Bramante. Pope Julius II. Pope Leo X. Baldassare Castiglione. Classical Art. Early Renaissance. Rembrandt van Rijn. Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Raphael Ingres. Raphael Chigi. Cardinal Bernardo Dovizi Bibbiena.
Recommended publications
  • Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-16) in the Context of Il Cortegiano
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Paragon/Paragone: Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-16) in the Context of Il Cortegiano Margaret Ann Southwick Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1547 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. O Margaret Ann Southwick 2005 All Rights Reserved PARAGONIPARAGONE: RAPHAEL'S PORTRAIT OF BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE (1 5 14-16) IN THE CONTEXT OF IL CORTEGIANO A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Cornmonwealtli University. MARGARET ANN SOUTHWICK M.S.L.S., The Catholic University of America, 1974 B.A., Caldwell College, 1968 Director: Dr. Fredrika Jacobs Professor, Department of Art History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December 2005 Acknowledgenients I would like to thank the faculty of the Department of Art History for their encouragement in pursuit of my dream, especially: Dr. Fredrika Jacobs, Director of my thesis, who helped to clarify both my thoughts and my writing; Dr. Michael Schreffler, my reader, in whose classroom I first learned to "do" art history; and, Dr. Eric Garberson, Director of Graduate Studies, who talked me out of writer's block and into action.
    [Show full text]
  • Motherhood and the Identity Formation of Masculinities in Sixteenth-Century “Erudite Comedy”
    MOTHERHOOD AND THE IDENTITY FORMATION OF MASCULINITIES IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY “ERUDITE COMEDY” A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Yael Manes February 2010 © 2010 Yael Manes MOTHERHOOD AND THE IDENTITY FORMATION OF MASCULINITIES IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY “ERUDITE COMEDY” Yael Manes, Ph. D. Cornell University 2010 The commedia erudita (erudite comedy) is a five-act drama that is written in the vernacular and regulated by unity of time and place. It was conceived and reached its mature form in Italy during the first half of the sixteenth century. Erudite comedies were composed for audiences from the elite classes and performed in private settings. Since the plots dramatized the lives of contemporary, sixteenth-century urban dwellers, this genre of drama reflects many of the issues that preoccupied the elite classes during this period: the art of identity formation, the nature, attributes, and legitimacy of those who claim the authority to rule, and the relationship between power and gender, age, and experience. The dissertation analyzes five comedies: Ludovico Ariosto’s I suppositi (1509), Niccolò Machiavelli’s Mandragola (1518) and Clizia (1525), Antonio Landi’s Il commodo (1539), and Giovan Maria Cecchi’s La stiava (1546). These plays represent and critique idealized visions of patriarchal masculinity among the elite of Renaissance Italy through an engagement with the problems that maternity and mothering present to patriarchal ideology and identity. By unpacking the ways in which patriarchal masculinity is articulated in response to the challenges of maternal femininity, this dissertation gives a rich account of the gender order and the ways in which it was being problematized during the Italian Renaissance.
    [Show full text]
  • „Prywatna” Łaźnia Kardynała Bibbieny W Pałacu Watykańskim*
    Quart 2019, 2 PL ISSN 1896-4133 [s. 3-14] „Prywatna” łaźnia kardynała Bibbieny w Pałacu Watykańskim* Aleksandra Matczyńska Uniwersytet Wrocławski iedzi tam Ojciec Święty w owalnej wannie i myje się w cie- � * Artykuł ten jest rozwinięciem pracy sem- płej wodzie, która wypływa z [figury] nagiej kobiety z brązu. inaryjnej na temat papieskich i kardynal- „S ski łaźni z XVI w., napisanej pod kierunk- Namalowane są tam także inne kobiece akty i nie wątpię w to, że iem prof. dr. Ulricha Pfisterera podczas jest on przez nie głęboko poruszony” 1 – tymi dość mocno ironicznymi stypendium Leonhard Moll-Stiftung na Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität w Mo- 2 słowami frankfurcki jurysta Johann Fichard, opisał w 1536 r. łaźnię nachium. W tym miejscu autorka chciała- kardynała Giulia de Medici (późniejszego papieża Klemensa VII), by podziękować profesorowi Pfistererowi za poświęcony czas, a fundacji Leonhard wzniesioną przez uczniów Rafaela około 1517 r. na Zamku Anioła. Moll za umożliwienie jej rocznego pobytu Wspomniane przez Ficharda „kobiece akty” odnoszą do zdobiących w stolicy Bawarii. jej ściany malowideł o tematyce mitologicznej, wypełnionych półna- 1 Zob. H. Günther, Badekultur in der gimi postaciami. Pierwowzorem tej łaźni była, wykonana przez ten italienischen Renaissance, [w:] Höfische Bäder in der Frühen Neuzeit. Ge- sam warsztat ok. 1516 r., stufetta kardynała Bernarda Doviziego da stalt und Funktion, Hrsg. K. Deutsch, C. Echinger-Maurach E.-B. Krems Bibbieny w Pałacu Watykańskim. , , Ber- lin–Boston 2017, s. 37: „Dort sitzt der Powstawanie prywatnych łaźni na dworach włoskich pod koniec Heilige Vater in einer ovalen Wanne und XV w. łączyć można, po pierwsze, z ponownym rozkwitem kultury ką- wächst sich mit warmen Wasser, das aus einem nackten Fräulein aus Bronze fließt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rediscovered Watermark in the Drawing Leda and the Swan by Raphael Kept at Windsor Castle
    arts Article The Rediscovered Watermark in the Drawing Leda and the Swan by Raphael Kept at Windsor Castle Claudio Calì Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] Abstract: This article presents an in-depth study of Raphael’s drawing of Leda and the Swan (RCIN 912759), preserved at Windsor Castle. The research aims to make the paper’s physical properties accessible and extend the information on the watermark. The methodology follows an artistic– design-oriented approach. The data extraction process uses a back-lighting photographic technique combined with image post-processing operations. The work catalogues in scientific terms the complete paper mould lines of the Windsor sheet according to the International Standard of Paper Classification (IPH). Based on comparisons with a series of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, the contribution suggests a chronological and provenance estimate of the paper used by Raphael. Keywords: Raphael; Leonardo da Vinci; Leda; design; paper-based watermark; digitisation; graphical representation; image-processing; art; preservation 1. Introduction The drawing Leda and the Swan in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, RCIN 912759, dated 1507, is one of Raphael’s best-known mythological studies and conceivably Citation: Calì, Claudio. 2021. The among the most remarkable portraits on paper dedicated to the figure of Leda. The Rediscovered Watermark in the examination of the drawing from life came about almost by chance. A research visit to Drawing Leda and the Swan by Windsor was made to analyse the paper supports of a series of drawings made by Leonardo Raphael Kept at Windsor Castle. Arts da Vinci.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome Celebrates Raphael Superstar | Epicurean Traveler
    Rome Celebrates Raphael Superstar | Epicurean Traveler https://epicurean-traveler.com/rome-celebrates-raphael-superstar/?... U a Rome Celebrates Raphael Superstar by Lucy Gordan | Travel | 0 comments Self-portrait of Raphael with an unknown friend This year the world is celebrating the 500th anniversary of Raphael’s death with exhibitions in London at both the National Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum, in Paris at the Louvre, and in Washington D.C. at the National Gallery. However, the mega-show, to end all shows, is “Raffaello 1520-1483” which opened on March 5th and is on until June 2 in Rome, where Raphael lived the last 12 years of his short life. Since January 7th over 70,000 advance tickets sales from all over the world have been sold and so far there have been no cancellations in spite of coronavirus. Not only is Rome an appropriate location, but so are the Quirinal’s scuderie or stables, as the Quirinal was the summer palace of the popes, then the home of Italy’s Royal family and now of its President. On display are 240 works-of-art; 120 of them (including the Tapestry of The Sacrifice of Lystra based on his cartoons and his letter to Medici-born Pope Leo X (reign 1513-21) about the importance of preserving Rome’s antiquities) are by Raphael himself. Twenty- 1 of 9 3/6/20, 3:54 PM Rome Celebrates Raphael Superstar | Epicurean Traveler https://epicurean-traveler.com/rome-celebrates-raphael-superstar/?... seven of these are paintings, the others mostly drawings. Never before have so many works by Raphael been displayed in a single exhibition.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Book of the Courtier by Count Castiglione the Book of the Courtier: from the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Book of the Courtier by Count Castiglione The book of the courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione. Paperback – January 1, 1900. by Baldassarre Castiglione (Author) 4.3 out of 5 stars 12 ratings. See all formats and editions. Hide other formats and editions. Price. New from. Used from.4.3/5(12)Format: PaperbackAuthor: Baldassarre CastiglioneImages of Book of The Courtier by Count Castiglione bing.com/imagesSee allSee all imagesThe Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglionehttps://www.goodreads.com/book/show/314582.The_Book_of_the_CourtierOne of the `bestsellers' of the European Renaissance, Castiglione depicts, debates and has fun with articulating the virtues of the ideal Renaissance courtier. Engaging, witty, and entertaining, this is set up as a series of discussions set over four evenings at the court of Urbino, with the various characters agreeing, disagreeing and contesting each others' assertions.3.6/5Ratings: 2.3KReviews: 138[PDF]The Book of The Courtier By Count Baldesar Castiglione (1528)1faculty.sgc.edu/rkelley/The Book of The Courtier.pdfThe Book of The Courtier By Count Baldesar Castiglione (1528)1 Translated from the Italian by Leonard Epstein Opdycke Edited by Rhonda L. Kelley 1 Castiglione, Baldassarre, and Leonard E. Opdycke. The Book of the Courtier. New York: Scribner's Sons, 1903. Jun 19, 2019 · The Book of the Courtier is a sixteenth-century courtesy book written by Baldassare Castiglione between 1513 and 1524. Essentially, this book tells a … Oct 21, 2010 · THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER FROM THE ITALIAN OF COUNT,,:>/ BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE DONE INTO ENGLISH BY SIR THOMAS HOBY ANNO 156l With an Introduction by WALTER RALEIGH LONDON Published by DAVID NUTT IN THE STRAND 1900 Page (9 of 480) The book of the courtier from the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione The Book of the Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione's classic account of Renaissance court life, offers profound insight into the refined behavior which defined the era's ruling class.
    [Show full text]
  • Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-16) in the Context of Il Cortegiano Margaret Ann Southwick Virginia Commonwealth University
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Paragon/Paragone: Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-16) in the Context of Il Cortegiano Margaret Ann Southwick Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons © The Author Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1547 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. O Margaret Ann Southwick 2005 All Rights Reserved PARAGONIPARAGONE: RAPHAEL'S PORTRAIT OF BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE (1 5 14-16) IN THE CONTEXT OF IL CORTEGIANO A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Cornmonwealtli University. MARGARET ANN SOUTHWICK M.S.L.S., The Catholic University of America, 1974 B.A., Caldwell College, 1968 Director: Dr. Fredrika Jacobs Professor, Department of Art History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December 2005 Acknowledgenients I would like to thank the faculty of the Department of Art History for their encouragement in pursuit of my dream, especially: Dr. Fredrika Jacobs, Director of my thesis, who helped to clarify both my thoughts and my writing; Dr. Michael Schreffler, my reader, in whose classroom I first learned to "do" art history; and, Dr. Eric Garberson, Director of Graduate Studies, who talked me out of writer's block and into action.
    [Show full text]
  • COVER NOVEMBER Prova.Qxd
    54-55 Lucy Art RAPHAEL Apri20 corr1_*FACE MANOPPELLO DEF.qxd 3/24/20 11:58 AM Page 54 Of Books, Art and People RAPHAEL SUPERSTAR n On this page, Raphael’s self-portrait; and BY LUCY GORDAN Madonna del Granduca; Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals ith over 70,000 ad - One loan is Raphael’s realistic vance ticket sales Uffizi Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardi - from all over the Commissioned by the W nals (c. 1517). world and, as of this writing Pope himself and painted in Rome, it was (in late February) no cancelations a wedding present for his nephew Loren - in spite of coronavirus, the mega- zo, the Duke of Urbino, who fathered show three years in the planning Catherine who became Queen of France, “Raf - was opened on and so ended up in the . The cardi - faello 1520-1483” Uffizi March 3 by Sergio Mattarella, the nal on the left is the Pope’s nephew, Giu - president of Italy. To celebrate the liano de’ Medici (future Pope Clement 500th death anniversary of the “ VII); the other is Cardinal Luigi de’ divin or “ Rossi, a maternal cousin. It was especial - pictor” dio mortale” (“mortal as his contemporary artist-bi - ly restored for “ at the God”) Raffaello” Opificio ographer Giorgio Vasari called in Florence delle Pietre Dure . Raphael, it’s on in the Quirinal’s The other paintings by Raphael Uffizi until June 2. [ : are his , Scuderie Note The gov - San Giovanni Battista La Velata, perhaps a portrait of Raphael’s great love ernment announced in early March .] Margherita Luti; a portrait of the closing of the show until April 3 due to the virus Cardinal Bernardo Dovizi On display are 240 works-of-art; 120 of them (includ - (1470-1520), a patron of Raphael, a close da Bibbiena ing the based on his advisor to Pope Leo X and the uncle of Raphael’s official Tapestry of The Sacrifice of Lystra cartoons and his letter to Medici-born Pope Leo X, reign but not beloved fiancée; Ezekiel’s Vision, Madonna del 1513-21, about the importance of preserving Rome’s an - and a portrait of Granduca Madonna dell’Impannata, tiquities) are by Raphael himself.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Machiavelli Rhetorically: the Prince As Covert Criticism of the Renaissance Prince
    Reading Machiavelli Rhetorically: The Prince as Covert Criticism of the Renaissance Prince James O. Ward Flattery is ugly, but censure is dangerous; that manner is best which lies between the two, namely innuendo. --Demetrius of Phaleron Criticare i principi è pericoloso, lodarli è bugia. --Italian proverb Since its first appearance there have been readers who have read Machiavelli’s Prince not as advice for the Renaissance prince, nor as an objective presentation of political affairs in the Italy of Machiavelli’s day, but rather as precisely the opposite, as a veiled but nevertheless trenchant critique of the Renaissance prince, presented in a form that seems to offer him advice. Perhaps the best-known of these interpretations of Machiavelli’s treatise as a crypto-republican work, in which advice is actually given to the people on the ways of tyrants and the means of resisting them under the guise of seeming to instruct the prince, is that of Rousseau. In his Du contrat social, he comments: “[Machiavelli], pretending to give lessons to kings, gave great lessons to the people. The Prince of Machiavelli is the book of republicans.” In the 1782 edition Rousseau himself inserted the following note: The choice alone of his execrable hero [Cesare Borgia] makes clear his secret intention; and the contrasting of the maxims of The Prince with those of his Discourses on Titus Livy and his History of Florence, makes clear that this deep political thinker has up until now had only superficial or corrupt readers. The court of Rome severely prohibited his book; I well believe it; it is that court which it depicts most clearly.
    [Show full text]
  • Da Calandrino a Calandro. Variazioni Sul Tema Della Beffa
    Quaderns d’Italià 14, 2009 13-21 Da Calandrino a Calandro. Variazioni sul tema della beffa Bianca Concolino Mancini Abram Université de Poitiers [email protected] Abstract Tra tutte le commedie rinascimentali che si ispirano all’opera di Boccaccio, la Calandria di Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena è un esempio particolarmente interessante. La prima ragio- ne di questo interesse è che Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena, nel Cortegiano di Baldassar Casti- glione, spiega che cos’è la facezia e qual’è l’uso corretto di questa a corte, servendosi come esempio del Decameron. Sappiamo che la Calandria e il Cortegiano sono legati inoltre da altri elementi. Urbino, per esempio, che è insieme scena del testo e della rappresentazione. La città è infatti cornice del Cortegiano ed è anche il luogo dove la Calandria è rappresentata per la prima volta nel 1513. Si può quindi affermare che il Decameron, il Cortegiano e la Calandria sono idealmente collegati fra loro, e Bibbiena può allora considerarsi come una sorta di fil rouge che lega fra loro queste tre opere. Parole chiave: Decameron, Calandria, beffa, travestimento, gemelli. Abstract Of all the Renaissance comedies inspired by the works of Boccaccio, La Calandria by Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena is a particularly interesting example. The first cause for inter- est is that Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena, in the Cortegiano by Baldassar Castiglione, explains what a witticism is and what its proper use in court should be, using the Decameron as an example. We know that La Calandria and the Cortegiano are also linked by other elements. There is Urbino, for example, which is a common scene for both the text and the theatri- cal representation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dovizi Da Bibbiena, La Calandra, III.10; Shakespeare, Henry V, V.2)
    Esther Schomacher Sex on Stage: How Does the Audience Know? (Dovizi da Bibbiena, La Calandra, III.10; Shakespeare, Henry V, V.2) I What does the theater do (to its audience)? Throughout the history of European theatrical poetics the relation between the representation onstage and the audience’s perception has been one of its cen- tral issues. Questions as to how the audience perceive what is happening on the theater’s stage, and how this perception in turn is connected with the tech- niques and skills applied by the actors, haunt the whole range of theatrical discourse from antiquity onwards. Ever since Plato’s and Aristotle’s famously contrary opinions on this matter, the medial effects of performance have been at the heart of theatrical disputes;1 consequently, they have been linked to basic anthropological and epistemological questions – questions, that is, con- cerning human ways of perception, of gaining knowledge and understanding, and especially the disruptive and/or enabling effects of representations and emotions in this process.2 1 The debate in general is less concerned with possible objections to theatrical texts; since Greek antiquity it has always been the perception of theatrical representation, as well as its effects on audiences and actors, that bothers both the theater’s adversaries and its apologists; see Doris Kolesch. “Theater als Sündenschule.” Theaterfeindlichkeit, edited by Stefanie Diek- mann, Christopher Wild and Gabriele Brandstetter. Munich: Fink, 2012, pp. 19–30, p. 22; Michael Connell. The Idolatrous Eye. Iconoclasm and Theater in Early-Modern England. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking the Measure of La Lena : Prostitution, the Community of Debt
    Taking the Measure of La Lena: Prostitution, the Community of Debt, and the Idea of the Theater in Ariosto’s Last Play1 Ronald L. Martinez Bien pis y a, je me donne a sainct Babolin le bon sainct, en cas que toute ma vie je n’ay estimé debtes estre comme une connexion & colligence des cieulx & terre: un entretement unicque de l’humain lignaige: je dis sans lequel bien tost tous humains periroient: estre par adventure celle grande ame de l’univers, laquelle scelon les Academicques, toutes choses vivifie. [But worse still, I give myself to the good saint, St. Babolin, if I haven’t all my life looked upon debts as the connecting link between Earth and Heaven, the unique mainstay of the human race; one, I believe, without which all mankind would speedily perish. I looked upon them as, perhaps, the great soul of the universe which, according to the Academics, gives all things life].2 Ariosto’s La Lena was performed in Ferrara during carnival in 1528, and in a second version with two added scenes, “Lena con la coda,” in 1529 and again in 1532, on the permanent stageset built in the Sala grande of the ducal palace.3 During this same four-year span Ariosto revised earlier plays: a versified La Cassaria was played in 1528;4 the Negromante, begun in 1510, almost certainly in verse, and finished for a 1520 Rome performance that did not take place,5 was revised and played in 1528; I Suppositi, originally performed in prose in 1509 (and staged in Rome for Pope Leo X in 1519) was also versified around this time though this version is not known to have been produced.6 Although the immediate stimulus for the 1528 production of 1 This essay is a much expanded version of a part of my entry “Spectacle” in The Cambridge Companion to the Italian Renaissance, ed.
    [Show full text]