Judios Y Judaismo

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JUDIOS Y Diego Edelberg JUDAISMO Tomo I Judaísmo Medieval: De Mahoma a Spinoza: musulmanes, cristianos y judíos entre los siglos VII al XVII. Introducción al Judaísmo Medieval ................................................................ 2 Nacimiento y legado del judaísmo rabínico ................................................. 19 Comienzos de la vida judía bajo dominación islámica ................................. 35 Bagdad y los Gueonim .................................................................................. 52 Saadia Gaon y su mundo .............................................................................. 69 La filosofía de Saadia Gaon ........................................................................... 85 Edad Dorada del Judaísmo en España ........................................................ 104 Yehuda Halevi y su crítica cultural .............................................................. 127 Moises Maimonides y su filosofía – Parte 1 ............................................... 144 Moises Maimonides y su filosofía – Parte 2 ............................................... 160 Comienzos de la vida judía bajo dominación Cristiana .............................. 167 Antijudaísmo versus “tolerancia” cristiana desde los inicios del cristianismo hasta al año 1096 ........................................................................................ 180 1 Introducción al Judaísmo Medieval Bienvenidos a una nueva serie de publicaciones. Luego de nuestra serie anterior con publicaciones sobre el “Judaísmo Moderno”, vamos a dedicarnos ahora a explorar el Judaísmo Medieval. Lo primero que quiero hablar tiene que ver con la naturaleza con la que uno debería estudiar el judaísmo y la historia judía. Voy a hablar de ciertos temas que son muy parecidos a los que hable en la primera publicación sobre el Judaísmo Moderno pero son tan esenciales que tengo que volver a repetirlos en este contexto. Para aquellos que hayan escuchado esa publicación espero no les moleste que repita algunos conceptos pero será solo por unos minutos nomas y siempre es bueno volver a escuchar y tener presente estos temas. Además quiero dedicar un tiempo a hablar particularmente del período que analizaremos, así que para el final de esta publicación también diré algo sobre qué significa la palabra Medieval y si realmente esa palabra encapsula todo el período que vamos a analizar. 2 La falta de territorio El primer punto con el que siempre debemos comenzar cualquier exploración judía es contemplando que si bien el judaísmo es parte de la historia mundial es único en un aspecto: su falta de territorio. Esto significa que la historia judía posee un antes y un después a partir del momento en que los judíos fueron exiliados de Israel en el año 586 a.C o antes E.C. Con la destrucción del Primer Gran Templo de Jerusalem los judíos fueron expulsados en su mayoría a Babilonia. Muchos de los judíos que allí llegaron nunca regresaron a Jerusalem. Algunos eventualmente volvieron y reconstruyeron el Templo y la vida en Jerusalem pero muchos otros se quedaron en Babilonia en forma definitiva. Y lo que tenemos ya en este período temprano de la historia es lo que llamamos diáspora, una palabra que esta asociada con la experiencia vivida por los judíos al tener que vivir fuera de la tierra de Israel. Similarmente a esta experiencia en el año 70 d.C o E.C cuando los romanos conquistan Jerusalem, destruyen el segundo Gran Templo ahora y fuerzan a los judíos a abandonar la ciudad. Muchos judíos se fueron para diferentes regiones llegando con el tiempo a Europa, el Norte de Africa y nuevamente tuvieron que enfrentarse a un nuevo mundo o nuevas condiciones sociales que eran diferentes a las que habían experimentado hasta ahora. Por lo tanto lo que tenemos desde un comienzo es este aspecto para mí único y fascinante de un pueblo disperso por todas partes del mundo por miles de años que aún continúa. Y la pregunta que se nos impone es: sin un gobierno común, sin un lenguaje en común y sin una tierra en común ¿tienen los judíos una historia o múltiples historias? El tema de la tierra es obvio, la palabra diáspora significa que los judíos estaban literalmente viviendo separados unos de los otros por todo el mundo. Con los gobiernos resulta aún más curioso porque en un lado del mundo un rey los trataba bien y al mismo tiempo en otro lado del mundo otro rey los 3 gobernaba en forma totalitaria. Claramente vivía en forma simultánea bajo diferentes estructuras gubernamentales. Y con el tema del lenguaje resulta aún más fascinante. Los judíos adoptaban y adoptan el lenguaje de la tierra a la que llegan o viven. Los judíos Medievales en su gran mayoría hablaban y escribía en árabe o como también veremos hablaban y escribían en francés, alemán, italiano, polaco, ruso, etc. Algunos sabían también hebreo pero la mayoría no lo hacía. Y por lo tanto con todas estas diferentes estructuras lingüísticas ¿cómo podemos hablar de una sola experiencia judía? O para decirlo de otro modo, ¿hay algo en común entre un judío que vivía bajo la dominación del Rey David en Jerusalem y un judío viviendo hoy en la comunidad judía de Hong Kong por ejemplo? ¿Los judíos viviendo en el siglo XXI en Mexico, por ejemplo, tienen algo en común con el Rey Saúl, David, Salomón y todos esos hombres que leemos de la Biblia? Para mí esta continúa siendo la pregunta más fascinante del pueblo judío. La pregunta es si realmente existe una cultura judía o existen culturas judías. Tenemos la cultura antigua judía, tenemos la cultura judía bajo dominación griega y romana, judíos bajo dominación islámica, judíos bajo dominación cristiana europea creando todo esto algo en común pero claramente algo muy dispar. Habiendo dicho todo esto tenemos ahora que presentar lo obvio y maravilloso de este pueblo. Y eso es que apesar de la discontinuidad temporal y espacial histórica que es real y existe hasta el día de hoy, cuando uno observa el comportamiento judío e incluso la propia conciencia del judío, el modo en que se definen así mismos, los judíos siempre se vieron así mismos como un solo pueblo. No muchos pueblos ni muchas culturas sino como una sola cultura y un solo pueblo. Como una especie de gran familia extendida por todo el mundo. Los judíos siempre actuaron en forma corporativa y eran tratados como una corporación. Por ejemplo, en la Edad Media ya sea que estemos hablando del mundo islámico o el mundo cristiano, los judíos eran considerados como un grupo auto-regulado por sus propias leyes. Los judíos seguían sus propias Leyes dictadas por el mismo Dios y sus propios Calendarios establecidos por los 4 Rabinos mientras eran “tolerados” por los gobiernos que dominaban el pedazo de tierra que ellos estaban ocupando. Los judíos vivían bajo dos sistemas legales simultáneos: uno legislado por Dios y el otro por el gobernante de turno en el lugar del mapa que estuvieran. Esta situación como veremos existió a lo largo de toda la Edad Media tanto bajo dominación islámica como dominación cristiana. Solo en la Modernidad y con la creación de los Estados Modernos tal cual los conocemos hoy, los judíos reciben ciudadanías y por lo tanto deben abandonar sus derechos corporativos para convertirse ahora en ciudadanos franceses, ingleses, alemanes, etc. En otras palabras, en la Modernidad ese fenómeno del judío auto-regulado por sus propias Leyes y siguiendo su propio Calendario se hace menos evidente. Pero durante todo el período pre-moderno (lo cual incluirá todo lo que hablaremos en estas publicaciones) hablamos de una cultura que esta unificada de tal forma que si por ejemplo un judío viviendo en el Norte de Africa tenía que viajar a Europa o cualquier otra comunidad judía del mundo, al entrar a otra sinagoga reconocería la liturgia, las festividades, las ceremonias, los rituales de nacimiento y muerte e incluso podría llegar a reconocer alguna costumbres. Es decir que realmente sentiría una especie de unión común y afiliación con los judíos aún cuando estaba cruzando las fronteras entre el mundo islámico y el mundo cristiano o viceversa. Los judíos eran conscientes que eran parte de una comunidad global apesar que nosotros no podemos ver esto tan claramente y por eso hablamos de culturas en lugar de una sola cultura. Todo esto indicaría que los judíos se sentían ciudadanos del mundo y no de un solo lugar. Los judíos se movieron históricamente de cultura en cultura y de nación a nación pero llevaban a todos lados sus propias costumbres, rituales, creencias y las insertaban dentro de una nueva nación o estructura social a la que llegaban. En los últimos años ese sentido de conciencia grupal y de afiliación religiosa ha disminuido. Usamos palabras como “asimilación” para describir este fenómeno cada vez más presente en la historia judía. 5 Claramente cuando uno mira este desarrollo histórico a través de miles de años uno siente que la sensación judía es dual: por un lado uno es parte de una unidad indivisible y por otro lado los judíos estás dispersos entendiendo su judaísmo de maneras completamente diferentes. ¿Cómo estudiar el judaísmo? Lo segundo que quiero hablar en esta introducción está relacionado con el modo que uno estudia al pueblo judío y su historia. La historia judía es la historia de un pueblo adaptándose y sintetizando sus experiencias de acuerdo al lugar al que llegan. Eso significa que la historia judía no puede ser estudiada ni entendida en forma aislada. Es más, como veremos en estas publicaciones, uno realmente no conoce de judaísmo si judaísmo es lo único que uno conoce. Los judíos intentaron durante un período estudiar su propia historia como algo aislado. Esto como ya sabemos nosotros hoy es un gran absurdo y presenta claros problemas que no permiten entender qué sucedió y por qué sucedió. Por ejemplo y como veremos más adelante el pensamiento judío Medieval de Rabinos como Saadia Gaón o Maimonides deben ser estudiando junto al pensamiento islámico y cristiano. El hecho irrefutable que la historia judía no sucede aislada del resto de la historia mundial significa que uno no puede realmente comprender el judaísmo si desconoce totalmente lo que fue pasando en la historia de la humanidad.
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    ME MORABLE DATE S J E WIS H H ISTO RY BY T H D E TSCH P H . D . GO T A R D U , , Profe sso r a t th e H e b re w U n ion Colle e g , Cin cin n a ti 0 . , N E W YO R K B L B L O CH P U ISHING CO . 1 904 M E M OR A BLE D A T E S . IN T R OD U CT ION . M O NG th e various attempts to explain the complex phe n omen on called Judaism , the historical explanation will of necessarily be the least dispute d . The definition Judaism as of a racial entity is strongly denied by a great many its followers , of as mistaking the accidental for the essential . The definition u m of wh o Judaism as a creed is derided by a great n ber men , not only allow themselves to be called Jews in spite of their in dif or ference even hostility to the religious question , but even by such for n . who zealously work its future desti y The definition , however, of a r e that the Jews the present age such by descent, that is , i through h storic forces , be those forces racial or religious, cannot n ot be denied . The worst that may be said against it is that it is complete . This assertion is strongly sup ported by the fact that the interest in Jewish history is manifeste d in ou r age as it never has been e m i befor , by publication of docu ents , of tombstone inscript ons o and mon graphs , by the founding of societies devoted to the fur th er a n ce of of Jewish history, and by the frequent celebration e or i a o c ntenaries , similar events , recall ng import nt turning p ints of ou r in the h istory past .
  • Piyuttim As an Answer To

    Piyuttim As an Answer To

    dltzd z` oiadl Vol. 3 No. 28 e"qyz xekf zyxt devz zyxt zay SUPPLEMENT zeiyxtd rax` ly miheitd Why are we allowed to interrupt the first three zekxa of dxyr dpeny during zxfg u"yd with the recital of miheit? A. Orynowski, on page 34 of his book: mipiad inia zixard dxiyd zeclez gives us some historical background on this issue: ,xeavd zeltza mewn mdl zzl eaxqe miheitd lr dnerf oira ehiad mipey`xd mipe`bd execqa .mipencw zexecn cnere bedpd dltzd xcq aeaxre wqtdl mzxin` z` eayg ik zeyxn mzxin` z` xizd xak `ed mle` ,ixnbl miheitd oiicr mixqg oe`b mxnr ax ly .miaxa l` gtql oicd zxey cbp mipe`bd xizdy dn ik -1e"d`x mkgd xne`-mixacd mi`xpe" ,miheitd ixg` jexk did xy` ,mrd zrc zqtdk df did ,miycgd miheitd z` dltzd mal did xy` ,dltzd zevna miwcwcnd .xiye dviln yeala dcb` ixac eyiald xy` ik ,mze`xk idie ,ok zeyrl xzen m` ,mipe`bd on mdizel`y el`y ,dfd xacd lr mtwep xacd did hrn hrn f` ,dltzd l` mgtql enikqd s`e mxne`l mipe`bd mze` e`ipd `l onfdy xac miheita e`x ik ,mipe`bd ipt cbp dzid zxg` daiq cere . mkqen bdpnl ,zigydl cr cenlzde zen cr mipaxd ipier mi`xwd zgixt onf did mpnf .eze` yxec ,mdizeaeyz iazk jezn epi`x oke ,dlawd zxeza miwacd on s` dxeza miax eliykde ly dcbda cenlze dpyn ixac xn`l mip`nn eid xy` ,miipaxd oia mb miyp` eid ik eid mlek ik ,cgein oinn miheit eid md ik ,mdivtgl miyexc xilwd iheit eid ok lre ;gqt zelitz mr mzxin` xzida mzpek dzide ,mi`xwd ytp i`epy ,mipaxd iyxcn lr micqep xn`l dpezp zeyxdy ,i`pexhep ax oe`bd xn` oke .mi`xwd cbp meqxt zeyrl xeavd mb eycwed ,zwcev daqn eycwedy oeikne ,dcb` ixac mda miaxny meyn , miheit ixac .(c"g ,"eiyxece xec xec" ) ztxve fpky`a cegia ,mi`ad zexeca Why were the Karaites such a threat to Rabbinic Judaism? To answer that question I am providing two chapters from the book: THE JEWS OF IRAQ 3000 Years of History and Culture by Nissim Rejwan, Professor at Hebrew University: 1.
  • Young Israel of Hollywood-Ft. Lauderdale

    Young Israel of Hollywood-Ft. Lauderdale

    “ YOUNG ISRAEL OF HOLLYWOOD-FT. LAUDERDALE -' ADAR II-NISAN 5779 Volume 11, Issue 8, April 2019 Rabbi Yosef Weinstock, Senior Rabbi Rabbi Adam Frieberg, Assistant Rabbi Rabbi Edward Davis, Rabbi Emeritus Dr. P.J. Goldberg, President APRIL 2019 Pesach Edition: Important Pesach Information Inside Permit No. 3329 No. Permit FT LAUD FL LAUD FT (upside down address and bulk mail inditia) PAID POSTAGE U.S. Organization Nonprofit Expert Vision Care Eye Surgeons and Consultants is one of the most respected ophthalmology groups in South Florida. Our physicians, Dr. Alan Mendelsohn and Dr. Nathan Klein provide up-to-date eye care services with state of the art equipment in a beautiful and relaxing office setting. Alan Mendelsohn, M.D., F.A.C.S. - “Top Doctor” Awardee twelve consecutive years - Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Fellowship Trained - Pioneer Cataract Surgeon Nathan Klein, O.D. - Comprehensive Adult and Pediatric Care - Renown Contact Lens Specialist - Expert in Diagnosing and Treating Dry Eyes Our extended hours include Sunday mornings and Monday evenings 4651 Sheridan Street, Suite 100, Hollywood, FL 33021 954.894.1500 PLEASE SEE OUR WEBSITE www.myeyesurgeons.com for sight-saving suggestions! YOUNG ISRAEL OF HOLLYWOOD-FT. LAUDERDALE APRIL 2019 PAGE 3 RABBI’S MESSAGE THE IMPORTANCE OF STORYTELLING At its core, the Seder is a venue for storytelling. The text that we component of neurological development, and a skill that will read at the Seder is called the Hagadah. This term is borrowed ultimately help create a well-adjusted and resilient individual. from Parshat Bo: Vehigadta L’Bincha Bayom Hahu. Nechama This is in addition to the fact that storytelling is one of the great Leibowitz points out that there are four instances in the Torah pleasures of parenthood.