DOCSLIB.ORG

Download (1105Kb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download (1105Kb) THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTErr~ MEMORANDUM SERIES NO. 108 r k . k , . ¯ . k ") , . .r ¯ , ¯: ~ ¯ ,~ t, ¯ T k k IMPRESSIONS OF SWEDEN ¯ . " r 1 Robert O’Connor Pat Mangan -k ¯ - - L " ¯ " ¯i" L Confidential: ~ Not to be quoted until the permission ~of the Author and the Institute is obtained. k . ~. r ¯ r ¯ ,. L ¯ ¯ , . ¯ . ¯. IMPRE SSIONS OF SWEDEN Robert O’Connor As one flies in over Sweden it is difficult to see any cleared land, there is forest everywhere. Coming closer however, one sees small patches of farm land obtruding through the forest with red farmhouses tucked away in the trees. I understand that an earlier king of Sweden held the franchise for red paint and the custom, introduced by edict at that time, has remained. As one travels through Sweden one is immediately struck by the quality of the highways. They are easily on par with those in the USA and Canada. The density of motor traffic on the roads, however, is low and particularly in the cities, where one would expect very heavy traffic. This can be explained on two grounds. The density of population in the country as a whole is low and . 2. Bicycle traffic in the cities seems to be as heavy as it was in Dublin during war years. There are bicycle parks everywhere. The Swedes are very worried about road accidents. Most cars travel in the daytime on full lights. All bicycles have luminous painted flags sticking out behind, while a person who has imbibed more than one bottle of beer may not drive a car. The penalties for driving after drinking are very severe. The laws relating to drunken driving spring as much from historical circumstances as from road accidents. Down the years, Sweden has had a drink problem. The potato was introduced into that country in the 18th Century, not as a food crop, but as the raw material for the making of spirits on practically every farm. Indeed it took many years to make the eating of potatoes widespread because they were not mentioned in the bible. The drii~k problem persists in Sweden even to this day despite punitive taxation of alcohol of all kinds. A bottle of beer in Sweden now costs £1 and a whiskey and soda over £2. This compared with £8 for bed and breakfast in a Class A hotel and £4 in a Class B hotel. Indeed prices generally in Sweden are not much higher than here, while as will be shown later, incomes generally are much higher. A secondary teacherts salary is £6,000 - £8,000, while a university professor earns about £12,000 per annum. FACTS ABOUT SWEDEN Pat Mangan Introduction Sweden with an area of 174,000 square miles is the largest Scandinavian comltry and fourth largest in I~urope. It is almost a thousand miles in length. Over half of its area is covered by forests and less than one-tenth is arable land. About one-sixth of its area lies within the arctic circle. As can be seen from Table 1 its population is 8.2 millions, of which 4 millions are in the labour force. The birth rate has been low and the rate of population increase slow. In fact about half of the population increase has been accounted for by immigration. About two-thirds of immigrants are from other Scandinavian countries, hnmigrants number about 7 per cent of the total population. Table I: Facts about Sweden 1965 1970 1974 Population at end of year, (1,000) 7,772 8,081 8,177 2 Number of inhabitants per km 17 18 18 Gainfully employed, (1,000) 3,740 3,850 3,960 Percentage Distribution of GNP by Sectors PerCe~ Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 11.3 8.1 6.7 Mining and Manufacturing 33.8 28.8 29.6 Construction 9.0 9.6 7.4 Trade 15.0 14.4 14.1 Transportation 7.1 6.9 6.8 Banking and Insurance 3.9 5.0 5.4 Public Administration and Other Services 19.8 27.1 30.0 + Population density is about 52 persons per square mile (20 per square l~rn.), but this is very unevenly distributed, with about 90 per cent of the total population being located in the southern half of the com~try. The percentage distribution of GNP by sectors is also shown in Table 1. -2- The Standard of Living Wage levels in Sweden are high, as can be seen by looldng at Table 2. Table 2. Total wage cost per working hour in manufacturing for men mad women in Swedish Kroner 1960 1965 1970 1973 Sweden 6.50 9.90 15.60 21.90 Federal Germany 4.60 7.60 12.60 20.20 U.K. 4.70 6.40 8.70 10.90 France 4.40 6.40 9.00 13.70 U.S.A. 13.90 16.40 22.00 22.70 Japan 1.40 2.80 5.70 10.70 Ireland 1.67 2.46 4.15 6.63 This table was based on an exchange rate against £ sterling of £1 = S. Kr. 10.40. A division by 10 will give a rough sterling equivalent. Present exchange rate is £1 = 9.04 S.Kr. (10 October 1975). Women’s average earnings had by 1973 reached an average of 84 per cent of male earnings in industrial employment. A distribution of employees by income group is given in Table 3. Table 3: Distribution of employees by income group 1973 No Income Under £1,000 - £2,000 - £3,000 - £4, 000 - £6, 000 - £10,000 + Registered £1,000 £2, 000 £3,000 £4,000 £6, 000 £10,000 Per Cent Male 3, 6 6. 4 11.2 18. 8 3!. ! 21. 0 6. 4 1.6 Female 6. S 24.3 26. 5 23.8 13. 5 4. 8 0. 6 0. 1 Total 5.0 14. 6 18.0 20.9 23.1 13.7 3. 8 0. 9 A comparison of GNP reveals that in 1972 Sweden had, according to the World Bank, a per capita GNP of almost $4,500 compared with figures of $5,590 for the -3- United States, $3,390 for West Germany, and $1,580 for Ireland. (see Table 4). Table 4: Per Capita GNP at market prices (1972) and growth rates, 1960-1972 and 1965-1972. Per Capita Percentage Percentage Country GNP US$ Growth Rate Growth Rate 1972 1960-72 1965-72 Sweden 4,480 3.2 2.5 Norway 3,340 4.0 3.8 Denmark 3,670 3.8 3.7 Federal Germany 3,390 3.7 4.1 France 3,620 4.7 4.8 United Kingdom 2,600 2.3 2.0 United States 5,590 3.0 2.0 Switzerland 3,940 2.9 2.9 Japan 2,320 9.4 9.7 Ireland 1,580 3.5 3.7 Source: World Bank Atlas, 1972. Indicators of economic standards also reveal the high stm]dard of living enjoyed by the average Swede. This must also be taken in conjunction with the high social welfare standards set in that country. See Tables 5,6 and 7. Table 5: Indicators (consumption) 1972 Energy Steel Calories Country teeI kg. cse2 per capita _per capita per annum per day~ Sweden 7,535 686 2,792 Norway 8,593 451 2,937 Denmark 5,629 442 3,261 France 4,550 456 3,202 Federal Germany 5,753 648 3,247 United Kingdom 5,496 406 3,115 United States 11,440 663 3,345 Ireland 3,372 156 3,398 1. Tons of coal equivalent 2. I~los of crude steel equivalent 3. 1971. -4- Table 6: Indicators (medical per i00,000 population) Doctors Pharmaci sts Hospital Beds Country (1971) (1971) (1972) Sweden 136 34 1,495 Norway 146 34 1,119 Denmark 146 41 915 France 1’34 63 941 Federal Germany 178 37 i, 126 United Kingdom 129 31 944 United States 155 61 789 Ireland 104 57 1,260 Table 7: Indicators (per 1,000 population) Passenger Cars Country Telephones Televisions i January 1973 1 January i972 Sweden 302 557 323 Norway 216. 307 229 Denmark 240 356 283 France 268 185 226 Federal Germany 264 249 270 United Kingdom 234 289 298 United States 460 604 449 Ireland 146 109 166 -5- Reasons for Economic Growth Sweden’s economic growth has been long and sustained and can be attributed to a number of factors:- She has extensive natural resources of ore, timber and water power, . all of which give her a natural advantage. Her rapid population growth in the nineteenth century was alleviated by massive emigration to North America. Thus there was no serious overpopulation problem. The country has been at peace since 1815 and through her neutral stance avoided the destruction of both world wars. There has ’been an absence of serious social problems. Productivity . has continued to rise and labour unrest has been kept at a minimum through centrally negotiated wage agree~ments. o There has been a sustained demand for Sweden’s produce on the export market, especially as her production became more specialised. Some Important Industries The volume of industrial production has risen an average of 4.7 per cent per annum between 1950 and 1960, by 7.6 per cent between 1960 and 1965, 5.4 per cent in the period 1965 to 1970 and back again to 4.7 per cent in the years 1970 to 1974. The highest average growth rates have been in the wood, engineering and iron and steel industries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nordic Agriculture Air and Climate
    TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Nordic agriculture air and climate This report constitutes the main outputs of the project “Pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants.” The overall goals are to present the baseline data regarding the Nordic agricultural sector, its greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, the regulatory framework and support systems, and conflicts of interest. The report aims to describe pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to achieving the climate target of below 2 (or 1.5) degrees of warming and the air pollution target of zero exceedance of critical loads and critical levels regarding ammonia emissions. The Nordic region has diverse geological and climatic conditions that make certain types of agricultural production more vulnerable than others. The policy recommendations aim to serve as input to different policies at EU, Nordic and national level. TemaNord 2015:670 ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015570 omslag.indd 1 21-07-2015 12:31:29 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas TemaNord 2015:570 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-570 TemaNord 2015:570 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Jacob Sørensen Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Analysis of Swedish Agriculture
    Strategic Analysis of Swedish Agriculture Production systems and agricultural landscapes in a time of change Håkan Fogelfors, Maria Wivstad, Henrik Eckersten, Fredrik Holstein, Susanne Johansson and Theo Verwijst Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE) Uppsala 2009 Strategic Analysis of Swedish Agriculture. Production systems and agricultural landscapes in a time of change. Fogelfors, H., Wivstad, M., Eckersten, H., Holstein, F., Johansson, S. & Verwijst, T. Report from the Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE) • No. 10 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala 2009 ISSN 1653-5375 ISBN 978-91-86197-55-1 Strategic Analysis of Swedish Agriculture Production systems and agricultural landscapes in a time of change Swedish title of parent project: Framtidsanalys av svenskt jordbruk Odlingssystem och jordbrukslandskap i förändring (FANAN) Håkan Fogelfors1, Maria Wivstad1, Henrik Eckersten1, Fredrik Holstein2, Susanne Johansson3and Theo Verwijst1 1 Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE) 2 Department of Economy 3 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CUL) As requested by The Faculty of Natural Resources and Agriculture Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Diagrams and illustrations on pages 1, 17, 19, 35, 37, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51: production by Fredrik M Stendahl www.ritaren.se 4 Preface The project Strategic Analysis of Swedish Agriculture (FANAN) was initiated through a dialogue between the Faculty of Natural Resources and Agriculture and the Department of Crop Production Ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, at the end of 2005. The objectives were to: ● Identify possible future changes affecting agriculture in terms of climate change, resource availability and economic globalisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Impacts of Livestock Production in Sweden - an Input-Output Approach
    Economic impacts of livestock production in Sweden - An input-output approach Gunnar Lindberg Helena Hansson Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Working Paper Series 2009/1 Department of Economics / Institutionen för ekonomi Uppsala 2009 ISSN 1401-4084 ISRN SLU-EKON-WPS-09/1—SE ii Economic impacts of livestock production in Sweden - An input-output approach © Gunnar Lindberg & Helena Hansson Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Institutionen för ekonomi Box 7013 750 07 UPPSALA ISSN: 1401-4084 ISRN: SLU-EKON-WPS-09/01 -SE Tryck: SLU, Institutionen för ekonomi, Uppsala 2009. iii iv Executive summary This study uses a disaggregated input-output (IO) table of Sweden to assess the economic impacts of different production lines within Swedish agriculture. Focus has especially been placed on the differences between different types of livestock production and the differences between livestock and arable productions. Swedish agriculture was divided into the production lines, or sectors, cattle (milk and beef), pig, poultry and egg, sheep, mixed livestock production, cereals and mixed farm production, and the importance and potential of each one of them were assessed. To enable such a detailed analysis we first developed and applied a method for disaggregating the single agricultural account in the Swedish IO table. To do so we disaggregated the inputs and outputs of all production lines identified in the study. We used farm accounting data for Sweden together with sector specific data from Statistics Sweden and Agriwise to determine the purchases and sales of different farm types. Within the so called Make-Use framework of the IO table we allowed different farm types to produce more than one output to take the normal heterogeneity of farm production into consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Positive Trends in Organic Carbon Storage in Swedish Agricultural
    1 Positive trends in organic carbon storage in Swedish 2 agricultural soils due to unexpected socio-economic drivers 3 4 Christopher Poeplau1, Martin A. Bolinder1, Jan Eriksson2, Mattias Lundblad2, 5 Thomas Kätterer1 6 7 1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Ecology, Box 7044, 75007 8 Uppsala, Sweden 9 2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Soil and Environment, Box 10 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 11 Correspondance: C.Poeplau ([email protected]) 12 Abstract 13 Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle as a potential sink or 14 source. Land management influences SOC storage, so the European Parliament decided in 2013 15 that changes in carbon stocks within a certain land use type, including arable land, must be 16 reported by all member countries in their national inventory reports for greenhouse gas 17 emissions. Here we show the temporal dynamics of SOC during the past two decades in Swedish 18 agricultural soils, based on soil inventories conducted in 1988-1997 (Inventory I), 2001-2007 19 (Inventory II) and from 2010 onwards (Inventory III), and link SOC changes with trends in 20 agricultural management. From Inventory I to Inventory II, SOC increased in 16 out of 21 21 Swedish counties, while from Inventory I to Inventory III it increased in 18 out of 21 counties. 22 Mean topsoil (0-20 cm) SOC concentration for the entire country increased from 2.48% C to 23 2.67% C (a relative increase of 7.7%, or 0.38% yr-1) over the whole period.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Sweden Adopt the Living Building Challenge?
    sustainability Article Implementing Regenerative Standards in Politically Green Nordic Social Welfare States: Can Sweden Adopt the Living Building Challenge? Mara Forsberg 1 and Clarice Bleil de Souza 2,* 1 Maram Architecture, Pryssgränd 10b, 118 20 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-29-20875969 Abstract: This paper focuses on understanding the place for regenerative building standards within the context of politically green Nordic social welfare states. To this end, it examines the particular case of adopting the Living Building Challenge (LBC), an iconic example of regenerative design standard, in Sweden. An extensive document analysis comparing the Swedish building and planning regulations as well as the Miljöbyggnad national certification system with the LBC, shows overlaps and barriers the standard can face when adopted in the country. Barriers are validated and further discussed in interviews with one of the few architects trying to achieve a certified LBC building in Sweden and Swedish public authorities from the Boverket (Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning). Results from the document analysis and interviews show barriers to implement the LBC in Sweden are a product of a conscious political and ideological decision from the welfare state which considers infrastructure, and all its potential sustainable versions, a public good to be provided to all and funded by all. This premise contrasts with the self-sufficient approach promoted by the LBC, which in this particular aspect, can be interpreted as a threat to the welfare state.
    [Show full text]
  • Food and the Environment, Swedish Strategy for the Future of EU
    To the Cabinet Minister and Head of the Ministry of Agriculture On 27 July 1995 the Swedish government decided to set up a parliamentary committee with the aim of developing, from a Swedish perspective, a comprehensive proposal for reform of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). On 6 October 1995 the Head of the Ministry of Agriculture appointed the Director General and Head of the Swedish Board of Agriculture, Svante Englund, as chairman of the committee and, as members of the committee, the Members of Parliament Bo Bernardsson, Sinnikka Bohlin, Lennart Brunander, Inge Carlsson, Dan Ericsson, Ann- Kristine Johansson, Gudrun Lindvall, Leif Marklund, Maggi Mikaelsson and Carl G. Nilsson, and also research student Cecilia Malmström. On 28 December 1995 Member of Parliament Bengt Kronblad was appointed as a member to replace Bo Bernardsson with effect from 1 January 1996. On 6 October 1995 Principal Administrative Officer at the Swedish Board of Agriculture Hans G. Öhgren was appointed secretary to the committee, and on 7 December Anna Lagerkvist (née Österling), Administrative Officer at the Swedish Board of Agriculture, was appointed deputy secretary. On 7 December the following special advisers were appointed to the committee: Arne Gabrielsson, Director of the Federation of Swedish Food Industries, research secretary Lars Erik Hellberg of the Swedish Agricultural Union, farmer Eva Karin Hempel of the Federation of Swedish Farmers, and research secretary Mikael Kullberg of the Swedish Food Workers’ Union. On the same day the following experts were appointed: First Secretaries Carl Asplund, Ministry of Finance, and Håkan Björklund, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Assistant Under- Secretary Johan Bodegård, Ministry of the Environment, and Assistant Under-Secretaries Anders Klum and Dag von Schantz of the Ministry of Agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a chapter published in The agrarian history of sweden : from 4000 BC to AD 2000. Citation for the original published chapter: Widgren, M., Pedersen, E A. (2011) Agriculture in Sweden: 800 BC-AD 1000. In: Janken Myrdal & Mats Morell (ed.), The agrarian history of sweden : from 4000 BC to AD 2000 (pp. 46-71). Lund: Nordic academic press N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-57991 The Agrarian History of Sweden 4000 bc to ad 2000 Edited by Janken Myrdal & Mats Morell stiftelsen lagersberg nordic academic press The publication of this work has been realized with the generous support of Stiftelsen Lagersberg, Eskilstuna, Sweden. Nordic Academic Press P.O. Box 1206 SE-221 05 Lund www.nordicacademicpress.com © Nordic Academic Press and the Authors 2011 Translations: Charlotte Merton Typesetting: Stilbildarna i Mölle, Frederic Täckström, www.sbmolle.com Maps and figures: Stig Söderlind Cover: Anette Rasmusson Cover image: ‘The harvest’, a painted tapestry by Johannes Nilsson (1757–1827), from Breared in southern Sweden. Photo: Halland’s Regional Museum, Halmstad. Printed by ScandBook, Falun 2011 ISBN: 978-91-85509-56-0 Contents Introduction 7 Janken Myrdal & Mats Morell 1. Early farming households, 3900–800 bc 18 Stig Welinder 2. Agriculture in Sweden, 800 bc–ad 1000 46 Ellen Anne Pedersen & Mats Widgren 3. Farming and feudalism, 1000–1700 72 Janken Myrdal 4. The agricultural revolution in Sweden, 1700–1870 118 Carl-Johan Gadd 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Competitiveness of Swedish Agriculture: Indicators and Driving Forces1
    PM 2014-04-16 Competitiveness of Swedish agriculture: indicators and driving forces1 Gordana Manevska‐Tasevska & Ewa Rabinowicz Tel: 046 222 07 83 E‐post: [email protected], [email protected] 1. Introduction Competitiveness is a relative measure, showing the ability of a firm or country to face competition and to succeed against such competition (Latruffe, 2010). Competitiveness can be assessed within the national or international context, in analyses at sector level. Sector competitiveness is often defined as persistency and good profitability to maintain market share in the domestic market and/or export markets (Ekman and Gullstrand, 2006). As classified by Latruffe (2010), measurements of competitiveness generally focus on: i) the production itself and trade characteristics (where competitiveness is measured with production trends, export or import indices, comparative advantage indices etc.), and ii) strategic management in terms of business structure and strategy (where competitiveness is measured by various cost indicators, profitability/viability, productivity and efficiency). So far, there is no agreement on how to define or measure competitiveness, so any results on competitiveness achievements need to be interpreted with caution. Moreover, given the relative dimension of existing competitiveness measures, the assessment of competitiveness requires comparisons of cases and of trends. This working document focuses on trends in competitiveness within primary agricultural production in Sweden. The document considers analytical approaches and provides analyses 1 This analysis is commissioned by the Swedish Government Commission for Competitive Agriculture “Konkurrenskraftsutredningen” 1 and a literature review summarising findings on the competitiveness of Swedish agriculture at sector level, relative to the trends in competitiveness in some of Sweden’s competitors in the sector (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Finland, the Netherlands, UK and Poland).
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion Subsidies for Organic Production: Results from Sweden and Lessons for the United States
    AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ELSEVIER Agricultural Economics 22 (2000) 133-146 www.elsevier.com/locate/agecon Conversion subsidies for organic production: results from Sweden and lessons for the United States Luanne Lohra·*, Lennart Salomonssonb "Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7509, USA bCenter for Sustainable Agriculture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7043 S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden Received 24 June 1998; received in revised form 16 July 1999; accepted 14 September 1999 Abstract Organic conversion subsidies used in Europe are less likely to be politically acceptable in the United States, where organic agriculture development is market-driven. Persistent barriers to conversion in the United States include limited availability of and access to production and market information, training in management systems and cost of conversion-related investments. By determining whether these factors affect the requirement of a subsidy to convert, we can suggest whether U.S. policy makers need to provide subsidies to encourage conversion and identify policy variables consistent with market-based approaches that could stimulate conversion. A utility difference model is used with Swedish data to analyze factors that determine whether a subsidy is required to motivate organic conversion. The results show that farmers requiring subsidies manage larger less-diversified farms and are more concerned with organic inspection, quality, and adequacy of technical advice. Access to more market outlets and information sources substitutes for payment level in the farmer's utility function, indicating that services rather than subsidies may be used to encourage organic agriculture. To the extent that conditions are similar in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Famines in the Nordic Countries, AD 536 - 1875
    Famines in the Nordic countries, AD 536 - 1875 Dribe, Martin; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick 2015 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Dribe, M., Olsson, M., & Svensson, P. (2015). Famines in the Nordic countries, AD 536 - 1875. (Lund Papers in Economic History. General Issues; No. 138). Department of Economic History, Lund University. Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Lund Papers in Economic History No. 138, 2015 General Issues Famines in the Nordic countries, AD 536–1875 Martin Dribe, Mats Olsson, and Patrick Svensson DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY, LUND UNIVERSITY Lund Papers in Economic History ISRN LUSADG-SAEH-P--15/138--SE+40 © The author(s), 2015 Orders of printed single back issues (no.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden Facing Climate Change – Threats and Opportunities
    Sweden facing climate change – threats and opportunities Final report from the Swedish Commission on Climate and Vulnerability Stockholm 2007 Swedish Government Official Reports SOU 2007:60 This report is on sale in Stockholm at Fritzes Bookshop. Address: Fritzes, Customer Service, SE-106 47 STOCKHOLM Sweden Fax: 08 690 91 91 (national) +46 8 690 91 91 (international) Tel: 08 690 91 90 (national) +46 8 690 91 91 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Printed by Edita Sverige AB Stockholm 2007 ISBN 978-91-38-22850-0 ISSN 0375-250X Preface The Commission on Climate and Vulnerability was appointed by the Swedish Government in June 2005 to assess regional and local impacts of global climate change on the Swedish society including costs. Bengt Holgersson Governor of the County Administrative Board in the region of Skåne was appointed head of the Com- mission. This report will be subject to a public review and will serve as one of the inputs to a forthcoming climate bill in 2008. The author have the sole responsibility for the content of the report and as such it can not be taken as the view of the Swedish Government. This report was originally produced in Swedish. It has been translated into English and the English version corresponds with the Swedish one. However, one chapter with specific proposals for changes in Swedish legislation was not translated, nor were the appendices translated. Hence, these are only available in the Swedish original version. Contents 1 Summary................................................................... 11 2 The assignment and background.................................. 35 2.1 The assignment, scope and approach.....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stora Fårvallsslätten, a Small Scale, Horse Powered Farm in Sweden
    Stora Fårvallsslätten, a small scale, horse powered farm in Sweden Webcase developed and written by Weronika For the international web-based Swiergiel MSc course Ecology of Farming and Food Systems and the Agroecoprac project Photo by Béatrice Falsen Agroecology in Practice Program (www.agroecoprac.org) is a SIDA (Swedish international development cooperation agency) – financed program to start University education and training in Agroecology in three collaborating countries: Sweden (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences- SLU; Ethiopia (Mekelle University) and Uganda (Uganda Martyrs University). Contact at Mekelle University: Dr Girmay Tesfay, Dean of The College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources. E-mail address: [email protected] Contact at SLU: Professor Lennart Salomonsson, Department of Urban and Rural Development. E- mail address: [email protected] Contact at Uganda Martyrs University: Dr Meresiane Nassuuna, Coordinator Master Program in Agroecology. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] The Stora Fårvallsslätten Farm Sweden FACTS Area: 174,000 sq mi (450,000 km²), the third largest country in Western Europe Longest north-south distance: 978 mi (1,574 km) Longest east-west distance: 310 mi (499 km) Capital: Stockholm Population: 9.3 million inhabitants Agricultural land: 8 % Forests: 53 % Marshland: 9 % Photo 1 by Weronika Swiergiel. Typical landscape in northern Sweden. Grasslands: 7 % Sweden is a sparsely populated country, Bare rocks and mountains: 12 % characterized by its long coastline, extensive forests and numerous lakes. It is one of the Lakes and rivers: 9 % world’s northernmost countries. In terms of GDP per capita (PPP): USD surface area it is comparable to Spain, 35,934 Thailand or the American state of California.
    [Show full text]