Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 03 (A), pp. 37702-37704, March, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

ALGAL DIVERSITY AND WATER QUALITY IN THE RIVERS OF

Y. Seeta1 and P. Manikya Reddy2

1Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, Osmania University, , Telangana 2Professor, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1103.5160

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The diversity of algae and water quality has been made in the rivers of Krishna, Godavari and Manjira. Water quality has been investigated for a period of two years (March 2017 to February Received 10th December, 2019 nd 2019). Water samples were collected and analyzed for certain physico-chemical parameters. Received in revised form 2 Simultaneously benthic algae were also collected and analyzed. On the basis of physico-chemical January, 2020 and biological characteristics the assessment has been made about water quality in the rivers. The Accepted 26th February, 2020 th average values of physico-chemical parameters are within the permissible limits of ISI and other Published online 28 March, 2020 international standards on water quality. The Diatoms dominated at all the three rivers. Most of the

algal species identified are the good indicators of water quality and indicates the unpolluted nature Key Words: of the water.

Water quality has been investigated for a

period of two years (March 2017 to

February 2019).

Copyright © Y. Seeta and P. Manikya Reddy, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative

Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION Telangana. The river Krishna is one of the important rivers in south and second largest in the Deccan peninsula, rise The diverse uses of fresh water are based on its unique near Mahabaleswar in the . Its catchment area of physico-chemical and biological properties. In India a few about 24.90 millions of hectare meters is spread over in the detailed studies have been made on physico-chemical and states of , , , Telangana. biological parameters of different rivers Pushpa Rani, (2014). Water and algal samples were collected at Agraharam village, Water is a resource present on the earth is great abundance but near Gadwal town, Jogulamba Gadwal district, Telangana. The is becoming a scarce commodity because of the pollution river Manjira one of the major tributaries of the river Godavari caused all kinds of human and other activities (Mahesh Kumar takes birth in the watershed area formed by a triangle of three and Raju, 2012). With the increase in population, urbanization, hills rising to the altitudes of 7,84,794 and 892 meters in North, industrialization and development of new technology the South and West respectively in the Balaghat heights in Patuda, problem of water pollution is becoming serious day by day. Bir district in Maharashtra. Water and algal samples were Water is used many ways like direct consumption by human collected at Singur reservoir, near Fasalwadi bridge, Medak beings, cattle, etc., for domestic purposes, agriculture, industry, district. energy generation (Prasad and Patil, 2008). The diverse use of freshwater are based on its unique physico-chemical and Surface water samples from all the rivers were collected in biological properties which also render it unfit for one or polythene cans continuously for two years (March 2017 - several uses even after a minor change (Gupta, 2005). February 2019) at monthly intervals and analyzed by various physico-chemical parameters by following the standard MATERIAL AND METHODS methods (APHA, 2005). Simultaneously benthic algae were also collected by adopting the technique Blum (1957) and The river Godavari, the largest of the peninsular rivers rises at described in detail by Venkateswarlu (1969a). Triambak in Nasik district of Maharashtra enters Telangana in and joins the Bay of Bengal near Antarvedi RESULTS AND DISCUSSION after traversing a distance of 1.465 kms. Water and algal samples were collected near Basara, , Physico-chemical characteristics

*Corresponding author: Y. Seeta Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana Y. Seeta and P. Manikya Reddy., Algal Diversity and Water Quality in the Rivers of Telangana

The two years average values of physico-chemical parameters nutrients and substratum. According to Manikya Reddy and in different rivers are given in Table-1. Venketeswarlu, (1986) benthic algae of stream include both

All the three rivers recorded a pH value above 8.0. Carbonates species which are perennial and those which markedly seasonal were high in the river Godavari, whereas they were low in the in their development. river Manjira and Krishna. Chlorides were recorded in high Diatoms are the most important colonizers of the river stones concentrations in the rivers Godavari and Manjira. Chloride (Alakananda, 2011). In the present investigation Diatoms concentration was very low in comparison with stipulated dominated over the other groups of algae (Table: 2), the standards. Dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of water nutrients such as nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silica and quality which also determines the distribution and abundance dissolved oxygen are quiet favorable and available in the of algal population. In all the three rivers investigated the value habitats. In the river Krishna highest percentage of Diatoms of dissolved oxygen was found above 7 mg/L indicating the coincided with the high concentrations of silica and dissolved satisfactory range. In general organic matter was low in all the oxygen. Manjusha, (2013) observed that diatoms lend rivers. The average values of total hardness in all the three themselves and they represent the best indicators of physical rivers are within the prescribed limits of ISI. Total hardness and chemical conditions of that environment. and calcium was high in the and they were low Table 1 Comparison of the present data with BIS and ISI in the . Magnesium was observed always to be standards lower than calcium. (All parameters are expressed in mg/L except pH and Temperature may have varied effects upon algae communities. Temperature)

In the present study pH fluctuated in a narrow range (above 8) Physico - and shows a positive influence on the growth of Diatoms. This S.No Chemical Krishna Godavari Manjira BIS (2003) ISI 10500:2012 Parameters is in conformity with the findings of Manikya Reddy and P E A P

1 Temperature 27.19 27.15 28.19 Venkateswarlu (1984). Dissolved oxygen is an important 2 pH 8.49 8.35 8.35 5 25 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2- 3 CO3 19.3 23.94 22.88 indicator of water quality which also determines the - 4 HCO3 143.86 114.18 139.47 distribution and abundance of algal population. In the present 5 Cl- 85.43 105.76 95.33 250 1000 _ _ 6 DO 9.42 8.98 9.32 6 study organic matter did not rise beyond 2 mg/L. 7 OM 1.96 1.85 1.70

8 TH 74.27 82.87 87.11 300 The hardness of the water may be temporary or permanent. 9 Ca2+ 38.38 46.38 51.49 75 200 75 200 10 Mg2+ 28.95 18.13 31.16 30 100 30 100 2- Temporary hardness is mainly due to the calcium and 11 SO4 55.28 50.30 58.78 200 400 200 400 3- magnesium (Misra et al, 2005). The permanent hardness is due 12 PO4 0.025 0.028 0.05 13 SiO2 7.52 7.00 7.22 - to sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium 14 NO3 0.73 0.64 0.34 45 45 45 No relaxation - (Dhirendra et al, 2009). The works of various investigators 15 NO2 0.007 0.007 0.006

(Manikya Reddy and Venketeswarlu, 1986, Venkateswarlu, Table 2 Dominant and common species of Diatoms in the rivers 1993 and Khan et al, 2008) on river ecosystem have revealed Krishna Godavari Manjira that the total hardness of water is variable. In general Cyclotella Cyclotella Cyclotella freshwaters will always have low hardness. The average values meneghiniana meneghiniana meneghiniana Aulacoseira Aulacoseira of total hardness in all the three rivers are within the prescribed Melosira varians Granulata Granulata limits of ISI. Mastogloia Mastogloia smithii Mastogloia smithii smithii Magnesium was observed always to be lower than calcium. Diplonies Diploneis ovalis Diploneis ovalis Both the ions were observed within the permissible limits. elliptica Diploneis ovalis Synedra ulna Synedra ulna Silica has immense significance as a major nutrient for the Gyrosigma Gyrosigma Synedra ulna abundance of Diatoms and plays an important role in accuminatum accuminatum S. ulna var. Pleurosigma Gyrosigma succession and productivity of the group (Rita, 2009). Silica aequalis angulatum scalproides was recorded in considerable quantities in all the three rivers. Caloneis silicula Caloneis silicula Caloneis silicula Achnanthes Navicula Navicula digitoradia The concentration of silica depends upon the nature of the lanceolata digitoradia substratum. Gomphonema Gomphonema Gomphonema affine affine affine Phosphate is one of the essential nutrient factors for the growth G. constrictum Navicula Navicula var. capitata rhynchocephala rhynchocephala and development of flora in any ecosystem (Bawa kalpana and Gyrosigma N. rhynchocephala N. cryptocephala Gaikawad, 2013). In general freshwaters show its presence in scalproides var. genuina var. genuina Navicula Pinnularia less quantity. Phosphates were observed a very low quantity in Pinnularia gibba rhynchocephala mesolepta three rivers. Sulphates are another important factor for N. development of Diatoms. In the present investigation, sulphates rhynchocephala Cymbella aspera Cymbella aspera var. genuina appear to be less quantity. Nitrates and nitrites were also Pinnularia gibba C. tumida C. tumida Nitzschia observed within the permissible limits. Nitzschia denticula Nitzschia denticula denticula Biological Characteristics Rhopalodia gibba Rhopalodia gibba Rhopalodia gibba Amphora ovalis Amphora ovalis Amphora ovalis The distribution and diversity of different varieties of var. libyca Surirella ovalis Surirella splendida Surirella ovalis organisms solely depend upon the chemical composition of the water, available nutrients and substrata (Rashmi Pareek, 2011). The species belonging to the genera Synedra, Achnanthes, Rakesh and Pradeep, (2015) pointed out that the productivity of Cymbella, Rhopalodia, Gyrosigma, Pleurosigma, Diploneis, the stream is proportional to the availability of adequate light, Caloneis, Nitzschia and Surirella were identified in the river 37703 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 03 (A), pp. 37702-37704, March, 2020

Krishna. In the river Godavari the bulk of Diatom population ISI (2012). Indian Standards Institution, Indian standard was made up of species belongs to Cyclotella, Synedra, tolerance limit tor Inland Surface Water subjected to Cymbella, Gyrosigma, Navicula, Anoemoeneis, Amphora, pollution, second revision, 10500:2012. Gomphonema, Nitzschia and Suriralla. In the river Manjira Khan, A.M., V. Srinivasarao, Y.L.N. Murthy (2008). also the Diatoms constituted the bulk of algal populations Assessment of water quality of at which included the species of Cyclotella, Synedra, , Maharashtra and Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh. Achnanthes, Mastogloia, Rhopalodia, Diploneis, Cymbella, Journal of Chemistry and Environment 12(1): 65 - 68. Gyrosigma, Pleurosigma, Pinnularia, Navicula and Nitzschia. Mahesh Kumar Akkaraboyina and B.S.N.Raju (2012). A This clearly indicates that the most of the genera belongs to Comparative Study of Water Quality Indices of River freshwater environments. The presence of Cymbella, Godavari, International Journal of Engineering Rhopalodia, Gyrosigma, Diplonies and Caloneis clearly Research and Development. 2 (3): 161 - 167. indicates the unpolluted nature of the water bodies. They play a Manikya Reddy, P. and Venketeswarlu, V. (1986). Ecology significant role in water quality assessment. of algae in the paper mills effluents and their impact on river Tungabhadra. J. Environ. Biol. 7: 215 - 223 CONCLUSIONS Manjusha Bohr (2013). Water Quality Assessment of the

The physico-chemical parameters analysed in all the three River Godavari, At Ramkund,, (Maharashtra), rivers have been compared with the standards stipulated by India. International Journal of Engineering and Science. various national and international agencies like ISI and BIS for 2(2): 64 - 68. drinking purpose. From the comparison of the present data with Misra, P.K., Shukla, S.K., and Chauhan, R.S. (2005). Some ISI and BIS standards that the water is clear in all the three fresh water Bacillariophycean algae from the foothills of rivers (Table: 1). All the physico-chemical parameters are well Western Himalayas. Phytotaxonomy. 6: 111 - 115. below the permissible limits. The presence of all the algae Prasad N.R. and J.M. Patil (2008). A Study Of Physico- species indicates that the clean and unpolluted nature of the Chemical Parameters of Krishna River Water rivers, as they are very sensitive to pollution. Particularly In Western Maharashtra, RJC Rasayan. J. Chem. 1(4): 943 - 958. Acknowledgements Pushpa Rani (2014). Studies in determination of some

The author is express sincere thank to DST - New Delhi for parameters of ‘Ganga river water, Kanwar Mela, providing Inspire fellowship and also thankful to Head, Dept. Haridwar. Journal of innovative biology. 1(2): 122 - of Botany for providing laboratory facilities. 125. Rakesh kumar Dwivedii and Pradeep Kumar Misra (2015). References Freshwater diatoms from Himalayan state Himachal Pradesh, India. Phykos 45 (1): 30 - 39. Alakananda B (2011). Diatom based pollution monitoring in Rita.N.Kumar (2009). An assessment of seasonal variation urban wetlands. _e IUP Journal of Soil and water and water quality index of Sabarmati River and Kharicut Sciences 4(2): 1 - 22. canal at Ahemadabad, Gujarat. Electronic journal of APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of st environmental, agricultural and food chemistry. 2011: Water and Wastewater. 21 Edn. APHA, 2248 - 2261. AWWA,WPCF, Washington DC, USA. Rashmi Pareek (2011). Some fresh water diatoms of Galta Bawa kalpana. V and V.B. Gaikawad (2013). Water Quality kund, Jaipur, India. Journal of Soil Science and Assessment of Godavari river at Nasik,india: Impact of Environmental Management. 2(4): 110 - 116. sewage and industrial wastewater. Universal Journal of Venkateswarlu, V. (1969a). An ecological study of algae of Environmental Research and Technology. 3 (4): 452 - river Moosi, Hyderabad (India) with special reference 457. water pollution III. The Algal periodicity Hydrobiol. BIS (2003). Indian Standard Specification for drinking water 34(3 - 4), 533 -560. IS 10500, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Venkateswarlu, V. (1993). Ecological studies on the rivers of Blum, J L. (1957). An ecological study of the algae of the Andhra Pradesh with special reference to water quality Saline River Michigan. Hydrobiologia. 9: 361 - 408. and pollution. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Science Dhirendra, M.J., Alok Kumar, and Namita Agrawal (2009). (Plant Science). 96: 495 - 508. Studies on Physicochemical parameters to assess the Water Quality of river Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar district, Rasayan J. Chem. 2: 195 - 203. Gupta R.K. (2005). Algal flora of Dehradun district Uttaranchal, Botanical survey of India - Algae.160 - 194.

How to cite this article:

Y. Seeta and P. Manikya Reddy. 2020, Algal Diversity and Water Quality in the Rivers of Telangana. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(03), pp. 37702-37704. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1103.5160

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