Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus Intermedius Graves, 1819) in Colombia

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Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus Intermedius Graves, 1819) in Colombia Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius Graves, 1819) in Colombia Publisher: Asociación Chelonia. © Asociación Chelonia, 2011. © Cover photo: Fernando Gómez, 2011. First Edition: February, 2012. ISBN: 978-84-615-8223-5. Legal deposit: M-15547-2012. Printed by: PUBLIEQUIPO. José Ayarzagüena during field work in the Pantanal of Bolivia, 2006. © A. Rodríguez-Williams. The authors dedicate this book to the memory of Dr. José Ayarzagüena Sanz (Madrid, 1952 – Madrid, 2011), a renowned biologist who dedicated much of his life to the conservation of the Orinoco crocodile and promoting the sustainable use of the natural resources of the Venezuelan Llanos. Asociación Chelonia Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile in Colombia Accord entre Corporinoquia et Chelonia: «pour sauver la vie» Les accords ont pour objectif initial de recourir aux ressources institution- nelles dans le but d´effectuer des projets en commun. L´accord obtenu entre Corporinoquia et l´Association Chelonia, concrétisé l´année dernière, a permis, comme première réussite concernant la recherché appliquée, la présente mono- graphie qui comprend le travail d´actualisation des informations sur la distribu- tion du crocodile de l´Orinoque. Les résultats confirment les menaces qui pèsent sur les écosystèmes dans la Région. Cette espèce, magnifique et impo- sante, se trouve alors dans une profonde crise qui peut conduire à son extinc- tion dans le milieu naturel. Ce risque d´extinction est également confirmé par les avertissements émis par le Plan National de Conservation du Crocodile de l´Orinoque. Cela signifierait une perte incalculable pour le patrimoine de la biodiversité colombienne. Les facteurs qui déterminent la diminution de l´espè- ce dans l´Orinoque se réfèrent à l´action humaine, de part la pression directe de l´exploitation des ressources de la chaine trophique comme les poissons, la détérioration de la richesse de biodiversité du réseau hydrique ou par la crois- sante tendance de pollution et dégradation des écosystèmes et ressources natu- relles au sein de l´habitat de l´espèce. Corporinoquia est consciente qu´au sein de l´Orinoque, la transformation systématique des écosystèmes naturels, la pol- lution du secteur productif agricole et pétrolier dans les sols et l´eau, et l´extra- ction indiscriminée de poissons pour le commerce en ville, mènent au bord de la faillite, l´ensemble de la chaine trophique. Par conséquent, la faible présence du crocodile de l´Orinoque indique une diminution générale de la santé des écosystèmes et de l´environnement régional. C´est la raison pour laquelle, on comprend que le travail institutionnel de Corporinoquia doit renforcer les efforts de conservation des espèces et des ressources naturelles, avec une pers- pective écosystémique – territoriale, qui commence par une adéquate planifica- tion environnementale et socioculturelle du développement économique. Cependant, les efforts de planification environnementale et territoriale, et les autres fonctions propres de l´autorité environnementale, se voient limités par la capacité institutionnelle pour couvrir efficacement la totalité du territoire de 7 Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile in Colombia juridiction et promouvoir une gestion environnementale axée vers la durabili- té. Il est urgent, qu´au niveau national et international, les ressources de recherche et de conservation des espèces symboles telles que le crocodile de l´Orinoque, le cerf de Virginie, l´ours à lunettes, le puma et le jaguar, augmentent. Dans ce sens, le renforcement institutionnel de la gestion environnementale inté- grale dans l´Orinoque est le facteur primordial pour atteindre les objectifs régio- naux de la conservation et du développement durable, optimisant le travail coor- donné avec les autres organismes publics de l´Etat constitués par le Système National Environnemental (SINA) de Colombie, spécialement les mairies et autres autorités publics ; avec la complémentarité et l´équité dans l´investisse- ment public de l´Etat et des organisations privées de conservation. La gestion environnementale de l´Orinoque doit réviser et orienter, évidemment, les actions des corporations productives qui transforment constamment le territoire, tout comme les communautés locales urbaines, agricoles et indigènes, en renforçant leurs organisations et corporations afin de consolider les interlocuteurs institu- tionnels qui représentent leur intérêt groupé et permettent de générer des accords de conservation et usage durable des ressources naturelles inaliénables pour les communautés et les producteurs. La participation dans la Région des autres acteurs comme les associations internationales de recherche et de gestion environnementale comme Chelonia, entre autres, est aussi fondamentale pour obtenir un processus durable de conservation de la biodiversité et des écosys- tèmes représentatifs de l´Orinoque. De cette manière, la présente monographie doit être le pas initial pour consolider des accords, de plus grande envergure, qui permettent la conservation effective du crocodile de l´Orinoque, dans des écosys- tèmes sains. C´est pourquoi, nous continuerons, en travaillant avec Chelonia et d´autres organismes nationaux qui se consacrent à la conservation, d´identifier les actions et stratégies pour la mise en place de projets concrèts de conservation et d´usage durable qui permettent la récupération des populations du crocodile de l´Orinoque. Nous devons maintenant, urgemment, former un nouveau panorama d´actions coordonnées entre l´Autorité Environnementale Régionale, les organi- sations internationales de recherche et de conservation et le SIRA dans l´Orinoque pour pouvoir maintenir l´état sanitaire de nos écosystèmes et «Pour sauver la Vie», comme souligne notre devise corporative. Projet de Conservation de Crocodile de L´Orinoque en Colombie. Corporinoquia. 8 Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco Crocodile in Colombia Agreement between Corporinoquia and Chelonia: “To Save Life” The agreements have the initial objective of uniting institutional resources to achieve common goals. The agreement established in 2010 between Corporinoquia and the Asociación Chelonia has achieved the current mono- graph as a first goal in the applied research field, including updated information on the distribution range of the Orinoco crocodile. The outcomes confirm the threats on the region’s ecosystems. This magnificent and breathtaking species is suffering from a deep decline, which can lead to its extinction in its natural habi- tats, just as the National Plan for the Orinoco Crocodile Conservation had warned. This disappearance would represent an invaluable loss in the wealth of Colombian biodiversity. The factors that determine the Orinoco crocodile’s decline in the Orinoquia are related to human action, either by direct pressure from the use of the natural resources of its food web, like fish, the deterioration of the biodiversity in the water systems, or by the increasing contamination and degradation of the ecosys- tems and natural resources that form its habitats. Corporinoquia is aware of the systematic transformations occurring in the natural ecosystems, of water and soil contamination from agriculture and oil pro- duction, and of the indiscriminate exploitation of fish for commercialization in the cities. These factors are leading to the collapse on the entire food web. Therefore, the scarce presence of the Orinoco crocodile indicates a general decrease in ecosystems’ health and the regional environment. Because of this, it is understandable that Corporinoquia’s institutional work must strengthen the efforts in conservation of the species and the natural resources from an ecosys- tem and territorial perspective, including suitable environmental and sociocultu- ral planning for economic development. However, the labors of environmental and territorial planning, as well the functions of the environmental authority, are limited by institutional ability to act efficiently for the entire jurisdiction and to promote sustainable environmental management. Therefore, merging resources for research and conservation of 9 Natural History and Conservation of the Orinoco crocodile in Colombia iconic species such as the Orinoco crocodile, the white-tailed deer, the spectacled bear, the puma and the jaguar, is urgent on a national and international level. As such, institutional strengthening for comprehensive environmental management in the Orinoquia is the prime factor in achieving regional conservation and sustainable development objectives, optimizing the coordinated work of the State public entities that form the National Environmental System (Sistema Nacional Ambiental - SINA) of Colombia, especially that of the municipalities and the departmental governments. This all comes from a perspective of complementarity and equity in the investments of the public state entities and private conservation organizations. The environmental management of the Orinoquia must review and guide, of course, the actions of the producers or companies that constantly transform the territory, as well as that of the local urban, rural and indigenous communities, strengthening their organization and association to consolidate institutional interlocutors who represent their communal interests and allow for the creation of agreements on the conservation and sustainable use of the natural resources. The participation in the region of other actors, such as the international
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