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Ozonedisinfection.Pdf
ETI - Environmental Technology Initiative Project funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Assistance Agreement No. CX824652 What is disinfection? Human exposure to wastewater discharged into the environment has increased in the last 15 to 20 years with the rise in population and the greater demand for water resources for recreation and other purposes. Disinfection of wastewater is done to prevent infectious diseases from being spread and to ensure that water is safe for human contact and the environment. There is no perfect disinfectant. However, there are certain characteristics to look for when choosing the most suitable disinfectant: • Ability to penetrate and destroy infectious agents under normal operating conditions; • Lack of characteristics that could be harmful to people and the environment; • Safe and easy handling, shipping, and storage; • Absence of toxic residuals, such as cancer-causing compounds, after disinfection; and • Affordable capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. What is ozone disinfection? One common method of disinfecting wastewater is ozonation (also known as ozone disinfection). Ozone is an unstable gas that can destroy bacteria and viruses. It is formed when oxygen molecules (O2) collide with oxygen atoms to produce ozone (O3). Ozone is generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen and is generated onsite because it decomposes to elemental oxygen in a short amount of time. After generation, ozone is fed into a down-flow contact chamber containing the wastewater to be disinfected. From the bottom of the contact chamber, ozone is diffused into fine bubbles that mix with the downward flowing wastewater. See Figure 1 on page 2 for a schematic of the ozonation process. -
Characterization of Air Freshener Emission: the Potential Health Effects
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences (J. Toxicol. Sci.) 535 Vol.40, No.5, 535-550, 2015 Review Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects Sanghwa Kim1, 2,*, Seong-Ho Hong1,*, Choon-Keun Bong3 and Myung-Haing Cho1,2,4,5,6 1Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea 2Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea 3Green Solus, Seoul 172-775, Korea 4Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea 5Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea 6Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 232-916, Korea (Received March 30, 2015; Accepted June 3, 2015) ABSTRACT — Air freshener could be one of the multiple sources that release volatile organic com- pounds (VOCs) into the indoor environment. The use of these products may be associated with an increase in the measured level of terpene, such as xylene and other volatile air freshener components, including aldehydes, and esters. Air freshener is usually used indoors, and thus some compounds emit- ted from air freshener may have potentially harmful health impacts, including sensory irritation, respira- tory symptoms, and dysfunction of the lungs. The constituents of air fresheners can react with ozone to produce secondary pollutants such as formaldehyde, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), oxidative product, and ultrafine particles. These pollutants then adversely affect human health, in many ways such as dam- age to the central nervous system, alteration of hormone levels, etc. -
Ethanol Purification with Ozonation, Activated Carbon Adsorption, and Gas Stripping Shinnosuke Onuki Iowa State University
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications 9-4-2015 Ethanol purification with ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, and gas stripping Shinnosuke Onuki Iowa State University Jacek A. Koziel Iowa State University, [email protected] William S. Jenks Iowa State University, [email protected] Lingshuang Cai Iowa State University Somchai Rice Iowa State University SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Organic Chemistry Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/909. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethanol purification with ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, and gas stripping Abstract Fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol also produces volatile byproducts. This study was aimed at purifying corn-based ethanol for industrial and pharmaceutical use. The er search was on treatment for 10 impurities removal after distillation. The the anol headspace was sampled with solid-phase microextraction and analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A 40 mg/L ozone treatment resulted in >56% and >36% removal of styrene and 2-pentylfuran, respectively, without significant generation of byproducts. -
Publication No. 17: Ozone Treatment of Private Drinking Water Systems
PRIVATE DRINKING WATER IN CONNECTICUT Publication Date: April 2009 Publication No. 17: Ozone Treatment of Private Drinking Water Systems Effective Against: Pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms including bacteria and viruses, phenols (aromatic organic compounds), some color, taste and odor problems, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Not Effective Against: Large cysts and some other large organisms resulting from possible or probable sewage contamination, inorganic chemicals, and heavy metals. How Ozone (O3) Treatment Works Ozone is a chemical form of pure oxygen. Like chlorine, ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and is used in much the same way to kill disease-causing bacteria and viruses. It is effective against most amoebic cysts, and destroys bacteria and some aromatic organic compounds (such as phenols). Ozone may not kill large cysts and some other large organisms, so these should be eliminated by filtration or other procedures prior to ozone treatment. Ozone is effective in eliminating or controlling color, taste, and odor problems. It also oxidizes iron and manganese. Ozone treatment units are installed as point-of-use treatment systems. Raw water enters one opening and treated water emerges from another. Inside the treatment unit, ozone is produced by an electrical corona discharge or ultraviolet irradiation of dry air or oxygen. The ozone is mixed with the water whenever the water pump is running. Ozone generation units require a system to clean and remove the humidity from the air. For proper disinfection the water to be treated must have negligible color and turbidity levels. The system requires routine maintenance and an ozone treatment system can be very energy consumptive. -
Interaction of Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Implications For
UC Irvine Faculty Publications Title Interaction of ozone and hydrogen peroxide in water: Implications for analysis of H 2 O 2 in air Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j7454z7 Journal Geophysical Research Letters, 9(3) ISSN 00948276 Authors Zika, R. G Saltzman, E. S Publication Date 1982-03-01 DOI 10.1029/GL009i003p00231 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California GEOPHYSICLARESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 3, PAGES231-234 , MARCH1982 INTERACTION OF OZONE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN WATER: IMPLICATIONSFORANALYSIS oFH20 2 IN AIR R.G. Zika and E.S. Saltzman Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 331#9 Abstract. We have attempted to measure gaseous Analytical Methods H202 in air usingan aqueoustrapping method. With continuousbubbling, H 20 2 levels in the traps reacheda a. Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous plateau, indicating that a state of dynamic equilibrium solution was measured using a modified fluorescence involving H202 destrbction was established. We decay technique [Perschke and Broda, 1976; Zika and attribute this behavior to the interaction of ozone and its Zelmer, 1982]. The method involved the addition of a decompositionproducts (OH, O[) withH 20 2 inacld:•ous known amot•at of scopoletin (6-methyl-7-hydroxyl-i,2- solution. This hypothesis was investigated by replacing benzopyrone)to a pH 7.0 phosphatebuffered. sample. the air stream with a mixture of N2, 02 and 0 3. The The sample was prepared bY diluting an aliquot of the results Of this experiment show that H O was both reaction solution to 20 mls with low contaminant producedand destroyedin the traps. -
Opinion on Air Fresheners, SCHER Plenary, 27 January 2006
EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate C - Public Health and Risk Assessment C7 - Risk assessment SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS SCHER Opinion on the report “Emission of chemicals by air fresheners Tests on 74 consumer products sold in Europe” (BEUC report January 2005) Adopted by the SCHER during the 9th plenary of 27 January 2006 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND......................................................................................................... 3 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE.......................................................................................... 3 3. GENERAL COMMENTS........................................................................................... 4 4. SPECIFIC COMMENTS............................................................................................ 5 4.1. Exposure assessment......................................................................................... 5 4.1.1. The BEUC study ................................................................................. 5 4.1.2. VOCs................................................................................................... 5 4.1.3. Allergens ............................................................................................. 6 4.1.4. Benzene ............................................................................................... 6 4.1.5. Formaldehyde...................................................................................... 6 4.1.6. Terpenes -
Ozone: Good up High, Bad Nearby
actions you can take High-Altitude “Good” Ozone Ground-Level “Bad” Ozone •Protect yourself against sunburn. When the UV Index is •Check the air quality forecast in your area. At times when the Air “high” or “very high”: Limit outdoor activities between 10 Quality Index (AQI) is forecast to be unhealthy, limit physical exertion am and 4 pm, when the sun is most intense. Twenty minutes outdoors. In many places, ozone peaks in mid-afternoon to early before going outside, liberally apply a broad-spectrum evening. Change the time of day of strenuous outdoor activity to avoid sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 15. these hours, or reduce the intensity of the activity. For AQI forecasts, Reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating. For check your local media reports or visit: www.epa.gov/airnow UV Index forecasts, check local media reports or visit: www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html •Help your local electric utilities reduce ozone air pollution by conserving energy at home and the office. Consider setting your •Use approved refrigerants in air conditioning and thermostat a little higher in the summer. Participate in your local refrigeration equipment. Make sure technicians that work on utilities’ load-sharing and energy conservation programs. your car or home air conditioners or refrigerator are certified to recover the refrigerant. Repair leaky air conditioning units •Reduce air pollution from cars, trucks, gas-powered lawn and garden before refilling them. equipment, boats and other engines by keeping equipment properly tuned and maintained. During the summer, fill your gas tank during the cooler evening hours and be careful not to spill gasoline. -
Toxicological Profile for Acetone Draft for Public Comment
ACETONE 1 Toxicological Profile for Acetone Draft for Public Comment July 2021 ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** ACETONE ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre dissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** ACETONE iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health. -
2004-06-24 Chapter 7 California Consumer Products Regulations and Method 310 and Adoption of a Proposed Airborne
VII. HEALTH RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIRBORNE TOXIC CONTROL MEASURE FOR PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE SOLID AIR FRESHENERS AND TOILET/URINAL CARE PRODUCTS A. INTRODUCTION Para-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) is a chlorinated benzene compound designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer to be possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). It is also a California Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) and a federal Hazardous Air Pollutant. Humans are substantially exposed to this compound by breathing indoor air. The compound is widely used primarily as the air freshener in toilet and urinal deodorant blocks and also as the main ingredient in mothballs. Breath, blood, urine and even breast milk samples and adipose tissue from most persons in the United States show measurable levels of PDCB, which is indicative of its widespread use (see Subsection H.5. Body Burden). The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and the U.S. EPA recommend that where possible, PDCB, and items to be protected against moths, should be placed in trunks or other containers that can be stored in areas that are separately ventilated from the home, such as attics and detached garages (CPSC-U.S. EPA, 2004). The Air Resources Board has followed the use of PDCB in air fresheners since 1991. At the time, PDCB toilet/urinal blocks were essentially the only urinal deodorizer available. While we recognized at the time that PDCB was a possible human carcinogen, little in the way of viable alternatives existed. Staff decided at the time to provide an exemption for PDCB air fresheners that were at least 98 percent pure, with the intention of following the health effects literature and watching for the availability of alternatives. -
Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
The information presented here reflects EPA's modeling of the Clear Skies Act of 2002. The Agency is in the process of updating this information to reflect modifications included in the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The revised information will be posted on the Agency's Clear Skies Web site (www.epa.gov/clearskies) as soon as possible. Overview of the Human Health and Environmental Effects of Power Generation: Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and Mercury (Hg) June 2002 Contents The Clear Skies Initiative is intended to reduce the health and environmental impacts of power generation. This document briefly summarizes the health and environmental effects of power generation, specifically those associated with sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and mercury (Hg). This document does not address the specific impacts of the Clear Skies Initiative. • Overview -- Emissions and transport • Fine Particles • Ozone (Smog) • Visibility • Acid Rain • Nitrogen Deposition • Mercury Photo Credits: 1: USDA; EPA; EPA; VTWeb.com 2: NADP 6: EPA 7: ?? 10: EPA 2 Electric Power Generation: Major Source of Emissions 2000 Sulfur Dioxide 2000 Nitrogen Oxides 1999 Mercury Fuel Combustion- Industrial Processing electric utilities Transportation Other stationary combustion * Miscellaneous * Other stationary combustion includes residential and commercial sources. • Power generation continues to be an important source of these major pollutants. • Power generation contributes 63% of SO2, 22% of NOX, and 37% of man-made mercury to the environment. 3 Overview of SO2, NOX, and Mercury Emissions, Transport, and Transformation • When emitted into the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury undergo chemical reactions to form compounds that can travel long distances. -
Method TO-11A
EPA/625/R-96/010b Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Second Edition Compendium Method TO-11A Determination of Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [Active Sampling Methodology] Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 January 1999 Method TO-11A Acknowledgements This Method was prepared for publication in the Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Second Edition (EPA/625/R-96/010b), which was prepared under Contract No. 68-C3-0315, WA No. 3-10, by Midwest Research Institute (MRI), as a subcontractor to Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), and under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Justice A. Manning, John O. Burckle, and Scott Hedges, Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), and Frank F. McElroy, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), all in the EPA Office of Research and Development, were responsible for overseeing the preparation of this method. Additional support was provided by other members of the Compendia Workgroup, which include: • John O. Burckle, U.S. EPA, ORD, Cincinnati, OH • James L. Cheney, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, NB • Michael Davis, U.S. EPA, Region 7, KC, KS • Joseph B. Elkins Jr., U.S. EPA, OAQPS, RTP, NC • Robert G. Lewis, U.S. EPA, NERL, RTP, NC • Justice A. Manning, U.S. EPA, ORD, Cincinnati, OH • William A. McClenny, U.S. EPA, NERL, RTP, NC • Frank F. McElroy, U.S. EPA, NERL, RTP, NC • Heidi Schultz, ERG, Lexington, MA • William T. -
Chapter 2 Acetone Oxidation Using Ozone on Manganese Oxide
Chapter 2 Acetone Oxidation Using Ozone on Manganese Oxide Catalysts 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents an activity study of VOC oxidation using ozone over supported manganese oxide catalysts. The VOC used in this study was acetone, which is a common solvent used in many industrial processes such as surface coating, painting, and extraction. Similar to other VOCs, acetone is harmful to human health. Acetone has been studied in the literature as an example of a VOC containing a carbonyl group [1, 2, 3, 4]. In one of the studies involving manganese oxide as the catalyst, Baldi et al. [5] found that the conversion of acetone with excess oxygen over Mn3O4 started at near 473 K, with acetaldehyde being the main product, together with minor amounts of acetic acid. The conversion increased to high values in the temperature range of 510-563 K where the only carbon-containing product was CO2. In another study by Parida and Samal [2] manganese nodules collected from the Indian Ocean were used as the catalysts in the combustion with oxygen of VOCs, including acetone, and it was found that complete oxidation of acetone over these nodules was achieved at a temperature less than 573 K. It was reported by Ragaini et al. [3] that the oxidation temperature of acetone decreased by 10 % when ozone was used in the reaction compared to oxygen using a barium promoted copper- chromite catalyst. 10 In this study the manganese oxide active phase was placed on alumina foam substrates. These are porous monolithic materials with low densities and novel physical, mechanical, and thermal properties that offer potential application as catalyst supports [6, 7, 8, 9].