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The Progressive Era

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The Progressive Era 1900 – 1916 S C M T M L u P G i u e i a f o o v c m d b f p o i k p c o r u l r l e G l r a a r i o a R c g a U s o s i k e n n t s s g e t c i t s h r e W o e t s o n s s m s e n Aims of Progressivism • To abolish corruption and unfair practices in government, industry, labor, and society • To give people more say in governing • To improve quality of life by the government Rosa Schneiderman, Garment Worker Child Labor Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less 4,554 5% 52-57 hours 65,033 79% 58-63 hours 12,211 15% Over 63 hours 562 1% Total employees, men and women 82,360 Womens’ Trade Union League Women Voting for a Strike! The Uprising of the Twenty Thousands (Dedicated to the Waistmakers of 1909) In the black of the winter of nineteen nine, When we froze and bled on the picket line, We showed the world that women could fight And we rose and won with women's might. Chorus: Hail the waistmakers of nineteen nine, Making their stand on the picket line, Breaking the power of those who reign, Pointing the way, smashing the chain. And we gave new courage to the men Who carried on in nineteen ten And shoulder to shoulder we'll win through, Led by the I.L.G.W.U. Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call Social and Political Activists Carola Woerishoffer, Clara Lemlich, Bryn Mawr Graduate Labor Organizer Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing Scabs Hired “The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8th, 9th, and 10th Floors Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Inside the Building After the Fire Most Doors Were Locked Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died One of the Heroes 10th Floor After the Fire Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk One of the “Lucky” Ones? Rose Schneiderman The Last Survivor Scene at the Morgue Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead Page of the New York Journal One of the Many Funerals Protestors March to City Hall Labor Unions March as Mourners Women Workers March to City Hall The Investigation Francis Perkins Future Secetary Of Labor Alfred E. Smith – Future NYC Mayor and Presidential Candidate Future Senator Robert Wagner Out of the Ashes ILGWU membership surged. NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. New strict building codes were passed. Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops. Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage. The Foundations Were Laid for the New Deal Here in 1911 Al Smith ran unsuccessfully in 1928 on many of the reform programs that would be successful for another New Yorker 4 years later – FDR. In the 1930s, the federal government created OSHA [the Occupational Safety & Health Administration]. The Wagner Act. Francis Perkins first female Cabinet member [Secretary of Labor] in FDR’s administration. History of the Needlecraft Industry by Ernest Feeney, 1938 An Urban Age and a Consumer Society Farms and Cities • Explosive growth economic, rise of the cities, and urban population • By 1910 NYC had 4.7 million residents more than lived in 33 of the states • Agriculture enters a “golden age” and demand for land grows Urban Inequalities The Muckrakers • Lewis Hine photographed child laborers to draw attention to persistent social equality • More than 2 million children under the age of fifteen worked for wages. Faces of Lost Youth: Doffer boys. Macon, Georgia. Faces of Lost Youth: Furman Owens, 12-years-old. Can't read. Doesn't know his A,B,C's. Said, "Yes I want to learn but can't when I work all the time." Been in the mills 4 years, 3 years in the Olympia Mill. Columbia, South Carolina. Faces of Lost Youth: Adolescent girls from Bibb Mfg. Co. in Macon, Georgia. The Mill: A general view of spinning room, Cornell Mill. Fall River, Massachusetts. The Mill: A moment's glimpse of the outer world. Said she was 11 years old. Been working over a year. Rhodes Mfg. Co. Lincolnton, North Carolina. The Mill: Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins. Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Georgia. The Mill: One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton Mill. She was 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same." Out of 50 employees, there were ten children about her size. Whitnel, North Carolina. The Mill: The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily. The mills seem full of youngsters who "just happened in" or "are helping sister." Newberry, South Carolina. The Mill: Jo Bodeon, a back-roper in the mule room at Chace Cotton Mill. Burlington, Vermont. Newsies: A small newsie downtown on a Saturday afternoon. St. Louis, Missouri. Newsies: A group of newsies selling on the Capitol steps. Tony, age 8, Dan, 9, Joseph, 10, and John, age 11. Washington, D.C. Newsies: Tony Casale, age 11, been selling 4 years. Sells sometimes until 10 p.m. His paper told me the boy had shown him the marks on his arm where his father had bitten him for not selling more papers. He (the boy) said, "Drunken men say bad words to us." Hartford, Connecticut. Newsies: Out after midnight selling extras. There were many young boys selling very late. Youngest boy in the group is 9 years old. Harry, age 11, Eugene and the rest were a little older. Washington, D.C. Newsies: Newsboy asleep on stairs with papers. Jersey City, New Jersey. Newsies: Michael McNelis, age 8, a newsboy [seen with photographer Hine]. This boy has just recovered from his second attack of pneumonia. Was found selling papers in a big rain storm. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Newsies: Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high. He jumps on and off moving trolley cars at the risk of his life. St. Louis, Missouri. Newsies: Fighting is not unusual here. In the alley, 4 p.m. Rochester, New York. Newsies: Where the newsboy's money goes (an ice cream vendor). Wilmington, Delaware. Miners: At the close of day. Waiting for the cage to go up. The cage is entirely open on two sides and not very well protected on the other two, and is usually crowded like this. The small boy in front is Jo Puma. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pennsylvania Coal Co. The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them into obedience. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: Harley Bruce, a young coupling-boy at Indian Mine. He appears to be 12 or 14 years old and says he has been working there about a year. It is hard work and dangerous. Near Jellico, Tennessee. Miners: Breaker boys, Hughestown Borough Pennsylvania Coal Company. One of these is James Leonard, another is Stanley Rasmus. Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: A young driver in the Brown Mine. Has been driving one year. Works 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily. Brown, West Virginia. Miners: Breaker boys. Smallest is Angelo Ross. Pittston, Pennsylvania. The Factory: View of the Scotland Mills, showing boys who work in mill. Laurinburg, North Carolina. The Factory: 9 p.m. in an Indiana Glass Works. The Factory: Some of the young knitters in London Hosiery Mills. London, Tennessee. The Factory: Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co. Three boys looked under 14. Labor leaders told me in busy times many small boys and girls were employed. Youngsters all smoke. Tampa, Florida. The Factory: Boys in the packing room at the Brown Mfg. Co. Evansville, Indiana. The Factory: Willie, a Polish boy, taking his noon rest in a doffer box at the Quidwick Company Mill. Anthony, Rhode Island. The Factory: Day scene. Wheaton Glass Works. Boy is Howard Lee. His mother showed me the family record in Bible which gave his birth as July 15, 1894. 15 years old now, but has been in glass works two years and some nights. Millville, New Jersey. The Factory: A boy making melon baskets in a basket factory. Evansville, Indiana. The Factory: Rob Kidd, one of the young workers in a glass factory. Alexandria, Virginia. Seafood Workers: Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory. All but the very smallest babies work. Began work at 3:30 a.m. and expected to work until 5 p.m. The little girl in the center was working. Her mother said she is "a real help to me." Dunbar, Louisiana. Seafood Workers: Shrimp pickers, including little 8-year-old Max on the right. Biloxi, Mississippi. Seafood Workers: Johnnie, a 9-year-old oyster shucker. Man with pipe behind him is a Padrone who has brought these people from Baltimore for four years. He is the boss of the shucking shed. Dunbar, Louisiana. Seafood Workers: Manuel the young shrimp picker, age 5, and a mountain of child labor oyster shells behind him.
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