The

1900 – 1916 S C M T M L u P G i u e i a f o o v c m d b f p o i k p c o r u l r l e G l r a a r i o a R c g a U s o s i k e n n t s s g e t c i t s h r e W o e t s o n s s m s e n Aims of Progressivism

• To abolish corruption and unfair practices in government, industry, labor, and society • To give people more say in governing • To improve quality of life by the government

Rosa Schneiderman, Garment Worker Child Labor Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week

51 hours or less 4,554 5% 52-57 hours 65,033 79% 58-63 hours 12,211 15% Over 63 hours 562 1%

Total employees, men and women 82,360 Womens’ Trade Union League Women Voting for a Strike! The Uprising of the Twenty Thousands (Dedicated to the Waistmakers of 1909) In the black of the winter of nineteen nine, When we froze and bled on the picket line, We showed the world that women could fight And we rose and won with women's might. Chorus: Hail the waistmakers of nineteen nine, Making their stand on the picket line, Breaking the power of those who reign, Pointing the way, smashing the chain. And we gave new courage to the men Who carried on in nineteen ten And shoulder to shoulder we'll win through, Led by the I.L.G.W.U. Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call Social and Political Activists

Carola Woerishoffer, Clara Lemlich, Bryn Mawr Graduate Labor Organizer Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing Scabs Hired

“The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8th, 9th, and 10th Floors

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Inside the Building After the Fire Most Doors Were Locked

Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died One of the Heroes 10th Floor After the Fire Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk One of the “Lucky” Ones? Rose Schneiderman

The Last Survivor Scene at the Morgue Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead Page of the New York Journal One of the Many Funerals Protestors March to City Hall Labor Unions March as Mourners Women Workers March to City Hall The Investigation

Francis Perkins Future Secetary Of Labor Alfred E. Smith – Future NYC Mayor and Presidential Candidate Future Senator Robert Wagner Out of the Ashes

 ILGWU membership surged.  NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention.  New strict building codes were passed.  Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops.  Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage. The Foundations Were Laid for the New Deal Here in 1911  Al Smith ran unsuccessfully in 1928 on many of the reform programs that would be successful for another New Yorker 4 years later – FDR.  In the 1930s, the federal government created OSHA [the Occupational Safety & Health Administration].  The Wagner Act.  Francis Perkins  first female Cabinet member [Secretary of Labor] in FDR’s administration. History of the Needlecraft Industry by Ernest Feeney, 1938 An Urban Age and a Consumer Society Farms and Cities

• Explosive growth economic, rise of the cities, and urban population • By 1910 NYC had 4.7 million residents more than lived in 33 of the states • Agriculture enters a “golden age” and demand for land grows Urban Inequalities The Muckrakers

• Lewis Hine photographed child laborers to draw attention to persistent social equality • More than 2 million children under the age of fifteen worked for wages. Faces of Lost Youth: Doffer boys. Macon, Georgia. Faces of Lost Youth: Furman Owens, 12-years-old. Can't read. Doesn't know his A,B,C's. Said, "Yes I want to learn but can't when I work all the time." Been in the mills 4 years, 3 years in the Olympia Mill. Columbia, South Carolina. Faces of Lost Youth: Adolescent girls from Bibb Mfg. Co. in Macon, Georgia. The Mill: A general view of spinning room, Cornell Mill. Fall River, Massachusetts. The Mill: A moment's glimpse of the outer world. Said she was 11 years old. Been working over a year. Rhodes Mfg. Co. Lincolnton, North Carolina. The Mill: Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins. Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Georgia. The Mill: One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton Mill. She was 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same." Out of 50 employees, there were ten children about her size. Whitnel, North Carolina. The Mill: The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily. The mills seem full of youngsters who "just happened in" or "are helping sister." Newberry, South Carolina. The Mill: Jo Bodeon, a back-roper in the mule room at Chace Cotton Mill. Burlington, Vermont. Newsies: A small newsie downtown on a Saturday afternoon. St. Louis, Missouri. Newsies: A group of newsies selling on the Capitol steps. Tony, age 8, Dan, 9, Joseph, 10, and John, age 11. Washington, D.C. Newsies: Tony Casale, age 11, been selling 4 years. Sells sometimes until 10 p.m. His paper told me the boy had shown him the marks on his arm where his father had bitten him for not selling more papers. He (the boy) said, "Drunken men say bad words to us." Hartford, Connecticut. Newsies: Out after midnight selling extras. There were many young boys selling very late. Youngest boy in the group is 9 years old. Harry, age 11, Eugene and the rest were a little older. Washington, D.C. Newsies: Newsboy asleep on stairs with papers. Jersey City, New Jersey. Newsies: Michael McNelis, age 8, a newsboy [seen with photographer Hine]. This boy has just recovered from his second attack of pneumonia. Was found selling papers in a big rain storm. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Newsies: Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high. He jumps on and off moving trolley cars at the risk of his life. St. Louis, Missouri. Newsies: Fighting is not unusual here. In the alley, 4 p.m. Rochester, New York. Newsies: Where the newsboy's money goes (an ice cream vendor). Wilmington, Delaware. Miners: At the close of day. Waiting for the cage to go up. The cage is entirely open on two sides and not very well protected on the other two, and is usually crowded like this. The small boy in front is Jo Puma. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pennsylvania Coal Co. The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them into obedience. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: Harley Bruce, a young coupling-boy at Indian Mine. He appears to be 12 or 14 years old and says he has been working there about a year. It is hard work and dangerous. Near Jellico, Tennessee. Miners: Breaker boys, Hughestown Borough Pennsylvania Coal Company. One of these is James Leonard, another is Stanley Rasmus. Pittston, Pennsylvania. Miners: A young driver in the Brown Mine. Has been driving one year. Works 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily. Brown, West Virginia. Miners: Breaker boys. Smallest is Angelo Ross. Pittston, Pennsylvania. The Factory: View of the Scotland Mills, showing boys who work in mill. Laurinburg, North Carolina. The Factory: 9 p.m. in an Indiana Glass Works. The Factory: Some of the young knitters in London Hosiery Mills. London, Tennessee. The Factory: Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co. Three boys looked under 14. Labor leaders told me in busy times many small boys and girls were employed. Youngsters all smoke. Tampa, Florida. The Factory: Boys in the packing room at the Brown Mfg. Co. Evansville, Indiana. The Factory: Willie, a Polish boy, taking his noon rest in a doffer box at the Quidwick Company Mill. Anthony, Rhode Island. The Factory: Day scene. Wheaton Glass Works. Boy is Howard Lee. His mother showed me the family record in Bible which gave his birth as July 15, 1894. 15 years old now, but has been in glass works two years and some nights. Millville, New Jersey. The Factory: A boy making melon baskets in a basket factory. Evansville, Indiana. The Factory: Rob Kidd, one of the young workers in a glass factory. Alexandria, Virginia. Seafood Workers: Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory. All but the very smallest babies work. Began work at 3:30 a.m. and expected to work until 5 p.m. The little girl in the center was working. Her mother said she is "a real help to me." Dunbar, Louisiana. Seafood Workers: Shrimp pickers, including little 8-year-old Max on the right. Biloxi, Mississippi. Seafood Workers: Johnnie, a 9-year-old oyster shucker. Man with pipe behind him is a Padrone who has brought these people from Baltimore for four years. He is the boss of the shucking shed. Dunbar, Louisiana. Seafood Workers: Manuel the young shrimp picker, age 5, and a mountain of child labor oyster shells behind him. He worked last year. Understands not a word of English. Biloxi, Mississippi. Seafood Workers: Cutting fish in a sardine cannery. Large sharp knives are used with a cutting and sometimes chopping motion. The slippery floors and benches and careless bumping into each other increase the liability of accidents. "The salt water gits into the cuts and they ache," said one boy. Eastport, Maine. Seafood Workers: Hiram Pulk, age 9, working in a canning company. "I ain't very fast only about 5 boxes a day. They pay about 5 cents a box," he said. Eastport, Maine. Field and Farm Work: Camille Carmo, age 7, and Justine, age 9. The older girl picks about 4 pails a day. Rochester, Mass. Field and Farm Work: Three boys, one of 13 yrs., two of 14 yrs., picking shade-grown tobacco on Hackett Farm. The "first picking" necessitates a sitting posture. Buckland, Connecticut. Field and Farm Work: Six-year-old Warren Frakes. Mother said he picked 41 pounds yesterday "An I don't make him pick; he picked some last year." Has about 20 pounds in his bag. Comanche County, Oklahoma. Field and Farm Work: Twelve-year-old Lahnert boy topping beets. The father, mother, and two boys (9 and 12 yrs.) expect to make $700 in about 2 months time in the beet work. "The boys can keep up with me all right, and all day long," the father said. Begin at 6 a.m. and work until 6 p.m. with hour off at noon. Fort Collins, Colorado. Field and Farm Work: Eight-year-old Jack driving a horse rake. A small boy has difficulty keeping his seat on rough ground and this work is more or less dangerous. Western Massachusetts. Field and Farm Workers: Norris Luvitt. Been picking 3 years in berry fields near Baltimore. Little Salesmen: After 9 p.m., 7 year old Tommie Nooman demonstrating the advantages of the Ideal Necktie Form in a store window on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. His father said, "He is the youngest demonstrator in America. Has been doing it for several years from San Francisco to New York. We stay a month or six weeks in a place. He works at it off and on." Remarks from the bystanders were not having the best effect on Tommie. Little Salesmen: Joseph Severio, peanut vender, age 11 [seen with photographer Hine]. Been pushing a cart 2 years. Out after midnight on May 21, 1910. Ordinarily works 6 hours per day. Works of his own volition. All earnings go to his father. Wilmington, Delaware. Little Salesmen: In business for himself. Boston, Massachusetts. A Variety of Jobs: A Bowery bootblack in New York City. A Variety of Jobs: Bowling Alley boys. Many of them work setting pins until past midnight. New Haven, Connecticut.. A Variety of Jobs: George Christopher, Postal Telegraph, age 14. Been at it over 3 years. Does not work nights. Nashville, Tennessee. A Variety of Jobs: A boy carrying hats in New York City. A Variety of Jobs: Young boys working for Hickok Lumber Co. Burlington, Vermont. A Variety of Jobs: Three young boys with shovels standing in doorway of a Fort Worth & Denver train car.. Struggling Families: A Jewish family and neighbors working until late at night sewing garters. This happens several nights a week when there is plenty of work. The youngest work until 9 p.m. The others until 11 p.m. or later. On the left is Mary, age 7, and 10-year-old Sam, and next to the mother is a 12-year-old boy. On the right are Sarah, age 7, next is her 11 year old sister, 13-year-old brother. Father is out of work and also helps make garters. New York City. Struggling Families: A family working in the Tifton Cotton Mill. Four smallest children not working yet. The mother said she earns $4.50 a week and all the children earn $4.50 a week. Husband died and left her with 11 children. Two of them went off and got married. The family left the farm two years ago to work in the mill. Tifton, Georgia. Struggling Families: Picking nuts in dirty basement. The dirtiest imaginable children were pawing over the nuts and eating lunch on the table. Mother had a cold and blew her nose frequently (without washing her hands) and the dirty handkerchiefs reposed comfortably on table close to the nuts and nut meats. The father picks now. New York City. New York City. Pastimes and Vices: Killing time. Mill boys and men hanging around Swift's Pool Room. Saturday p.m. A common sight any day. Educational influences; bad stories and remarks - will not bear repetition. Fall River, Massachusetts. Pastimes and Vices: Messengers absorbed in their usual game of poker in the "Den of the terrible nine" (the waiting room for Western Union Messengers, Hartford, Connecticut). They play for money. Some lose a whole month's wages in a day and then are afraid to go home. The boy on the right has been a messenger for 4 years. Began at 12 years of age. He works all night now. During an evening's conversation he told me stories about his experiences with prostitutes to whom he carries messages frequently. Pastimes and Vices: Juvenile Court. An 8-year-old boy charged with stealing a bicycle. St. Louis, Missouri. Pastimes and Vices: A group of newsies playing craps in the jail alley at 10 p.m. Albany, New York. Pastimes and Vices: 11:00 a.m. Newsies at Skeeter's Branch. They were all smoking. St. Louis, Missouri.. New York City. Pastimes and Vices: Richard Pierce, age 14, a Western Union Telegraph Co. messenger. Nine months in service, works from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Smokes and visits houses of prostitution. Wilmington, Delaware. Group Portraits: Fourteen-year-olds getting working papers in New York City. Group Portraits: Children on the night shift going to work at 6 p.m. on a cold, dark December day. They do not come out again until 6 a.m. When they went home the next morning they were all drenched by a heavy, cold rain and had few or no wraps. Two of the smaller girls with three other sisters work on the night shift and support a big, lazy father who complains he is not well enough to work. He loafs around the country store. The oldest three of these sisters have been in the mill for 7 years, and the two youngest, two years. The latter earns 84 cents a night. Whitnel, North Carolina. Group Portraits: Some of the workers in the Farrand Packing Co. Baltimore, Maryland. Group Portraits: At 5 p.m., boys going home from Monougal Glass Works. One boy remarked, "De place is lousey wid kids." Fairmont, West Virginia. Group Portraits: A few of the young workers in the Beaumont Mill. Spartenburg, South Carolina. Group Portraits: Fish cutters at a canning company in Maine. Ages range from 7 to 12. They live near the factory. The 7-year-old boy in front, Byron Hamilton, has a badly cut finger but helps his brother regularly. Behind him is his brother George, age 11, who cut his finger half off while working. Ralph, on the left, displays his knife and also a badly cut finger. They and many youngsters said they were always cutting themselves. George earns a dollar some days usually 75 cents. Some of the others say they earn a dollar when they work all day. At times they start at 7 a.m. and work all day until midnight. Group Portraits: At 5 p.m., boys going home from Monougal Glass Works. One boy remarked, "De place is lousey wid kids." Fairmont, West Virginia. The Muckrakers

• Journalists exposed the ills of industrial and urban life The Muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens • The Shame of the Cities • Series in McClure magazine (1901-1902) and book (1904) • Showed how party bosses and business leaders profited from political corruption The Muckrakers

• Ida Tarbell • History of Standard Oil Company (1904) • Exposed the ruthless tactics in the Standard Oil Co. The Muckrakers

• Theodore Dreiser • Sister Carrie (1900) • Traced a hopeful young woman’s descent into prostitution in Chicago The Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair • The Jungle(1906), the eras most influential novel • Exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, unsanitary slaughterhouses and the sale of rotten meat • Public outrage contributed in part to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and the Meat Inspection Act(1906) The Muckrakers

• Thomas Nast • Exposed corruption through political cartoons Immigration

• Between 1901-1914, 13 million immigrants came to the US mostly from Italy, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian Empire • Influx of Asian and Mexican immigrants in the West • Japanese – Agricultural laborers in CA and sugar plantations of HI – 72,000 (1910) • Mexican – 1 million Mexicans (1910-1930) – Many entered through El Paso, TX and ended up in San Gabriel Valley in CA working for citrus growers • 1/7 foreign born (1910), More than 40% of NYC foreign born, smaller industrial cities Providence, Milwaukee, and San Francisco over 30% foreign born Ellis Island

• Located in NY harbor • Processed most European immigrants • Became main facility (1892) Angel Island • Located in San Francisco Bay • “Ellis Island of the West” • Main entry point for immigrants from Asia Mass Consumption and Entertainment

• Downtown department stores, chain stores in urban neighborhoods, retail mail order • Electric sewing machines, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and record players • Amusement parks, dance halls, theaters • Most popular form of entertainment – Vaudeville • Nickelodeons The Working Woman

• More women working for wages • Opportunities for native-born white women expanded • Not confined to young unmarried women - 8 million work for wages and ¼ were married (1920) Henry Ford, the Model T, & Fordism • Ford did not invent the automobile, developed techniques and marketing that made it accessible to ordinary Americans • Ford Motor Company (1905) • Model T (1908) • Standardization and low prices • Moving assembly line (1913) • Raised wages to five dollars per day (1914) • 34,000 cars @ $700 (1910), 730,000 cars @ $ 316 (1916) • Economic system based on mass production and mass consumption – Fordism Varieties of Progressivism Taylorism (Scientific Management)

• A factory management system developed in the late 19th century to increase efficiency by evaluating every step in a manufacturing process and breaking down production into specialized repetitive tasks Principles of Taylorism

• Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks • Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves • Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" • Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks Socialist Party

• Founded in 1901 • Populists, followers of Edward Bellamy, and a portion of the labor movement • Free college education • Legislation to improve the conditions of workers • Public ownership of railroads and factories • Popular in cities like NY, Milwaukee (socialist mayor 1910) and old Populist areas like Oklahoma, Idaho and Montana • 150,000 members (1912) Eugene V. Debs

• Most important individual in spreading socialist ideas and linking them to equality, self- government, and freedom • Debs received 6 percent of the vote (more than 900,000) in the 1912 election How to Achieve the Living Wage • Unions – AFL worked with the government • National Civic Federation: Labor Unions and McKinley’s government worked together to solve problems – Accepted idea of collective bargaining – Solved hundreds of labor disputes • Still great tensions between employers and unions • IWW: Industrial Workers of the World – Less exclusive than AFL – Part labor union, part advocate for labor revolution Major Labor Disputes of the Progressive Era

• Lawrence MA: court instituted max workweek of 54 hrs, company lowered wages – IWW leader Big Bill Haywood sent strikers’ children to NY – Good press for the strikers – Governor intervened and strike settled on workers’ terms Ludlow Strike

• Mine workers wanted 8 hr day, right to live and shop where they chose • Mine owner evicted 11,000 strikers • Set up tent community • Militia came in • 20-30 killed when militia set fire to a tent • 7 months later strike called off – unsuccessful

Victims

• 1. John Bartolotti, 45 • 11. Lucy Petrucci, 2 • 2. Charlie Costa, 31 • 12. Frank Rubino, 23 • 3. Fedelina Costa, 27 • 13. William Snyder Jr., 11 • 4. Lucy Costa, 4 • 14. Louis Tikas, 30 • 5. Onofrio Costa, 6 • 15. George Ullman, 56 • 6. James Fyler, 43 • 16. Elvira Valdez, 3 mo. • 7. Cloriva Pedregon, 4 • 17. Eulala Valdez, 8 • 8. Rodgerlo Pedregon, 6 • 18. Mary Valdez, 7 • 9. Frank Petrucci, 4 mo. • 19. Patria Valdez, 37 • 10. Joe Petrucci, 4

Courts and Labor

• Like abolitionists before them, Labor demanded the right to assemble, organize and spread its view. Made headway over time, but most of these rights denied at first – Courts issued injunctions prohibiting strikers from speaking, picketing or distributing literature during labor disputes – Many IWW jailed in their fight for civil liberties Women, Feminism and the Progressive Era • First time word “feminist” entered political vocabulary • Feminist Alliance established apt houses with communal kitchens, cafeterias, day care centers  to give women the freedom to work • Call for the right to vote, the right for equal work opportunities, and open discussion of sexuality – Greenwich Village NY – center of sexual experimentation – many feminists and gays more comfortable there than elsewhere • By end of the era 1920, 19th Amendment adopted giving women the right to vote • Meeting sponsored by Heterodoxy at New York’s Cooper’s Union: What is Feminism? • Feminism - women’s emancipation as a human and sexual being • Bohemia – circle of artists, writers, and others who rejected conventional rules and practices Isadora Duncan

• New expressive dance • Free movement of the body liberated from the constraints of technique and costume Birth Control • Emma Goldman: A fiery orator and a gifted writer, she became a passionate advocate of freedom of expression, sexual freedom and birth control, equality and independence for women, radical education, union organization and workers' rights. • Arrested over 40 times for dangerous and obscene statements

Her fight for free speech Margaret Sanger • 1911 “What Every Girl Should Know” a column on sex education in NY Socialist paper The Call – 1 issued on VD barred by postal officials – Advertised birth control • 1916 opened a birth control clinic – 1 month in jail • Her legacy: many arrests and prosecutions, and the resulting outcries, helped lead to changes in laws giving doctors the right to give birth control advice (and later, birth control devices) to patients. • In her words – “No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother. “ – “When motherhood becomes the fruit of a deep yearning, not the result of ignorance or accident, its children will become the foundation of a new race. “ • Controversial – Criticized for saying working families shouldn’t have more than two children – seen as supporting eugenics or social darwinism – Seen as a precursor of abortion advocates

The Politics of Progressivism Pioneers of Urban Progressivism

• Gilded Age Mayors – Hazen Pingree, Detroit (1889- 1897) • Forced gas and telephone companies to lower rates • Establish municipal power plant – Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones, Toledo (1897-1905) • Night schools & free kindergartens • Built new parks • Supported the right of workers to Unionize Hiram Johnson

• Public prosecutor, secured the conviction for bribery of San Francisco political boss Abraham Ruef • Governor of California (1910) – Promised to kick the Southern Pacific out of politics – Public Utilities Act – Laws banning child labor – Limited the working hours of women Robert La Follette

• Governor of Wisconsin (1900) – Nominated candidates by primaries not party bosses – Taxed corporate wealth – State regulation of RR and public utilities • Staff – nonpartisan faculty members of UW Progressive Politicians

• Argued that powerful government did not threaten freedom, but could guarantee it. Progressive Reforms of the Political Process

• 17th Amendment: senators chosen by popular vote • Popular election of judges (not federal) • Primary elections to select candidates for office • Some states adopted: – Referendum: direct vote on legislation – Recall: removal of officials by popular vote – Initiative: voters propose legislation • 19th Amendment Restrictions on Democratic Participation

• Disenfranchisement of blacks • Literacy tests, registration, and residency requirements, limit the right to vote by the poor • Cities replaced elected officials with appointed nonpartisan commissions or city managers

• Era’s most prominent female reformer • Founded (1889) in Chicago – Settlement House – Devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor • How did they help? • How many settlement houses had been established by 1910? Female Activism • Child labor a menace to white supremacy, deprived white children of an education • Women’s group play a key role in law restricting child labor in AL (1903), by 1915 all southern states had enacted similar laws, although they were only sporadically enforced • , head of the Children’s Bureau – Investigate the conditions of mothers and children and advocate their interests • Florence Kelly, National Consumer’s League – Nation’s leading advocate of laws governing the working conditions of women and children Campaign for Women’s Suffrage • Broad coalition after 1900 • Who was included? • National American Women’s Suffrage Association – 13,000 (1893), 2 million (1917) • Half states allow women to vote in local elections dealing with school issues (1900) • Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, full women’s suffrage • 7 more states western states enfranchised women (1910-1914) • Illinois first state east of MS River to allow women to vote in presidential elections (1913) • Techniques – Advertising, Publicity, and Mass Entertainment • State campaigns expensive and usually successful, focus turns toward constitutional amendment

Maternalist Reform • Mother’s Pensions – State had an obligation to protect women and children – State aid to mother’s who lack male support spread rapidly after 1910 – Less than generous and local eligibility requirements allowed for unequal treatment – White windows benefited the most, single mother were discriminated against, and blacks excluded • Muller v. Oregon (1908) – Upheld a law setting max. 8 hr workday for women (a change from Lochner decision 3 years earlier which couldn’t limit hours) – Why? Economic Protections

• Worker’s Compensation – Enacted by 22 states (1913) – Benefit workers injured on the job – Funded in part by workers own wages • State minimum wage laws only applied to women The Progressive Presidents Progressive Presidents

• 1901 Pres. McKinley assassinated and Teddy Roosevelt became pres • Roosevelt’s Square Deal: “the labor unions shall have a square deal, and the corporations shall have a square deal.” – Went after bad trusts: financiers only interested in profit – Left good trusts alone: U.S. Steel and Standard Oil – served public good Roosevelt the Trust Buster

• Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act to dissolve – Northern Securities a J.P. Morgan company that controlled 3 railroads – 1902 coal strike in W.VA. and PA • Roosevelt insisted on arbitration • When owners didn’t like the result Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines • Strike ended – Wages up, but the union was not recognized – Improved ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - Hepburn Act (1906) and regulated the Food and Drug industry • 1906 Meat Inspection Act • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

Roosevelt the Conservationist • There were 42 million acres of national forests when Roosevelt took office in 1901. There were 130 million acres more when he left office seven years later. He created five national parks and scores of national monuments and bird refuges.

"In utilizing and conserving the natural resources of the Nation, the one characteristic more essential than any other is foresight.... The conservation of our natural resources and their proper use constitute the fundamental problem which underlies almost every other problem of our national life." Jamestown, Virginia, June 10, 1907 John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt Yellowstone National Park, WY

First national park established in 1872.

President Taft – Roosevelt’s Successor

• Continued Trustbusting – Went after Standard Oil and American Tobacco • Supported 16th Amendment – graduated income tax • Lost support of Progressives before 1912 Election – Didn’t reduce the tariff as much as progressives wanted - Payne Aldrich Tariff – Ballinger-Pinchot affair questioned the land that Roosevelt had placed in conservation and returned it to public domain for mining and lumber Election of 1912 • Candidates • Roosevelt – Progressive Party (Bull Moose) – Taxes on personal and corporate wealth – Regulation of mines, rr, and oil – Women’s suffrage – National labor and health regulation for women and children • 8 hr workday • Living wage • National insurance • William Taft – Republican Party – Issue of economic individualism – Republican voters split between Roosevelt and Taft  neither won • Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – Won 41.9% of vote – 435 electoral votes vs. 96 electoral votes – Believed in many of the Progressive ideas and got many of their votes • Eugene Debs – Socialist Party • Eugene Chafin – Prohibition Party

New Freedom and New Nationalism

• New Freedom (Wilson) – Strengthen Antitrust Laws – Protect the right to unionize – Actively y encourage small businesses without increasing government regulation • New Nationalism (Roosevelt) – Heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes – Federal regulation of industries (rr, oil, mining)

President Wilson’s First Term

• Underwood Tariff (1913) – Substantially reduced duties on imports – Imposed graduated income tax on richest 5 percent • Clayton Act (1914) – Exempted labor union from Antitrust laws – Barred courts from issuing injunctions curtailing the right to strike • Keating Owen Act (1916) – Outlawed child labor in products that were sold in interstate commerce • Adamson Act (1916) – established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers • Warehouse Act (1916) – Extended loans to farmers when they stored their crops in federal storage units Expanding the Role of Government

• Federal Reserve System (1913) – 12 regional banks, overseen by central bank – Handle the issuance of currency – Aid banks in danger of failing – Influence interest rates to promote economic growth – Response to the Panic of 1907 • Federal Trade Commission (1914) – Investigate and prohibit unfair business practices – price fixing and monopolistic practices