De Farlige Bloggerne De Har Lagt Ned Aviser Og Arrestert Kritiske Journalister, Nå Prøver Myndighetene I Iran Å Kneble Bloggerne

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De Farlige Bloggerne De Har Lagt Ned Aviser Og Arrestert Kritiske Journalister, Nå Prøver Myndighetene I Iran Å Kneble Bloggerne De farlige bloggerne De har lagt ned aviser og arrestert kritiske journalister, nå prøver myndighetene i Iran å kneble bloggerne. Men unge, smarte iranere finner hullene i den statlige nettsensuren. Av Bente Kalsnes, Master of Arts i Communication, Culture and Technology ved Georgetown University og community- ansvarlig på dagbladet.no Iran og Kina har en tvilsom felles interesse: interaktiviteten med andre mennesker er internettsensur. Kina har lenge vært kjent noe av forklaringen til bloggsuksessen som for å drive verdens strengeste internettsen- startet i usa gjennom selskap som blog- sur, blant annet ved å sensurere ord som ger.com. I dag finnes det 16,7 millioner “demokrati” og “menneskerettigheter” i blogger i verden, ifølge bloggsøkemotoren søkemotorer,1 men de siste årene har også Technorati,3 og disse favner om et vidt iranske myndigheter skjønt at internett er spekter av genre, alt fra personlige dagbøk- farlig for landets innbyggere. Først slo de er, politiske kommentarer og litterære ned på pornografiske sider som ikke søm- eksperimenter til foto-, video- og met seg for iranske statsborgere, men etter audioblogger. Blogger har fått gjennomslag hvert har myndighetene skjønt at politiske i amerikansk media etter avsløringer av fak- nettsider er minst like fordervende som tafeil hos blant annet programleder Dan pupper og lår. Det siste it-sjefene i Teheran Rather i 60 Minutes II. I et program om har fått snusen i, er blogger – nettjour- president George Bush’ militærtjeneste, naler som jevnlig oppdateres med kom- siterte Rather et dokument som hevdet at mentarer og linker av én eller flere person- Bush ikke fullførte militærtjenesten sin.4 er. Denne artikkelen handler om hvordan Dokumentets opprinnelse er nå svært iranske myndigheter tror de kan drive omdiskutert. Rather mistet jobben etter internettsensur, og iranske bloggeres bloggernes avsløringer. forsøk på å omgå den. Et enda mer spennende perspektiv ved blogging er hvilke muligheter det gir folk Bloggeksplosjon til å uttrykke sine meninger i politiske Ordet blogging kommer fra det engelske lukkede land. Harvard-prosjektet Global ordet web log – nettjournal, og ble første Voices5 samler noen av de beste bloggene gang brukt i 1997.2 En blogg er en nett- fra hele verden, og hensikten er å tilrette- basert publikasjon i omvendt kronologisk legge for ytringsfrihet og samtaler på tvers rekkefølge, det vil si at de siste tekstene lig- av landegrensene. Også i Iran. I slutten av ger øverst. Tekstene er ofte utstyrt med august ble fire-årsdagen for de første linker til andre tekster på nettet. Folk kan iranske bloggerne markert på denne nettsi- kommentere i bloggen, og bloggforfatteren den.6 Den 30 år gamle bloggeren Hossein kan linke til andre blogger. Enkle verktøy og Derakhshan var en av pionerene som 124 I dag finnes det omtrent fem millioner nettbrukere i Iran. På grunn av den strenge, statlige sensuren mot tradisjonelle medier, har folk mer tillit til internett. Men det er ikke ufarlig å skrive hva man mener på nettet. gjorde det enkelt å blogge i Iran. I 2001 et krav om at nett-leverandører må sen- fantes det ikke blogger med persiske tegn, surere alt materiale som er umoralsk eller men Derakhshan utviklet en måte å kom- som svekker statens sikkerhet, eksempelvis binere gratis verktøy fra Unicode og Blog- nettsider for opposisjonsgrupper. Ved bruk ger.com. Snart fulgte flere i hans digitale av software fra amerikanske SmartFilter,8 fotspor. kan iranske myndigheter blokkere uten- I dag finnes det omtrent fem millioner landske nettsider. internettbrukere i Iran, ifølge Open Net Ini- Likevel viser en undersøkelse foretatt av tiative.7 Iran har opplevd en eksplosiv vekst Iranske studenters nyhetsbyrå9 at folk har siden 2001, da en million iranere gikk på mer tillit til internett enn til mer tradis- nettet. Bare i Teheran finnes det anslagsvis jonelle medier som tv og radio. På grunn 1500 internettkafeer, og The Telecommuni- av den strenge statlige sensuren mot tradis- cation Company of Iran (tci) forventer at jonelle medier, begynte mange iranere i tallet på iranske nettbrukere vil stige til 25 2000 å lage alternative nyhetssider på millioner innen 2009. Denne veksten internett for å unngå å bli arrestert. Hos- ønsker myndighetene å kontrollere. Private sein Derakhshan har mye av æren for at det internettleverandører (som Telenor eller i dag finnes rundt 70,000 aktive10 blogger Chello i Norge) må godkjennes av Minis- på persisk. Fram til 2001 hadde han sin teriet for kultur og islamsk rettledning, og egen teknospalte i den reformvennlige nettleverandørene må implementere filter avisa Asr-e Azadegan i Teheran, men han for nettsider og e-post. I 2001 iverksatte tci og hundrevis av andre journalister mistet 125 jobbene sine da tolv reformvennlige aviser å omgå de tekniske hindringene og får til- ble stengt i et statlig sensurraid. Der- gang til sensurerte sider, kan det være at akhshan flyttet til Toronto for å komme myndighetene gir opp eller inntar en mer unna sensuren. Der jobbet han for bbc, avslappet holdning. Tekniske problemer men savnet sine iranske lesere. Blogging kan også påvirke dette. Myndighetene kan ble løsningen. bli forhindret fra å bruke utenlandske filtre på grunn av embargo eller at software de Sensurregimet ønsker å bruke, ikke støtter persiske tegn. I dag bor Derakhshan i New York og har Iranske myndigheter har heller ikke den blitt noe så spesielt som en iransk blogg- ekspertisen eller utstyret som kreves for å kjendis. Han skriver på engelsk og persisk lage et effektivt og sentralisert filter slik de om politikk, teknologi og populærkultur, og har i Kina.” reiser fra konferanse til konferanse i Europa og usa for å snakke om hvordan Midtøstens største fengsel blogging kan være med på å åpne opp Iran. Iran blir kalt Midtøstens største fengsel for Da iranerne gikk til presidentvalg 17. juni i journalister.13 I 2004 satt 14 journalister år, fulgte tusenvis av lesere av bloggen Edi- fengslet i Iran. På Reportere uten grensers tor: Myself11 ferden hans tilbake til hjem- indeks for pressefrihet, kommer Iran svært landet for å stemme. Av frykt for å bli dårlig ut. Av totalt 167 land, ligger Iran arrestert og sendt i fengsel for sine poli- også helt i bunnsjiktet, på 158. plass (Nord- tiske kommentarer, holdt han en lav profil, Korea ligger nederst, mens Kina er på 162. også på internett,12 den uken han var plass). I dag er banneret “Release Ganji” 14 å tilbake i Teheran. Selv har han merket finne på de fleste iranske bloggeres myndighetenes internettfrykt da hans nettsider. Akkurat nå sitter den 47 år iranske internettdomene ble sensurert, og gamle journalisten Akbar Ganji fengslet på han mistet mellom 20 og 30 prosent av femte året i det beryktede Evin-fengselet i sine iranske lesere. Men han har delvis Nord-Teheran, beskyldt for å ha “truet omgått sensuren ved å kjøpe flere domene- statens sikkerhet”, for å ha “fornærmet navn. En del av hans lesere mottar også grunnleggeren av den islamske repub- blogginnleggene hans på e-post, noe myn- likken og regimets hellige verdier” og for å dighetene ennå ikke har klart å stoppe. ha “drevet propaganda mot den islamske Når jeg spør ham på e-post hvorfor republikken.” 15 Iranske bloggere, derimot, iranske myndigheter er blant verdens beskriver kommentatoren og journalisten strengeste på internettsensur, er Der- Ganji som en av Irans største helter16 for akhshan klar i sitt syn: “Fordi de tror de hans kamp for ytringsfrihet i tre reform- kan holde på makta ved å kontrollere infor- vennlige aviser; Sobhe-e-Emrouz, Neshat masjonen. De føler seg truet av populære og Asr-e-Azadegan. I flere artikler har han nettsider som potensielt kan utfordre prin- avslørt at ledere i regimet, blant annet sippene og filosofien deres.” Hvorvidt sen- tidligere president Hashemi Rafsanjani og surregimet vil endre seg, er han ikke tidligere sikkerhetsminister Ali Fallahian, sikkert på, men han er likevel optimistisk. Derakhshan forklarer: “Dersom folk klarer Personene på bildet er ikke iranske bloggere. 126 var involvert i drapene på politiske mot- nett så godt de kan, tror ikke Memarin de standere og intellektuelle i 1998. 22. vil lykkes i det lange løp: “Den nye gen- august i år avsluttet Ganji sin 71 dager erasjonen er helt vill etter det virtuelle sam- lange sultestreik etter å ha fått rettet inter- funnet, alle kan jo publisere ideene sine. nasjonal oppmerksomhet mot Irans brudd på grunnleggende menneskerettigheter, [ godt hjulpet av hans advokat, Nobelpris- Iranske myndigheter har ikke den vinneren Shirin Ebadi. ekspertisen som kreves for å lage et Elendige fengselsforhold er også noe mange bloggere har fått oppleve. Etter at sensurfilter slik de har i Kina. myndighetene la ned mesteparten av de [ reformvennlige avisene (flere enn 90 avis- er har blitt stengt de åtte siste årene), er Jeg tror de unge og det sivile samfunnet vil oppmerksomheten blitt rettet mot politiske finne en måte å bli lyttet til, siden internett nettsider. Bloggeren Omid Memarian17 har er den eneste muligheten de har.” selv kjent myndighetenes vrede på krop- pen. I 55 dager ble han og flere andre nett- Filteret vokser journalister og programmerere torturert, En egen nettside har blitt opprettet for å bundet for øynene og avbildet nakne i dus- overvåke overvåkerne: Stop Censoring Us jen, uten å få vite hva galt de hadde gjort. – Watching Internet Censorship in Iran.18 Memarian fikk aldri prøvd saken sin for ret- Hensikten med siden er “å gi offisielle og ten. I ettertid har myndighetenes juridiske uoffisielle beretninger om internettsensur i talsperson, Jamal Karimirad, sagt at per- Iran slik at internasjonale observatører og soner som driver uautoriserte nettsider vil aktivister får et bedre bilde av situasjonen bli anklaget for å “handle mot nasjonens for informasjonsfrihet i den islamske sikkerhet, forstyrre offentligheten og for å republikken Iran.” Siste nytt er at alle inter- fornærme helligheter.” Memarin, som ikke nettleverandører må filtrere ut har latt seg skremme fra å bruke sitt blogrolling.com.
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