May 26, 2011; Renaissance Washington DC
The Science for Our Nation’s Energy Future: EFRC Summit & Forum
Basic solar energy research in Japan
Kazunari Domen Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo
Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Government Energy Technology R&D Budgets
2395 Million US$ 846 340 12000 1272 1228 4202 0 1457 10000 145 165 2762 8000 154 157 Total Other Technologies or Research 10 354 68 457 Other Power and Storage Technologies 246 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 6000 200 545 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 45 4000 Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels Energy Efficiency 2000
0 Germany Japan US IEA (International Energy Agency) Energy Technology R&D Statistics 2009 Ratios of Energy R&D Budgets
100% 90% 80% Total Other Technologies or Research 70% Other Power and Storage Technologies 60% Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Nuclear Fission and Fusion 50% Renewable Energy Sources 40% Fossil Fuels 30% Energy Efficiency 20% 10% 0% Germany Japan US
IEA (International Energy Agency) Energy Technology R&D Statistics 2009 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Attack on Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
11 March 11 March
11 March 11 March
Copyright: The Yomiuri Shinbun, The Asahi Shinbun Co. Nuclear Meltdown at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
12 March, at 15:30
12 March, before 15:30
15 March 15 March
Copyright: The Yomiuri Shinbun, The Asahi Shinbun Co. 24 March Production of PVs in Japan
Single-Si Poly-Si Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association 104-kW a-Si Others http://www.jpea.gr.jp/04doc01.html Governmental Financial Supports for PV Installation Support in Japan New Energy Foundation (NEF): ~2005 2004: 45000 JPY/kW (420 $/kW) Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association (JPEA) : 2009~ 2011: 48000 JPY/kW (590 $/kW) Total 34.9 Billion JPY (430 M$) Electricity Buyback Program Renewables Portfolio Standard (FY2003~) 2011: 42 JPY/kWh (0.52 $/kWh) for residential use
Germany: Feed-in Tariff Governmental Supports for PV (METI) Billion JPY 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
0
1994 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Roadmap of PV Technology in Japan: NEDOPV2030+ Japan: in TechnologyPV Roadmap of conv.20efficiency % Cost Reduction Scenario and Expected Position of PV Power Generation
2 Power generation cost 17 centkWh/ - 3 GW 3 GW / year 2020 conv.efficiency40 % 25 8 cent/ kWh - 35 /year GW 2050 Three big PV projects in Japan
: METI
・Research and Development on Innovative Solar Cells (2008-2014) [25 million USD in 2011] ・Development of Next-generation High-performance Technology for Photovoltaic Power Generation (2010-2014) [75 million USD in 2011] ・Research and Development on Innovative Solar Cells (2008-2014) [25 million USD in 2011]
・Super-highly effective photovoltaic generation international research center （6 universities, 3 companies）
・R&D of thin film tandem solar cells （7 universities, 3 institutes, 4 companies）
・R&D of thin film full spectrum solar cells （6 universities, 6 companies） ・Development of Next-generation High-performance Technology for Photovoltaic Power Generation (2010-2014) [75 million USD in 2011]
Crystalline-Si low-cost process improve efficiency Organic thin film Dye-sensitized
Thin film-Si efficiency, cost low-cost high quality
common basic technologies CIS, Compound common materials low-cost process concentrated-PV Three big PV projects in Japan : METI
・Research and Development on Innovative Solar Cells (2008-2014) [25 million USD in 2011] ・Development of Next-generation High-performance Technology for Photovoltaic Power Generation (2010-2014) [75 million USD in 2011]
: MEXT
・Development of Organic Photovoltaics toward a Low-Carbon Society: Pioneering Next Generation Solar Cell Technologies and Industries via Multi-manufacturer Cooperation (2010 - 2014)
This project organizes the team of all Japan of the industrial-government- academic, and aims at early practical use of organic solar cells. Development of Organic Photovoltaics toward a Low-Carbon Society: Pioneering Next Generation Solar Cell Technologies and Industries via Multi-manufacturer Cooperation Core-Researcher : Hiroshi SEGAWA (Professor, The University of Tokyo)
total 38.3 millon USD dye-sensitized solar cells
low cost practical use
organic thin film solar cells
7 universities, 2 institutes, 10 companies total 329 projects 48.6 billion JPY (60.6million USD) 8 projects 1.3 billion JPY 2011.02.10-2014. 03.31 (16 million USD) Development of new photocatalysis systems toward solar hydrogen production Ryu ABE (Associate Professor, Hokkaido University) Development of a crystal growth technology to obtain high-quality Si ingots for solar cells Kozo FUJIWARA (Associate Professor, Tohoku University) Research Project on Development of innovative solar cells by using ferroelectrics Yuji NOGUCHI (Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo) Development of Highly Efficient Organic Thin-film Photovoltaic Cells from Chemical Approaches Based on Synthesis of Fullerene Derivatives Yutaka MATSUO (Project Professor, The University of Tokyo) Development of low-cost quantum dot photovoltaics with silicon inks. Tomohiro NOZAKI （Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology） Development of Thermochemical Water-Splitting Hydrogen Production System utilizing Concentrated Solar High-Temperature Heat Tatsuya KODAMA (Professor, Niigata University) Development of next-generation high efficiency solar cells using functionalized silicon nanostructures Naoki FUKATA (MANA Young Scientist, National Institute for Materials Science) Research on Innovative Technology for Solar Energy Conversion to Chemical Energy Kazuhiro SAYAMA (Group Leader, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) Projects for Individual Researchers
:MEXT
ERATO ・ Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology 3 million USD/year, 5 years ERATO ・HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion (2006-2011) Kazuhito HASHIMOTO（Professor, The University of Tokyo）
Inorganic artificial High-efficient organic thin film solar cell photosynthetic nanodevice
Light energy conversion systems
Microorganism energy and environmental cleanup device
Creation of high efficient energy conversion systems and energy managing advanced materials Projects for Individual Researchers
:MEXT ERATO ・ Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology 3 million USD/year, 5 years CREST ・ Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology 0.3 ~ 1.0 million USD/year, 5 years "Creative research for clean energy generation using solar energy" Research Supervisor; Masafumi YAMAGUCHI, (Professor, Toyota Technological Institute)
Efficient Visible Light-Sensitive Photocatalysts for Water Splitting Hiroshi IRIE (Professor, University of Yamanashi) Hydrogenated amorphous silicon free from light-induced degradation Hiroaki OKAMOTO (Professor, Osaka University) Complete utilization of "light" and "carrier" by the control of interface between surface layer and photovoltaic materials. Shin-ichi SATOH (Professor, University of Hyogo) Device Physics of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells from Liyuan HAN (Managing Director, National Institute for Materials Science) 2009 Bandgap Science for Organic Solar Cells Masahiro HIRAMOTO (Professor, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Science) High efficiency thin film solar cells with enhanced optical absorption by excitons Yoshiji HORIKOSHI (Professor, WASEDA University) New Formation Process of Solar-Grade Si Material Based on Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Science Kiyoshi YASUTAKE (Professor, Osaka University) "Creative research for clean energy generation using solar energy" Research Supervisor; Masafumi YAMAGUCHI, (Professor, Toyota Technological Institute)
Improvement of performance of thin film compound semiconductor photovoltaic cells towards the after next generation. Hironori KATAGIRI (Professor, Nagaoka National CollegeHideki of Technology)MATSUMURA R&DTakashi on nitride SUEMATSU-based heterogeneous tandem solar cells on Si substrates Naoteru SHIGEKAWA (Senior Research Engineer, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) from Si-based thin-film solar cells using a semiconducting silicide pn junction 2010 Takashi SUEMATSU (Professor, University of Tsukuba) High Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Fabricated by Cat-CVD Technology Hideki MATSUMURA (Professor, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) Construction of organic thin-film solar cells with innovative solution-processible organic materials Hiroko Yamada (Associate Professor, Ehime University)
Masahiro Hiroko Yamada HIRAMOTO Projects for Individual Researchers
:MEXT ERATO ・ Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology 3 million USD/year, 5 years CREST ・ Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology 0.3 ~ 1.0 million USD/year, 5 years PREST ・Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Young researchers, 0.3 million USD/3 years "Photoenergy conversion systems and materials for the next generation solar cells" (Research Supervisor：Shuzi HAYASE, Professor, Kyushu Institute of Technology)
・Broadband Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells with Light Harvesting System Based on Interlayer Excitation ・Development of semiconductor quantum dots Transfer sensitized solar cells by controlling quantum interfaces Musubu ICHIKAWA（Associate Professor, Shinshu University） Yasuhiro TACHIBANA （Senior Lecturer, Royal Melbourne ・Spectroscopic exploration of photon-electron Institute of Technology University ） conversion mechanisms in polymer solar cells ・Wavelength Conversion Material by Quantum Cutting Hideo OHKITA（Associate Professor, Kyoto University） toward Highly Efficient Photovoltaic Generation Setsuhisa TANABE（Professor, Kyoto University） ・Formation of high-quality polycrystalline silicon films ・Controlling of the many-body interaction between on glass substrates by flash-lamp-induced crystallization photoexcited carriers toward hot carrier solar cells Keisuke OHDAIRA（Assistant Professor, Japan Advanced Takeshi TAYAGAKI（Assistant Professor, Kyoto University ） Institute of Science and Technology ） ・High-Efficient and Ultra-Thin Solar Cells using ・Construction of Materials for Ligth Energy Conversion from Plasmonics with Sheet-Shaped Macromolecules 2009 Koichi OKAMOTO（Research Associate Ptofessor, Kyoto Donglin JIANG（Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular University） Science ） ・Photogenerated charge carrier dynamics in donor- ・Creation of new solar cell using chalcopyrite-type acceptor films studied by microwave conductivity phosphide Akinori SAEKI（Assistant Professor, Osaka University） Yoshitaro NOSE（Assistant Professor, Kyoto University ） ・Multiple Exciton Generation in Semiconductor Quantum ・Elucidation of Degradation Mechanism of Organic Thin- Dots and its Application to Solar Cells Film Solar Cells from Microscopic Viewpoints and Qing SHEN（Assistant Professor, The University of Electro- Improvement of Device Durability Communications） Kazuhiro MARUMOTO（Associate Professor, University of ・Development of organic photovoltaic cell fabricated by Tsukuba ） alternative deposition method for controlling the ・Inverse-photoemission spectroscopy with zero kinetic aggregation and crystallization of organic layers energy electrons for measuring the unoccupied Tetsuy TAIMA（Research Scientist, RNational Institute of electronic states of organic semiconductors Advanced Industrial Science and Technology） Hiroyuki YOSHIDA（Assistant Professor, Kyoto University） Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology: PREST "Photoenergy conversion systems and materials for the next generation solar cells" (Research Supervisor：Shuzi HAYASE, Professor, Kyushu Institute of Technology) ・Synthesis of mutually-penetrating phase-separated ・Development of n-type organic semiconductor polymers and their application to organic solar cells materials towards bulk heterojunction solar cells with 3D nanostructuresKoichi OKAMOTO Yutaka IE（Associate ProfessorOsaka University） Tomoya HIGASHIHARA（Assistant Professor, Tokyo ・DevelopmentMusubu of Photoactive ICHIKAWA Materials with Long- Institute of Technology） Wavelength Absorption Property for Use in High- ・ Performance Solar Cells Development of a method to control polycrystalline structures in Si ingot Tomokazu UMEYAMA（Assistant Professor, Kyoto Kozo FUJIWARA（Associate Professor, Tohoku University ） University ） ・Novel semiconducting polymers toward high from ・Development of Near-IR Dyes toward the Next efficiency organic thin film solar cells 2010 Generation Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells Itaru OSAKA（Assistant ProfessorHiroshima University） Atsuya MURANAKA（Special Postdoctoral ・Analysis of electron-transport function on organic Researcher,RIKEN） solar-cell substrate using electron spin coherence ・High efficient dye-sensitized solar cells by elucidating measurments diffusion mechanism in the electrolyte Yasuhiro KOBORI（Associate Professor, Shizuoka Masatoshi YANAGIDA（Senior Researcher, National University ） Institute for Materials Science ） ・Intermediate band solar cells based on highly Yoshitaro・Development NOSE of Organic Dyes Based on Fine Tuning mismatched alloys Setsuhisa TANABE of p-Orbitals using DFT Calculations Tooru TANAKA（Associate Professor, Saga University ） Atsushi Wakamiya（AssociateAtsuya Professor, MURANAKA Kyoto University ） "Chemical conversion of light energy" Research Supervisor：Haruo INOUE, Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University ・Observation of molecular movie during light energy conversion by time-resolved X-ray structure analysis Shin-ich ADACHI （Professor, High Energy Acceleration Research Organization) ・Construction of highly effective water splitting system by separated functional dyes Ryu ABE（Associate Professor, Hokkaido University) ・Creation of photo-functional conjugated gigantic macromolecules Naoki ARAYA (Assistant Professor, Kyoto Unversity) ・Molecular control of photoreactions on photo-responsive proteins Hisasi ISHIKITA (Project Assistant Professor, Kyoto University) ・Multi-electron reduction of carbon dioxide by catalysts with peptide paper folding Hitoshi ISHIDA (Associate Professor, Kitasato University) ・Creation of photo-functional materials by hierarchical control of nanostructures Shintaro IDA (Associate Professor , Kyusyu University) ・ from Development of catalytic organic molecule conversion system under visible light 2009 Akiko INAGAKI (Assistant Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology) ・Design of highly effective formic acid formation algae by protein engineering Masaki IHARA (Assistant Professor, Sinshu University) ・Biosynthesis of Fe complex active center of [Fe]-hydrogenase Seigo SHIMA (Group Leader, MaxPlank Institute) ・Elucidation of mechanism of photosynthesis membrane protein assembly system Takehisa DEWA (Associate Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology) ・Highly effective photoreduction of carbon dioxide by iron complex catalysts with phosphaalkene ligands Yumiko NAKAJIMA (Project Assistant Professor, Kyoto University ) ・Creation of highly effective oxygen evolution catalyst for overall water splitting under visible light Shigeyuki MASAOKA (Assistant Professor, Kyusyu University) ・Development of nanocomposite catalysts for water oxidation toward solar cells of hydrogen production Masayuki YAGI (Professor, Niigata University) Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology: PREST "Chemical conversion of light energy" (Research Supervisor：Haruo INOUE, Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University) ・Clarification of photosynthesis light and reaction control mechanism for stability device creation Kentaro IFUKU (Assistant Professor, Kyoto University) ・Multi-sided scanning spectroscopic analysis of correlation between chloroplast and cell of oil production alga Shigekazu KUMASAKI (Associate Professor, Kyoto University) ・Complete understanding of photosynthesis energy conversion by complex analysis Genji KURISU (Professor, Osaka University) ・Creation of highly efficient catalyst for water oxidation by molecular oxides Masahiro SADAKANE (Associate Professor, Hiroshima University) ・Elucidation of mechanism of highly efficient energy conversion and water oxidation in photosynthesis Miwa SUGIURA (Associate Professor, Ehime University) ・Assembly, observation, and reaction on photo-antenna Yasuyuki TSUBOI (Associate Professor, Hokkaido University) Kenji NAGASHIMA from ・New bioactive metabolite driven by photosynthesis 2010 Kenji NAGASHIMA (Associate Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University) ・In-situ observation of solid/liquid interface during light energy conversion Hidenori NOGUCHI (Researcher, National Institute for Materials Science) ・Creation of light-material conversion catalysts in a cage molecule Yasuhiro Funahashi (Associate Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology) ・High resolution fluorescent microscopic analysis of biomineralization on diatom Jun-ichi HOTTA (Associate Professor, Yamagata UNiversity) ・Creation of highlyGenji efficient KURISU catalysts for water splitting by band-engineering Kazuhiko MAEDA (Assistant Professor, The University of Tokyo) ・Creation of metal binding function of natural organic dyes by photochemical technique Tetsuro MURAHASHI (Associate Professor, Osaka University) ・Fuel generation by oxygen storage oxygen under solar light Hidenori NOGUCHI Yoshihiro YAMAZAKI （Postdoctral researcher, California Institute of Technology） Creation of Cutting Edge Technology for Realization of the Low Carbon Society over the World in Future Promote R&D, under competitive funding, of new basic high potential scientific knowledge and discovery to realize continual and steady reduction of greenhouse gas emission in middle and long term. We expect to obtain fruits of research leading to the Green Innovations.
Making Conceptual Breakthrough and Creation of “Game Changing Technology” ALCA contributes to the reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission in middle and long term (2030～2050) and the realization of low carbon and wealthy society. (ALCA) 2011.03 -
R & breakthrough new D technology
mid-term judgment Solar Cell and Electric Storage Superconducting Solar Energy System Device System
Ultra Heat-Resistant Non Particular Materials Research area High quality Recycling steel Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program (ALCA) 2011.03 - Program total : 52.5 million USD (4,200 million JPY) in 2011 13 projects related to solar energy (total 54 projects)
Hiroshi Development of Highly Efficient, Low-Cost Dye-Sensitized Kyoto University IMAHORI Solar Cells Japan Advanced Tatsuya Institute of Science High performance silicon solar cell by solution process SHIMODA and Technology National Institute Masatomo Development of III-V nitride solar cell and its application to for Materials SUMIYA concentrator photovoltaic system Science Shunichi Osaka University Artificial Photosynthesis System FUKUZUMI Masaru Nagoya University Construction of Hybrid-nanocarbon Solar Cells HORI Akira Tokyo Institute of Development of non-vacuum processing for high YAMADA Technology efficiency next-generation thin-film solar cells Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program (ALCA) (projects only related to solar energy) 2011.03 - Wenchang Shimane Development of silicon/germanium multi-junction solar YEH University cells having a novel structure Akihiko Chiba Smart Innovation on Nitride Semiconductor Solar Cells YOSHIKAWA University with Superstructure Magic Alloys: SMART Hiroshi Osaka Spinodal Nanotechnology for Super-High Efficiency Katayama- University Energy Conversion YOSHIDA Ichiro Nagoya Development of optically-active thermoelectric materials TERASAKI University Kazunari The University Development of a solar hydrogen system by DOMEN of Tokyo photocatalysts with a large scalability Toshinori Nagoya Promotion of photosynthesis and plant productivity KINOSHITA University through manipulation of stomatal aperture Yuichi Nagoya Nitrogen Revolution: Introduction of Nitrogen Fixing FUJITA University Ability to Photosynthetic Organisms Our projects related to water splitting
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research : JSPS, MEXT (1982 - 1997) Development of UV light responsive photocatalysts
CREST + SORST : JST, MEXT (1998 - 2003) (2003- 2005) Development of visible light responsive photocatalysts
Key-Tech. : MEXT Collaboration with industry (2006 - 2010) Improvement and design for large scale application PEC Water splitting on Modified-TaON
Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo PEC Water splitting on Modified-TaON
Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Highly stable photocurrent on CoO-loaded TaON electrode
Effect of cocatalyst
at 0.95 V vs. RHE
in Na2SO4aq. (pH 6.5) (Electrode area : 6 cm2)
CoO-TaON Current mA / Current
IrO2-TaON
TaON
Time / min
Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo Photocatalyst Plate
300 W Xe lamp (l > 300 nm)
Water filter Photocatalyst (20 mg) water
5 cm Cooling water (ca.285 K) Glass plate
Chemical System Engineering The University of Tokyo
Summary
・ R&D budgets of energy have been mainly for nuclear power.
・ Budget for renewable energy has been relatively small.
・ Budget for solar energy has been mainly focused on PV developments.
・ Budget for solar fuel production is still very limited.
After the disaster of Fukushima nuclear power plants, our government has decided to change the energy policy.
Primary Energy in Japan
100% 5% 1% 6% 7% 6% 6% Renewable 2% 4% 90% 9% 12% 10% 15% 5% 80% 10% Nuclear 2% 14% 13% 16% 70% 3% 16% 60% 18% Natural Gas 4% 21% 50% 3% 3% Coal 40% 76% 69% 30% 54% 48% LPG 20% 44% 10% Petroleum 0% 1973 1979 1990 2000 2007
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Japan http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/topics/hakusho/2010energyhtml/1-2- 4.html R&D Budgets in Renewable Energy Sources
Million US$ 1400
1200
1000 Others 800 Hydropower Geothermal Energy 600 Bio-energy Ocean Energy 400 Wind Energy 200 Solar Energy
0 Germany Japan US
IEA (International Energy Agency) Energy Technology R&D Statistics 2009 PV R&D Budgets and PV Production Development of PV Power Generation by NEDO Conceptual Drawing of Solar Hydrogen Plant
(500 kt/year) Combination of Solar Hydrogen Plant with Conventional Chemical Complex “Sunshine Project” by METI : 1974~1992
METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Billion JPY New Sunshine Project : 1993~2000
5 Solar 4 Geothermal
3 Coal Hydrogen 2 General
1 Office cost
0 1974 1975 1976 1977 White paper on science and technology 1978/Science and Technology Agency 昭和53年版科学技術白書/科学技術庁 Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plant
6 Aug. 1981
1000 KW
http://www.suga-ac.co.jp Nio, Kagawa, Japan