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Victor Or Villain? Wernher Von Braun and the Space Race
The Social Studies (2011) 102, 59–64 Copyright C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0037-7996 print / 2152-405X online DOI: 10.1080/00377996.2010.484444 Victor or Villain? Wernher von Braun and the Space Race JASON L. O’BRIEN1 and CHRISTINE E. SEARS2 1Education Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA 2History Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Set during the Cold War and space race, this historical role-play focuses on Wernher von Braun’s involvement in and culpability for the use of slave laborers to produce V-2 rockets for Nazi Germany. Students will grapple with two central questions. Should von Braun have been allowed to emigrate to the United States given his affiliation with the Nazis and use of slave laborers? Should the U.S. government and military have put Braun in powerful positions in NASA and military programs? This activity encourages students to hone their critical thinking skills as they consider and debate a complex, multi-layered historical scenario. Students also have opportunity to articulate persuasive arguments either for or against von Braun. Each character sketch includes basic information, but additional references are included for teachers and students who want a more in depth background. Keywords: role-play, Wernher von Braun, Space Race, active learning Victor or Villain? Wernher von Braun and the Space Role-Playing as an Instructional Strategy Race By engaging in historical role-plays, students can explore In 2009, the United States celebrated the fortieth anniver- different viewpoints regarding controversial topics (Clegg sary of the Apollo 11 crew’s landing on the moon. -
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SOCIETE ROYALE KONINKLIJKE MAATSCHAPPIJ s.s.b.l. Pionniers cr Ancicns dc I'Aviation v.z.w. Pionicrs en Anciens van de Luchtvaart sous le Haut Parronage de S.M. le Roi onder dc Hogc Bescherming van Z.M. de Koning P6riodique trimestriel - Driemaandelijke periodiek Seiziime ann& - Zestiende jaar N" 3r96 Nr 3/96 J ui llet-Ao0t-Septe m bre J u I i-A ugustus-Septembe r Victor Ortmans, DFC Capitaine-aviateu r Kapitein-vlieger a.s.b.l. LES VIEILLES TlGES DE BEGIQUE v.zw Sidge social-Maatschappelijke zetel D6pos6 au Bureau de poste Maison des Ailes I 150 Brucelles l5 rue Montoyer straat I . l000Bruxelles-Brussel Sivous changez d'adresse ou de num6ro de t6l6phone, n'oubliez pas de nous en aviser, Gommuniquez nous aussi vos 6v6nements familiaux importants en contactant de pr6f6rence le Secr6taire-g6n6ral ou tout autre membre du conseil d'administration. lndien u een adres-of teleloonwiiziging hebt, laat ons weten. DeeI ook aan de Secretaris-generaal at uW_belangriike familiale gebeurtenissen mee of aan ider lid van de beheerraad Composition du conseil d'administration Samenstelling van de raad van bestuur President / Voorzitter: Leon BRANDERS Vice-presidents / Vice-Voorzitters: Jacques DOME Jean KAMERS Secretaire-general / Secretaris-generaal: Robert FEUILLEN Tresorier / Schatbewaarder: Paul JOUREZ Secr6taire-adj oint / Adjunct-secretaris. Charles PEYRASSOL Administrateurs. Eric BOUZIN Georges de CONINCK Andre DILLIEN Pierre HALLET Hubert MOJET Norbert NIELS Jacques ROELAIID-I{ELMAN Gerard VERMANDER Attention ! Ailes) Nouveau code postal Pour notre siage social (Maison des l0OO Bruxelles au lieu de 1040 Aan dacht! Nieuw postnummer voor onze maatschappeliike zetel (Huis der Vleugels) l0O0 Brussel in Plaats van 1040 Le capitaine aviateur Vietor Ortmans, DFC Parrain de la promotion d'6lives-pilotes 88A Le capitaine aviateur Victor Ortmans est n6 d Londres le 17 avril 1915. -
PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, and the V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ENGINEERING CONSENT: PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, AND THE V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael Brian Petersen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf Departmen t of History This dissertation is the story of the German scientists and engineers who developed, tested, and produced the V-2 missile, the world’s first liquid -fueled ballistic missile. It examines the social, political, and cultural roots of the prog ram in the Weimar Republic, the professional world of the Peenemünde missile base, and the results of the specialists’ decision to use concentration camp slave labor to produce the missile. Previous studies of this subject have been the domain of either of sensationalistic journalists or the unabashed admirers of the German missile pioneers. Only rarely have historians ventured into this area of inquiry, fruitfully examining the history of the German missile program from the top down while noting its admi nistrative battles and technical development. However, this work has been done at the expense of a detailed examination of the mid and lower -level employees who formed the backbone of the research and production effort. This work addresses that shortcomi ng by investigating the daily lives of these employees and the social, cultural, and political environment in which they existed. It focuses on the key questions of dedication, motivation, and criminality in the Nazi regime by asking “How did Nazi authori ties in charge of the missile program enlist the support of their employees in their effort?” “How did their work translate into political consent for the regime?” “How did these employees come to view slave labor as a viable option for completing their work?” This study is informed by traditions in European intellectual and social history while borrowing from different methods of sociology and anthropology. -
Le V-2 Arme Stratégique
Le V-2 arme stratégique par Gérard Hartmann d’un obus propulsé capable de bombarder La société Verein für l’ennemi à plus de 200 kilomètres (tir balistique hors atmosphère). Mais les travaux Raumschiffahrt de recherche aux résultats douteux et lointains n’intéressaient pas les militaires qui voulaient Dès qu’on sort de notre atmosphère, des solutions immédiates pour se sortir de la l’espace est totalement noir (sans lumière), guerre. Cinq années plus tard, en 1922, Oberth propose de nouveau au ministère de la guerre irrespirable (sans air), désorienté (pesanteur allemand l’étude d’un missile de plus faible), irradié (traversé de particules bombardement à longue portée. Certains cosmiques), glacé (-70°C) et dangereux militaires, en particulier dans l’artillerie, (bombardé de météorites). Mais pourtant, comprennent le principe de la fusée qui l’homme rêve d’y voyager. Adeptes des voyages spatiaux, probablement à la suite de semble établi depuis 1920 par plusieurs la lecture du livre de Jules Verne « De le terre à théoriciens, René Lorin et Robert Esnault- Pelterie (voir plus loin) en France, Robert la Lune », plusieurs jeunes Allemands se Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945) aux Etats-Unis, réunissent dans un club à la tête duquel se Constantin Tsiolkovski (1857-1935) en Russie. trouve un professeur de gymnastique de 33 Mais il n’existe encore aucune réalisation ans, Hermann Oberth (1894-1989). Fondé le 5 pratique d’un obus autopropulsé, d’un moteur juillet 1927 à Standort von Breslau près de Berlin, ce club est une « société pour les fusée à réaction et encore moins d’un missile. -
The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II Max Lutze Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II Max Lutze Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the European History Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Military History Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Lutze, Max, "The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II" (2016). Honors Theses. 179. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/179 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The German Rocket, Jet, and Nuclear Programs of World War II By Max Lutze * * * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE March, 2016 2 Abstract German military technology in World War II was among the best of the major warring powers and in many cases it was the groundwork for postwar innovations that permanently changed global warfare. Three of the most important projects undertaken, which were not only German initiatives and therefore perhaps among the most valuable programs for both the major Axis and Allied nations, include the rocket, jet, and nuclear programs. In Germany, each of these technologies was given different levels of attention and met with varying degrees of success in their development and application. -
German Documents Among the War Crimes Records of the Judge Advocate Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe
Publication Number: T-1021 Publication Title: German Documents Among the War Crimes Records of the Judge Advocate Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe Date Published: 1967 GERMAN DOCUMENTS AMONG THE WAR CRIMES RECORDS OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE DIVISION, HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE Introduction Many German documents from the World War II period are contained in the war crimes case files of Headquarters, United States Army Europe (HQ USAREUR), Judge Advocate Division, dated 1945-58. These files contain transcripts of trial testimony, clemency petitions, affidavits, prosecution exhibits, photographs of concentration camps, etc., as well as original German documents used as evidence in the prosecution of the numerous war crimes cases, excluding the Nuremberg Trials, concerning atrocities in concentration camps, atrocities committed on Allied military personnel and Allied fliers who crash landed in Germany, and other crimes. Only the German documents predating May 8, 1945, have been included in this filming project. A data sheet describing the material in each folder microfilmed is included before the items filmed. The Judge Advocate Division file number has been used to identify each item wherever given. In other instances whatever identifying information is available, such as the case or exhibit number, has been given as the item number. Overall provenance for the records is HQ USAREUR. Judge Advocate Division, as all German documents in the files were made a permanent part of the records of that office; however, the original German provenance of the items filmed is given as the provenance on the data sheets. CONTENTS Roll Description 1 000-50-2, Vol. 1 [No Title] Correspondence, reports, memoranda, scientific theses, and other data exchanged among Dr. -
2018 MS NHBB Nationals Bee Round 12
2018 NHBB Middle School National Bee 2017-2018 Round 12 Round 12 Regulation Tossups (1) This country's rebel movement was nearly crushed during a Nazi raid on Drvar in Operation Knight's Move. The independence of this country was secured thanks to the combined efforts of the Chetniks and the Partisans, but this country's refusal to follow the Soviet model of government led it to be expelled from the Second Cominform. For the point, Josip Broz Tito led what Balkans nation that dissolved in 1992? ANSWER: Social Federalist Republic of Yugoslavia (2) This series of laws included the Administration of Justice Act that allowed soldiers to be tried in their home country. Quebec's boundaries were enlarged under this series of acts which also allowed soldiers to room in civilian homes as part of the Quartering Act. Boston Harbor was closed by, for the point, what series of acts passed in 1774 meant to force the American colonies into submission? ANSWER: Coercive Acts (accept Intolerable Acts) (3) This man's pilot on his voyages was Frans Visscher. The Limmen and Zeemeeuw were among the ships this man took on a voyage in which he followed the Gulf of Carpentaria but missed the Torres Strait. A landmass now named for this Dutch explorer was originally known as Van Diemen's Land and has capital at Hobart. For the point, name this explorer who names an island off Australia that was home to a namesake \devil." ANSWER: Abel Janszoon Tasman (4) This man became the first Prince of Wales to never become king when he contracted dysentery during a campaign in Castille. -
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend http://myth.greyfalcon.us/sun.htm by Joseph P. Farrell GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG "A comprehensive February 1942 (German) Army Ordnance report on the German uranium enrichment program includes the statement that the critical mass of a nuclear weapon lay between 10 and 100 kilograms of either uranium 235 or element 94.... In fact the German estimate of critical mass of 10 to 100 kilograms was comparable to the contemporary Allied estimate of 2 to 100.... The German scientists working on uranium neither withheld their figure for critical mass because of moral scruples nor did they provide an inaccurate estimate as the result of gross scientific error." --Mark Walker, "Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb" A Badly Written Finale "In southern Germany, meanwhile, the American Third and Seventh and the French First Armies had been driving steadily eastward into the so-called 'National Redoubt'.... The American Third Army drove on into Czechoslovakia and by May 6 had captured Pilsen and Karlsbad and was approaching Prague." --F. Lee Benns, "Europe Since 1914 In Its World Setting" (New York: F.S. Crofts and Co., 1946) On a night in October 1944, a German pilot and rocket expert by the same of Hans Zinsser was flying his Heinkel 111 twin-engine bomber in twilight over northern Germany, close to the Baltic coast in the province of Mecklenburg. He was flying at twilight to avoid the Allied fighter aircraft that at that time had all but undisputed mastery of the skies over Germany. Little did he know that what he saw that night would be locked in the vaults of the highest classification of the United States government for several decades after the war. -
Intelligence, Reparations, and the US Army Air Forces, 1944-1947
Petrina, S. (2019). “Scientific Ammunition to Fire at Congress:” Intelligence, reparations and the US Army Air Forces, 1944-1947. Journal of Military History, 83(3), 795-829. “Scientific Ammunition to Fire at Congress:” Intelligence, Reparations, and the U.S. Army Air Forces, 1944-1947 "Secrets by the Thousands!" "Nazi Science Secrets!" "A Technological Treasure Hunt!" "All the war secrets, as released, are completely in the public domain." Military intelligence was not quite as accessible as it seemed to journalists in late 1946 and early 1947. This particular bounty of intelligence derived from extensive exploitation strategies hatched by American and British forces in the closing months of World War II (WWII). These efforts anticipated the Potsdam Conference and Agreement of July and August 1945, where Germany and the Nazi economy were carved up for postwar occupation and reparations. The largest was Operation LUSTY (LUftwaffe Secret TechnologY), launched by the United States (US) Army Air Forces (AAF) in 1944. LUSTY was a small army of engineers, scientists, AAF officers, and troops, numbering 3,000 at its peak in the summer of 1945. The task was no mystery, teams scoured the German countryside and cities, crating up over three million documents from Braunschweig targets alone. About 16,280 items and 6,200 tons of miscellaneous materiel and documents were shipped through London and Paris and back to Wright Field and Freeman Field in Ohio and Indiana in the first three of LUSTY's sixteen months of existence. Jets such as the Me-262 and Ju-290 were flown; He-162s, Ho-229s, Me-163s, V-2 rockets, and Ötztal's wind tunnels were shipped.1 For General Henry H. -
Enigma: Cruise Missiles, Rockets and Superguns – First Time Round!
ENIGMA: CRUISE MISSILES, ROCKETS AND SUPERGUNS – FIRST TIME ROUND! Dr Phil Judkins, PhD MA (Cantab) MSc, Chairman, Defence Electronics History Society Presented on Tuesday October 15th 2013 Introduction. My Xmas shopping gift tip is Martin Handford’s “Where’s Wally”, where you search among cartoon crowds to find the red-and-white sweatered hero. The game is something like intelligence work, which these days is a lot about finding the important messages among a lot of noise – Prism, Tempora and such GCHQ goodies. But suppose your enemy is capable of new technological leaps. Your problem is not only that you don’t know what to look for, but you don’t even know if they’ve even taken those leaps; your own scientists may say the leaps are impossible. So ‘Where’s Wally’ now becomes a game where you don’t know what Wally looks like, or even if he’s in the picture at all. Now, in the Second World War, England was attacked by rockets, by cruise missiles and superguns! How did we find out about this triple threat? Breaking German codes helped immensely, and this paper concerns Britain breaking German ENIGMA cypher. That was Beyond Top Secret, and was called ULTRA, the Ultra Secret. The paper deals with the little-known story of how ENIGMA code-breaks fitted together with other sources of information to defeat those cruise missile, rocket and supergun attacks. And this is absolutely not a ‘boy’s toys’ story. Most of the people who worked at Bletchley Park were women; the youngest was Mimi Galilee, aged just 14. -
Die Deutschen Flakraketen Im Zweiten Weltkrieg1
Karl-Heinz Ludwig Die deutschen Flakraketen im Zweiten Weltkrieg1 In einem 1967 veröffentlichten Sammelband über den Zweiten Weltkrieg wird darauf hingewiesen, daß schätzungsweise rund hunderttausend »beachtenswerte« geschichtswissenschaftliche Beiträge zu diesem, die politische Situation der ganzen Erde umgestaltenden Ereignis veröffentlicht worden sind2. Vergleichsweise wenig ist über die Rüstung geschrieben worden, d. h. über die technisch-wissenschaftliche Entwicklung von Kriegsgerät, seine tedinisch-wirtsdiaftliche Fertigung und die Modalitäten der späteren Anwendung. Aber nicht nur die Probleme der Rüstung und damit der Wirtschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg sind unzureichend durchdrungen, noch weniger geklärt ist ihr tatsächlicher Zusammenhang mit denen der Strategie. Bis heute läßt sich nidits Endgültiges darüber aussagen, ob das zunächst so ein- gängige Schema stimmt, wonach zu einer deutschen Blitzkriegsstrategie der ersten Kriegsjahre eine konzipierte Breitenrüstung gehört habe und ab Ende 1941 mit dem sich in die Länge ziehenden Krieg eine Phase der Tiefenrüstung begann8. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses Schemas muß stark angezweifelt werden. Die wechselnden strategischen Zielsetzungen in der Zeit bis 1941 haben naturgemäß nur eine Rüstung der Breite ermöglicht. Eine durchgestaltete Rüstung der Tiefe aber, d. h. geplante Forsdiungs-, Konstruktions- und Entwicklungsarbeiten auf längere Sicht, ein langfristiger Ausbau aller Grundindustrien, eine frühzeitige Abstimmung der Geräteendfertigung beispielsweise mit der Treibstoffversorgung usw., -
Place of Remembrance of Forced Labor in the Volkswagen Factory
Place of Remembrance of Forced Labor in the Volkswagen Factory Forced Labor in the Third Reich. An Introduction. Hans Mommsen 3 Room 1 - The ”Volkswagen” Project 11 Room 2 - The Expansion of Armaments Production and Systematic Development of Forced Labor 31 Room 3 - Concentration Camp Prisoners 81 Room 4 - Dispersal of the Volkswagen Plant to Underground and Decentralized Locations 113 Room 5 - Remembrance 143 Room 6 - Confronting the History of the Volkswagen Factory in the Third Reich 157 Appendix: Corridor - Air-Raid Shelters and Bombing of the 171 Volkswagen Factory – the Place of Remembrance at an Historic Location Photographs and Documentation 177 Imprint 178 Color Photos and Diagrams 180 2 3 Forced Labor in the Third Reich. In the years 1943 and 1944, when the use of forced labor An Introduction. reached its peak, forced laborers and foreign workers assig- Hans Mommsen ned to obligatory service (”Dienstverpflichtete”) accounted for more than two thirds of the total workforce and as much as 80 % of all production workers. This put the Volkswagen- werk at the top of the scale in the use of foreign workers, the The use of millions of foreign workers as forced laborers was average use of whom in German armaments factories was a prominent feature of the National Socialist wartime eco n - only 30 %. Under the pressure of circum stances, Volkswa- o my. Far from being an exception in this regard, Volks - genwerk GmbH moved into the vanguard of this develop- wagenwerk GmbH in fact relied on involuntary labor to a ment and strove from early on to find ways and means to disproportionate extent.