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Map of Burundi HUMAN “YOU WILL NOT HAVE PEACE RIGHTS WHILE YOU ARE LIVING” WATCH The Escalation of Political Violence in Burundi “You Will Not Have Peace While You Are Living” The Escalation of Political Violence in Burundi Copyright © 2012 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-875-9 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org MAY 2012 1-56432-875-9 “You Will Not Have Peace While You Are Living” The Escalation of Political Violence in Burundi Map of Burundi .................................................................................................................... i Glossary of Terms and Acronyms ........................................................................................ ii Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 6 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 8 To the Government of Burundi ................................................................................................. 8 To Leaders of Political Parties and Opposition Groups .............................................................. 9 To Foreign Governments and Inter-Governmental Organizations .............................................. 10 I. The Context: The 2010 Elections and their Aftermath ...................................................... 11 II. Patterns of Political Violence in 2011 .............................................................................14 Reprisal Killings ...................................................................................................................... 16 The Imbonerakure .................................................................................................................. 18 III. Killings of FNL and Former FNL Members ...................................................................... 20 The Killing of Audace Vianney Habonarugira .......................................................................... 20 The Killing of Dédith Niyirera ................................................................................................... 25 The Killing of Médard Ndayishimiye ........................................................................................ 27 The Killing of Oscar Nibitanga ................................................................................................. 30 Killings of Other FNL and Former FNL Members ........................................................................ 32 A Clandestine Life: FNL and Former FNL Members in Hiding ..................................................... 33 IV. Killing of Members of Other Opposition Parties ........................................................... 37 The Killing of Jean-Bosco Bugingo ........................................................................................... 37 The Killing of Cheikh Congera Hamza ...................................................................................... 38 The Killing of Léandre Bukuru ................................................................................................. 39 V. Killings of CNDD-FDD Members ......................................................................................41 The Killing of Pascal Ngendakumana and Albert Ntiranyibagira ............................................... 41 The Killing of Désiré Hakizimana ............................................................................................. 44 VI. Larger-scale Killings .................................................................................................... 46 The Gatumba Attack .............................................................................................................. 48 The Attack ....................................................................................................................... 48 The Response of Government and Judicial Authorities to the Gatumba Attack ................... 55 The Media Blackout and the Crackdown on Journalists Reporting on the Attack ................. 56 Rumors and Controversies ................................................................................................ 58 The Trial .......................................................................................................................... 60 VII. Other Acts of Violence by FNL Members or Other Groups ............................................. 63 VIII. Impunity ................................................................................................................... 66 IX. The Government’s Response to Political Killings .......................................................... 70 X. Civil Society and the Media: “Mouthpieces of the Opposition”...................................... 73 XI. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 76 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 77 Annex I. Gatumba Attack: List of Victims ........................................................................... 78 Annex II. Gatumba Attack: List of Defendants ................................................................... 80 Map of Burundi Map provided courtesy of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. I HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2012 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms ADC-Ikibiri Alliance of Democrats for Change (Alliance des démocrates pour le changement), a coalition of opposition parties formed in June 2010. APRODH Association for the Protection of Human Rights and Detained Persons (Association pour la protection des droits humains et des personnes détenues), a Burundian human rights organization. BNUB United Nations Office in Burundi (Bureau des Nations Unies au Burundi). CNDD-FDD National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie), currently the ruling party in Burundi. CNIDH National Independent Human Rights Commission (Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme). DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FNL National Liberation Forces (Forces nationales de libération), a former rebel group, led by Agathon Rwasa, that became a political party in April 2009. FRODEBU Front for Democracy in Burundi (Front pour la démocratie au Burundi), a political party. GMIR Mobile Rapid Intervention Group (Groupement mobile d’intervention rapide), a unit of the national police. Imbonerakure The CNDD-FDD youth wing. MSD Movement for Solidarity and Democracy (Mouvement pour la solidarité et la démocratie), a political party founded in 2007 by former Radio publique africaine (RPA) journalist Alexis Sinduhije. RPA African Public Radio (Radio publique africaine), a private Burundian radio station. SNR National Intelligence Service (Service national de renseignement). TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission. UPD- Union for Peace and Development (Union pour la paix et le développement), Zigamibanga a political party. “YOU WILL NOT HAVE PEACE WHILE YOU ARE LIVING” II Summary For many Burundians, 2011 was a dark year, marked by alarming patterns of political violence. Scores of people have been brutally killed in politically motivated attacks since the end of 2010. The state security forces, intelligence services, members of the ruling party and members of opposition groups have all used violence to target real or perceived opponents. The victims have included members and former members of political parties; members of their families; other individuals targeted because of their presumed sympathy with the ruling party or the opposition; demobilized rebel combatants; and men, women, and children with no known political affiliation who simply found themselves in the wrong place at the wrong time. Political killings escalated throughout the year, with a string of targeted assassinations and a pattern of reprisals: killings of opposition sympathizers were quickly followed by killings of ruling party sympathizers, and vice-versa, leading to a cycle of violence that neither side seemed prepared to break. Human Rights Watch conducted extensive field research in Burundi in 2011 and early 2012 to document individual cases and patterns of political killings across the country. The research
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