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Connected Histories of Empire - PANELS Connected Histories of Empire - PANELS Panel 1 – Crossing Imperial Boundaries French imperialism in British political thought, 1830-1870 - Alex Middleton, Wadham College, Oxford Recent work has usefully re-emphasised the significance of imperial questions in nineteenth- century British political thought and debate. Most of this work, however, has described mindsets that were essentially insular or shaped by classical models: almost no systematic attention has been given to British assessments of other European powers’ transoceanic imperial projects. This paper seeks to show that a proper understanding of British imperial attitudes requires serious engagement with such material. It examines the extensive public debate over the most important rival overseas empire between 1830 and 1870, that of France. British discussions of French imperial enterprise in Africa, the Pacific, and Central America illuminate a range of fundamental tensions in British imperial and political thinking, above all that between cosmopolitanism and nationalism. For some the British and French empires faced similar administrative, constitutional, economic, and agrarian issues, the congruities between which could be discussed in a detailed and constructive fashion, and in dialogue with French writers. For others the failings of French colonial enterprise were rather used to underscore the unique imperial capacities of the (liberal, pacific, Protestant) British, and to disparage the (authoritarian, militaristic, Catholic) French. These arguments shifted dramatically in character and relative strength as France progressed from monarchy to republic and back to empire, and as the relationship between politics and imperial issues in Britain underwent major structural changes. The paper thus argues for an intellectual history of British imperialism that asserts the vital significance of European connectedness and comparison, while also recognising how political contingency shaped constructions of those connections in the public sphere. Beyond Ornamentalism: American and British Elites on Empire - Andrew Priest, Aberystwyth University This paper focuses on connections between elites in Great Britain and the United States during the late nineteenth century to help explain the development of American ideas about empire. It is particularly interested in how Americans viewed the British Empire, and how they incorporated such ideas into their own conceptions of American power. It stresses the importance of shared notions of civilisation, as well as cultural and racial superiority in these Anglo-American approaches to empireto argue that a group of Republican elites in the United States saw an increasing kinship with Great Britain, rooted in formal and informal contacts, which informed their commentaries and approaches to the development of the American empire. While this group, including politicians such as William Henry Seward, Hamilton Fish and Charles Sumner, and journalists such as E.L. Godkin and Charles Creighton Hazewell, were often sceptical about British imperial rule, they also held a grudging admiration of it, especially itsless formal aspects, and particularly when British imperialism was compared to its French or Spanish counterparts. The paper utilizes a number of American archival sources, as well as various published papers, letters and diariesto suggest that an emerging American idea about empire was prevalent in elite discoursesfollowing the American Civil War, a generation before the United States went to war with Spain in 1898. Imperial politics of comparison and anti-colonial nationalism: British and Japanese colonial counterinsurgency during the inter-war period - Satoshi Mizutani, Doshisha University 1 Connected Histories of Empire - PANELS Taking the case of Anglo-Japanese imperial relations as an example, this paper explores specific historical moments at which both anti-colonialism and imperial counterinsurgency found themselves occupying ambivalent political spaces―imagined and otherwise―that transcended imperial divides. It will try to show the extent to which comparison was significant for both colonial and anti-colonial politics in the early twentieth century. How did the two colonizing nations, Britain and Japan, regard one another at a time when one increasingly recognized the other as its potential enemy, and at a time when both were internally faced with fierce anti-colonial challenges? How did the colonised peoples of the Japanese empire see the independence struggles by the colonised peoples of the British empire, and v i s e v e r s a ? And what were the implications of such cross-imperial linkages among colonised peoples for the counter-revolutionary concerns of both British and Japanese colonialism? To address the aforementioned questions, this essay focuses on Japanese rule in Korea in the inter-war years, exploring how both the colonizing and colonized peoples in the two empires related it, in their comparative imaginations, to British rule in Egypt, India, and Ireland. The essay asks what Japanese imperialism meant for both Koreans and the colonial subjects of the British empire, particularly the Indians. It discusses what the Japanese challenge to British imperialism meant for the anti-British cause of Indian nationalists, whilst simultaneously exploring what the experience of anti-colonial movements in British India meant for Koreans in their struggle against Japanese imperialism. Finally, the essay examines how such anti-colonial politics of comparison which were played out across imperial borders were to be responded to by the counterinsurgency operations of both British and Japanese colonial authorities. 2 Connected Histories of Empire - PANELS Panel 2 – Mobility and Migration 1 Chair: Robert Bickers, University of Bristol Rethinking imperial Anglican connections in Britain’s settler empire, 1790-1850 - Joe Hardwick, Northumbria University Ecclesiastical historians who consider the networks that connected the branches of the nineteenth- century Anglican Church usually adopt the traditional model of an imperial centre—the Church of England in the mother country—supplying a colonial periphery—Church establishments overseas— with clergy, funds, information and religious ideas. Though this model has some use, this paper argues that the ecclesiastical networks that took shape as the institutional Church established itself as an imperial presence between 1790 and 1850 were multifaceted and intra-colonial. It does this in two ways. First, the paper draws attention to the flows of people and information between colonial Anglican outposts. By concentrating on the links between Anglicans in Cape Town and the presidencies of British India in the 1840s, this paper suggests that new nodal points were emerging in the imperial Anglican Church. These nodes meant that colonial Anglicanism was, in many cases, shaped as much by churches on the periphery of empire as they were by Anglicans at home. Second, the paper argues that the idea that the Church had a single metropolitan core is problematic. Connections between the metropolitan Church and its branches in settler communities were more complex than existing anglocentric accounts suggest. The important links that Anglican communities in Ireland and Scotland built with colonial Church establishments ensured that the Scottish Episcopalian and Irish low church strands in Anglicanism left enduring imprints on empire. Attending to these divergent connections enriches our understanding of how the Church operated as an imperial institution. The paper concludes by considering the difficulties that these multifarious networks posed to Anglicans who wanted to describe the diverse branches of the Church as a single ‘colonial Church’. Characterising and Charting Migration Flows: Passenger Lists, Census Returns and English Emigration to Canada, 1905-1913 - Amy J. Lloyd, University of Edinburgh Between 1815 and 1930, approximately11.4 million people emigrated from Britain –a large proportion of whom went to destinations within the British Empire. Who were these emigrants? Passenger lists are one of the best sources for exploring this question. However, most studies have focussed on American lists, and no study has examined lists from the early-twentieth century – the period when emigration from Britain reached its zenith and when Canada superseded the decades- long reign of the United States as the most favoured destination. This paper analyses a sample of passenger lists for the years 1905 to 1913, focusing on English emigrants bound for Canada. These lists contain a wealth of information, including passengers’ intended destinations, past and intended occupations, previous visits to Canada, and who theywere joining in Canada. Moreover, a proportion of these passengers have been located in the 1911 Canadian census, which has furnished further information regarding these immigrants, including where they actually settled in Canada, who they 3 Connected Histories of Empire - PANELS joined, and the occupations they eventually took up. While this paper will provide an overview of the main research findings of this study, it will particularly focus on what this data reveals concerning chain and circular migration.How many emigrants were joining relatives and friends in Canada? How important was chain migration in the ever-increasing boom in migration to Canada during this period? How many emigrants had been to Canada before? When, where and in what capacity? What types of emigrants were more likely
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