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Megafauna and Methods New Approaches to the Study of Megafaunal Extinctions

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Megafauna and Methods New Approaches to the Study of Megafaunal Extinctions Organized by Jillian Swift and Patrick Roberts Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena, Germany 20-21 February, 2017 The extinction of large-bodied animals (often termed ‘megafauna’) during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene has been described as one of the most significant events in recent Earth history. While climate change, disease, and even extraterrestrial impacts have been postulated as significant contributors, the potential role of our species in this process has proved of significant interest, particularly in addressing the impacts of Homo sapiens on the world’s ecosystems following its expansion beyond Africa. Teasing apart natural and human impacts on large fauna has proven highly challenging, and requires both regional and global approaches, as well as a broad suite of scientific methods. In this workshop we seek to examine how megafaunal extinctions are studied, and explore how new methods in such fields as ancient DNA research, proteomics, ZooMS, palaeoecology and computational modeling might be combined with large- scale interdisciplinary efforts that bring together researchers from different projects, regions and/or disciplines. The aim is develop a novel, multi-proxy, collaborative research project aimed at improving the narratives and scope of megafaunal studies. Our hope is that this will help to test ideas regarding the timing and nature of lasting human impacts on the world’s ecosystems. Format: Speakers are asked to focus on how new methods and approaches and how these might be leveraged to generate a novel approach to the topic of megafaunal extinctions. Our goal is to have as much discussion and interaction as possible. Please keep talks to a maximum of 15 minutes, allowing at least 5 minutes for questions after each presentation. 1 DAY 1 Monday, 20 February 8:00-8:30 Arrival and coffee at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History SESSION 1: New Approaches to Megafaunal Extinctions and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 8:30-8:40 Nicole Boivin (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) Welcome 8:40-8:55 Jillian Swift (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) Megafauna and Methods: Laying the groundwork for innovative approaches to megafaunal extinctions 8:55-9:10 Michael Petraglia (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) Did humans shape environments in the Pleistocene? 9:10-9:30 Initial thoughts from workshop participants SESSION 2: New Molecular Techniques for Taxonomic Identifications Chair: Christopher Johnson (University of Tasmania) 9:30-9:45 Frido Welker (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology) The potential of ancient protein research to rhinoceros extinction events 9:50-10:05 Viviane Slon (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology) Recovering mammalian mitochondrial DNA from Late and Middle Pleistocene sediments by hybridization capture 10:10-10:25 Michael Bunce (Curtin University) Scrapheap Challenge: Insights gained from analyzing ancient DNA preserved in bulk bone 10:30-11:00 Discussion What is the potential for these analyses to bring new light to preexisting sites/assemblages? Which collections are the best candidates? How are these methods best applied? What are some pitfalls to be aware of, and how to deal with these? 11:00-11:30 Coffee Break 2 SESSION 3 – Megafauna from Molecules Chair: Christina Warinner (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) 11:30-11:45 Patrick Roberts (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) Mass spectrometry approaches to megafaunal extinctions in South Asia 11:50-12:05 Gifford Miller (University of Colorado Boulder) The potential for stable isotopes of C, O, and N in avian eggshell to constrain the factors contributing to megafaunal extinction 12:10-12:25 James Fellows Yates (Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) Central European Late Pleistocene woolly mammoths: Insights from ZooMS, stable isotopes and aDNA 12:30-1:00 Discussion How to make molecular techniques more accessible, useful to megafaunal studies? How to bridge communication gaps between methodological specialists and megafaunal experts, and across disciplinary boundaries? 1:00-2:00 Catered Lunch at the Institute SESSION 4: Refining Chronologies for Megafaunal Extinctions Chair: Julien Louys (Australian National University) 2:00-2:15 Rachel Wood (Australian National University) Radiocarbon dating skeletal remains 2:20-2:35 Eileen Jacob (University of Oxford) Radiocarbon dating the response of Late Pleistocene carnivores to human and climate change 2:40-2:55 Michael Waters (Texas A&M University) A new view of the peopling of the Americas and temporal overlap of humans with late Pleistocene megafauna in North America 3:00-3:30 Discussion Where is the chronological record for megafaunal extinctions sparse & how do we improve this? Is there a “chronometric hygiene”/best practice for establishing chronologies specifically relevant to megafaunal extinction causes/consequences? 3:30-4:00 Coffee Break 3 SESSION 5 – Climate, Paleoenvironment, and Human-Animal Interactions Chair: Michael Waters (Texas A&M University) 4:00-4:15 Simon Haberle (Australian National University) Dung fungi as a proxy for megafaunal population dynamics in the Indo-Pacific 4:20-4:35 Kristina Douglass (Smithsonian Institution) New methodological and theoretical approaches to understanding human-ratite interactions and ratite extinctions 4:40-4:55 Christopher Johnson (University of Tasmania) Using paleoecology and modelling to understand past interactions of megaherbivores and vegetation 5:00-5:30 Discussion What are new areas of opportunity for paleoenvironmental studies to contribute to discussions around megafauna? What are advantages and potential quandaries for employing proxy data and modeling to address extinctions? Are some records more robust than others? 6:30 pm Dinner at Noll Restaurant, City Centre, Jena DAY 2 Tuesday, 21 February 8:30-9:00 Arrival and coffee at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History SESSION 6 – Integrating Evidence for Megafaunal Extinctions at Multiple Scales of Analysis Chair: Rachel Wood (Australian National University) 9:00-9:15 Judith Field (University of New South Wales) Thinking about the foundations of studying megafauna and the extinction process: Moving the data forward 9:20-9:35 Joe Dortch (University of Western Australia) Megafauna mass deaths at Lancefield Swamp, south-eastern Australia: A case study in extinction processes 9:40-9:55 Natalia Villavicencio Figueroa (University of California, Berkeley) Late Quaternary extinctions in South America: Chronology, environmental changes, and human impacts at regional scales 4 10:00-10:30 Discussion What are the most effective approaches for modeling megafaunal extinctions? What are the biggest challenges to synthesizing data at different scales of analysis (geographic, taxonomic, etc.)? What can be done to improve or refine current models? 10:30-11:00 Coffee Break SESSION 7 – Insights on Megafaunal Extinctions from Less-Studied Regions and Taxa Chair: Kristina Douglass (Smithsonian Institution) 11:00-11:15 Eline Lorenzen (Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen) Paleogenomic insights into the demographic history of Arctic whales 11:20-11:35 Tyler Faith (University of Queensland) Ecological context of late Quaternary large mammal extinctions in southern Africa’s Cape Floral Region 11:40-11:55 Alexis Mychajliw (Stanford University) Mammals, humans, and climate: Contrasting patterns of continental and Caribbean extinctions 12:00-12:15 Julien Louys (Australian National University) The other Quaternary extinctions: Forgotten taxa, ignored regions, and their bearing on megafauna extinctions 12:20-1:00 Discussion How do we figure less-studied regions and taxa more prominently into these discussions? 1:00-2:00 Catered Lunch at the Institute SESSION 8 – Looking Towards the Future 2:00-3:30 Breakout Group Discussion Group 1 In the Field: New excavations, sites, underexplored regions (Michael Petraglia) Group 2: In the Lab: Innovative applications of new methodologies (Patrick Roberts, Jillian Swift) Group 3: Consortium: Organizing steps for the future (Nicole Boivin) 5 Questions of Interest: . What shape should a new collaborative project/projects take? . What are the next steps for pursuing these aims (new excavation, new analyses, additional collaborators, etc.)? . What resources are available for generating new data and analyses? 3:30-5:00 Reassemble for joint discussion 5:00-5:30 Wrap-up discussion, outline of future plans 6:30 pm – Dinner at Saigon Restaurant, City Centre, Jena 6 Michael Petraglia From Prehistory to the Present. Edited by N. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Boivin, R. Crassard and M. Petraglia, Human History Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, in press. Did Humans Shape Environments in the Pleistocene? Frido Welker Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Archaeologists continue to convincingly Anthropology demonstrate that humans have dramatically transformed global ecosystems since the The potential of ancient protein research adoption of agriculture in the Holocene. to rhinoceros extinction events However, we know very little about the way in which Pleistocene hominins potentially Rhinoceroses form a significant clade of transformed and shaped their ecosystems. Pleistocene megafauna that experienced at While this
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