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Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) En Plantas De Soja Y Su Relación Con La Fenología Del Cultivo

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Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) En Plantas De Soja Y Su Relación Con La Fenología Del Cultivo DistribuciónRev. FCA UNCUYO. de huevos 2017. 49(2): de lepidópteros 319-330. ISSN defoliadores impreso 0370-4661. en soja ISSN (en línea) 1853-8665. Distribución de los huevos de lepidópteros defoliadores (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) en plantas de soja y su relación con la fenología del cultivo Distribution of the eggs of defoliating Lepidoptera (Noctuoidea) in soybean plants and its relation to crop phenology Liliana Valverde 1, Eduardo Virla 1, 2, Guido Van Nieuwenhove 1, 3 Originales: Recepción: 30/11/2015 - Aceptación: 16/11/2016 Resumen La soja es un cultivo estratégico en la economía de varios países sudamericanos. Las larvas de lepidópteros afectan el rendimiento del cultivo siendo Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Erebidae: Eulepidotinae), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) y Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Noctuidae: Plusiinae) las principales plagas en el área subtropical de Sudamérica. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar, a partir de muestras de campo, la ubicación de huevos de lepidópteros noctuoideos en los diferentes órganos de la planta de soja, así como su abundancia y distribución considerando el estado fenológico. Se realizaron muestreos semanales, durante tres campañas, en una parcela de 80 ha de lassoja tres manejadas especies con defoliadoras prácticas agrícolasson depositados convencionales. en los folíolos La identificación y ubicados de mayormente los huevos ende lepidópterosel nivel superior se realizó y medio siguiendo de las plantas.claves específicas. A lo largo Más del deldesarrollo 90% de del los cultivo,huevos lasde mayores densidades de huevos se registraron en etapas tempranas (estado vegetativo - bución de los huevos de estas especies plaga en la planta aporta información necesaria paray floración) establecer siendo estrategias menos abundantespreventivas durantepara su control.la fructificación. El estudio de la distri Palabras clave Glycine max • plagas • oviposición • distribución • densidades Tucumán, Argentina. [email protected] 1 Inst. Entomología, Fundación M. Lillo. Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, San Miguel de de Tucumán, Argentina. [email protected]. 2 PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET. Av. Belgrano & Pje. Caseros, 4000, San Miguel 3 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Miguel Lillo 205. San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Tomo 49 • N° 2 • 2017 319 L. Valverde, E. Virla, G. Van Nieuwenhove Abstract Soybean is a strategic crop for the economy of several South American countries. Phytophagous Lepidoptera are an important taxon affecting crop yield, being Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Erebidae: Eulepidotinae), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Noctuidae: Plusiinae) their main pests in Subtropical region of south America. The objectives of this study were to determine the location its abundance and distribution in the plants considering the growth stage of the crop. Samplesin field of were eggs taken of Lepidoptera weekly during Noctuids three in crop different seasons, organs on a ofplot the of soybean 80 ha of plant soybean and speciesmanaged are with deposited conventional in the folioles,farming andpractices. especially The inidentification those located of onlepidopteran the middle eggs and upperwas performed level of the following plants. Throughout specific keys. the More development than 90% of of the eggs crop, of the highestthree defoliating densities at fruiting. The study of the egg distribution of these pest species at the plant provides necessaryof eggs were information recorded toin establish early stages preventive (vegetative strategies and flowering) for their control. being less abundant Keywords Glycine max • pests • oviposition • distribution • densities Introducción Para el Norte argentino se mencionan Existen numerosos aportes sobre al menos 11 especies de lepidópteros selección o preferencia de poblaciones de que afectan a la soja, pero solo Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Erebidae: Eulepi- plantas hospedadoras (8, 40), y sobre dotinae), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée), y Chryso- una misma especie fitófaga por diferentes deixis includens (Walker) (Noctuidae: abundancia en el ensamble de especies Plusiinae) son consideradas plagas princi- presentescómo influye en laun riquezacierto ecosistemade plantas (41).y su pales del cultivo (20, 22, 23, 37). A pesar de ello, son pocos los estudios En las áreas productoras tropicales que han profundizado en los fenómenos y subtropicales de América del Sur estas especies son consideradas el principal especie de planta hospedadora por varios problema del cultivo de soja (13, 15, 25); lepidópterosque influyen enal lamismo elección tiempo, de una y únicamás sus larvas se alimentan de un amplio - rango taxonómico de hospedadores culti- vados y silvestres (3, 5), y muchas de esas plantaescasos como aún sustratoaquellos de sobreoviposición la compe (21). plantas son utilizadas como sustrato de tenciaEl comportamientointer-específica depor oviposición una misma ha oviposición por las hembras. sido motivo de muchos debates en ecología Se han propuesto varias hipótesis y evolución de la interacción entre insectos para explicar la selección de las plantas y plantas. Algunos autores (6, 32) sugieren hospedadoras por los insectos, una de estas que la preferencia de oviposición y las es la de "concentración de recursos" (14). posibilidades de desarrollo larval puede 320 Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Distribución de huevos de lepidópteros defoliadores en soja variar de acuerdo con la elección de la distribución y ubicación de huevos de hembra optando por plantas en las cuales lepidópteros y su relación con el desarrollo sus larvas tengan mayor posibilidad de del cultivo que atacan (27); además, la sobrevivir los primeros días de vida. mayoría de los estudios de campo sobre Indudablemente la supervivencia estas plagas se realizan con base a datos de las larvas va a depender del sustrato obtenidos a través de la colecta de larvas donde la hembra pone sus huevos; y adultos, siendo muy limitada la infor- estudios del comportamiento de mación que existe acerca de los huevos oviposición consideran que la compe- tencia entre hembras de una misma o elcomo conocimiento parámetro demográficode la distribución (26). de la ubicación de los huevos (35). Pero, el huevosEn concordanciade noctuoideos con en esto las plantasúltimo, patrónde distintas de distribución especies tiene de huevosinfluencia en lasen de soja permitiría desarrollar técnicas de muestreo que permitan realizar por un sitio de oviposición en particular, aplicaciones preventivas de insecticidas plantas no siempre refleja la preferencia dirigidas tanto al huevo como a las larvas factores, como por ejemplo: la densidad de los primeros estadios que, al emerger, poblacionalpudiendo estar de influenciadola plaga y/o porde especiesdiversos producen daños en tejidos cercanos al con los mismos hábitos alimenticios (27). sitio de oviposición (11). y/o químicas de las plantas hospedadoras Objetivos puedenTambién, determinar ciertas características la elección de físicassitios de oviposición, o hasta la inhibición de las hembras para oviponer [pubescencia de información tomada de campo sobre diferentesEn virtud aspectos de la significativade la oviposición carencia de la calidad de la planta hospedera (nivel de las especies de lepidópteros noctuoideos nitrógeno,de la planta carbono, que actúa componentes como barrera defen y/o- defoliadores más representativas del sivos, etc.)] (9); por ejemplo, en Tricho- cultivo de soja, los objetivos de este plusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) la densidad trabajo son: y longitud de los tricomas de hojas de soja a) conocer la distribución de sus constituyen parámetros de resistencia en huevos en los diferentes órganos de la la oviposición (18). planta. Entre los estudios que mencionan b) determinar, para las diferentes posibles causas que determinan la distri- especies, la ubicación de sus huevos bución y ubicación de los huevos de considerando la arquitectura de la planta y lepidópteros plaga se pueden mencionar los realizados sobre Trichoplusia ni del cultivo a lo largo de tres campañas. (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (18), A. gemmatalis la posible influencia del estado fenológico (4, 13, 38), Helicoverpa zea Hipótesis citada como Heliothis zea), Crocidosema (=Epinotia) aporema (Walsingham)(Boddie) (33, Las especies de noctuoideos defolia- (27), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) y dores depositan más huevos en la lámina H. punctigera (Wallengren) (11). de los folíolos que en otros órganos aéreos En el neotrópico, y especialmente en de la planta de soja. Argentina, es escasa la información sobre Tomo 49 • N° 2 • 2017 321 L. Valverde, E. Virla, G. Van Nieuwenhove Las principales especies de noctuoideos diferentes, abarcando los distintos estados que utilizan al cultivo de soja como fenológicos del cultivo. Las plantas fueron sustrato de oviposición tienen densidades acondicionadas individualmente y trans- ecológicas similares entre ellas. portadas al laboratorio en bolsas plásticas, Las hembras de lepidópteros defolia- y a continuación revisadas bajo estéreo dores de la soja depositan un mayor de las plantas. losmicroscopio huevos (la (Nikon metodología SMZ 745) para a 30x identi a fin- númeroEl estado de huevos fenológico en el estrato del superiorcultivo de determinar el número y ubicación de describe más adelante). noctuoideos que oviponen en la soja. ficarPara a niveldeterminar específico la elecciónlos huevos de losse influyeEl cultivo en la de densidad soja es utilizado ecológica de manerade los sitios de oviposición se discriminó
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