Study Routes

Approx.10km

Figure Proposed Tourism Promotion Area

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2.3 Pollution

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Figure Concentration of SO2 around Study Area (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average)

Figure Concentration of NO2 around Study Area (Limit: 60μg/m3≒0.03ppm for 1 year average and 150μg/m3≒0.07ppm for 1 year average and)

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Figure Concentration of Black Smoke (SPM) in (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average and 150μg/m3 for 24hours average )

InStu Cairody area

Figure Concentration of PM10 in Egypt (Limit: 70μg/m3 of 24hours average)

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Figure Concentration of PM10 around Study Area (Limit: 70μg/m3 for 24 hours average)

Figure Concentration of Lead in Study Area (Limit: 1μg/m3 for 1 year average)

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Figure Change of Concentration of PM10 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 70μg/m3 for 24 hours average)

Figure Change of Concentration of SO2 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average)

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Figure Change of Concentration of NO2 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 60μg/m3≒0.03ppm for 1 year average and 150μg/m3≒0.07ppm for 1 year average )

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2.4 Urbanization Trend

Late 7th Century 10th to 12th Century)

N N

HALIMA HALIMA

JAZIRA JAZIRA ●al-Azhar Mosque r r

ve

Ri ●Ibn Tulun Mosque ●Ibn Tulun Mosque Rive

Nile RAWDAH RAWDAH

●Amr Mosque ●Amr Mosque 0 2k 0 2km

12th Century 13th to 14th Century N N

HALIMA HALIMA

QAHIRA QAHIRA

JAZIRA JAZIRA

r

r CITADEL CITADEL Nile Rive Nile Rive RAWDAH RAWDAH FUSTAT

0 2km 0 2km

Early 15th Century1 1933

NN NN

HALIMA BULAQ QAHIRA JAZIRA QAHIRA

JAZIRA Down Town

ver r Ri r CITADEL CITADEL

Nile Nile Rive Nile Rive RAWDAH RAWDAH

OLD 0 2km 0 2km

Figure 2.4.1 Historical Change of Builtup Area

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Table 2.4.1 Historic Trends in Population of GCR Year Population Growth rate (% per year) 1863 305,0001) 1882 374,0001) 1.1 1927 1,060,0001) 2.3 1937 1,312,0001) 2.2 1945 2,162,0002) 6.4 1968 5,487,0002) 4.1 1982 8,600,0002) 3.3 Source 1) City of History, Raymond, 2004 Source 2) Region Long Range Urban Development Scheme, GOPP

Table 2.5.1 Land Use and Cover Categories Land Use Land Cover Description Categories Categories Built-up (High) Urban Urban areas that appear to be highly built-up Built-up (built-up) Urban areas that appear to be moderately (Medium) built-up Built-up (Low) Urban areas that appear to be somewhat built-up Industry Urban (others) Industry (determined manually by photo-interpretation and other source) Airport Airports(determined manually by photo-interpretation) Cemetery Cemetery (determined manually by photo-interpretation and other source) Bare land Non-vegetated areas that generally appeared to be base soil Agriculture Agriculture Vegetated areas that generally appeared to be cropland, marshland, or orchard Desert Desert Desert areas with little or no vegetation Water Water Water, including rivers, lakes, and channels Open space Open space “Green” areas and “open space” within the urban environment Source: JICA study team, 2007.

Table 2.5.2 Land Area by Land Cover Categories Land Cover 2001(ha) 2007(ha) Change (ha) Urban Area (Built-up Area High/Medium/Low) 39,500 52,100 12,600 Industry 11,900 11,800 -100 Bare Land 400 4,100 3,700 Airport 5,900 5,900 0 Cemetery 1,000 1,000 0 Agriculture 82,500 80,500 -2,000 Desert 285,700 272,600 -13,100 Water 3,400 3,400 0 Open Space 6,200 5,100 -1,100 Total 436,500 436,500 - Source: JICA study team, 2007.

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Cairo 2,808 1,866 992 611 1,651 Clothes and Others 74% 453 510 Metals 583 Food 275 339 Chemicals 81% 589 401 Others Qaliobeya 377 500 74% 567 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 No of Establishment Source: Statistics, IDA, 2005 Note: Metals and others include machines, transportation equipment. Figure 2.2.17 Number of Factories by Main Activities in Cairo, Giza, and Qaliobeya in 2004

Cairo 64,319 86,921 27,331 31,500 61,425 Clothes and Others 71% 14,714 Metals Giza 37,976 43,379 22,702 Food Chemicals 81% 23,665 Others Qaliobeya 26,098 42,156 49,946 26,797 32,436

78% 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 No of Workers Source: Statistics, IDA, 2005 Note: Metals and others include machines, transportation equipment. Figure 2.2.18 Number of Workers by Main Activities in Cairo, Giza, and Qaliobeya in 2004

(Conclusion Related to Urbanization Trend) The major points discussed in this section are summarized in the following. 1) Factories that are polluting environment need to be relocated to areas outside the agglomeration. Existing industries occupy an area of about 10% or 2,400ha of the built-up area within the main agglomeration. Some of the large-scale factories cause environmental pollution in and around their premises. According

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to a study by MOTI, there are 21 large environmentally unfavorable factories identified for relocation where a total of 57,000 job opportunities are provided. 2) Existing cemeteries occupy an area of 879 ha within the main agglomeration. These cemeteries are located on the fringes of the built-up areas, and use up the precious lands of the main agglomeration. To enhance the efficient use of limited land resources, the development of new cemeteries while the expansion of existing cemeteries need to be prohibited. 3) There are substantial area of land set aside for transport, such as large railway freight stations and bus terminals. Due to changing demands and roles for transport, some of such facilities may have lesser function and necessity today as compared with previous times. Relocation or redevelopment of such facility may be considered for the restructuring of the main agglomeration. 4) Relocation of the central government offices from the city center to suburban location, such as the one discussed at the high level in the government, shall contribute to the restructuring of urban pattern of the study area. The relocation, once carried out in full, shall raise the potential of land in their new location as well as provide opportunity for redevelopment at the present site within the center of the study area. 5) The area of public parks and green areas is very limited in the main agglomeration. In addition, substantial part of the green area, such as clubs for a closed membership, is not open to public. More green space should be allocated throughout the main agglomeration. There are limited public parks or green space in the north part of the main agglomeration compared with other areas. Where possible the green space that is currently not open to the public should be opened at least to the people in the neighboring communities.

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Approx.10km

Figure Location Map of the Study Routes

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Figure Administrative Setting in Central Part of Cairo and the Study Area

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Study Routes

Approx.10km

Figure Proposed Transportation Network Project

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Approx.10km

Figure Proposed General Land Use Plan

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Approx.10km

Figure Distribution of Build-up Area and Study Routes

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Approx.10

Figure Location of Industrial Area

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Uban Area Industry Aglicultural Government Use Public Parks Recreation Area Cemetery Monumentaries Major Facilities Airport Vacant Land Desert

Figure Detailed Land Use Plan 1/2

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Urban Area Industry Agricultural Government Use Public Parks Recreation Area Cemetery Monuments Major Facilities Airport Vacant Land Desert

Figure Detailed Land Use Map 2-2

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Approx.10km

Area of Informal Settlers

Area of Cemetery (with Informal Settlers)

Informal Area Project Locations

Figure Informal Settlers’ Area and Study Area

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2.5 Perception of the residents (1) Characteristic of interviewees

Age Marital Status Never 15 -24 married/Sing 1.5% 25- 34 Divorced/Se 12.0% parated ed contract 2.7% 3.6% Widowed 14.5%

35- 44 22.8%

45+ 63.7%

Married 79.2%

Education Production/tr Work Status ansportation Higher than Never been / university to construction 2.6% school/Prim ary /porters Incomplete 21.4% University 21.4% Not working 26.0% 34% Farming/fishi ng/farming Less than 0% primary 7.3% Service 9% Upper intermediate Primary Salesmen 5.6% 10.1% 3% Managemen Clerks Technical/sc Preparatory t/administrat Secondary 6% ientific 5.6% ive 21.5% 12% 15%

Source: Opinion Poll Survey for Urban Planning in GCR, JICA Study Team, 2007 Figure 2.6.1Characteristics of Households’ Respondents in the Opinion Poll Survey

The result showed income group in the study area consisting of low, middle and high income groups. The definition was set in accordance with income tax ratio amended in 2005. Annual income more than LE20000 equivalent to more than LE1671 monthly was set to high income group, and between LE5,001 and LE20,000 was set to middle income group, less than LE5,000 was set as low income group. Low, middle, and high income groups were represented by 18.1%, 64.6% and 17.2% respectively. Among three governorates, the share of high income group in Cairo was rather high by 19.6%, and the share of low income group in Qaliobeya was higher by 30%, while middle income group was similar share among the three governorates.

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(2) Perception of current living area Total of 84.1% of respondents were satisfied with the current living area, and the reasons were “availability of mean of transport” (52.5%), “availability of service and utilities” (51.1%), “availability of health care facilities” (34.6%), “close to their relatives and friends” (33.9%), “availability of educational services” (28.7%) which were highly marked. Reasons why they moved to current house were “marriage” (38.1%), “previous housing unit has limited space” (20.6%), “To live independently” (18.0%), and “bad living environment” (17.9%). 33% of disadvantage answered is “air pollution”.

90 84.1

80

70

60 52.5 51.1

) 50 % ll ( o

P 40 33.9 34.6 33 31.7 28.7 24.1 30 24.1 24.6 24.7 20.5 20 15.9 11.3 9.3 10.5 10 6.5 5.2 3.7 3.8 3.5 4.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1 0

s s d k s n es es et e y es s k es n e es gs n e e r e on ie ed es r d ies c c ing c t er g e r c ing io s af e g ti f fi g o n tio i i v ui fe th a ag ends liti tio i ic row in t oi th a is s a ie ilit a v v i Q i i ta rv rv r ld ns fac t nt w r rt er er Sa O nt nt wo t r e f liv a llu N U O nt s Sa ati va to s s of l ing pri m u se l s o n o va ti s nd f po al d dva dva nd fr d spo re a d bui P d a ot ity nd ut s re r a fro a n r t is m a S Ad s a a an on is r s a an an o s N m e s r ca hous a e es tr c ti ee lu v e ati nda e ny a D F v f lth a nda tr S oxi ti c f t lth ta t ti ic a ta S r a vi o ea uc S la rv s o e S no di P el er s d qua no a e duc s s s an h e i r f s ean de i re in n re to of h of e re in e i e o m ty y A e om e me h ity li it h ag ge T lity of l T r fr tag in rt ta m bi abi bi a r e or a lity il la F ho ho roxi il a ai tag S Sh a bi v v S or P la A Av ai A Sh Av Source: Opinion Poll Survey for Urban Planning in GCR, JICA Study Team, 2007 Note: Total respondents were 1,241 households. Figure 2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Current Living Area

(3) Perception to infrastructure and social welfare facilities More than 50% of respondents were satisfied with existing infrastructure other than gas supply, while more than 80% represented their satisfaction with transportation, wastewater, and electricity. With regard to social welfare, more than 75% of respondents were satisfied with education, commercial, religious, and medical, while park and open space were relatively low at 25%.

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Water supply Education 100 100 86 73 Transport 83 Wastewater Park and open 95 83 Commercial 50 space 50

93 25 Pave road 57 0 Electricity 0

95 41 76 33 59 Religious Medical Solid waste Gass

95 Telecomm. Social welfare Infrastructure Social Welfare Source: Opinion Poll Survey for Urban Planning in GCR, JICA Study Team, 2007 Note: Total respondents were 1,241 households. Figure 2.6.4 Satisfaction with Existing Infrastructure and Social Welfare

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2.6 Housing

(1) Tenure USAID carried out Housing Demand Survey in 2006, and surveyed housing tenure status in GCR. The ratio of owned and rented is 36.8% and 50.4% respectively, of which rent housing divided by two status which are new rent law (Law No.4, 1996) and old rent law (Law No.xx, 1960) and these share is 8.7% and 41.7%. The rests are free by 8.2% and public housing by 4.5%. Of which owned housing, installment was applied by 72.2%, and of which owned housing, 71.1% is registered. There is no distinguish neither formal nor informal, although about half of households in GCR, it is rent status.

Table2.7.1 Housing Tenure Status in GCR Category Ratio (%) Registered Owned 36.8% 71.1% Rent 50.4% - Free 8.2% - Public 4.5% - Total 100.0% - Source: Edited from USAID (2007), Housing Demand Survey draft final report

Table 2.7.5 Preferred Financial Source for Purchased Housing Units

Financial Source Sample Share (%) Regular income savings 104 43.3 Savings from working abroad 15 6.3 Selling property 72 30.0 Contributions from relatives 22 9.2 Loans from individuals 11 4.6 Loans from work place 9 3.8 Bank loans 6 2.5 Other 1 0.4 Total 240 100.0 Source: USAID (2007), Housing Demand Survey Final Draft

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2.7 Drinking Water

(1) Water Supply System in Main Agglomeration The River Nile and its alluvial aquifer meet all of Cairo’s water supply demand for munitipal, irrigation, and industrial uses etc. The Nile is also the receptor of wastewater and drainage generated by domestic and industrial uses. First, the water supply condition of the study area excluding NUCs will be analyzed, followed by analysis of NUCs separately later on. Greater Cairo Water Supply Company (GCWSC) is responsible for water purification and distribution to Greater Cairo Region. There are 13 Water Purification Plants (WPP). For purification method, rapid sand filter is used. List of WPP (except 8 new urban communities) is summarized in Table 2.7.6.

Table 2.7.6 List of Water Purification Plants in the Study Area(Except New Urban Communities) Location No WPP Design Capacity Remarks (m3/day) West Bank 1 Embaba 850,000 2 Giza 150,000 3 Gezirat Al 450,000 East 4 Shobara Al Keiema 200,000 Bank 5 Ameria 450,000 6 Mustorod 1,300,000 7 Rod Al Farag 800,000 8 Al Roda 70,000 9 Fustat 1,000,000 10 50,000 11 300,000 Water is conveyed to 12 Al Tabben 300,000 13 Kafr Al Elou 70,000 Total 5,990,000 Source: JICA study team

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7,000,000

Capacity 6,000,000

5,000,000 ) y Demand

/da 4,000,000 3 m (

e m

u 3,000,000 l Vo 2,000,000

1,000,000

0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year

Source: JICA study team Figure 2.7.1 Water Supply and Demand Balance of the Study Area Except New Urban Communities

Table 2.7.8 Water Quality Standards Purified Water Groundwater WHO Standards (Maximum Permissible Level) pH 6.5 – 9.2 6.5 – 9.3 6.5 – 9.2 Color (Hazen) 50 50 50 Taste Acceptable Acceptable Unobjectionable Odor Acceptable Acceptable Unobjectionable Turbidity Jackson Unit 5 Jackson Unit 10 25 (TDS) 1,200 1,200 1,500 Total Hardness 500 500 500 Calcium 200 200 200 Magnesium 150 150 150 Nitrates *45 *45 - Fluoride 0.9 0.9 - Chloride 500 500 600 Sulphate 400 400 400 Iron 1 1 1 Manganese 0.5 0.5 0.5 Copper 1.5 1.5 1.5 Lead 0.1 0.1 0.1 Zinc 15 15 15 Note: TDS: Total Dissolved Solid, Values: Upper limit unless otherwise noticed. Units: ppm unless otherwise noticed. Source: Preliminary study for water supply development in Greater Cairo and Lower Egypt, 2003 JICA

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Table 2.7.9 Water and Wastewater Tariff No. Categories of usage Water Tariff Wastewater (LE/m3) Surcharge (%) 1 Domestic From 1m3 to 10m3 monthly 0.23 35 From 11m3 to 30m3 monthly 0.25 35 More than 30m3 monthly 0.35 35 Building under construction 0.80 70 2 Fixed rate for Governorate Houses 1 room flat 3.00 35 2 rooms flat 3.60 35 3 rooms flat 4.80 35 more than 3 rooms flat 6.00 35 3 Unions, and factions premises, Syndicate and political parties 0.48 70 4 Non-Governmental places for workshop / Youth Yards / Youth Centers 0.42 35 5 Embassies 0.48 70 6 Small factories /Workshops /Coffee shops /Local restaurants /Shops 0.70 70 7 Large factories / Gas station / 2nd and 3rd class hotels / Private school 0.80 70 8 Private hospitals / 1st class hotels / Funfairs 1st class restaurant 1.25 70 9 Raw water 0.22 - 10 National associations 0.42 35 11 (B) class sport clubs subsidized by the Ministry of youth 0.48 35 12 Governmental medical insurance hospital 0.70 70 13 (A) class sports clubs 1.00 70 14 Garages & Bakeries 0.70 70 15 Raw water for free zones & Investment companies 0.19 - 16 Purified water 0.22 - 17 Governmental office / Localities / Governmental factories 0.65 70 Source: Holding company for water and wastewater

(2) Problems of Water Supply in Main Agglomeration Water supply in the Main Agglomeration has problems in the facilities, network and distribution systems.

z Since most of water purification plants have no water flow meters installed or functional, the exact water production and leakage in the water supply system are unknown.

z Unstable water pressure and unreliable supply may cause pollution of purified water from contaminated groundwater or leaked wastewater sacked into the water distribution system through damaged joints.

z Pipe materials should be investigated, as asbestos cement pipe must be removed.

z Pipe diameters should be checked in the hydraulic calculation for the pipe network.

z The water tariff is considerably low so that people would not pay attention to water leakage or conservation.

z Parts of informal settlement area remain unserved with the water supply system.

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Figure Main Aquifer System around Cairo

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2.8 Waste Water Treatment

(1) Wastewater Treatment Capacity and Generation Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in the study area are listed in the following table.

Table 2.7.11 List of Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Study Area No WWTP Design Extension Treatment Remarks Capacity (m3/day) Method (m3/day) 1 Gabal Al Asfer 1,615,000 500,000 AS Wastewater from Al is treated 2 Al Berka 600,000 - AS 3 Helwan 350,000 200,000 AS 4 Zenein 330,000 - AS 5 Abu Rawash 400,000 800,000 Primary Wastewater from Al Treatment Sheikh Zayed is treated 6 Balaks/Shobra El 600,000 - AS Kheima Total 3,895,000 1,500,000 Remarks: AS Activated Sludge Source: GOPP

7,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000 Extension (800,000) ) y a Capacity Extension (200,000+500,000) /d 4,000,000 3 m (

e Wastewater Generation m 3,000,000 u l Vo 2,000,000

1,000,000

0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year

Source: JICA study team Figure 2.7.8 Wastewater Treatment Capacity and Generation Balance in the Study Area (Except Eight New Urban Communities)

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(2) Problems of Wastewater Treatment The wastewater treatment system in the study area has problems in the treatment system and in collection system.

z Only the primary treatment is now conducted at Abu Rawash WWTP includes coarse and medium screens, grit chambers, primary sedimentation tanks, and chlorine contact tanks. Installation of the secondary treatment system is considered as the highest priority project by CAPWO (The Organization for the Execution of Greater Cairo and Potable Water and Wastewater Project)

z About 85% of the urban area and 11% of rural area in the study area are connected to wastewater system. The wastewater that is not connected to the system is untreated and discharged to agricultural drain or desert land directly, causing the risk of pollution.

z The monitoring of water quality and pollution sources is not effectively conducted, and the results are not properly analyzed, summarized and stored.

z The treatment of industrial wastewater is not satisfactory.

z Even some treated wastewater is used for irrigation, in most cases purified water is used even for irrigation. The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation, car wash, road watering and toilet flushing etc should be encouraged.

z Informal settlement settlements remain unserved by the wastewater treatment system.

z Sludge is inadequately treated and contains heavy metals.

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2.9 Solid Waste

(1) Present Status In Cairo, the issue of solid waste is getting worse with the progress of urbanisation, concentration of population, and economic and industrial development . At the moment, solid waste amount in the Study Area is estimated as 1,000ton/day. Solid waste management in general is given low priority in many of developing countries except in the capital cities and large urban areas.

1) Categories of Solid Waste The National Environment Action Plan of Egypt 2002/17 defines the solid waste into categories: Municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural waste, residues from dredging of waterways, industrial waste, construction and demolition waste, and hazardous waste including hospital waste.

Table 2.7.16 Categories of Solid Waste Item Note Percentage In Egypt Municipal Solid Homes and business process waste as a consequence of everyday Cities Waste actives. 16Village 9 Agricultural Agricultural residues. Most are reused for agricultural purposes 6 Waste as organic fertilizer or for animals. Waterways The bulk of these wastes results from the maintenance and 49 Dredging widening of canals. Initially the dredged materials is dumped on Residues the side of the canals. This waste may contain heavy metals. Construction and Construction and demolition waste is not MSW because it does 7 Demolition Waste not contains organic materials. It may be used for base materials of road construction after crushing. Industrial and Hazardous wastes are often disposed along with general 10 Hazardous Waste industrial waste. At present, there is no facility for disposal of hazardous industrial waste.

Such wastes are deposited in dumpsite, which may be relatively safe in dry climates or area with low groundwater tables.

Hospital wastes are often included in the MSW and may contain hazardous waste and may include hazardous items such as infectious material, sharp objects, etc.

Open damping and open burning are currently the prevailing methods of disposing the hazardous wastes. Wastewater Sludge of wastewater treatment is dumped in the landfill site. 3 Treatment Sludge Some sludge is used as soil conditioner. Source: Greater Cairo Sewerage Company

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Table 2.7.17 Source of Municipal Solid Waste

Item Percentage (%) Household 64.3 Street Sweepings and Green Refuse 12.3 Commercial 14.9 Industrial 2.3 Educational 0.9 Hotel 0.7 Hospitals 0.1 Others 4.5

Source: The Dimensions of Municipal Solid Waste Problem in Greater Cairo, March 2007

Contents of solid waste at the study area are shown in the following table.

Table 2.7.18 Contents of Solid Waste

Item Percentage(%) Organic 51 Paper 21 Textile 6 Plastic 9 Metal 6 Glass 6 Others 1

Source: The Dimensions of Municipal Solid Waste Problem in Greater Cairo, March 2007

4) Solid Waste Collection A few international solid waste management companies, namely FFC (Spanish company), Urbaser (Spanish company) and AMA (Italian company), started collecting solid waste and cleaning streets for Greater Cairo Region. These companies assist maintaining the solid waste operation by upgrading all the necessary equipment for solid waste management and training Egyptian engineers. Aside from the above mentioned international companies, Cairo has another rather informal solid waste collection system. For some household solid waste is collected each day by the collectors known as Zabbaleen. These people have developed recycling systems that are estimated to reuse around 80% of the solid waste that they collect. Pigs are kept, and the organic solid waste is fed and pigs are sold for meat, and the waste from the pig cabins is processed into fertilizer. Solid waste collection by Zabbaleen is done without payment from the municipalities. In the Study Area, about 50% of solid waste is collected by the international solid waste management companies (i.e. by municipalities), about 20% are collected by Zabbaleen, and about 30% are not collected.

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In informal settlement areas, due to the lack of solid waste collection service, garbage is thrown to roads, drains, and open space etc.

Table 2.7.20 List of Solid Waste Disposal Sites: Existing, Ongoing (completion date), Future Plan

No. Name Method Capacity Starting Year Project Period 1 Al Wafaa Wa Al Open 5,000,000 m3 2000 10 Ammal Dumpsite in Cairo (1,666.7 ton)

2 Shobrament Sanitary 1,800,000 m3 Dumpsite in Giza (6,000 ton) 3 Abu Zabaal 1,000,000 m3 Dumpsite in Qalyubia (3,333.3 ton) 4 Rubeiki, Cairo 5 Musturod Landfill Site Qalyubia 6 Qaha Landfill Site, Qalyubia 7 Al Zaytoun and Tanan Landfill in Qalyubia 8 Tokh Landfill Cairo Source: JICA study team Compost is considered to be an attractive product because of its possible use as a soil conditioner for desert reclamation schemes. Sludge from wastewater treatment plant is also used as the soil conditioner. By law (law No.4 1994) incineration had become the mandatory treatment for hospital and certain other hazardous waste. Incinerators are used for hospital waste treatment.

(2) Problems of Solid Waste Management

z Problems of Solid Waste Management are listed as follows.

z There are no weighting facilities at disposal site and no practice of waste sampling and analysis, except at composting plants, so that the data on solid waste is incomplete.

z There is shortage of financial and human resources to deal with the volumes of solid waste generated on the daily basis as well as the need to remove the accumulated wastes of the streets.

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z Inefficient collection methods and improper disposal of municipal solid waste. z It is said that one third of the solid waste is not collected. Most of the uncollected solid wastes are either dumped in open space or burnt and cause environmental pollution. z At present, there are no landfill regulations or standards which provide a basis for operation and monitoring. (though a national guideline for these standards are being prepared by the EEAA) z The important role of local companies, NGOs and the informal sector (the Zabbaleen) has not been recognized by the municipalities and national government. z Lack of sanitation awareness campaign and education about the solid waste management. z There is a need to set up specific hazardous solid waste management office due to the large number of industrial factories in Cairo. z Overlapping of duties between ministries and a number of institutes controlling solid waste management. z Open burning of solid waste contributes to air pollution and may increase respiratory problems. z Illegal dumping of solid waste in public area attracts pests and vermin. z Improper management of hospital waste leads to serious health problems. z Uncollected solid wastes are thrown away on the roads, fields and canals. z Solid waste collection fee is becoming a part of electricity bills. It seems unfair. New collection fee system is required. z Removal of historic accumulations of solid waste is necessary.

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