Study Routes Approx.10km Figure Proposed Tourism Promotion Area 18 / 52 ページ Statistic Data 2.3 Pollution 19 / 52 ページ InStu Cairody Area Figure Concentration of SO2 around Study Area (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average) Figure Concentration of NO2 around Study Area (Limit: 60μg/m3≒0.03ppm for 1 year average and 150μg/m3≒0.07ppm for 1 year average and) 20 / 52 ページ InStu Cairody Area Figure Concentration of Black Smoke (SPM) in Egypt (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average and 150μg/m3 for 24hours average ) InStu Cairody area Figure Concentration of PM10 in Egypt (Limit: 70μg/m3 of 24hours average) 21 / 52 ページ Study area Figure Concentration of PM10 around Study Area (Limit: 70μg/m3 for 24 hours average) Figure Concentration of Lead in Study Area (Limit: 1μg/m3 for 1 year average) 22 / 52 ページ Figure Change of Concentration of PM10 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 70μg/m3 for 24 hours average) Figure Change of Concentration of SO2 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 60μg/m3 for 1 year average) 23 / 52 ページ Figure Change of Concentration of NO2 around Study Area Recently (Limit: 60μg/m3≒0.03ppm for 1 year average and 150μg/m3≒0.07ppm for 1 year average ) 24 / 52 ページ Statistic Data 2.4 Urbanization Trend Late 7th Century 10th to 12th Century) N N HALIMA HALIMA JAZIRA JAZIRA ●al-Azhar Mosque r r ve Ri ●Ibn Tulun Mosque ●Ibn Tulun Mosque Nile Rive Nile RAWDAH RAWDAH ●Amr Mosque ●Amr Mosque 0 2k 0 2km 12th Century 13th to 14th Century N N HALIMA HALIMA QAHIRA QAHIRA JAZIRA JAZIRA r r CITADEL CITADEL Nile Rive Nile Rive RAWDAH RAWDAH FUSTAT FUSTAT 0 2km 0 2km Early 15th Century1 1933 NN NN HALIMA QAHIRA BULAQ JAZIRA QAHIRA JAZIRA Down Town ver r Ri r CITADEL CITADEL Nile Nile Rive Nile Rive RAWDAH RAWDAH OLD CAIRO OLD CAIRO 0 2km 0 2km Figure 2.4.1 Historical Change of Builtup Area 25 / 52 ページ Statistic Data Table 2.4.1 Historic Trends in Population of GCR Year Population Growth rate (% per year) 1863 305,0001) 1882 374,0001) 1.1 1927 1,060,0001) 2.3 1937 1,312,0001) 2.2 1945 2,162,0002) 6.4 1968 5,487,0002) 4.1 1982 8,600,0002) 3.3 Source 1) City of History, Raymond, 2004 Source 2) Greater Cairo Region Long Range Urban Development Scheme, GOPP Table 2.5.1 Land Use and Cover Categories Land Use Land Cover Description Categories Categories Built-up (High) Urban Urban areas that appear to be highly built-up Built-up (built-up) Urban areas that appear to be moderately (Medium) built-up Built-up (Low) Urban areas that appear to be somewhat built-up Industry Urban (others) Industry (determined manually by photo-interpretation and other source) Airport Airports(determined manually by photo-interpretation) Cemetery Cemetery (determined manually by photo-interpretation and other source) Bare land Non-vegetated areas that generally appeared to be base soil Agriculture Agriculture Vegetated areas that generally appeared to be cropland, marshland, or orchard Desert Desert Desert areas with little or no vegetation Water Water Water, including rivers, lakes, and channels Open space Open space “Green” areas and “open space” within the urban environment Source: JICA study team, 2007. Table 2.5.2 Land Area by Land Cover Categories Land Cover 2001(ha) 2007(ha) Change (ha) Urban Area (Built-up Area High/Medium/Low) 39,500 52,100 12,600 Industry 11,900 11,800 -100 Bare Land 400 4,100 3,700 Airport 5,900 5,900 0 Cemetery 1,000 1,000 0 Agriculture 82,500 80,500 -2,000 Desert 285,700 272,600 -13,100 Water 3,400 3,400 0 Open Space 6,200 5,100 -1,100 Total 436,500 436,500 - Source: JICA study team, 2007. 26 / 52 ページ Statistic Data Cairo 2,808 1,866 992 611 1,651 Clothes and Others 74% 453 510 Metals Giza 583 Food 275 339 Chemicals 81% 589 401 Others Qaliobeya 377 500 74% 567 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 No of Establishment Source: Statistics, IDA, 2005 Note: Metals and others include machines, transportation equipment. Figure 2.2.17 Number of Factories by Main Activities in Cairo, Giza, and Qaliobeya in 2004 Cairo 64,319 86,921 27,331 31,500 61,425 Clothes and Others 71% 14,714 Metals Giza 37,976 43,379 22,702 Food Chemicals 81% 23,665 Others Qaliobeya 26,098 42,156 49,946 26,797 32,436 78% 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 No of Workers Source: Statistics, IDA, 2005 Note: Metals and others include machines, transportation equipment. Figure 2.2.18 Number of Workers by Main Activities in Cairo, Giza, and Qaliobeya in 2004 (Conclusion Related to Urbanization Trend) The major points discussed in this section are summarized in the following. 1) Factories that are polluting environment need to be relocated to areas outside the agglomeration. Existing industries occupy an area of about 10% or 2,400ha of the built-up area within the main agglomeration. Some of the large-scale factories cause environmental pollution in and around their premises. According 27 / 52 ページ Statistic Data to a study by MOTI, there are 21 large environmentally unfavorable factories identified for relocation where a total of 57,000 job opportunities are provided. 2) Existing cemeteries occupy an area of 879 ha within the main agglomeration. These cemeteries are located on the fringes of the built-up areas, and use up the precious lands of the main agglomeration. To enhance the efficient use of limited land resources, the development of new cemeteries while the expansion of existing cemeteries need to be prohibited. 3) There are substantial area of land set aside for transport, such as large railway freight stations and bus terminals. Due to changing demands and roles for transport, some of such facilities may have lesser function and necessity today as compared with previous times. Relocation or redevelopment of such facility may be considered for the restructuring of the main agglomeration. 4) Relocation of the central government offices from the city center to suburban location, such as the one discussed at the high level in the government, shall contribute to the restructuring of urban pattern of the study area. The relocation, once carried out in full, shall raise the potential of land in their new location as well as provide opportunity for redevelopment at the present site within the center of the study area. 5) The area of public parks and green areas is very limited in the main agglomeration. In addition, substantial part of the green area, such as clubs for a closed membership, is not open to public. More green space should be allocated throughout the main agglomeration. There are limited public parks or green space in the north part of the main agglomeration compared with other areas. Where possible the green space that is currently not open to the public should be opened at least to the people in the neighboring communities. 28 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10km Figure Location Map of the Study Routes 29 / 52 ページ Figure Administrative Setting in Central Part of Cairo and the Study Area 30 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10km Figure Proposed Transportation Network Project 31 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10km Figure Proposed General Land Use Plan 32 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10km Figure Distribution of Build-up Area and Study Routes 33 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10 Figure Location of Industrial Area 34 / 52 ページ Uban Area Industry Aglicultural Government Use Public Parks Recreation Area Cemetery Monumentaries Major Facilities Airport Vacant Land Desert Figure Detailed Land Use Plan 1/2 35 / 52 ページ Urban Area Industry Agricultural Government Use Public Parks Recreation Area Cemetery Monuments Major Facilities Airport Vacant Land Desert Figure Detailed Land Use Map 2-2 36 / 52 ページ Study Routes Approx.10km Area of Informal Settlers Area of Cemetery (with Informal Settlers) Informal Area Project Locations Figure Informal Settlers’ Area and Study Area 37 / 52 ページ Statistic Data 2.5 Perception of the residents (1) Characteristic of interviewees Age Marital Status Never 15 -24 married/Sing 1.5% 25- 34 Divorced/Se 12.0% parated ed contract 2.7% 3.6% Widowed 14.5% 35- 44 22.8% 45+ 63.7% Married 79.2% Education Production/tr Work Status ansportation Higher than Never been / university to construction 2.6% school/Prim ary /porters Incomplete 21.4% University 21.4% Not working 26.0% 34% Farming/fishi ng/farming Less than 0% primary 7.3% Service 9% Upper intermediate Primary Salesmen 5.6% 10.1% 3% Managemen Clerks Technical/sc Preparatory t/administrat Secondary 6% ientific 5.6% ive 21.5% 12% 15% Source: Opinion Poll Survey for Urban Planning in GCR, JICA Study Team, 2007 Figure 2.6.1Characteristics of Households’ Respondents in the Opinion Poll Survey The result showed income group in the study area consisting of low, middle and high income groups. The definition was set in accordance with income tax ratio amended in 2005. Annual income more than LE20000 equivalent to more than LE1671 monthly was set to high income group, and between LE5,001 and LE20,000 was set to middle income group, less than LE5,000 was set as low income group. Low, middle, and high income groups were represented by 18.1%, 64.6% and 17.2% respectively. Among three governorates, the share of high income group in Cairo was rather high by 19.6%, and the share of low income group in Qaliobeya was higher by 30%, while middle income group was similar share among the three governorates.