VOLUME 31 NOVEMBER 2003 NUMBER 8
2004 Annual Meeting . . . Public Sociologies Public Sociology and UC’s Institute on Labor and Employment The first in a series of articles highlighting the sociological context of ASA’s next Annual Meeting location . . . San Francisco, California
by Sarah Anne Minkin, gists, including its current and upcoming intellectual resources to advance their for decades.” And for scholars, the ILE University of California-Berkeley directors, Ruth Milkman, Professor of work, labor advocates helped push the presents “an incredible opportunity to get Sociology at UCLA and Margaret Weir, establishment of the ILE through the state inside a social movement that’s working Public Sociology is the theme of this Professor of Sociology and Political legislature in 2000. for social justice,” says Milkman. summer’s Annual Meeting in San Science at the UC Berkeley. The ILE is unique as an academic With an initial $6-million budget, the Francisco. While many of us are familiar institution with close ties to labor; Tom ILE is the only institution in the country with it in theory, what does it look like in Labor Is Growing Rankin, President of the California Labor of its magnitude dedicated to bridging practice? What are its challenges, dilem- The ILE’s development comes at a Federation, sits on the governing council. academic research and the labor move- mas and unique advantages? One place to time of renewed sociological interest in The close working relationship with the ment. As a research institution, ILE’s look for answers is the Institute on Labor labor, as evidenced labor movement is collaborative model bridging fieldwork and Employment (ILE), a University of by the founding of essential to ILE’s and scholarship is new. It builds on the California multi-campus research the Labor and [P]ublic sociology is the success as both an foundation of the Institutes of Industrial program that engages scholars and labor Labor Movements discipline’s “moral moment,” innovation in Relations (IIR) and Labor Centers at UC- movement staff and activists in studying Section at the ASA academia and a Berkeley and UCLA. The IIR was founded issues of labor and employment in when sociologists engage a resource to a major in the 1940s to help solve labor issues three years ago and public beyond the academy, California and the United States. the slew of recent social movement. with science. Labor Centers (formally, ASA President Michael Burawoy, new books on bringing their tools and As Ruth Milkman Centers for Labor Research and Educa- instigator of this Annual Meeting theme, labor. The Califor- expertise to dialogue on explains, “it’s a tion, also at UC-Berkeley and UCLA) believes that public sociology is the nia labor move- issues affecting society as a two-way process. were established in the 1960s to serve as discipline’s “moral moment,” when ment, which whole. The labor move- the university’s outreach into the labor sociologists engage a public beyond the directly represents ment figured out community, bringing material and academy, bringing their tools and millions of mem- that they need intellectual resources to the movement. expertise to dialogue on issues affecting bers and advocates for millions more additional intellectual resources to The ILE now works with both the IIRs society as a whole. Society benefits from people beyond its membership, is in a counter the sophistication of managerial and the Labor Centers, having dramati- sociology’s insights and wisdom, and period of particular political strength. In opposition to unions today.” The ILE’s cally increased the Labor Centers’ sociology gains from the critical feedback the past few years they have increased research gives organized labor a “better budgets. With new support, the Labor and challenges it faces when its ideas are their numbers by the tens of thousands, basis for advocating for changes” in Centers have expanded their work, which aired in public. The ILE espouses this secured passage of ‘living-wage’ ordi- public policy, says Tom Rankin. More- includes building organizing partnerships model, working closely with the labor nances throughout the state, and suc- over, he continues, the ILE offers orga- with unions and providing them with movement to develop and execute its ceeded in getting California’s unprec- nized labor “the same access to academic training and support. Through the Labor agenda. An interdisciplinary institution, edented Paid Family Leave Law passed. resources that businesses and especially Centers, outreach into the labor commu- the ILE is heavily weighted with sociolo- agriculture here in California have had Determining that they needed additional See Annual Meeting, page 11 Sociologists Are Appointed Sage Fellows Are Sociology Programs Downsizing? Six sociologists were among the 21 affiliations, and social mobility. by Roberta Spalter-Roth replace retiring faculty, new PhDs could leading social scientists recently appointed Becky Pettit, University of Washing- Research Program on the face a favorable job market. Under a 2003-04 Visiting Scholars at the Russell ton, will investigate the role of institu- Discipline and the Profession scenario of financial woes, however, Sage Foundation. During their tenure at tional factors on labor market opportuni- retiring PhDs might not be replaced and, the Foundation, the Fellows will pursue ties and patterns of inequality. Her first A recent series of articles in the as a result, new PhDs will face a tighter research and writing projects that will project will look at the role of the prison Chronicle of Higher Education suggests that job market and departments will shrink. promote the Foundation’s commitment system in perpetuating racial and class academic departments are downsizing as to strengthening the social sciences. inequality and the second will look at retirements accelerate and “hiring freezes Aging in Sociology Compared to All visiting scholars undertake timely cross-country variation in women’s labor abound.” State budget shortfalls and Other Social Sciences social science research and apply their force participation. declining stock portfolios have affected Relative to economists and political research to significant social problems. Sidney G. Tarrow, Cornell University, scholarly disciplines in both the humani- scientists, younger PhDs in sociology While Visiting Scholars typically work on will write a book about transnational ties and the sciences, including English, represent a smaller share of employed projects related to the Foundation’s activism. He will explore a variety of history, physics, and math. Interviews PhDs, ranging from 18.5 percent to 25.4 current programs, a number of scholars questions from whether they are a with department chairs suggest that percent, across four age cohorts younger whose research falls outside the distinct group to how they gain certifica- teaching loads are increasing, as special- than age 50. (See Figure 1) Conversely, Foundation’s active programs also tion and operate. He will look at the ties are being cut, and temporary faculty within five older cohorts (i.e., greater participate. implications for American policy toward are being hired to cover classes. than age 50), sociology PhDs constitute a Kenneth T. Andrews, University of domestic transnational groups. Are similar trends occurring in the larger share of employed PhDs across North Carolina-Chapel Hill, will write a Julia C. Wrigley, City University of social sciences and, especially, sociology? these cohorts, ranging from 30.5 percent book about local and state environmental New York Graduate Center, will write a Is sociology facing a “retirement bubble”? to 34.2 percent. Figure 1 shows that, groups and the social, political, and book analyzing episodes of harm to Can we expect a downsizing of sociology compared to these other two social economic factors that influence them. His children in non-parental childcare and the departments over the next decade as the science disciplines, the sociological aim is to evaluate their effectiveness and effect it has on their trust of parents, largest cohort of full-time tenured community is older. This inverted “age their influence over policy. caregivers, and investigators. Her project sociologists ages and retires? Will pyramid” in sociology suggests that, so Nancy DiTomaso, Rutgers University, will provide insight into the costs and departments be able to replace them with far, younger PhDs are not replacing older will write a book examining the reasons vulnerabilities created by heavy reliance new tenured or tenure track full-time sociologists. many white Americans do not see the on interpersonal trust. hires? Many older sociologists earned contradictions between the persistence of The Russell Sage Foundation is a their PhD degrees and assumed academic Employment Status of racial inequality and their belief in the research center, a funding source for positions during the steady periods of Older Sociologists existence of equal opportunity. It will studies by scholars at other academic and growth in sociology that lasted until 1976. One explanation of these findings is explore the paradox between white research institutions, and an active After 1976, there was a steady decline in that academic sociology programs, the America’s beliefs and their recognition of member of the nation’s social science the number of new PhDs, until 1990 when largest employers of sociologists, are advantages. community. It also publishes, under its the numbers began to slowly increase. In downsizing and younger sociologists are Karyn Lacy, Emory University, will own imprint, the books that derive from 1999 and 2000 (the last years for which not being hired to replace older ones. But write about the formation of class-based the work of its grantees and visiting data are available from the National one alternative explanation is that older identity among participants in an elite scholars. For information on how to Science Foundation’s Division of Science sociologists are not leaving full-time African American mothers’ association apply as a Visiting Scholar see Resource Statistics), the numbers of new employment and hence there are fewer and the cultural consequences for their www.russellsage.org/about/ PhDs declined slightly. If sociology ❑ children. The goal is to examine the how_to_apply.shtml. departments and programs are able to relationship between social capital, See Sociology, page 11
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2 NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES
In This Issue . . . The Executive Officer’s Column The NIH Roadmap: Path to Better Health Research? On September 30, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Elias A. Zerhouni unveiled the “NIH Roadmap for Medical Research,” a set of bold, and potentially far- Tobacco Regulation reaching initiatives that seek to transform the nation’s “center of gravity” in biomedical research. The goal is to Important legislation sometimes goes increase capabilities and speed the movement of research up in smoke. discoveries from the bench to the bedside through funda- mental, qualitative changes toward a more interdisciplinary 3 approach. The changes undoubtedly will have an impact on sociologists working in health/medicine, mental health, and addiction research. The challenge for us, however, is to ensure social science is a key part of the Roadmap. It will need to be if this initiative is to truly meet the health demands of the 21st century. The Roadmap attempts to identify major opportunities and gaps in biomedical Council Briefs research that no single institute at NIH could tackle alone, but that more intellectu- ally nimble research strategies could tackle. The Roadmap is expected to provide A summary of actions at the August opportunities to transform new scientific knowledge into tangible benefits. The Annual Meeting. agency expects to spend $128 million in FY 2004 on this initiative and more than $2 billion overall by FY 2009. 4 Two of the three Roadmap themes are of special interest to social and behav- ioral scientists [see NIH’s website at nihroadmap.nih.gov for complete theme list]: Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise: At the core of this theme is the need to develop new research partnerships among organized patient commu- nities, community-based physicians, and academic researchers. This also includes the need to build better integrated networks of academic centers linked to a Mathematical Sociology qualified body of community-based physicians who care for sufficiently large groups of patients interested in working with researchers to quickly develop and An eponym for sociologist John test new interventions. Angle’s model of income inequality. Research Teams of the Future: NIH wants to stimulate new ways of combining 4 skills and disciplines across the sciences. The Director’s Innovator Award will encourage investigators to take on creative, unexplored avenues of research that carry a relatively high potential for failure, but also possess a greater chance for truly groundbreaking discoveries. In addition, novel partnerships, such as those between the public and private sectors, are encouraged as a way to accelerate the How Theory Travels movement of scientific discoveries from the bench to the bedside. NIH’s Diane Vaughan recounts her efforts motivation here is to combat “artifi- in public sociology. cial organizational barriers.” The Roadmap includes grants designed to 5 make it easier for scientists to conduct Vantage interdisciplinary research. These new awards will provide funding for training of scientists in interdisciplinary strategies; Point creating specialized centers to help scientists Historical Sociology forge new and more advanced disciplines from existing ones; and initiating forward-looking conferences to catalyze collaboration among the life and physical Levittown postwar community sciences. changed the American landscape. The Roadmap calls for interdisciplinary teams consisting of behavioral scien- tists, molecular biologists, and mathematicians to combine their research tools, 6 approaches, and technologies to solve the puzzles of complex health problems such as pain and obesity. To this end, the NIH has released the Exploratory Centers for Interdisciplinary Research Request for Applications (RFA-RR-04-002). The grants are expected to identify a biomedically relevant problem, evaluate why Section Award Winners previous approaches have not worked, justify the planning approach and propose a timeline. A letter of intent is due by January 30, 2004, and the application receipt Notable sociologists and students date is February 24, 2004. receive 2003 awards. The Challenge for Sociology 6 The sociological community must not simply wait for the biomedical commu- nity to “discover” the incompleteness of interdisciplinary research that omits study of social scientific factors and social context. Our engagement in the push for interdisciplinary teams and the re-engineering of the clinical enterprise are two 2004 Coupon Listing possible ways for sociologists to help drive the new research agenda at NIH. These Memberships, journals, and books are paths through which the power of basic knowledge of social context can help the nation nurture a healthier population. offered at discount to ASA members. ASA is also being proactive to help better “connect the dots” between sociology 8 and the biomedical community. For example, this August we invited the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nora D. Volkow, to participate in our Annual Meeting in Atlanta. There is also the long history of collaboration between sociologists and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). NIMH has not only supported sociologists doing important research in deviance, medical sociology, and the sociology of mental health, but also provided training grants for 20 years to fund sociology graduate students with interests in mental health through ASA’s Minority Fellowship Program. ASA is also actively engaged in helping shape Our Regular Features NIH’s new Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Working Group of the Advisory Committee to Director Zerhouni. The working group will address issues Public Sociology ...... 5 related to NIH’s support for research in the behavioral and social sciences that is fundamental to the prevention, treatment, and cure of illnesses but which is not Departments ...... 12 directed at a specific disease or condition. Obituaries ...... 15 As social scientists we need to continue to expand our partnerships with NIH and with other disciplines to grow the nation’s basic research on social pathways, networks, mechanisms, and contexts. ❑ —Sally T. Hillsman, Executive Officer NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES 3
Will Tobacco Ever Be Regulated? PUBLIC AFFAIRS UPDATE by Susan Halebsky Dimock, initially looked 2003 ASA Congressional Fellow promising, ✔ Oral history interviews are not subject to human research rules . . . . The with Gregg’s federal Office on Human Research Protections (OHRP), which oversees hu- The Food and Drug Administration first draft (FDA) does not currently regulate being very man volunteers in research, has decided that oral-history interviews gener- tobacco, giving the government no similar to last ally do not fall under the government’s definition of research. This pre- control over, or information on, the year’s cludes them from institutional review board (IRB) regulation. This is good components and additives in tobacco Kennedy- news for oral historians and some social scientists who have felt unreason- products that may be harmful to health, DeWine bill. ably questioned, restricted, or delayed by university-based IRBs. The schol- such as ammonia and formaldehyde. But However, ars have felt that the regulations were interpreted inflexibly and too broadly recently, Congress has renewed a push Gregg’s and that their projects pose little or no risk. Oral historians have argued that to provide the FDA with authority to second draft universities have overreacted to federal rules, and say that the federal regu- regulate tobacco. was much Susan Halebsky Dimock lations designed primarily for biomedical research do not apply to their This legislative approach was man- more prob- field. OHRP issued its decision in late September in a letter to the American dated by the fact that in 1996, when the lematic for Historical Association and the Oral History Association. However, the fed- FDA issued regulations on tobacco, they Democrats and the public health commu- eral agency has not yet posted its guidelines on the OHRP website suffered contentious court challenges, nity. The most likely reason for the (ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/index.html). and an eventual Supreme Court ruling changes between the drafts is Gregg’s found that the FDA had exceeded its need to accommodate concerns of ✔ Improving racial and ethnic data in health . . . . The National Research authority in issuing regulations. For the Republican members such as Senators Bill Council has released an online prepublication report on a workshop con- FDA to regulate tobacco, Congress must Frist (R-TN), John Warner (R-VA), and Jeff ducted by its Panel on the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) write this authority into law. Sessions (R-AL) from tobacco-growing Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data. The comprehensive study was The battle to regulate tobacco began states. prompted by Congress’ fears over weakness in DHHS data collection sys- in the Senate in 1998 with Senator John Negotiations on the bill meandered tems. The panel reviewed the DHHS’ systems and practices for collecting McCain (R-AZ) introducing a bill that between points of contention and without racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and language data as well as related practices would have allowed the regulation of resolution. Most controversial was in other federal agencies. They identified the data needed in order to evalu- tobacco, including restrictions on reserving to Congress, rather than to the ate the effects of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) on dispari- advertising. Debating FDA, power to eliminate ties in health; the effectiveness of data systems by federal, state, and local a class of tobacco the bill for weeks, the agencies in the collection and utilization of data; and the critical gaps in This year there is products. This point was Senate did not pass it data on race, ethnicity and SES in existing systems and the methods for and instead 46 states more impetus for acceptable to the Demo- filling these gaps. The 50-page report was edited by Daniel Melnick and entered into an agree- tobacco regulation crats and public health Edward Perrin. Contact Customer Service
Sociology of Education Section’s Professional PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY Workshop for Young Scholars Sociology translates to public action . . .
by Amy G. Langenkamp, encouraging us to pursue ambitious This new occasional column highlights projects that (or people who) successfully University of Texas-Austin research ideas and obtain informed engage sociology in the civic arena in service to organizations and communities. feedback on our work. Surprisingly, Over the years, members of ASA and sociologists as individual professionals and For a group of 80 advanced graduate what they stressed as most important citizens have sought to make the knowledge we generate directly relevant to our students and recent PhDs, the 2003 ASA was ambitious ideas. communities, countries, and the world community. Many sociologists within the Atlanta Annual Meeting began a day early academy and in other sectors practice the translation of expert knowledge to numerous critical issues through consultation, advisement, testimony, commentary, this year. Representing more than 40 Publishing writing, and participation in a variety of activities and venues. Readers are invited to universities and colleges, we gathered in In the session about publishing, submit contributions, but consult with Managing Editor Lee Herring Atlanta to attend a professional workshop editors and former editors of sociology ([email protected], 202-383-9005 x320) prior to submitting your draft (1,000 to for “Young Scholars.” This workshop, journals, including Sociology of Education, 1,200 words maximum). planned by Brian Powell, Indiana Univer- spoke about various aspects of the sity, and Chandra Muller, University of publication process—from writing a Forthcoming columns include one by Arthur Shostak, Texas-Austin, was supported by funds response to a “Revise and Resubmit” Drexel University, writing about American labor unions. from ASA’s Sociology of Education request to advising colleagues to Section, the National Science Foundation, exchange preliminary drafts before and Spencer Foundation. submitting them to journal editors. These How Theory Travels: A Most Public The one-day workshop was designed professors, many well-published and Public Sociology to share information with attendees about widely known in the sociology of career-advancing topics such as publish- education community, acknowledged by Diane Vaughan, Boston College ing, obtaining grants, and academic and and shared their similar experiences applied jobs. Another purpose was to concerning draft article rejections. They The tragic disintegration of NASA Space Shuttle Columbia on February 1, 2003, provide networking opportunities that helped de-mystify the scholarly publish- sent me on an unexpected and remarkable eight-month journey in public sociology. transcend cursory greetings and two- ing process. Publication is possible, and Hours after the accident, I was deluged with press calls stemming from my study of these scholars assured us that the causes of the 1986 Challenger disaster and book, The Challenger Launch Decision: journals are not dominated Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA (Chicago, 1996). Recognizing the by political alliances but teaching opportunity and professional responsibility, I tried to respond to everyone. I was teaching the theoretical explanation and key concepts of the book, linking rather are genuinely inter- them to data about Challenger and Columbia as changing press questions dictated. ested in publishing quality Because the investigation went on for months, these conversations became an research. ongoing exchange where the press brought me new information, and I gave a sociological interpretation. I noticed that the concepts of the book—the normalization Jobs of deviance, institutional failure, organization culture, structure, missed signals— The session on jobs was began appearing in print early in the investigation and continued, whether I was targeted at eliminating some quoted or not. of the bewilderment sur- Investigation Board rounding “getting a job and keeping it.” Presenters The book also led to my work with the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. emphasized balance—with Two weeks after the accident, the publicity director at Chicago sent a copy of The individual research goals, Challenger Launch Decision to retired Admiral Harold Gehman, who headed the within the university setting, Board’s investigation. As the Admiral later told me, he read it mid-February, along Young Scholars Workshop co-organizer Brian Powell with my jargon-free condensation published in a management journal. Persuaded of (center) leads discussion in the Intensive Writing and with life outside of work. Their message involved the relevance of the sociological analysis to Columbia, he sent copies of both to the Workshop. Board. The Admiral and the eight original Board members were experienced accident building a community of investigators, trained to look beyond technical causes to human factors, but the scholars within the university organizational focus and concepts of the book were new to them, helped make sense but also within their field of minute exchanges typical of conferences. of their data and led them to other social science sources. Finally, due to general concerns about specialization. Establishing ties with these Before the final four Board members were appointed, the Admiral already unevenness of information that young communities helps increase productivity thought that a large part of the report should focus on social causes. The initial outline scholars across PhD programs receive on and further research goals. of chapter topics, based on their data, paralleled my data and causal model. The new career planning, the Sociology of Educa- The themes introduced in the above centrality of sociological ideas and the connection with the Challenger accident were tion Section was motivated to engage sessions included practical and concrete not lost on the media. In press conferences, Gehman stressed the importance of the these young sociologists in the section’s advice on succeeding in academia and in social causes. When he announced that I would testify before the Board in Houston, community of mentors. the sociology of education field. the field’s leading journal, Aviation Week and Space Technology, headlined “Columbia As a graduate student I found the Throughout the sessions, an Board Probes the Shuttle Program’s Sociology,” while the New York Times ran “Echoes workshop beneficial to help me think unintimidating community emerged of Challenger.”1 strategically about professional goals well among the participants. Meeting the I met separately with the Board’s Group 2 investigators—assigned the decision- beyond “the dissertation defense” and the presenters and engaging in informal making and organization chapters—to discuss their data and analysis, then gave the even more coveted “academic/applied exchanges gave students access to Board a pre-testimony briefing, which turned into a three-hour conversation with a job.” The workshop was structured to tenured professor expertise and pooled Board receptive to sociological analysis. My testimony covered the causes of the share knowledge and allow networking knowledge of opportunities. Meeting Challenger accident, comparison with Columbia, and identification of systemic common institutional failures. The book’s theory and concepts traveled farther as my testi- among the young scholars while sessions other graduate students or recent mony—like that of other witnesses—aired live on NASA TV and video-streamed into examined a wide range of general topics, graduates allowed in-depth conversa- TV, radio, and internet outlets. including research funding, applying for a tions about our current and future When the Board began writing the report in June, I worked with Group 2. The job, and scholarly publishing. Roundtable research with colleagues truly interested in our work—a rarity. outline identified the impact from the foam debris on the Columbia as the proximate sessions addressed the finer points of cause in Part I. Part II announced the Board’s expanded causal model, but distin- these topics and included an intensive One of the most beneficial aspects of this workshop, from my perspective, guished the three social cause chapters by declining importance: “Beyond the paper- and grant-writing workshop. One Proximate Cause,” “Factors that Contributed to the Loss,” “The Accident’s Underly- particularly popular session was on how was not simply interacting with these 80 participants and leaders in the field— ing Causes.” Emboldened by the Admiral’s openness to sociology (witness my to transform one’s dissertation into a presence) and democratic practices that defied military stereotypes, I proposed an though this alone was impressive. published book. outline that instead gave these chapters substantive names, made the social causes Rather, it was the presenters’ core equal, and showed their causal connection. messages: a desire to see students Research Funding The Admiral endorsed the outline but believed that history was a scene-setter, not succeed—to see us push the limits of The session on funding opportunities a cause. Citing examples from the Challenger case, I explained how historic decisions current empirical knowledge and in NASA’s political and budgetary environment changed the organization structure included Jay Braatz, Spencer Foundation; develop creative and policy-relevant Larry Suter, National Science Foundation; and culture, ultimately affecting risk decisions, thus contributing to both accidents. He ways to minimize stratification of the was dubious, so I proposed a writing experiment that would show the causal links Christine Bachrach, National Institute of educational system. This workshop Child Health and Human Development; between the history, organization, and decision-making chapters. “How do you helped remind us why we began on this know you can do that?” he asked. “I’m trained to do that,” I replied. and Felice Levine, American Educational path in the first place—because we are Working under deadline, the experiment began. Information and ideas flew fast Research Association. Speaking directly to passionate about education. This group and freely between people and chapters. Extraordinary investigative effort, data, the needs of and grants available to, of senior scholars encouraged us to analysis, and insights were integrated into my writing; sociological connections and younger scholars, these presenters pursue this passion and welcomed us concepts became integrated across chapters. The Admiral, it turned out, was “de- emphasized themes that apply to all into this active community of intellectuals lighted” with the result. The Board, too, accepted “History as Cause: Columbia and grants, such as posing a significant and mentors who do likewise. Challenger” as a chapter, along with its implications for the expanded causal model. research question, linking research to Langenkamp ([email protected]) is a The New York Times announced the equal weight the report would give to technical relevant theory, and developing a and social causes, identifying me as the source of the Board’s approach and author of graduate student in the Department of thoughtful and tangible plan explaining Chapter 8. The language of sociology became commonplace in the press. The theory Sociology & Population Research Center. ❑ data analysis. The speakers also made of the book traveled one more place that August week. An AP wire story, “NASA themselves accessible to participants, Finally Looks to Sociologist,” revealed that NASA had giving out their contact information and See Public Sociology, page 11 6 NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES Community in History: Levittown and the Decline of a Postwar American Dream A sociological perspective on the 50-year-old faded American “suburban legend”
by Chad M. Kimmel, Shippensburg took part in what Thomas Hine called University of Pennsylvania “Populuxe” during a period (1954-1964) of “having things in a way that they’d In Norwood, Ohio, in 1946, five never had before…an expression of individuals called the local police depart- outright, thoroughly vulgar joy in being ment shortly after hearing about the able to live so well.” No longer living in arrest of a man who strangled his wife. the shadows of world war or economic Their inquiry: Where did he live? They all depression, people began to enact a new wanted his house! story, one that valued progress and the The housing shortage following WWII cheap newness that came with mass- was as compelling as war itself. “Dog- production and standardization. Authors tired soldiers can’t come home,” an- described this elevated social climate with nounced a 1945 Detroit Free Press head- titles like The Affluent Society, When the line. “There aren’t any houses.” Many Going Was Good, When Dreams Came True, individuals doubled up with relatives in Great Expectations, The Best Years, Another small and cramped apartments, awaiting Chance, and The Proud Decades. Every- an opportunity to get something of their thing was modern, bright, and unprec- own. With few homes built during the edented. war, the pent-up demand for housing Scholars, however, point to a cultural soared. On February 16, 1946, Collier’s climax or watershed period in the late magazine followed one angry and biggest housebuilder,” a title held for On Tailored Suits and Segregation 1960s and early 1970s. Elizabeth Long’s another seven years. But the Levitts built review of popular novels between 1969 disillusioned veteran around the crowded Levitt and Sons built low-cost homes not just houses; they built entire commu- and 1975 revealed unmet expectations, a city streets of Chicago, taking notes as he for the average worker, but sold only to nities, complete with schools, churches, world-view in crisis, and cultural confu- vented his frustrations. “I want a place to whites. “We believe that the market for parks, ball fields, and shopping centers. sion. President Carter spoke to America live,” he shouted loudly and publicly. “I custom housing, like that for custom Between 1947 and 1964, they built 17,447 about a crisis of confidence. Studs Terkel want a home, a decent one that I can tailoring, no longer exists,” reported Bill homes in New York, 17,311 homes in wrote The Great Divide, and John Kenneth afford.” in the same Harper’s interview. “People Pennsylvania, and 12,000 homes in New Galbraith—who only two decades before The fortunes of many Americans, who want to buy that kind of thing will Jersey, naming them all “Levittown.” In spoke of affluence and security— however, soon changed. By 1951, the always be able to get it, but the real France, 20 miles south of the Eiffel Tower, authored The Age of Uncertainty. And the average American male was 30 years old, market is for the ordinary mass-produced Levitt and Sons created the 700-house first gas riot to occur in the nation married, and the father of two children. suit of clothes…you can’t build $30,000 development “Les Residences du happened in Levittown, PA. Indeed, the He owned a refrigerator, radio, tele- houses by the six thousands.” Regarding Chateau,” referred to warmly by the postwar period had ended. phone, and brought home $3,000 a year. race, Bill put his company policy in simple French as “Levittville.” In Puerto Rico, it Levittown represents a moment in And with the help of a FHA-insured terms in the August 7, 1954, edition of the was more of the same: “Levittown time when the unimaginable became mortgage, he was able to accumulate and Saturday Evening Post: “We can solve a Lakes,” and, well, “Levittown De Puerto possible. But this community, whose very store all of his worldly possessions in his housing problem, or we can try to solve a Rico.” Not surprisingly, Architectural existence speaks to a coalescence of ripe own home, in Levittown. And with racial problem. But we cannot combine Forum, in 1950, used the phrase “as Levitt social, political, and economical forces, has Levittown, PA, now having passed its 50- the two.” goes, so goes the nation” to describe the come of age under less than ideal year mark in 2002, its revolution in First-generation Levittown residents success and revolutionary influence of conditions. Studying the Levittown community design is now seen as having vividly remember the opportunity of this Jewish family business. phenomenon and its societal context has defined for many the essence of the homeownership afforded them by Levitt The war years forced the Levitts to allowed me to begin to live this aspiring American dream of homeownership. and Sons. Many had migrated from find new ways to build faster and more “American sociologist’s dream”: to Levittown sparked a post-war exodus to Philadelphia or Trenton, NJ. Others came efficiently. Time-and-motion studies, for explore the life history of people and the suburbs, and its impact has been both from the coal regions of Northeast example, reduced wasteful labor prac- places, and to uncover and make real the broad and diverse, ranging from usher- Pennsylvania or one of the Pittsburgh tices, thus increasing productivity. complex relationship between the two. ing in longer commutes to work and steel communities. As in all of these areas, Frederick Winslow Taylor himself would “All sociology worth the name,” argued contributing to “urban sprawl,” to homes were hard to find, often requiring have called it the “one best way” to build C. Wright Mills in 1959, “is historical democratizing home ownership. It placed large cash deposits. A typical two- homes. The postwar years also provided sociology.” average families within financial reach of bedroom apartment in Trenton, for ripe conditions for mass building: an an American dream marred only by its example, rented for $85 a month in 1952. Kimmel, who himself is a third-generation unprecedented demand for housing; a GI infamously monotonous cookie-cutter- That same year, Levitt and Sons offered a Levittown resident, is a graduate student Bill of Rights and a powerful Veterans style homes. three-bedroom, 1,000-square-foot in sociology at Western Michigan Association guaranteeing mortgages with Levittown was the creation of Levitt modern home with brand-name appli- University, doing dissertation research on and Sons, Inc. Abraham Levitt, and his the full weight of the federal government; ances for $100 down and $60 a month. Levittown, PA. He is also an Assistant two sons William (Bill) and Alfred, formed and, as Bill told Harper’s in September of Professor of Sociology at Shippensburg their company just as America entered 1948, “banks busting with money.” “The Populuxe dice were loaded,” boasted Bill in the July University of Pennsylvania and can be the Great Depression. By 1948, Life ❑ magazine deemed them “the nation’s 3, 1950, issue of Time magazine. “How Postwar-period Levittown residents reached at [email protected]. could we lose?” “Congratulations!” to the 2003 ASA Section Award Winners ASA is proud to announce the Koo, University of Hawaii, for Korean Goldstone, University of California, for mental Change” winners of the various awards of ASA’s Workers: The Culture and Politics of Class “Forging Social Order and Its Breakdown: Comparative and Historical Sociology special interest sections. Not all 43 ASA Formation and Prema Kurien, Syracuse Riot and Reform in U.S. Prisons” Reinhard Bendix Award for Best sections give awards, but the vast University, for Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: Exceptional Service Award: Hank Graduate Student Paper: Ho-Fung majority of sections have now reported International Migration and the Reconstruc- Johnston, San Diego State University Hung, Johns Hopkins University their 2003 awards to ASA and they are tion of Identities in India Community and Urban Sociology listed here. A hearty congratulation is Outstanding Student Paper Award: Crime, Law, and Deviance Robert and Helen Lynd Award for Graduate Student Paper Award: extended to each of these stellar ASA Eileen Otis, University of California- Distinguished Career Achievement: members! Davis, for “Global Restructuring and the Megan C. Kurlycheck, Pennsylvania State Harvey Molotch, New York University University, and Brian D. Johnson for “The Aging and the Life Course Production of Feminities in China’s Robert Park Publication Award Emergent Service Industry” Juvenile Penalty: A Comparison of Distinguished Scholarship Award: (Book): Eric Klinenberg, New York Juvenile and Young Adult Sentencing Fredric D. Wolinsky, University of Iowa Collective Behavior and Social Move- University, for Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy Outcomes in Criminal Court” Graduate Student Paper Award: ments of Disaster in Chicago Reiss Award: John Hagan, Northwest- Krysia N. Mossakowski, Indiana Univer- Distinguished Book Award: Francesca Robert Park Publication Award ern University, for “Northern Passage: sity, for “The Nativity Paradox and the Polletta, Columbia University, for Freedom (Article): Jennifer Lee, University of American Vietnam War Resisters in Social Timing of Immigration over the is an Endless Meeting California, Irvine, for “From Civil Canada” Life Course” Outstanding Student Paper Award: Relations to Racial Conflict: Merchant- Economic Sociology Alcohol, Drugs, and Tobacco Julie Stewart, New York University, for Customer Interactions in Urban America” “When Local Troubles Become Trans Student Paper Award: John Hipp, Viviana Zelizer Best Book Award: Junior Scholar Award: Margaret Neil Fligstein, University of California- Kelley, University of Oklahoma national Issues: A Study of an Indigenous University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Rights Movement in Guatemala” for “If You Don’t Do It, Someone Else Berkeley, for The Architecture of Markets Asia and Asian America Best Published Article: Bert Useem, Might…Volunteering for Neighborhood Outstanding Book Award: Hagen University of New Mexico, and Jack A. Associations as a Response to Environ- Continued on next page NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES 7
Section Award Winners, from page 6
2003 Ronald Burt Student Paper Peace, War, and Social Conflict Play: The Growth of American STM and Social Movement Formation” Award: Francisco J. Granados, University Elise Boulding Graduate Student AFM in the 1980s” and Jennifer Fosket, Lifetime Achievement Award: of Minnesota, for “Intertwined and Paper Award: Karen Albright, Courtney University of California-San Francisco, for Theodore D. Kemper, St. Johns University Relational Environments of Organiza- B. Abrams, and Aaron L. Panofsky, New “Constructing “High Risk Women”: The Outstanding Recent Contribution tions” York University, for “ ‘An Event Down- Development and Standardization of a Award: Rebecca J. Erickson, The Univer- Environment and Technology town’ to ‘An Historical Event’: The Social Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool” sity of Akron, and Christian Ritter, Kent Distinguished Contribution Award: Construction of Disaster in Narratives of Sex and Gender State University, for “Emotional Labor, Craig Humphrey, Pennsylvania State September 11" Sally Hacker Graduate Student Paper Burnout, and Inauthenticity: Does Gender University Robin Williams Award for Distin- Award: Eileen Otis, University of Matter?” Marvin Olsen Student Paper Award: guished Scholarship: Dr. Thomas J. California-Davis, for “Global Restructur- Sociology of the Family Kari Norgard, University of Oregon Scheff, University of California-Santa ing and the Production of Femininities in Distinguished Career Award of Barbara, and Dr. Suzanne M. Retzinger, China’s Emergent Service Industry” Scholarship and Service Award: Andrew History of Sociology Superior Court Distinguished Scholarly Career Distinguished Book Award: Lynne Cherlin, Johns Hopkins University Award: Michael J. Hill Political Economy of the World-System Haney, New York University, for Outstanding Graduate Student Paper Distinguished Scholarly Book Award: Distinguished Scholarship Award for Inventing the Needy: Gender and the Politics Award: Penelope Huang, University of Mary Jo Deegan, University of Nebraska, a Book: Lauren Benton, Rutgers Univer- of Welfare in Hungary Washington, for “The Price of Parent- for Race, Hull House, and the University of sity, for Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Distinguished Article Award: Kirsten hood: Examining Gendered Wage Chicago Regimes in World History, 1400-1900 Dellinger, University of Mississippi, and Penalties for Leave Taking” and Makiko Graduate Student Paper Award: Ross The Terence K. Hopkins Dissertation Christine Williams, University of Texas, Fuwa, University of California, Irvine, for E. Mitchell, University of Alberta, for Award: Jon D. Carlson, Arizona State Austin, for “The Locker Room and the “Macro-level Gender Inequality and the “Thorstein Veblen: Pioneer in Environ- University, for “The Expanding World- Dorm Room: Workplace Norms and the Division of Housework: A Cross-National mental Sociology” System and the Roots of Globalization” Boundaries of Sexual Harassment in Study” Career of Distinguished Scholarship Magazine Editing” International Migration Sociology of Law Award: Immanuel Wallerstein, Yale Social Psychology Distinguished Article Award: Richard Thomas and Znaniecki Award: David University Fitzgerald, University of California-Los Cooley-Mead Award: Peter Burke, O. Lempert, National Science Foundation, Angeles for “Nationality and Migration in Political Sociology University of California-Riverside David L. Chambers, and Terry K. Adams, Modern Mexico” Distinguished Contribution to Graduate Student Paper Award: for “Michigan’s Minority Graduates in Scholarship (Best Article): Jack Gold- Steven Hitlin, University of Wisconsin, Practice: The River Runs Through Law Latino/a Sociology stone, University of California-Davis, and Madison, for “Values as the Core of School” Lifetime of Distinguished Contribu- Bert Useem, University of New Mexico, Personal Identity: Drawing Links tions to Research: Ramiro Martinez, Sociology of Mental Health for “Forging Social Order and Its Break- Between Two Theories of Self” Best Dissertation Award: Alan V. Florida International University down: Riot and Reform in U.S. Prisons” Distinguished Contributions to Sociological Practice Horowitz, Rutgers University Distinguished Contribution to William Foote Whyte Distinguished Best Publication in Mental Health: Research Award: Ricardo Stanton-Salazar, Scholarship (Best Book): John Skrentny, University of Southern California Career Award: Judith A. Cook, University Tami M. Videon, Montefiore Medical University of California-San Diego, for of Illinois-Chicago Center Student Paper Award: Rachel Munoz The Minority Rights Revolution and Natalia Sarkisian, University of Outstanding Graduate Student Sociology and Computers Sociology of Population Massachusetts Paper: Vanessa Barker, New York Lifetime Achievement Award: Otis Dudley Duncan Book Award: Marxist Sociology University, for “The Politics of Punishing: Caroline Hodges Persell, New York Frank Bean, University of California- Lifetime Achievement Award: Robert How the Routine Activities of Gover- University Irvine, and Gilliam Stevens, University of W. Newby, Central Michigan University nance Impact State Reliance on Confine- Outstanding Graduate Student Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Distinguished Book Award (shared): ment” and Hsiu-hua Shen, University of Paper: Tracy Kennedy and Kristine Student Paper Award: Amelie Ellen Israel Rosen, Brandeis University, Kansas, for “Mandating Chinese Identity: Klement, University of Toronto, for Quesnel-Valle, Duke University for Making Sweatshops: The Globalization of Taiwanese Business People Meet Chinese “Gendering the Digital Divide” Sociology of Religion the U.S. Apparel Industry and William G. Nationalism” Sociology of Children and Youth Distinguished Book Award: Richard Staples and Clifford L. Staples, University Race, Gender, and Class Distinguished Contributions Early in Wood, University of New Mexico, for of North Dakota, for Power, Profits, and Distinguished Book Award: Evelyn a Career of Research and Teaching on Faith in Action Patriarchy: The Social Organization of Work Nakano Glenn, University of California- the Sociology of Children and Youth Distinguished Article Award: Michael at a British Metal Trades Firm, 1791- Berkeley, for Unequal Freedom: How Race Award: Robert Crosnoe, University of Young, University of Texas-Austin, for 1922.Rowman and Littlefield, 2001 and Gender Shaped American Citizenship Texas-Austin “Confessional Protest: The Religious Birth Al Szymanski Award for the Best and Labor Student Paper Award: Christine of U.S. National Social Movements” Student Paper: Elizabeth Campbell, Carter, University of California-Berkeley, Graduate Student Paper Award: Kwai SUNY Binghamton, for “Social Theory Racial and Ethnic Minorities for “Love Comes in Different Package: Hang Ng, University of Chicago, for and the Environment” Oliver Cromwell Cox Award: Evelyn The Effect of Family Social Capital on “Seeking the Christian Tutelage: Agency Nakano Glenn, University of California- Mathematical Sociology Childhood Thriving” and Culture in Chinese Immigrants’ Berkeley, for Unequal Freedom: How Race Conversion to Christianity” Outstanding Graduate Student and Gender Shaped American Citizenship Sociology of Culture Paper: Fabio Rojas, University of and Howard Winant, University of Best Book Award: Amy Binder, Sociology of Sexualities Chicago, and Kirby Schroeder, University California-Santa Barbara, for The World is University of California-San Diego, for Simon and Gagnon Award: Stephen of Chicago a Ghetto: Race and Democracy Since WWII Contentious Curricula: Afrocentrism and Seidman, State University of New York- Outstanding Article Publication: James E. Blackwell Graduate Student Creationism in American Public School. Albany Laszlo Polos, University of Amsterdam, Paper Award: Etsuko Maruoka-Mg, State Best Article Award: John Foran, Martin P. Levin Dissertation Fellow- and Michael Hannan, Stanford University University of New York, for “The University of California-Santa Barbara, ship Award: Tasleem Juana Padamsee, Methodology Challenge of the ‘Model’ Minority” and Jean-Pierre Reed, The University of University of Michigan, for “Medicine and Paul F. Lazarsfeld Award for Distin- Rethinking Ethnic Assimilation” Memphis, for “Political Cultures of Inequality in the Welfare State: AIDS guished Contribution to Knowledge: Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, Policy-Making in the United States and Rational Choice and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of the United Kingdom Adrian Raftery, University of Washington James S. Coleman Award for Out- Nicaragua” Teaching and Learning in Sociology Organizations, Occupations, and Work standing Article: Vincent Buskens, Best Student Paper Award: Karen Max Weber Award: Charles Perrow, University Utrecht, and Werner Raub, Hans O. Mauksch Award: Catherine Danna Lynch, Rutgers University, for Berheide, Skidmore College Yale University, for “Organizing University Utrecht, for “Embedded Trust: “The Good Mother: Ideologies of America” Control and Learning” and Christine Motherhood 1950-1998” Theory James A. Thompson Award for an Horne, Brigham Young University, for Theory Prize: Edward J. Lawler, Outstanding Paper by a Graduate “The Enforcement of Norms: Group Sociology of Education Cornell University, for “An Affect Theory Student: Christopher Marquis, University Cohesion and Meta-norms” David Lee Stevenson Graduate of Social Exchange” of Michigan, for “Pressure of the Past: Graduate Student Paper Award: Student Award: Sean Kelly, University of Honorable Mention: Jack A. Gold- Network Imprinting and Corporate Howard T. Welser, University of Washing- Wisconsin-Madison, for “The Black-White stone, George Mason University, for Something or Other” ton, for “For Love of Glory: Performance, Gap in Mathematics Course Taking” “Efflorescences and Economic Growth in W. Richard Scott Award for Best Self-Evaluation and Status Achievement Willard Waller Award for the World History: Rethinking the Rise of the Article: Isin Guler, Boston University, among Rock Climbers” Outstanding Book: James Rosenbaum, West and the British Industrial Revolu- Northwestern University, for Beyond Mauro F. Guillen, University of Pennsyl- Science, Knowledge, and Technology tion” vania, and John Muir MacPerson for College for All: Career Paths for the Forgotten Edward Shils-James Coleman Robert K. Merton Professional Half “Global Competition, Institutions and the Award: Donald MacKenzie for Mechaniz- Memorial Award: Erika Summers-Effler, Difference of Organizational Practices: ing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust Sociology of Emotions University of Pennsylvania, for “The The International Spread of the ISO 9000 Hacker-Mullins Best Student Paper Graduate Student Paper Award: Erika Micro Potential for Social Change: Quality Certificates” Award: Cyrus Mody, Cornell University, Summers-Effler, University of Pennsylva- Emotion, Consciousness, and Social ❑ for “Probe Microscopists at Work and nia, for “The Micro Potential for Social Movement Formation.” Change: Emotion, Consciousness, and 8 NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES
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Rate to ASA Members: $36.00 Regular Rate: $80.00 ...... Rate to ASA Members: $60.00 Quarterly The purpose of the journal is to facilitate communica- Police Practice and Research presents current and innova- Regular Rate: $45.00 ...... Rate to ASA Members: $36.00 tion among those interested in the topic of social philoso- tive police research as well as operational and administra- The Sociological Review provides comprehensive phy without being committed to any particular school or tive practices from around the world. Articles and reports coverage of all areas of sociology, social anthropology, method of philosophy. The journal is wide-ranging, peer- are sought from practitioners, researchers and others and cognate subjects such as cultural and women’s reviewed, and has published some of the most distin- interested in developments in policing, analysis of public studies, social policy, and industrial relations. The journal guished scholars in social philosophy. 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Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 or giving medical care. www.blackwell-synergy.com/ Send orders to: Jennifer McMillan, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 4RN; fax 01235 829000; e-mail links/toc/shil. 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 [email protected]; quote “ASA Coupon Send orders to: Journals Customer Service, Blackwell 4RN; fax 01235 829000; e-mail Listing.” Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02149; [email protected]; quote “ASA Coupon Progress in Human Geography [email protected]. Listing.” Bi-monthly Regular Rate: $178.00 ...... Rate to ASA Members: $149.00 Continued on next page 10 NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES
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tions of many of the concepts which we bring to our Reconceiving Midwifery: The “New” Canadian Model of Books discourses on the modern city.”—David Frisby, Department Care Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 30 of Sociology, Glasgow University Ivy Lynn Bourgeaultand and Cecilia Beholt, editors (June Karen S. Cook/John Hagan, editors (2004, 500 pages) Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 2004; 360 pages) List price (cloth): $74.00 ...... Price to ASA Members: $63.20 McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. List price (paper): $29.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $23.95 ISBN 0-7735-2690-0. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each Add $4.00 outside the U.S. Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New additional book for postage outside the U.S. The Annual Review of Sociology, in publication since 1975, Century Reconceiving Midwifery is a “state of the art” account of covers the significant developments in the field of Sociol- Theodore Caplow, editor (May 2003; 280 pages) the history of Canadian midwifery and its current status as ogy, including theory and methods, social processes, List price (paper): $19.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $15.95 an integrated health care profession. institutions and culture, political and economic sociology, ISBN 0-7735-2034-9. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 individual and society, demography, urban and rural additional book for postage outside the U.S. McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. community sociology, policy, historical sociology, and “A very interesting contribution to the field of social sociology and world religions. reporting . . . it is a fresh and uncomplicated step toward Reigns of Terror Send orders to: Customer Service, Annual Reviews, 4139 portraying whole societies and comparing them by the use Patricia Marchak (November 2003; 288 pages) El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. of basic constitutional values.”—Wolfgang Glatzer, Depart- List price (paper): $19.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $15.95 ment of Social Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 29 ISBN 0-7735-2642-0. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 Karen S. Cook/John Hagan, editors (2004, 500 pages) additional book for postage outside the U.S. McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. List price (cloth): $70.00 ...... Price to ASA Members: $60.00 Reigns of Terror is a study of states that have committed Add $4.00 outside the U.S. The Need for Theory—Critical Approaches to Social gross human rights crimes against their own citizens that Send orders to: Customer Service, Annual Reviews, 4139 Gerontology seeks to discover whether these states have anything in El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. Simon Biggs, Ariela Lowenstein, Jon Hendricks (2003; 272 common—whether there are preconditions that can be pages) identified as leading to crimes against humanity so that Changing Structures of Inequality: A Comparative Perspec- List price (cloth): $45.00 ...... Price to ASA Members: $38.25 the world community could take preventive action in tive Add $7 foreign economy, $15 air. similar situations elsewhere. Yannick Lemeland and Heinz Herbert Noll, editors (March Tells of critical thinking in social gerontology. Focus is Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 2003) on selected topical areas facing gerontologists around the McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. List price (paper): $29.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $23.95 world. Examines personal and structural changes affecting ISBN 0-7735-2625-4. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each Women, Health, and Nation: Canada and the United individuals over the life course. Authors map key issues, additional book for postage outside the U.S. States Since 1945 paradoxes, and contradictions facing gerontology now and Changing Structures of Inequality examines the results of Georgina Geldberg, Molly Ladd-Taylor, Alison Li, and in the future. substantial comparative studies on different aspects of Kathryn McPherson, editors (April 2003; 448 pages) Send orders to: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., Attn: inequality in developed societies—the inequality of income List price (paper): $22.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $18.35 Mary McCormack, 26 Austin Avenue, Amityville, NY and wealth, educational inequalities, status crystallization, ISBN 0-7735-2501-7. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each 11701; [email protected]. migration and inequality, gender inequality and the additional book for postage outside the U.S. structuring effects of social class—highlighting similarities Recent Social Trends in Greece “This was a pleasure to read. The issues raised are as well as substantial differences between the societies Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Alipranti, and Andromaque crucial to current health policy debates, but, equally under examination. Hadhiyianni, editors (April 2004; 720 pages) important, the stories used to analyze the issues are Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 List price (cloth): $90.00 ...... Price to ASA Members: $63.00 intrinsically interesting.”—Kathleen Jones, Department of McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. ISBN 0-7735-2202-6. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University additional book for postage outside the U.S. Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. Kurt Bowen (May 2004; 364 pages) McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. List price (cloth): $75.00 ...... Price to ASA Members: $52.50 ISBN 0-7735-2711-7. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each additional book for postage outside the U.S. Christians in a Secular World is an assessment of the state of Christians and their churches in Canada at the end of the 20th century. Based on 18 social surveys, it explores the 2004 ASA Coupon Listing 2004 ASA Coupon Listing beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of over 100,000 Canadians. (This form is for use by ASA members only) (This form is for use by ASA members only) Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. Title ______Title ______Don’t Tell: The Sexual Abuse of Boys Michel Dorais (March 2002; 224 pages) ASA Member Price ______ASA Member Price ______List price (paper): $19.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $15.95 Name ______Name ______ISBN 0-7735-2261-1. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each additional book for postage outside the U.S. Address ______Address ______Nearly one male in six has been the victim of sexual abuse during childhood or adolescence—and yet this Address ______Address ______abuse remains a taboo subject, even among victims. In Don’t Tell, Michel Dorais gives the victims a voice, provid- City ______City ______ing a sensitive analysis of their traumas, self-questioning, and coping strategies. State ______Zip ______State ______Zip ______Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 (Payment must accompany order) (Payment must accompany order) McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. Coupon orders must be sent directly to the publisher. Coupon orders must be sent directly to the publisher. Evangelicals and the Continental Divide: The Conservative Protestant Subculture in Canada and the United States DO NOT SEND TO THE ASA EXECUTIVE OFFICE DO NOT SEND TO THE ASA EXECUTIVE OFFICE Sam Reimer (September 2003; 256 pages) List price (paper): $24.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $19.95 ISBN 0-7735-2624-2. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each 2004 ASA Coupon Listing 2004 ASA Coupon Listing additional book for postage outside the U.S. (This form is for use by ASA members only) (This form is for use by ASA members only) “This book meets a real need and is a pioneering work in religious studies. It ought to have been written years ago. This is a truly exciting work. It presents a provocative Title ______Title ______argument that is certainly worth considering and is bound ASA Member Price ______ASA Member Price ______to provoke further research and discussions.”—Irving Hexham, Department of Religious Studies, University of Name ______Name ______Calgary Send orders to: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 3430 Address ______Address ______McTavish, Montreal, QC H3A 1X9, Canada. Address ______Address ______The Imaginative Structure of the City Alan Blum (May 2003; 368 pages) City ______City ______List price (cloth): $34.95 ...... Price to ASA Members: $24.45 ISBN 0-7735-2539-4. Add $5 for the first book, $2 each State ______Zip ______State ______Zip ______additional book for postage outside the U.S. “Blum breaks new ground in the area of discussion of (Payment must accompany order) (Payment must accompany order) urban culture, through his radical questioning of the Coupon orders must be sent directly to the publisher. Coupon orders must be sent directly to the publisher. assumptions that are made in the extensive literature on cities. His study forces us to question again the implica- DO NOT SEND TO THE ASA EXECUTIVE OFFICE DO NOT SEND TO THE ASA EXECUTIVE OFFICE NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES 11
Annual Meeting, from page 1 Sociology, from page 1
nity is an integral part of the ILE’s request of unions. For instance, the UC- to replace. Data from the ASA member- compared to 1.4 tenured or tenure track mission, indivisible from its academic Berkeley Labor Center commenced an in- ship database suggest that this is not the faculty members who departed. Assum- objectives. depth case study of the United Food and case, however. Since 1999 the percentage ing that all sociology departments and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Union’s of ASA members over age 65 who report programs in AY 2000-2001 experienced a Beyond the Ivory Tower relationship with youth workers after the that they are employed full time has similar loss rate, there was a loss of about The ILE’s premier research project is UFCW experienced an organizing setback decreased from 39 percent to 30 percent. 110 sociology faculty members across The State of California Labor, an annual due to lack of youth support. Retirement is the reason for the loss of academia. These findings suggest that assessment of the labor movement, the In addition to the research and almost half of department faculty, sociology programs did not downsize in economy, and trends in employment, outreach of the Labor Centers, the ILE according to data from How Does Your 2000-2001 but, instead, restructured away launched a new project this year, the legislation, and education. Published by Department Compare? A Peer Analysis from from tenured faculty toward full-time California Union Leadership School. the University of California Press, the the 2000-2001 Survey of Baccalaureate and contract faculty (see Figure 2). publication aims to be accessible beyond Designed together with the California Labor Federation, the school offers top Graduate Programs in Sociology. In 2000- What does the future hold? According academia. According to the 2003 volume, 2001, almost 46 percent of sociology to the ASA survey, about 20 percent of the California labor movement is elected union leaders and staffers an intensive, seven-day residency program faculty, across all types of institutions, left the 2001 sociology faculty are expected to growing in members and expanding in as a result of retirement or death; only retire by 2007 and about 32 percent by density, contrary to the decline apparent of strategic planning and management training. UC faculty and union practitio- about 4 percent left as a result of the 2012. This finding suggests that sociology in the rest of the country. The volume failure to receive tenure, while half left for departments and programs will be facing includes Ruth Milkman’s and Daisy ners gave trainings and classes using “other” reasons. a retirement bubble. Some departments Rooks’ analysis of the ILE-sponsored traditional and popular education have already faced this bubble. There is, California Union Census, a detailed techniques, working hand-in-hand with Faculty Replacement however, significant variation by type of survey of all local unions that measures the labor leaders to build their capacity to union density by sector, industry, and address the challenges unions face. As of 2000-2001, sociology programs institution, with the highest retirement demographics. The volume also focuses were not facing downsizing, but the rates expected in sociology departments Getting Noticed on trends and innovations in union mean number of full-time faculty per at doctoral institutions. As of 2001, organizing, legislative innovation Not everyone is pleased to see public department increased by about 1/10th of restructuring, rather than downsizing, affecting labor, employment patterns of scholarship working with this particular a faculty member in academic year 2000- appears to be the favored approach for immigrants, and links between higher “public.” As a testament to its success, in 2001, according to the ASA survey. Figure dealing with faculty departures. The next education and employment outcomes, the past few months the ILE earned a 2 shows that 1.5 full-time sociology round of ASA survey data on baccalaure- which includes an assessment of the place on the conservative agenda’s “hit faculty members were hired and 1.4 full- ate and graduate programs will shed light impact of recent legislation that effec- list” and has been targeted in the media time faculty members departed. Assum- on whether restructuring continues, tively restricts access to higher education and the state legislature with attempts to ing that all sociology departments and downsizing begins, or, perhaps, growth de-fund it. California’s new governor to certain segments of the population. bachelor degree programs experienced occurs. Beyond The State of California Labor, the may likely try to terminate the ILE. It was similar rates, about 110 new faculty How Does Your Department Compare? A ILE funds UC faculty, academic staff, and the California labor movement’s political members were added in AY 2000-2001. As Peer Analysis from the 2000-2001 Survey of graduate students studying labor and power that pushed the ILE’s establish- Figure 2 shows, there was a decrease in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in employment. Sociologists receive a large ment through the state legislature in 1999; Sociology can be ordered on the ASA percentage of the grants, though much of the question remains as to what lengths tenured or tenure track faculty in sociology departments or programs, as website at www.asanet.org/forms/ the work is interdisciplinary. Ongoing Labor might need to go to ensure the pubord.html. It is publication number ILE’s continued existence in light of 1.3 new sociology faculty members were conferences allow scholars and union staff 624.R03. ❑ and leaders opportunities to share their Schwarzenegger’s threats to the labor hired in tenured or tenure track positions, work, and specific conferences highlight- agenda. ing graduate student research help Sociology piqued the interest of some nurture a new generation of labor of today’s Californian labor leaders with scholars. To meet the challenge of the issues of power, capitalism, and labor bringing its research to a more general when they were young. Some labor 100 public, the ILE held its first major media leaders are alumni of UC-Berkeley’s 90 21.4 30.5 28.9 briefings over Labor Day, 2003, to Labor Center leadership training pro- 31.8 31.2 31.3 33.8 35.6 37.2 announce the release of the latest State of gram of the late 1960s. Decades later, the 80 California Labor and draw attention to ILE is giving scholars and union leaders 70 other research findings on health care and the opportunity to work together again. 60 Political and Related Sciences labor. As perhaps the largest entity in the nation 46.6 Economics 50 32.0 Recent research grants include projects linking a social movement and an 45.8 38.2 39.1 35.1 51.0 43.1 48.1 Sociology such as Kim Voss’ and Marshall Ganz’ interdisciplinary academic institution, the 40 study of leadership trends and organiza- ILE offers a model and a challenge for tional change in labor unions and Neil sociologists and scholars who want to 30 Fligstein’s and Ofer Sharone’s analysis of serve a larger public. Want to learn more? 20 34.2 30.5 29.6 32.1 work in California’s postindustrial Do not miss Ruth Milkman’s panel at 25.4 27.6 10 21.3 20.1 economy. Additional grants focus on August’s Annual Meeting: “Rebuilding 18.5 topics that range from enforcement of the California Labor Movement: Achieve- 0 wage and hour laws to links between ments and Prospects,” in which key Under 35 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ local and global struggles such as those California Labor actors will report on Age Group focused on transnational trade patterns their work and, surely, offer a comment Figure 1: Employed Doctoral Social Scientists in Sociology, Political Science, and Economics within and pacts. Some research is initiated at the or two about the role academics can play Age Groups in 2001. in strengthening it. ❑
Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2001. Public Sociology, from page 5
invited me to headquarters to talk with top officials, who shifted from denial to acknow- ledgement that the systemic institutional failures that led to Challenger also caused Columbia. 7.0 Never did I foresee the extent of my involvement nor my impact. My experience is 6.5 surely idiosyncratic in its very publicness, but is appropriate to this column, celebrating and exploring the varieties of public sociologies, elucidating principles that bring sociology 6.0 alive, out of textbooks, academic monographs, and classrooms and into the public 2 consciousness and policy debates. Sociology was the instigator of it all. The theory and 5.0 concepts that explained Challenger led to these connections because they were an analogi- cal fit with the Columbia data and made sense of what happened for journalists and the 4.0 Board.3 My book and university affiliation gave me the opportunity to engage in ongoing dialogic teaching—akin to daily grass-roots activism—but with these two tribunals of power with authoritative voice. Together, the press and the Board were a “polished 3.0 machinery of dissemination,” as Burawoy calls powerful advocacy groups,4 translating the ideas of the book into grist for critical public dialogue. ❑ 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 Endnotes 1.0 1. To give an idea of the extent of public and press interest in a sociological interpretation of the disaster’s causes, I had been quoted in print 50 times by the end of May, according to Boston 0.0 College Office of Public Affairs. Total Number of Faculty Total Faculty Who Left Total Number Hired Tenure Track Faculty Tenure Track Faculty 2. For examples and critical consideration of disciplinary context, see Burawoy, M. (forthcoming, Leaving Hired February 2004) “Public Sociologies: A Symposium at Boston College,” Social Problems. Figure 2: Departures and Hires of Full-Time Sociology Faculty, Academic Year 2000-2001. 3. Vaughan, D. “How Theory Travels: Analogy, Models, and the Diffusion of Ideas.” Paper presented at the American
Sociological Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 1998. Source: ASA, Survey of Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Sociology , 2000-2001. 4. Burawoy, M. (January 2003) “Public Sociologies: Reply to Hausknecht,” Public Forum, Footnotes. 12 NOVEMBER 2003 FOOTNOTES
ICASH web page
Call for Papers, continued
Sociology of Sport Journal, Special Is- Training Conference, Tucson, AZ. Theme: and modern times in all fields of the 31, 2004. Preference is given to those Social Science Research Council is sue theme: “Whiteness and Sport.” “The Historical and Sociological Im- humanities and social sciences, that who have received their degree after pleased to announce the fifth annual Guest Editor: Mary G. McDonald. The pact of Baseball.” Contact: NINE must be carried out in Turkey. For more 1999. Application deadline is January dissertation fellowship competition of issue will appear in Volume 22, pub- Spring Training Conference, #444, information see:
Funding, continued
gion and Democracy, University of Vir- in sfgate.com and was featured in the also mentioned her 2003 ASA Disser- Stephen J. Morewitz, Morewitz & As- ginia, P.O. Box 400178, Charlottesville, Competitions September 17 Alternet.org on continu- tation award. sociates, has been appointed Adjunct VA 22904; e-mail CoRD ing racial disparities between blacks Professor at the California School of @virginia.edu.
Other Organizations, continued search conference with over 460 panels faculty in the Department of Sociol- Harold had a profound influence on many rural sociologists worked. He Texas A&M Foundation, Memorial and 2,600 presenters. Membership in ogy and Anthropology. a generation of students and col- was afraid that rural sociologists were Scholarship Fund: James H. Copp, c/o the MPSA provides you with a calen- During his tenure at Purdue, Harold leagues. He will be remembered as a imprisoned by the structures that sup- John Knudsen, 601 Blocker Building, dar year subscription to the AJPS as served as a visiting scholar at Brigham gentle man of wisdom and unwaver- ported their work, which resulted in 4223 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843- well as a reduced registration fee at Young University, the University of ing integrity. the general absence of research ad- 4223. the Annual National Conference. Copenhagen, the University of Hawaii, Robert L. Eichhorn, Carolyn C. Perrucci, dressing critical issues of the time. Rogelio Saenz, Dudley Poston, and Jane
Applications Invited for ASA Editor Positions CALL FOR APPLICATIONS Applications are invited for three ASA editorships: Contexts, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, and Sociological Theory. The official term for 2004-2005 the new editors (or co-editors) will commence in January 2005 (the editorial transition actually starts in August 2004) and is for a minimum of MINORITY FELLOWSHIPS three years (until December 2007) with a possible reappointment of up to an additional three years. Deadline: January 31, 2004 Contexts extends sociological research to both social scientists and general audience readers. Launched in 2002 and published in magazine format, Contexts seeks to stimulate researchers to ask new questions and seek new connections in their work and to debunk myths or The ASA Minority Affairs Program commonplace assumptions. 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JHSB publishes reports of empirical studies, theoretical analyses, and synthesizing reviews that employ a sociological minorities primarily interested in perspective to clarify aspects of social life bearing on human health and illness, both physical and mental. Its scope includes studies of the mental health issues and research. organizations, institutions, and occupations devoted to health services as well as studies of the behavior of actual and potential recipients of This training program is supported these services. It is published four times a year in March, June, September, and October. by a grant from the National Institute Sociological Theory publishes papers in all areas of sociological theory—from ethnomethodology to world systems analysis, from commentar- of Mental Health’s (NIMH), Division ies on the classics to the latest cutting-edge ideas, and from re-examinations of neglected theorists to metatheoretical inquiries. 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Editor: Sally T. Hillsman 2004 Managing Editor: K. Lee Herring August 14-17 Production: Redante Asuncion-Reed Staff Writers: Johanna Ebner, Carla B. Howery San Francisco, California Secretary: Arne L. Kalleberg Article submissions are limited to 1,000 words and must have journalistic value (e.g., timeliness, significant impact, general interest) rather than be research-oriented or scholarly in nature. Submissions will be reviewed by the editorial board for possible 2005 publication. “Public Forum” contributions are limited to 800 words; “Obituaries,” 500 words; “Letters to the Editor,” 400 words; August 13-16 “Department” announcements, 200 words. All submissions should include a contact name and, if possible, an e-mail address. ASA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania reserves the right to edit for style and length all material published. The deadline for all material is the first of the month preceding publication (e.g., February 1 for March issue). Send communications on material, subscriptions, and advertising to: American Sociological Association, 1307 New York Avenue, Suite 2006 700, Washington, DC 20005-4701; (202) 383-9005; fax (202) 638- August 12-15 0882; e-mail [email protected]; http://www.asanet.org. New York, New York Copyright 2003, American Sociological Association. Third class postage paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. ISSN 0749-6931.
NOVEMBER 2003