A Resource Management Bulletin

Volume 13 - Number 2 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Spring 1993

Window to the Past: Providing a Framework for theFuture By Carol McNulty-Huffman Historians are fond of saying that those who forget the past are doomed to repeat it. Such thinking can be valuable for park nato- ral resource managers as well. Taking the timetolookatwhereyouhavebeenandwhat has happened in your park in the past can provide a valuable framework for determin- ing future direction. Often, however, with daily activities demanding your attention, it is difficult to find the time for reflection and research. In choosing atopic for my master’s thesis, I looked for something the park staff would find useful but probably would not have time to do on their own. Dave Haskell, Chief of NaturalResourcesandScienceatShenandoah NP (SNF’), expressed a desire for a compre- hensive record on the evolution of resource monitoring activities in the park. Ijumped at Big Meadow. an ecologically diverse open area at Shenandoah NP. is both a cultural and a natural the opportunity to dig through park files, old resource. (Photo by Dan McNulry-HujirumJ research reports, journal articles, and any- Using a flame thrower to selectively kill black locust trees was one of the techniques used for thing else I could find that might prove meadow manaeement at Shenandoah HP in Aurmst 1983. IPhoto bv Dan McNuh-HuhJ useful. With the help of John Karish, Mid- Atlantic Regional Chief Scientist, the park staff and I developed this project. Mythesisobjectivewastodocumentmoni- toring activity between 1978 and 1988 in 5 areas of the natural resource management program at SNP--air quality, fisheries, inte- grated pest management, vegetation, and wildlife. I spent 2 years reviewing and syn- thesizing information, and completed a the- sis that the park staff has found useful. Aseparatethesischapteraddresseseachof the5 subject areas by (1) presenting asynop- sis of research efforts, (2) identifying man- agement objectives, (3) reviewing monitor- ing programs and presenting a chart of the results or the parameters monitored, and (4) discussingtherelationshipbetweenmonitor- ing data and management concerns. Follow- which these mountains were named occurs Air pollution is recognized as one of the ing are the highlights of my research. naturally;itisacombinationofdustpaticles, most serious threats to the natural resources Research Highlight water vapor, and organic compounds given of SNP. The park is designated a Class I off by the vegetation, and it is deepening as airshed, with special attention to protecting SNP, a crown of forested peaks and hol- air pdlution increases in the eastern United visibility values; thus it has maximum pm lows, lies along the crest of the Blue Ridge states. t&ion under the Clean Air Act from future Mountains in Virginia. The blue haze for air quality degradation. Continued on page 3 SPRING 1993 PARK A report to park managers of recent and on-going SCIENCE research in parks with emphasis on its implications NATIONAL PARK SERVICE for planning and management.

ARTICLES Window to the Past: Providing a Framework for theFuture ,,..,,..,...,,,.,_,...... 1 By F. Eugene Hester basis, butmustbeaddressedonanecosystem NPS Team Documents Hurricane Associate Director, Natural Resources basis. Early recognition of ecosystem prob- lems should enable agencies to identify more Damage at Everglades National Park o...... 4 Recently Secretary Babbitt has identified options for resolution than when the pmb- Great Basin NP and USGS Cooperate theneed foranationalfocal point for biologi- lems are identified by such things as petitions On a Geologic Mapping Program .._...... 6 cal information--a National Biological Sur- to list endangered species at the eleventh Pollen Analysis in vey -- perhaps similar to the U.S. Geological hour. Historical Landscape Studies: Survey for physical resources and the Na- Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania 8 tional Oceanographic and Atmospheric Ad- Implementation of this concept within the Subalpine Meadows: ministration for weather information. Interior Department requires many impor- A Promising Indicator TheconceptinvolvesthecoUection,analy- tant decisions as to which present financial and manpower resources could be consoli- of Global Climate Change .._._._._._...... IO sis, and dissemination of biological informa- Southwestern Willow Flycatcher tion by aresearch organization without man- dated into this new National Biological Sur- Declines in Grand Canyon NP ...... 12 agement responsllxhhes to maintain objec- vey organization. This requires an analysis of which resources are essential to bureau Index for Volume .._...... 15 tive, credible information not driven by an individual bureau’s management decisions. missions and local day-to-day management Closer Ties Sought ,,.,,,.,.,.,.,..,,,.,,,.,,,..,,.,,,.,. 19 decisions, and which could appropriately be New Mountain Journal Biological inventories and research are devoted to the new organization to address Originates in Slovakia ,.,,,.,,.._,.._,.._.,...... 19 located in nearly every bureau in govem- the broader ecosystem and national needs. ment. By consolidating resources to provide Dali Sheep Trophy Hunting Developing standardized approaches to data a more coordinated and systematic approach in Alaska’s Parks and collection and data management is an essen- Preserves: Biological Implications .,_..._..._...24 to understanding the states and trends of the tial pat of this new concept. nation’s biological resources, we should be Using GIS to Assess Potential Options for developing this new concept able to anticipate such things as threatened Impacts of Grpsy Moth Infestations have been fomulated. The National Park ecosystems. Increasingly there is a nxogni- at Great Smoky Mountains NP 26 Service has much to offer and much to gain tion that ecological problems cannot be re- Illegal Collection of Plants solved on a single issue or a single species from this initiative. In Units of the National Park System .._..._...27 Crater Lake Study Peer Review Panel Meets ..,.,_.,._..._...... 27 With this issue, Park Science is going to a coveravarietyofinformationfromacrossthe Genetic Diversity and Protection slightly larger typeface and a few additional Park System, and still keep “reading time” to of Alpine Heather Communities pages. Complaints about the eye-watering a minimum. in Mount Rainier National Park ._._,,._._._.,....28 print size were well founded, but the amount We continue to urge authors to stay within of “good stuff’ coming in from the field NisquaJly Glacier theouterlimitsof availablespace-whichis simply could not be accommodated in larger Records a Century of Climate Change 30 double spaced pages. And we still require type so long as we were bound by a 24-page Coral Colonies’ Violent that all manuscripts be run by the Regional format. Chemical Warfare 3 1 Chief Scientist and any Superintendent Resource Management Program The compromise of 32 pages of “10-p&t whose park is the subject of the article. Trains 117 in 10 Years ..,_..._._.,._,.._.,...... 31 on I I” type, gives the bulletin the equivalent Also,wewelcomephotographs.SincePark of about 4 112 more pages of the former “9- Science is a black and white, offset publica- point on lo” copy. The additional informa- tion, what we need are photos (not nega- tion contained in each issue wiU take slightly DEPARTMENTS tives) that contain enough contrast to “pick longer to read in its entirety, but the larger Editorial ,,.,,,.,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,.. 2 up” in black and white. A good way to type will make reading go faster. One reader Notes from Abroad .._...... I4 ascertain whether your color photos wiU be recentlycomplained,“Theheadlinesintrigue acceptable is to mn them through a photo LAters 14 me, but I can’t squint enough to read the copier. If they come out looking good in articles.” The current issue is our attempt to Meetings of interest _...... _....._..._...... 19 black and white, they’ll do. - Editor Regional Highlights _...... _..._._._._._...... 20 bring the entire contents into easy focus, Infomlation Crosstile 22 MAB Notes 31 Publication Order Form 32

2 Aii quality research in the park has been until 1984 that gypsy moth infestations be- an emphasis on controlling visitor activities extensive; scientific projects have ranged came a regular cccurrence and the park staff rather than taking action against offending from acid rain research to studies about pol- beganacomprehensivemonitoringandman- bears. lution effects on vegetation. Ozone damage agement program. The heaviest defoliation hasbeen found on several plant species, with To Sum It Up... documented in my research was in 1988 and widespread damage on milkweed. High lev- encompassed 16,ooO acres (8% of the park). Taking time to review the monitoring pm- els of sulfur were found in lichens. By 1990defoliationhadreached40,MX)acres. gram at SNP was a valuable learning experi- In 1983 the park staff began a program to Repeated use of insecticides for gypsy moth ence for me, and provided the park staff with monitor ozone and sulfur dioxide levels. Air control is considered only in developed areas a useful document. For parks that have not quality monitoring has indicated that levels that represent about 4 percent of the park yet taken the time to synthesize and docu- of ozone and sulfur dioxide in the park be- land. ment past resource management activities, tween 1983and 1988 werejustbarelyaccept- Dave Haskell, John Karish, and I highly Vegetation management has been exten- recommendit. Theprccesspmvidesinsights able according to standards established by sive and includes I&M and management of the EPA. For 2 days in 1988 ozone levels for new directions, reminds you not to repeat meadows, vistas, backcountry, and fire. exceeded the standards that were established past mistakes, and helps reinforce the things Botanical work at SNP began in the early to protect public health. you’re doing right. 1900s. before creation of the park. Much of Visibility Cut in Half this early work involved collecting plants Maybe you can even find a naive grad sm. dent like me to do most of the work for you. Acid deposition monitoring has showed and documenting the park’s flora. that precipitation in the park is more than 10 BigMeadow,anecologicallydiveneopen times as acidic as natural precipitation. Vis- areainthecenterofthepark, hasattractedthe McNulty-H@inan is a Natural Resource ibility monitoring has determined that SNP interest of scientists and park staff alike. A Specialistat the NPSDenver Service Center. wdxhty is among the worst reported at any fascinating evolution of thought about the Copies of her thesis, A Review of Natural of the NPS visibility monitoring sites. Com- meadow, as well as the evolution of manage- Resource Monitoring at Shenandoah NP be- parison with historical records indicates that ment actions taken to protect the meadow, tween 1978 and 1988, may be hadfrom the vmblhty in the area has decreased more than can be traced. Early park management prac- author at NPS, DSC-TEA, PO Box 25.287, 50 percent since 1948. tices to keep the meadow open and similar to Denver, CO 80225.0287; 303-969-2462. As early as 1936, work focused on the thewayitappexedin historic timesinvolved study and management of native brook trout mowing the area every fall. Between 1935 populations so that these fish could be hw- and 1969, the meadow went through succes- vested by recreational anglers without nega- sional changes that turned the area from a tive population impacts. Much of the early meadow where grasses, sedges, and a few fisheriesworkwasaccomplishedbyUSFWS forbs were dominant, to an a~ea that con- and the stateof Virginia. TheNPS expanded tained about 12 different plant communities, its involvement in fisheries management in including extensive black locust thickets. w “Insularity ProblemsinRockyhloun- 198landbeganacomprehensivemoniroring Meadow Mosaic Achieved tain Bighorns” by Francis J. Singer program. Inadditiontoprovidingoppahmi- Becausemowing seemedtoencouragethe ties for the public to fish, the fisheries man- w “Wildland Fire Management at sprouting of black locust trees, park staff agement plan adopted in 1987 aims at pre- Carlsbad Caverns NP” by Tim Stubbs investigated other management techniques sewing native brook trout as an essential v “USGS Provides BaselInes for Two such as repeat mowing, fire, cutting of indi- element of the aquatic ecosystem. Alaska Parks” by J.G. Creek, R.C. vidual trees, and treatment of stumps with an Severson, and L.P. Cough Theessenceofthisphilosophyofmanage- herbicide. By 1988, a combinarion of these v “Interpreting ResourceManagement ment is demonstrated by the new fishing methods produced a meadow that appeared OnaSelf-guldlngTrall”byDaveClark, regulations developed for the park. Under tobestabilizingintoamosaicofgrass,herba- CratersoftheMoonNationalMonument theoldregulations,allwatersintheparkwere ceous, and shrub communities. Currently, opentotroutfishingunlessspecificallyclosed. annual maintenance of the meadow involves 7d’ “EffectsofFlreon CulturalResources In Mesa Verde NP” by William H. Under the new regulations, all streams in the cutting black locust stems by hand and treat- Romme, Lisa Floyd-Hanna, and Mel- park are closed to fishing except those spe- ing the stumps with an herbicide. issa Connor cifically designated as open. Unless the Wildlife management at SNP has focused brook trout population in a stream is consis- ~“Leadershlp and Management on bears and deer. Extensive research has tently adequate to sustain harvest, the stream Course: A Multi-dlsclpllnary Ap- been conducted on both of these species. proach to Training at Albright” by will be closed to fishing. These regulations Park staff is working to develop a compre- Mark Maciah arebasedontheconceptthat brooktrout have hensive monitoring and management pro- value in the ecosystem beyond their corm- v “Ice Age Floods in Eastern Washlng. gram for deer. bution to angler harvest. to”” by Dan Brown An annual black bear population survey v”Evaluation of a Particular Ground- Gypsy Moth Management History was begun in 1983 and indicates that bear water Basin In Mammoth Caves NP” The third monitoring program I reviewed population levels through 1988 were rela- by Joe Meiman inmythesiswas integratedpest management tively stable. The evolution of bear manage- ~“Hlgh AltltudeMountalneerlng: Vlsl- which, at SNP is predominantly gypsy moth ment in the park, from the time of numerous tor Types and Management Prefer- management. Theearliestrecordlcouldfind bear/human conflicts to a time when it is ences at Denall NP” by Elan Ewert. of gypsy moths in the park described the uncmnmon to see. a bear in the park reflects capture of a male moth in 1969. It was not spring 1993 3 NPS Team Documents Hurricane

By Gary Davis How did Hurricane Andrew affect the resources of NPS ““its in South Florida? Inmlediately after the storm a team of 25 scientists conducted a rapid appraisal of hur- ricane effects in Biscayne Bay NP, Ever- glades NF’, and Big Cypress National F’re- serve. They made field observations for one week and gathered infonnatio” from col- leagues who were also active in the field before and after the storm. Teams were formed for Marine Resources (Jmes Tilmant, team leader), Freshwater Resources (Charles Roman, team leader), Upland Resources (Lloyd Loope, team leader), Archaeology (George Smith, team leader), Air Quality (Brian Mitchell, team leader), and GIS (Donald Myrick, team leader). Chronic anthmpogenic stresses, such as Before Hurricane Andrew Struck everglades NP. this was a tropical hadwood hammock in Long habitat fragmentation, “on-native species, Pond key “ear Royal Palm. altered water resources, and air pollution have affected ecosystem stability in south mat. Rainfall and water levels were above moved into Biscayne NP. Sea turtle nesting Florida. Can such stressed ecosystems re- normal throughout most of southern Florida beaches may have been enhanced by storm cover to pre-storm conditions before the next before Hwicane Andrew arrived. Inland overwash, and seagrass beds survived re- major disturbance? Do storm clean-up ac- flooding was a problem primarily in south- markablyintact. Windthmwntreesandstorm- tivities threaten resources and human health eastern Dade County, where saltwater inun- scour exposed previously unknown archeo- and safety in the parks? These questions dated a large portion of fanning areas. logical artifacts on ship wrecks and upland needed to be addressed immediately to pro- sites. Disposal of urban debris from the tect park resources and to develop long-tam Theassessmentteamdocumentedresource hurricane threatens air and water quality in strategies that assured their perpetuation. conditions immediately after the st”17n and identified actions needed to avert additional the parks. hp2t.S resource damage and recover irreplaceable Short-term Recommendations Hunicane Andrew was a small, intense information. While storm effects on natural The storm destroyed most of the Nf’S hwicane. When it made landfall in southern resources were dramatic, initial ecosystem hydrologic, meteorologic, and air quality Florida at 5 a.m. on Aug. 24.1992, it was a responses appeared nomlal. monitoringnetworksintheparks. They need category 4 hurricane, one of the most intense to be replaced and activated to measure the storms ever recorded in Florida. The Na- Trees sustained severe. damage, especially mangroves and tropical hardwoods. Many paentialeffectsofpost-hunicanecleanupon tional Weather Service estimated the maxi- defoliated trees resprouted within weeks of air and water quality and to evaluate short- nun sustained wind speed at 150 mph. the storm, and rare plants in hammock and term ecological responses. The storm hit “ear the time of high tide. It forestu”derstorieswerere1ativelyu”affected. Historic shipwrecks exposed by the storm produceda large but localized storm surge in Coastal wading bird rookeries, eagle nests, need to be surveyed, stabilized, and moni- the coastal pation of southeastern Dade and red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees tored toenhancesitepmtection. Backcountry County, 15 miles south of Miami. Storm were damaged, but no major mass mortality patrols need to be increased Over normal surge overtopped coastal water control stmc- of wildlife occurred. levels to detect and remove “on-native ani- hnes and levees. The USGS estimated Hur- Hurricane winds and water spread “on- mals before they become established in the ricane Andrew’s maximum storm surge at parks. Removal techniques for exotic ani- 16.2feet. Al05-footboatwasblownfromits native plants. Exotic animals escaped from stormdamagedfacilitiesandenteredtheparks. mals may need to be developed and tested in deep water anchorage and transported in- Some freshwater fish populations declined conjunction with other agencies. Short-term land. dramatically after the storm. Storm damage ecological st”nn effects need to be deter- Coasralfloodingwasminor,buthighwinds to the South Dade water delivery system mined, and boat warning signs protecting caused extensive damage throughout the 25. interrupted normal freshwater flow into manatees should be replaced. mile wide storm path across the state. Rain- Florida Bay. The storm scoured shallow Shdies to d&tine the short-term eco- fall from the storm was low, presumably in marine communities and altered marine wa- logical effects of Andrew need to be initiated response to the storm’s rapid forward move- ter quality. A” artificial reef broke up and

4 Park Science I

Damage at Everglades National Park

Long-term Monitoring Long-tern monitoring also is needed, to differentiate natural dynamics driven by hur- ricanes,f~s,andfreezesfromchangescaused bychronicenvironmentalstresses. Themoni- toring program would be designed to (I) determine current and future health of eco- systems,(2)establishempiricalLimitsofvari- ability, (3) diagnose abnormal conditions early enough to implement effective reme- dial actions, and (4) identify potential agents of ecological change. Research Agenda Finally, experimental research is needed to assess the potential of Hurricane Andrew toalterflowsofenergyandnutrientsinSouth Florida ecosystems. Potential nutrient re- leases from storm-related detritus and the effect of changes in landscape heterogeneity on large animals need to be measured over After Andrew, the hammered hammock lwked like this. (Phofos by James R. Snyder) time. A variety of approaches will be neces- sarytoaddressthesequestions. Pastresearch and restoration efforts have focused on indi- while the first, most dramatic changes are other agencies to assure protection of park vidual species or habitats, usually within taking place. Historical data need to be interests. The NPS needs to characterize limited spatial or temporal scales. compiled and analyzed to provide a basis for emissions from debris burning, model air An integrated understanding of the designing studies and establishing monitor- qualityandvisibility,andmonitorairquality, ing plots stratified by hurricane influence. vwbdlty andmeteorology toestablish actual system’sresponsetoanthmpogenicandnatu- ral perturbations such as Hurricane Andrew Opporhmities todetetinespatialvariability impacts on park resources. of storm effects, examine the roles of storrn- would greatly refine ongoing restoration and Removal of artificial reef KEVORKIAN management activities. Several critical hy- altered detritus distribution and nutrient cy- debris from natural reefs needs to be initiated cling,andtoevaluatestormeffectsonfishery potheses concerning the ecosystem’s pro- before the debris is incorporated into the recruihnent, subtidal sediments, and heavy ductivity and resilience must be resolved to sediment and overgrown. Its damage to the metals in hardwood hammocks so+n will be produce a scientific basis for restoration and natural reef needs to be documented to help management. lost. develop guidelines for future artificial reef Surveysofseedlingnon-nativeplantsneed placement. Storm breached plugs on Cape In the weeks following completion of the to be conducted to assess the extent and Sable petit accelerated saltwater intrusion resource assessment, a prioritized list of magnitude of stomxxused spread, and to into coastal marshes and will continue to projects was completed, based on recom- determine if new control methods should be widenwithtidalflushingifnotrepairrdsoon. mendations of the assessment team. That list developed. The status of mangrove forests More permanent solutions to restoring the was presented to Southeast Regional Dii- and rare plant populations will not be appar- integrity of these marshes need to be found, tar Jim Coleman for development of funding ent until a year after the storm. The environ- such as tilling in longer sections near the priorities by the superintendents at Ever- mental monitoring networks need to be hard- coast, to prevent this kind of damage and glades, Biscayne, and Big Cypress. A ened to survive future storms in addition to repair costs with each hurricane. multipark meeting took place on Jan. 29, restoring their pmstorm capability. Ad& 1993, to establish priorities for the funding Fiimanagementpracticesneedtobeveri- tionalmonitoring sites areneededto evaluate available for resource recovery activities, tied following stormaltered fuel loads. Im- storm effects on park resources and link Consensus was reached to proceed immedi- pactsofstonncleanupactivitiesonrareplas upland effects to estoarine and marine sys- ately on several projects for osprey, cape and opporhmities for interpreting hurricane tems. Detection of storm impacts on fish and sable sparrow, hydm station repair/upgrade, influences on native communities need to be wildlife will require intensified surveys dur- and documentation of the Fowey site. Other evaluated. The effects of storm-altered shel- ing reproductive seasons to document repro- priorities will be set after the various scopes ter for manatee and crocodile populations on of services are received. ductive efforts, success, and recruihnent. protection activities must be considered be- Significant park staff time will be required fore public facilities and access are fully Davis actedas the NPS team leader in this to coordinate debris disposal regulated by restored. study; he is a Marine Research Scientist at Channel Islands NP. Great Basin NP and USGS Cooperate On a Geologic Mapping Program By Janet L. Brown and Vidal D&la, Jr.

TheU.S.GeologicalSurvey (USGS)Geo- park policy and management needs. Kurt S. (2) as a digitized product compatible with logicDivision,thmughanInteragency Agree- Pfaff, Physical Science Technician, acts as the needs of the GRBA GIS. ment with NPS, is funded to provide basic archivist to build the park geologic library These data provide information on suit- geologicmappingandgeologicthematicdata and provide field assistance. abilityandlimirationsofbedrockandsurficial sets to the geographic information System The project will provide current large- geologyforNP.7 resourceusesandactivities. (GIS) newly established at Great Basin NP scale geologic mapping of six quadrangles at The geologic maps will provide data in sup (GRBA) in Nevada. The GIS is a computer 1:24.OXl scale in hvo forms: mm of the NPS Global Climate Chance hardware and software system designed to &%wchPlanforGRBA. TheUSGS Water collect, manage, analyze, and display spa- (I) as published maps, and tially referenced data. The new geologic thematic data sets or themes can then be merged with digital data sets such as hydrog- raphy, topography, and transpatation, or other themes suchas soils or vegetation, to be amlyzd for park management purposes. The GIS data sets will be shared between USGS and NPS, as well as local, state, and national data users. Janet L. Brown (USGS), Vidal Davila, Jr. (NPS-GRBA),andAlbertJ.Hendricks(NPS- GRBA)developedtheresearchproposal and Interagency Agreement (IA), to provide cur- rentlarge-scalegeologicmappingofsixquad- rangles at 1:24,000 scale. This meets the baseline inventory required by Great Basin NP (Fig. 1). Interagency Management Plan The GRBA draft General Management Plan proposes development in several loca- tions in Kious Spring and Lehman Caves l:24,COOtopographicquadrangles, andthese proposeddevelopmentsneedgeologic evalu- ation before construction. Brown will act as project manager to coordinate the IA with Oneframes,budgetconstraints,andthetimely preparation of required maps, repom, and GIS data sets. In addition to having been an interpretive Ranger-Naturalist in two Na- tional Parks, Brown has published USGS interpretive geologic maps and USGS bulle- tins. Her research includes sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural analyses of Laramide intermontane basins in the West- ern Interior. Academic collaboration for the project is provided by Dr. Elizabeth L. Miller, Asscci- ate PmfessorofGeology at StanfordUniver- sity, and Dr. Phillip B. Gans, Assistant Pm- fessor of Geology, U/CA Santa Barbara. Both Drs. Miller and Gans have done exten- sive geologic mapping in the Great Basin overmany yeas, have publishedextensively on geometry and kinematics of normal fault systems in the Basin and Range province, andhavemademetamorphicandgeochrono- logic studies in the North and South Snake Range. Davila is responsible for managing research in the park; Hendricks, Park Super- Figure 1 intendent, integrates research programs with 6 Resources Division and NPS currently are andRangeprovince. TheSouthSnakeRange ety of America Section Meeting in Rena, NV colIatmting on research on the water and represents the transition between the in May 1993. The USGS Bulletin on inter- energy budget for Baker Creek east of the unextendedConfusionRangestluchlralblock pretive geology of the park will be a color South Snake Range. The geologic mapping to the east and the more highly extended publication that will include a geologic map and GIS data base support two current USGS regionencompassingtheSnake.SchellCreek, of the park and have contributions from NPS Geologic Division Programs: the Evolution and Egan Ranges to the west (Gans and s&f as well as academia. The project is of Sedimentary Basins Program in the East- Miller, 1983). It exposes the southern extent slated for completion by Dec. 3 1, 1994. ern Great Basin, NV, and the Basin and of an impatant low-angle fault system, the Range to Colorado Plateau Transition Snake Range decollement (Misch and (MARCO) Program. The maps also will be Hazard, 1962), interpreted by Misch and Brown is a Research Geologist with the archived with the national GIS geologic data Hazzard(1962)andbyWhitebread(l969)as USGS; Davila isResourceManagemenrSpe- base in the USGS National Mapping Divi- athmstfault. TheSouthSnakeRangeproject &list at Great Basin NP: sion Program as well as with the GIS geo- will provide up-to-date large-scale geologic SU~J@LXI References logic data base being developed for the Ne- mapping and data on the movement history Drwes, H. and A.R. Palmer, 1957. Cambrian rc&of vada Bureau of Mines and Geology in Rena. of faults in the range, the deformational and the southern Snake Range, NV: Amer. Assn. of Objectives, Methods, and Products intrusive histoly of metamorphic and igne- Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 41, p.104.120. ous rocks, and information on the young GreatBasinNP,aregionofgreatstructural Gans. P.B. and E.L. Miller, 1963. Style of mid-Tertiary uplift history of this impressive mountain complexity, provides important insights into exten~nineast-centrlNe~da,ioGugel.K.D.,ed., (basedon studiesofcenozoic conglomerates Geologic excursions in the overthrust belt and the Cenozoic history of this part of the Basin and apatite fission-track geochronolgy). metamorphiccore mmplexesoftheintermountain region, NV: Geological Society of Amerfca Field The South Snake Range project includes Trip Guidebook, Utah Geological and Mineral six 1:24,OiXt topographic quadrangles (Fig. Survey Special Studies 59, p. 107-160. l),fromnorthtosoutb: WindyPeak,Lzhman Caves,WheelerPeak,KiousSpring,Minerva Hague. A., 1692. Geology of the Eureka Dist.. NV: USGS Monograph 20,419~. Canyon, and Arch Canyon. To date, there is no published geologic mapping at 1:24,ooO Hose, R.K. and MC. Blake, Jr., 1976. Geology and scale of the South Snake Range (see Sug- mineral resources of White Pine County, NV-Part gested References). 1 .Gwlogy: NVBur.of Minesand Geology Bulletin 65, p. l-35. Field procedures for GRBA will include Miller, E.L., P.B.Gans,andJ.Garing. 1963. TheSnake standard geologic field mapping methods, Range demlfement an exhumed mid-Tertiary field checking, and compilation. The field ductile-brittletransition:Tectonics,v.2,p.239-263. compilation will be assisted by aerial photo Miller, E.L., P.B. Gans, J.E.Wright, and J.F.Sulter, interpretation of the geology using the Kern 1968. Metamorphic histoly of the east-central computerized photogrammetric mapping Basin and Range Province Tectonic sening and (PC-2). As the geology is mapped and com- relationship to magmatism, in G.Ernst, piled, it will be drafted onto registered stable Metamorphismandcrustalevolutionofthewestern base greenlines and published as paper copy U.S.. Rubey V. VII, p. 650.662. in USGS Open-File Map and Report format. Miller, E.L., P.B. Gans. and A.J.W. Gleadow, 1969. USGS Open-File Repolts sax to make the Uplift histoly of the Snake Range metamorphic maps quickly available to the NPS and the we complex, Basin and Range province, USA, geologiccommunity. Additionally,thedigi- from apatite fission track data EOS, v.70 p.1309. tired geologic quadrangles will be available Miller, E.L., P.B. Gans, J. Lee, and R. Brown, 1990. in digitized form as either computer discs or Gecchronologic studies bearing on the origin and possibly as CD-ROM. A USGS Bulletin on e~ltionofmylonitesbeneathnormalfaultsystems. theinterpretive geology ofthe park, prepared Basin and Range province, 7th international Conf. in cooperation with NPS, will be written by onGeochmnology,Cosmochmnology,andlsotope Brown. Geology, Canberra, Australia, Geolcgica sodety of Australia. Abstracts No. 27, p.37. Field work commenced in the summer of 19 “W ““” 1992. Three geologic quadrangles (Lehman Misch, P.. and J.C. Hazard, 1962. Stratigraphy and Caves, Windy Peak, and Kious Spring) have metan-orphismolLatePrecambrian~incenlrl northeastern Nevada and adjacent Utah: Amer. been submitted already as USGS Open-File 1 Assn. of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 46, No. Reports. In the following hvo years of the 3, p. 269.343. project, the remaining three quadrangles (Wheeler Peak, Minerva Canyon, and Arch Stewart, J.H. 1960.Geolcgyof Nevada- Adiscussion to acoxnpany the Geologic Map of Nevada: NV Canyon) will be mapped and then published Bur. of Mines and Geology Special Publication 4. as paper copy in USGS -n-File Report 136 p. format and in digital form. The digitized versions of the six large-scale geologic maps Whitebread, D.H., 1969,Geologicmapofthe Wheeler PeakandGardsonquadrangles.NVandUT:USGS can be combined into a smaller scale version Misc.GeologicInvestigations, l-576,1 sheet&e that includes the whole park and is appmpri- 1 :a.ooo. ate for other management uses. As our work unfolds, we anticipate pre- sating our collaborative results at profes- sional meetings, such as the Geological Soci- 7 Pollen Analysis in Historical Landscape Studies: Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania By G.K. K&o, J.F. Karish and C. Smith

During his 1754 road building expedition to the forks of the Ohio, Lt. Col. George Washington ordered construction of a” earthwork and stockade fortification in a” opening in the forest called “Great Mead- ows.” ThefortwassurrenderedtotheFrench and destroyed in July 1754 after a brief siege that now is considered to have been the opening battle of the French and India” War. The forest sumxmding Great Meadows was a critical element in the battle because it providedcoverwithinmusketshotofthefort for the attacking French-led India” force (Washington 1754). The forest was cleared and converted to pastwe between 1856 and 1880 (Torres- Reyes 1970~10). A reconstruction of the 1754 fort (Fig. l), based largely on Hanington’s (1957) archeological data, now occupiestbeoriginalsite, andtheFortNeces- sity General Management Plan calls forres- toration of the forest to its 18th century Figure 1. National Park Service Reconstruction of Fan Necessity based on archeology and boundaries by the 300th anniversary of the documentary sources (Photo courtesy of Charles Smirh, Chief Ranger, Fan Necessity Nationnl battle (A.D. 2054). A pollen study of the vegetation history of Great Meadows now is underway, and this on the 18th century vegetation recorded in Alder (Alms) pollen percentages rise and paper reports progress in defining the 18th the deeper portions of the cores. fall in a bell-shaped C”N~ from core 1 to core century vegetation communities. A distinct series of vegetation changes 6. Theypeak wheretheoakcontributionfalls correlated with local topography is evident off in core 3, suggesting that most of this Six soil cores were taken in a transect pollen came from a” alder population sitw down the hillside on the western side of the among the pm-agriculh~ral period spectra in theGreatMeadowscoretransect. Tomakeit ated between the tall forest and the gmss- meadow and across the meadow to the edge dominated portion of the meadow. The of the reconstmcted fort lawn. Agricultural easier to visualize the primordial vegetation, the pre-clearance/pre-drainage pollen spec- largest percentages of black locust-type and development at the site is clearly recorded in holly pollen also were found in this segment the pollen spectra of all six cores. oak pollen tra in each core are combined as single of the core transect (cores 3-5), and a few of frequencies (primordial forest) are highest at samples, and presen!ed in order down the hillside and across the meadow in Figure 2. thesetreesmusthavebeenscaneredaboutthe the bottom, and grass pollen (the developed meadow between the forest proper and the pastwe)countsarehighestatthetopofallsix Oak pollen is the most common type in all marshy area “ear the fort. Great Meadows cores. Weed pollen, of one cores. It is most prominent in cores 1 and 2, kind or another (the clearance period), is and these counts reflect oak-dominated for- The pollen contributions of pine (Pinus), most prominent in the center of the cores. est covering the western hillside above the hazel (Corylus), hemlock (Tsuga), spruce This tree-weed-grass pollen domination se- meadow. The lower, relatively uniform oak (Picea), walnut (Jug&s), blue beech/horn- quence clearly records forest clearance and percentages of cores 3-6 record the back- beam (OmydCarpinus), sugar maple, (Acer pasture development. In cores 1 and 2 (hill- ground oak pollen contribution that was ho- sacchamm), ash (Frminus), willow, (Salix), side)itregistersIheremovaloflocaltrees, but mogenizedwhilebeingwind-transpottedonto andpoplar/co”onwood(Populus),allincrease the oak pollen in cores 3-6 does not reflect the treeless meadow (Janssen 1973:40). The in cores 5 and 6, nearest the fort. Mesic taxa, trees at the sampling sites. This pollen blew relativelyhighhickory(Carya)andredmaple such as cottonwood or willow, may have ontotheopenmeadow fromoaksonadjacent (Acer rubrum-type) counts of cores 1 and 2 beengrowingatthelowestpartofthemeadow, hillsides (Janssen 1973:40). In cores 3, 4, indicate that these trees were present among but it is unlikely that many of the other trees (dry flats) and 5 (moist flats), agricultural the oaks on the western slopes. The slightly were rooted here. The fort was closer to the development is most clearly recorded in the higher beech (Fagus) andbirch (Befula) per- eastern side of the meadow than to the west- decline of local herbs and small trees and centages of cores l-4 suggest a local, rather ern side,anditisprobablethatthispollenwas s~bs,suchasmeadowrue,goldenrod,iron- than an extra-local orregional, pollen source. blown from trees growing on the eastern weed, holly, and alder. The installation of They probably reflect the presence of a few slope above the fort. This suggests that the drains and the re-muting of the creek bed are trees of this kind on the western side of the composition of the forest on the eastern side registered in the decrease of sedges in cores 5 meadow near--just outside perhaps--the of the meadow was more diverse than that of and6(wetflats). Because these 19thce”twy treeline of the oak-dominated forest. the western side. Such a” interpretation also agriculture-related changes in the flora are is consistent with a” 1822 report stating that recognizable in the cores, they can easily be stands of pines, considered unusual for the factored out of the analysis in order to focus

8 Park Science Figure 2. Pollen percentages of pre-clearance pollen samples of the Great Meadows cores presented in topographic order down the hill and onto the meadow. Figure 3 (Inset). Stylized artist’s conception of the Great Meadows in 1754 area, occupied the slopes of Laurel Hill to the are from woody shrubs, and probably record dominating the near-surface pollen spectra, east of the meadow (Tares-Reyes 1970: 10). the sort of “bushes” that Washington ordered since they now constihlte an understory be- Amonethenon-arborealoollentvoes.onlv removed to deny cover to poten&l attackers neath the tall herbs on the dry portion of the that of the pink family (&yopl;;llaCea~) (Fitzpatrick 1931/1944zI:54). Some non- meadow proper, may not have been highly was more CO”“nO” among the oaks (cores 1 arboreal types--meadow me (Z’halictm), visible in 1754. and 2) on the western slope than on the goldenrod-type (Solidago-type), ironweed- Rising frequencies of sedge (Cypemceae) meadow. The presence of more grass type (Chicoreae), goosefoot family pollen--a poorly disperse type (Handel (Gramineae) among the alders at the forest (Cherwpodiaceae), and dock-type (Ruma 1976:422)--i” cores 5 and 6 and the presence edgeisindicatedbytheincreaseinthispollen mexicMur-type)--recordthepresenceofrela- of a few cattail (Typha) pollen grains in core type in core 3, and the extent of the meadow tively tall non-woody herbs. Others- 6 indicate that the ground became progres- proper is recorded by the high, uniform grass mugwatt (Arfemisia), ground cherry-type sively wetter nearer the fort. The pollen con- pollen percentages of cores 4.5, and 6. The (Physalis-type), buttercup family hibutions of most herbs, including those (Ranunculaceae), and lance-leaved plantain remaining non-arboreal pollen types, sedges uniformly dishibuted across the rest of the excepted, were clustered in cores 3.4, and 5. (Plantago lanceolata-type)--reflect lower transect(Fig.2,rightcolumn)weredepressed Some of these-elderberry family growth. A similar plant assemblage has inthesecores, andthegroundmusthavebeen (CapriJXczceae), hawtbom(Crafagew), and taken over the meadow since the Park Ser- toomarshyforanythingbutsedgesandgrass. othermembersoftherosefamily(Rosaceae)- vice stoppedmowing. Thegrasses, although spring 1993 Subalpine Meadows: A Promising Indicator of Global Climate Chan& By Andrea Woodward and June Rugh

As one of a number of projects funded by average temperature that occurred between requires large sample sizes over time and the NPS Global Change Program, the Uni- the height of the last Ice Age and the present space. Second, the processes of biological versity of Washington Cooperative Parks (Schneider 1989). Precipitation patterns are change operate on diverse time scales. For Study Unit (UW CPSU) has chosen to study eipected to change as well; however, the example, while tree establishment in suhal- tree establishment in subalpine meadows. complexity of the hydrologic cycle makes pine meadows may happen on a scale of Studies underway at Olympic and Mount prediction in this area more difficult. years, their presence might not be noticeable Rainier National Parks include two that ex- It is intuitively clear that this changing for decades due to the slow growth typical of amine the relationship between climate and higheraltitudes. Incontrast,redistributionof climate will affect the biosphere, including treeestablishment; others focus on establish- species in the adjacent montane zone de- the distribution of vegetation. One way to ment after fue, seedling establishment in conceive of the effect of global change on pends on disturbance frequency, which gen- relation to substrate, and soil development as vegetation distribution is to think of plant erally is measuredincenhxies. Finally, it can behardtofindadistinctdivisionbetweenone a result of tree establishment. It is hoped that communitiesasgroupedintovegetationzones these projects will give park managers tools appearing as distinct bands along elevational vegetation mne and another because where to understand andinterpret forthepublic the and latitudinal gradients (a useful idealized zones meet, the vegetation types characteris- dynamics and consequences of change in scheme; Peters 1990) andthen imagine these tic of each zone can overlap. subalpine areas, as well as the vital role these mnes shifting to new locations. There is, in Such problems associated with detecting axasplayindetectingglobalclimatechange. fact, evidence that distribution of tree species vegetation change can be avoided by study- Background hasalteredinresponse tochangingclimatein ing the subalpine, an area uniquely suited to ClimaticvariationisintegraltotheEarth’s the present century (Franklin et al. 1971). as the study of global climate change. Here, history, with changes generally occurring on well as over the period following the last Ice where meadows are punctuated with clumps the scale of centuries or millennia. However, Age (Bmbaker 1988). However, such veg- of trees, there is a distinct line between veg- atmospheric changes following the Indus- etationchanges are much more complex than etation types. Also, theprccessoftree estab- hialRevolution--specificaIly,thearmospheric the migration of intact plant communities, or lishment in subalpine meadows is sensitive concentrations of CO, and other greenhouse the shifting of vegetation zones to higher to climate, particularly to the winter snow- gases--may produce rates of global climate elevationsandlatitudeinresponse towarmer pack of the Pacific Northwest. Finally, the change unprecedented since the last Ice Age. climates; crucial factors include disturbance subalpine aLlows researchers to examine the Oneaspectofthischangeinvolvestheetis history, substrate availability, seed source, effect of climate patterns on vegetation on a mean surface air temperature, which already current conditions and the adaptations of yearly basis (by correlating annual weather has increased approximately 0.6 C. since individual species. In some places, trees may patterns with tree age). rather than having to 1880 (Hansen and Lebendeff 1988) and is evenhlallybereplacedbymeadows,ifcondi- rely solely on the larger patterns of climatic predicted to rise 1 to 5 C. during the next tions change to favor meadows. trends. century (Schneider 1989). Although seem- Moreover, the accurate detection of veg- In order to seize the unique opporhmity to ingly small, this increase would have far- etation change presents a tough challenge. study vegetation in relation to climate pro- reaching consequences; significantly, it is of First, to discern signifcant changes within vided by the subalpine zone, the UW CPSU thesamemagnitudeasthe3 to5C.changein the high variability of biological systems is cooperating on several research projects.

The current Fort Necessity core series in- will be possible to reconstruct the battle-era References Cited dicates that the western hillside above the vegetation on Great Meadows with an ac- Fitzpatrick, John C. (editor) 1931 The Wri/iflgs of meadow was covered by an oak-dominated ceptable degree of accuracy. George Washingfort. 39 Vols.: 1944 U.S. GM. hardwood forest (cores 1 and 2), that the Thenext stepintheinvestigation will&to Printing OHvx, Washington, D.C. ground near the fort (cores 5 and 6) was a fill in the gaps in this core series and to take Handel, S.N. 1976 Restricted Pollen Flow of Two marsh dominated by sedges and grass, and core transects to the south, east, and north of WxdlandHerbsDefermined byNeubonAc6vation that a mixtare of shrubs and herbs, with a the fort. The pollen signatures of agricultural Analysis. Nature260:422-423. grass understory, occupied the portion of the development at different elevations on and Harrington. J.C. 1957 NewLighton WashingtonkFor? meadowbetweentheoakforestandthemarsh around Great Meadows have been estab- Necessity Eastern National Park and Monument (cores 3,4, and 5). There were more alders at lished in this core series. In future investiga- Association, Richmond, VA. the fringe of the forest while grass, meadow tions only the deeper, pre-agricultural sedi- me, goldenrod, and ironweed were thickest Janssen, CR 1973 Local and Regional Pollen ments need be investigated. Deposition. lnOoatemaryPlantEcoiogy,editedby onthedrygroundclosertothefort. Theforest H.G.J.Birks and R.G. West, pp. 31-42. Blackwell on the eastern side of the meadow also dif- Scientific, London. fered in composition from the forest on the K&o is a Supervisor Archeologisr in the Tones-Reyes, Ft. 1970 Ground Cover Sh@, Fotl west. Cultural Resources Center, NPS North At- NecessilyNafionalBamefreMPennsylvania.Ofka A stylizedartist’sconception of the battle- lantic Region: Karish is NPS Mid-Atlantic of Archeology and Historic Preservation, Division era vegetation is presented in Figure 3. The Regional ChiefScientist, andSmith is Chief of History, NPS. Washington, DC. Ranger at Fort Necessity National Battle- pre-cleamnce pollen spectra indicate that it Washington, George 1754 Acmunt of the Baffle at field, PA. Great Meadows, llirginia Gazene, July 19, 1754.

IO Park Science InbothMountRainierandOlympicNational thesealreadyfragilea. Ifsubalpinemead- References Parks we have established transects from ows disappear altogether, the adjacent facili- Brubaker,L. B. 19B8,Vege~~nhistolyandantidpaUng forests into meadows and aged trees along ties will need to be redesigned or relocated. future vegetation change. In Ecosystem these transects. At Olympic NP, study sites Toenvisionandinter suchtransfomw Management/or Parks and wilderness, edited by are arrayed along a precipitation gradient tions in the face of predicted global climate Agee, J. K.ardJohnson, D. Ft., pp.41 -61, FUniv.of fromthe wettest todriestregions. From these change is a major challenge within NPS. Washington Press, Seattle. studies we hope to learn how regional and Biological changes that appear to proceed Franklin, J. F.. W.H. Moir, G.W. Douglas, and C. local climate patterns affect the distribution slowly, in human terms, will be difficult to wiberg, 1971. Invasion of subalpine meadows by of trees and meadows in the subalpine. accept if they accelerate in the future. A trees in the Cascade Range, Washington and Management Implications primary aim of the current global change Oregon. Arcfic andAlpine Research 3:215-224. Vegetation change in the subalpine areas research in subalpine areas is to assist park Hansen, J. and S. Lebendeff, 1966. Global surface air ofnational parks has important consequences staff in making informed management deci- temperatures: update thmugh 1967. Journal of Geophysical Research Letters 15323.326. formanagement. Typically, subalpinemead- sionsasparksareimpactedbythesechanges, ows are popular with park visitors because of and in gaining public support for those dec- Peters,R.L.1990.Effectsofglobalwarmingonforests. their wildflowers and vistas, and many park sions. Forest Ecology and Management 35:13.33. facilities have been created to accommodate Schneider,S. H. 1969. GMalWarming.San Frandsm, thisdemand. Ifthesemeadowsstarttoshrink, California, Sierra Club Books. Woodward is a Research Biologist and park managers will need to decide how to Rugh is a Technical Writer with the NPS/ handle greater concentrations of people in CPSUat the University ofWashington

At least 70 years separates these two view of Mount Angeles in Olympic Np. The top photo was taken between 1915 and 1920. The lower view, taken in 1986, shows tree establishment in areas that formerly were meadow. Southwestern willow Flycatcher Declines In Grand Canyon National Park By Matthew J. Johnson, Laura E. Ellison, and Mark K. Sogge

The southwestern willow flycatcher parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds The southwestern willow flycatcher is a (.Empidonax traillii extimus) is a riparian (Molothrus am), and predation (Whitfield neotropical migrant that arrives in the Grand obligate species whose population has se- 1990. Harris 1991, Rosenberg et al. 1991). Canyon around May of every year. The verely declined in recent decades. Factors in The states of Arizona, New Mexico, and breeding season continues through July and the decline include loss and fragmentation of California comprise most of the southwest- hasbeenknowntolastthroughthetirstwcek riparian habitat, loss of wintering habitat, ern willow flycatcher’s historic and current ofAugust. NestingsitesintheGrandCanyon increased invasion of riparian corridors by range. Each of these states list the subspecies are mainly confined to an introduced shrub, the exotic tamarisk (Tamati spp.), brood as endangered (Arizona Game and Fish De- tamaisk(Tamatiramissima). Of 12nests parhnent 1988, New Mexico Department of studiedfrom1986to1988,allwerelocatcdin GameandFish 1988, CaliforniaDepartment tamarisk (Brown 1988). In addition, marsh ofFishandGsme 1991). Inaddition, thebird plants such as cattails (Typha spp..) are often is listed by the USFWS as a candidate cat- part of their territories and foraging habitats egory 1 species (56 FR 58804). The USFWS (Unitt 1987). was petitioned in January 1992 to list the Clutch size of southwestern willow fly- subspecies as endangered. catchers along the Colorado River is typi- Althoughoncedistributedalongmostma- cally smaller than in other races of the bird: jar river systems in Arizona (Phillips 1948, Of28unparasitizednests, 18percenthadhvo Unitt 1987), only three areas are known to eggs,82percenthadtJueeeggs,andnonehad havebeen occupied by nesting southwestern four (Brown 1988). willowflycatcheninthepast lOyears. These The willow flycatcher song, a “titz-bcw,” are the lower San Pedro River, the Verde distinguishes it from several other hard to River, and the Colorado River in Grand Can- identify Empidonax species. This flycatcher yon NP (Hunter et al. 1987, Unitt 1987, also produces a “whit” call in conjunction Brown 1988,andUSFWSunpublisheddata). with the ‘Yitz-hew,” which it will use during Of these areas, Grand Canyon NP hosted the defenseofitsnestortenitory. Singingbegins greatest number in the 198Os, with a max- in the spring as so+n as the birds arrive and mum estimate of 11 males in 1986 (Brown establish their breeding territories, and usu- 1988). However, this small number had ally ceases in July, well before their fall declined in recent years to only two singing departare. Field researcher records the song of a willow males (pairs) in 1991 (Brown 1991). flpXCkr. Breedlag habltat in the Grand Canyon, preferred by the southwestern willow flycatcher. Southwestem willow flycatcher surveys daily and seasonal song frequency. A para- The possibility of listing the southwestern were conducted along the Colorado River bolic recorder was utilized to tape vocalize- willow flycatcher as an endangered species, within Grand Canyon National Park from tions by the male and female flycatchers coupled with its small population size and mid-May through July, 1992 to determine responding to the tape broadcast. The rc- apparent widespread decline, demonshates presence and abundance of this declining CordedvocalizationswillbesenttotheBorror the need for continued monitoring along the subspecies. These surveys were coordinated LabofBioacousticsatOhioStateUoivenity, Colorado River corridor. Future willow fly- by the NPSKPSU at Northern U/AZ, and where specialists will determine if the south- catcher surveys will provide valuable iofor- were a cooperative effort among the NPS, western willow flycatcher vocalizations dif- mation needed to continue monitoring popu- USFWS,BureauofReclamation,andtheAZ fer from those of the other subspecies. lation trends, and will farther define habitat use along with potential threats. Game and Fish Dept. Hualapai Tribe. Wil- Several factors could explain the decline low flycatcher presence was determined by of the southwestern willow flycatcher along sightings and song detections made from the Colorado River in the last two decades. Johnson is an ecologist and Ellison anA approximately 5:30 to 11 a.m. daily, when Thesefactorsincludecowbiidparasitismand Sogge are biological technicians with the male song-rates are typically greatest (Unitt a variety of human-related disturbances. ArDrfCPSU at Northern U/AZ 1987). In some ,cases, surveys were also Although we found no evidence of brown- Literature Cited conducted at dusk. a period during which headed cowbird eggs or nestlings inhabiting willow flycatchers may display a secondary willow flycatcher nests during this study, Blakesley, J. A. and K. P. Reese. 1988. Atian useof peak of singing (Weydemeyer 1973). In approximately half of the nests examined camwmundandnon-campgmundsitesinriparian zones. J. Wild/. Manage. 52399-402. ordertomaximizethelikelihoodofdetecting during the 1980s in the same study area were willow flycatchers, surveyors used tape- parasitized by cowbirds (Brown 1988). The Brown, B. T. 1988. Breeding e&gy 01 a willow broadcast songs of willow flycatchers--a cowbird population in the canyon is large, flycatcher population in Grand Canyon, Arizona. proven method for eliciting a vocal response and poses a threat to many birds. Cowbird Western Birds 19(1):25-33. fromnearbyresidentflycatchers(Seutin 1987, control is just one option that may be benefi- Brown, B.T. 1991. Statusof nestingwillowliycatchers Craig et. al 1992). cial to the willow flycatcher, and to many alongtheColoradoRiverfromGlenCanyonDamto Once flycatchers were detected, they were other highly parasitized bids of the Grand Cardenas Creek, Arizona. Endangered Species Report No. 20 to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife observed very closely in order to determine Canyon. -.%rvice. Phoenix, Arizona. 34 pp. breeding activity. Male singing rates (songs/ Fluctuations in flow release from Glen Craig, D., R.Schlorff, B.ValenSne,andC.Pelles. 1932. minute) were recorded during this observa- Canyon Dam also may affect the numbers of tion period to provide information on daily Survey pmtocol forwillowflycatchers (Empidonax southwestern willow ilycatchers along the trai//ir) on National Forest Service lands in the andseasonal vtiationinsong-rates. Nesting Colorado. Long-termindirecthabitatchanges PadScSouthwestRegion. USFSPacifcsOUmwest statas was verified by inspection of the nests brought about by controlled flows (e.g. habi- R&n. 19 pp. and then by reinspection on subsequent sur- tat expansion or fragmentation, changes in vey trips. Clutch size, number and age of Harris, J. H. 1991. Elfects of brood parasitism by plant species composition, and changes in brown-headed ccwbirdsonwillow~ycatchernes~cg young, and presence of cowbird eggs or patch size or configuration) could affect wil- success along the Kern River, California. Western young were also noted. low flycatcher breeding ecology by increas- .Ms22(1):13-26. During 1992, agency personnel and expe- ing or decreasing suitable habitat. Hunter, W. C., R. D. Ohmart, and B. W. Anderson. riencedvolunteersconductedover256houn Human-related activities along the river 1987. Status of breeding riparian obligate birds in of surveys in 132 habitat patches along the corridor also could affect this sensitive bird. southwestern riverine systems. Western Birds Colorado River conidor. Only seven south- Recreational use of the canyon can impact 18:10-18. western willow flycatchers were detected. flycatchen by direct degradation of riparian Phillips,A.R. 1948. Geographicvatitionin Empidmw Two pairs were found at Cardenas Marsh habitat, or disturbance from noise and activ- trai/lii. Auk 65:507-514. (River Mile 71 .I). One of these pairs pro- ity associated with nearby campers. Al- Rosenberg, K. B., Ft. D. Ohmart. W. C. Hunter, and B. ducedacompleteclutchofthreeeggswithno though the willow flycatcher is one of seven W. Anderson. 1991. Birds o/ the lower evidence of broad parasitism by brown- species negatively associated with camp- Colorado River Vatfey. University of Arizona Press, headed cowbirds. Three healthy nestlings grounds in riparian areas in northern Utah Tucson, Arizona. from this clutch were observed in late June, (Blakesley and Reese 1988). the birds have Sanders, S.D.and M.A. Fleet. 1989. Montaneripadan and a juvenile and an adult were detected been found near campsites along the Colo- habitat ardtillov@catc$ers: ThreatstoaserMva foraging during a third visit in late July. rado River corridor. The fact that these birds environment and @es. USDA Forest Service Unformnately, the second pair showed no are found near campers may suggest they arc General Technical Report PSW-110. sign of successful breeding. Three unpaired tolerant of nearby human activity. However, Swlin, G. 1987. Female song in willow flycatchers willow flycatchers also were observed at repeatedhumanpresencewithinatenitoryor (Empidonax traillir). Auk 104:329-330. different sites along the river corridor. Since close to an occupied nest could cause the theGrandCaoyonispartofamigratorymute Taylor. D. M. 1986. Effects of cattle grazing on birds to abandon a territory or nest. passerinebirds nestinginriparianha&ats Journal for other races of willow flycatchers, these ot Range Managemenl39:2%-258. three unpaired birds could possibly be mi- Grazing has been shown to reduce the grant visitors. However, these birds were quality of riparian flycatcher habitat (Taylor Unin, P. Empidumar traifliiextimus: An endangered observed in the same habitat patch on con- 1986, Sanders and Fleet 1989). Although subspecies. Western Birds 18(3):137-162. secutive days, and the sightings occurred grazing is not a direct threat to riparian coti- Weydemeyer, W. 1973. Singing habits of TrailI’s whenmigrantswerenolongerexpectedwithin dors within Grand Canyon NP, grazing does flycatcher in northwestern Montana. Wilson Bull. the park. occur directly adjacent to the park on some 85:276-282. landsnearthepark,andcouldbeaffcctingthe Vocalization and habitat use information Whiield, M. J. 1990. willow flycatcher reprcdtie regional flycatcher population by reducing response lo brown-headed cowbird parasitism. werecollectedonthewillowflycatchersfound potential habitat. Master’sThesis.CalilorniaStateUniversity,Chim, at Cardenas Marsh. Data were gathered on California. 25 pp. male song rate to determine differences in

spring 1993 13 I I Editor’s Note: Carol L Mcln~re, Wildlife to learn that the NPS is taking a lead role in I am a reader of Park Science and a tree Biologist with the NPS Alaska Region, in raptor research in Alaska, and encouraged farmer, intensely interested in the evolving May 1992 attended the Fourth World Con- me to continue my studies on reproductive land management scene. I recently attended ference for Birds of Prey and Owls. The successofgoldeneaglesandmigratorymove- a conference in Portland, OR, that I think meeting, held in Berlin, Gemy, was or- ments of golden eagles in Alaska. would be of interest to your readers. It was ganized by the World Working Group for I participated in hvo field excursions. One sponsored by the Western Forestry and Con- Birds of Prey and Owls, an intermtional was a visit to a newly created UNESCO servation Associationand titledScience and working group dedicated to the consem- biosphere reserve, Oberspreewald, in eastern Politics in the Practice of Forestry.” The tion ofbirds ofprey throughout the world. Germany. This BR contains one of the keynote address, by Washington State Com- Here is her report. largest wetlands in eastern Europe and pro- missioner of Public Lands Brian Boyle, Surprisingly, I was the only representa- vides breeding habitat for many bird species, stressed the current clash of values, not of facts in the field of natural resource manage- tive from Alaska and one of only 5 women including the rare Black Stork. A large ment. He suggested that regulations tie our who presented papers to the conference of number of raptors also nest in the Spreewald. more than 400 participants. The major One of the most interesting components of hands, whereas cooperation has a freeing emphasis of the conference focused on de- the reserve is the initiative taken to preserve effect. clining raptor populations worldwide, and the area’s cultural resources, which include Tom Nygren, USFS Regional office in conservation and research efforts on behalf numeroussmallfarn%ngcommunitieswhere Portland suggestedthat science only looks at of raptors in eastern Europe. The sessions farming is still small scale and conducted pieces, whereas managers must use more covered the following topics: mainly by hand and animal power. I spent 2 holistic thinking to do their jobs. George Population studies; aspects of long-term days visiting conservation areas in the new Frampton, president of the Wilderness Scci- federal province of Mecklenburg in north- changes in numbers and distribution of rap- ety, focused on the need for developing con- tars and owls; biology and conservation of eastern Germany. Of particular interest was sensus. avisittoasmallfishfanninMuritz,wherewe the large falcons in the subgenus Hierofalco; Technicalsessionsonlanduse,standman- observed one of the largest concentrations of trapping, marking, and radio-tagging tech- agement, wildlife, reforestation, fire, forest white-tailed sea eagles. We also visited a niques; environmental contaminants and health, all stressed the need to better educate raptors; declining raptor populations: their breeding area of the endangered lesser spot- the public and decision makers about what biology and conservation; reintroduction of ted eagle. we think we know, and more particularly to eagles, vultures, and other raptors; popula- During the Mecklenburg excursion we educate them about what we don’t know. tion ecology of owls; the systematics and attended a reception by the Minister of the Only the session on economics left this ob- taxonomy of raptors; tropical rain forests Environment inhlecklenburg, whoexpressed server wondering if most economics isn’t and raptors; and the biology of extirpated, her appreciation for our visit and described really in the realm of guesswork. current conservation efforts in the province. rm, or lesser-known owls. Some 65 or more speakers generally The hvo papers I presented were “Repro- These field trips enabled me to observe stressed the need for more holistic thinking ductive performance of golden eagles in wildlife and natural areas in the former East by managers, more cooperation among agen- DenaliNationalParkandPreserve, Alaska’ Germany, andtovisit areas where westerners cies,andamoreinformedbodypolitic. Many and “Distribution, status, and aspects of the are only beginning to travel. It was instmc- speakers recognized that good science is breeding biology of gyrfalcons in Alaska,” tive to see the extent of recent westernization necessaryinthepracticeofresourcemanage- co-authored with Ted Swem, USFWS; Bob in a former Soviet Bloc country and surpris- ment, but that science alone is not sufficient. Ritchie, Alaska Biological Research; Peter ing to see large areas of undeveloped land, Bente, USFWS; and Dave Roseneau, where wildlife seems to be abundant. How- William H. Oberteuffer BiosystemsConsulting. Tbefirstpaperwas ever, a challenge awaits conservation groups Smtlin’ 0 Ranch one of several presented on long-term eco- in eastern Germany, where the influx of Elgin, OR logical studies of golden eagles, however it modem agricultural and indusbial practices was the only paper presented on golden will change the landscape and where the eagles in North America and one of the few desire for a high standard of living will pre- papers on a non-declining population of vail. golden eagles. The second paper included Theconferenceandtieldexcursions made results of gyrfalcon surveys and population it possible for me to meet with biologists monitoring at Denali. It was presented in a from Scotland, Spain, Germany, Portugal. series of papers focusing on status and dis- Yugoslavia, Netherlands, France, Bulgaria tribution of gyrfalcons throughout North Norway, Sweden, Finland, Siberia, America, and included presentations by K. Byelomssia,theKolaPeninsula,Kamchatka, Poole on the Northwest Territories, D. Australia, South Africa, Canada, Israel, Ja- Mossop on the Yukon Territory, and M. pan, Cuba, and Taiwan. These contacts will Fuller on western Greenland. be useful for the advancement of raptor re- Bothofmypaperswerewellreceivedand searchprojectsinAlaska,pticularlythrough stimulated good discussions. Of particular peer review of study designs and research interest were the field techniques and data proposalsandbycontinuedexchangeoftech- collection methods used for the Denali nical information. project. Biologistswereexcitedandpleased

14 Park Science Index for Volume 12 . . _, , _. OR&S 4.0 Dynamic fires modeling using GRASS 4.0 developed by NPS and “ni”ersityofAli*ona. 1992. 12,21:1s-17. 17 Coyote relatedproblemJst”died. 1992. ,2(Z):*, SEW s,erra smlmi, rn”fWS”ce con,*renc* !akSS region’s pulse. 1992.12(2):23. SHEN GIS helps Shenandoah cooduct viewshed *“*ly*is.analyiis. ,992. 12,1):12-13. Hemlock wooIly adeigid thr?alens Eastern $$ckin the:andoah NabOnal Park. 1992,

TWO Visitors prefer park “aIues lo oil and gas development. ,992, ,*(,):20-22. Repianal highltghk: Rocky Mountain Region. ^ ^_ _ ,^, ^ ,992, l*(2):*,. Regional highlights: Rc&y Mwntain Region. ,992, 12(4) 19-17. TONT GIS prcgmm inism at me “,A2 CPS”. ,992. 12(1):18-20. “POE Ass&n ronpoint so”ms of toxid part II: using %.mmtoring techniques. 19‘4 2, W(4): 9~9. “IIC

Olympic NP dams update. ,992, 1*(,,:1,. Regional highlights: Padfic Northwest. ,992, I*(,,:14 Matins debds on NPS beaches: a plastic, glass. m*fai nlQhtmS~*. 1992, l*i4):22-23. ORPI

A nonmarine standard lo, ,,a,, of late Triassic time. ,!392.12(3,~18. PNRO Regional highlights Pacific NOrthwest. 1992. l*,?):*o. mPY

Envimnmen$l signifkanm d historical parka: a study 01 e”dn”g YSl”eS. 1992, ,*,3):25.

18 1 ne goal 01 me Resources Workshop scheduled for April 1993 18-23 at Death Valley National Monument is AD~~~~~-WWESTERNREGIONALINALINTEGRATEDCULTURAL&NATURALRESOURCES tn-_ ewntihrn----m-.-.. the_._ n,ltlw~l_-..--. -..-and ..-.--nntwal ._re- source programs in Western Region parks WORKSHOP, at Furnace Creek Ranch. Death Valley National Monument. WRO and to promote closer ties between cultural Contacts: Jonathan Bayless, (415)7443968, and Gene Wehunt, (415)744-3957. May 17-21 NATIONAL INTERAGENCY WILDERNESS CONFERENCE, Tucson, AZ. and natural professionals by developing in- Focus on 3 stewardship themes: (1) Wilderness Restoration--minimum tool use in alien terdisciplinary approaches to problem solv- plant species control and reveg; (2) Complementary Management of wilderness and ing. “Sand, Stampmills, and Sidewinders”is archaeological, historical, and cultural resources, and (3) Emerging Challenges: cultural the tide chosen for the week-long workshop. diversioi. demomaohic trends. adiacent land uses. dav use. outfitter oolicies. and access for the &sabled~C&act: Alan Schmierer, WRO (415)7443959. _ hne 22-25 CONSERVATION IN THE WORKING LANDSCAPES. the 1993 Natural Areas Conference, at Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME. Symposia topics: Biological diversity in New Mountain Journal working landscapes (total perspective and institutional perspective), conservation in Originates in Slovakia marineecosystems,inventoryandmonitoringnaturallandscapesinworkinglandscapes, conserving endangered species and natural communities in working landscapes, and FromCliffMartinka,SeniorResearchSci- manaeine natural areas in workine landscaoes. Contact: Hank Tvler. Maine State entist at Glacier NP, comes word of a new Plan&-Office, Station 38,. Augusta, ME&333; (207)624-6041. . journal, Oecologia Montana, which otigi- Aue. 24-26 12th WILLIAM T. PECORA REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM. “Land natedin 1992atNational ParkHighTatrasin Information from Space-Based Systems,” Sioux Falls, SD. Sponsored gy the USGS in Czecho-Slovakia. Dr. Marian Janiga of the cooperation with other federal agencies. Contact: Dr. Robert Haas. Symposium chair. park’s Research Coordination Center, is ed- 605.594.60l7orDr. JamesW.Merchant,Programchair,402-472-753l,FAX402-472- tar-in-chief. The journal’s aim is to protect 2410. mountains and learn how interactions be- tween human development and mountain 1994 ecosystems can be better managed. June 7-10 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOCIETY AND RESOURCE Oecologia Montana will publish articles MANAGEMENT.CO/StateN,FortCollins.CO. MichaelJ.Manfredo,Programchair, ranging from forestry to alpine research. It has issued a call for papers, to be submitted by Nov. 1, 1993, to M&redo, Human will be an international medium in all fields Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit. CO/Stat&J. FORCollins, CO 80523. of mountain ecology and will include infor- mation about both “Eastern” and “Western” ecological research. Martinka is represented in Vol. 1, No. 1. withan articleentitled“Conservingthenatu- mlintegrityofmountainparks: Lesions from Glacier National Park, Montana.” In it, he reviews the history of Glacier NP and de- REGIONAL CHIEF SCIENTISTS scribes recent peripheral development, eco- Andetsmt,William H. Ilkbert, Ron Kilgore, Rruee logical isolation, landscape fragmentation, NATIONAL CAPITAL MIDWEST WESTERN and special designations posing risks and 1100 Ohio Drive. SW 1709 J*ctson St. 600 Htison ST.. Suite 600 establishing values that call for a new man- Washington. DC 20242 Omaha. NE 68102 SanRanci~co.CA94107.1372 agement paradigm--one based on a regional 8 (202) 342.1443 8-864-3438 / (402) Z-3438 8-484-3955 / (415,744.3955 ecosystem model. He points to the prospect of global change as adding the dimension of Dottwio, Dominic HufT, Dan Sam Kunkk pmanent environmental change to the in- SO-AST ROCKY MOuNT*rN SOLlllrwmT creasing complexity of park conservation. 75 Spring. St. SW F.O. Box 25827 P.O. BOX 728 Manuscripts within the journal’s scope Atlanta. GA 30303 Denver. CO 80225 Santa Fe. NM 87501 will be reviewed by at least two referees and 8-841-4916/(404)331-4916 8-327.2650/(303) 969-2650 8-476-6870 / (505) 988.6870 authors generally will be notified of accep- tance or rejection within three months. The Ksrish, John F. Mary Foley Lovass, Allan L. ALASKA MID-ATLANTIC NORTH ATLANTIC journal’s language is English. Dr. Janiga’s 2525 Gambell St.. Rwm 107 address is High Tatras NP, Research Coordi- FergusonBldg., Room 209-B I5 state St. Anchorage. AK 99503.2892 nation Center, 059 60 Tatranska L.omnica, Pennsylvania State University Boston, MA 02109 8-869-2568 / (907) 257.2568 Czecho-Slovakia. University Park, PA 16802 (617) 742-3094 8 (814) 865-7974 FAX (617) 367-8515

Larson, James W. PACIFIC NORTHWEST 83 S. King St.. Suite 212 Seattle. WA 98104 8-399-4176 / (206) 553.4176

Spring 1993 19 Pacific Northwest Region monitoring of the Nisqually glacier and has and GIS serves the needs of all three Divi- prepared an updated interpretive bulletin on sionsas wellasRMRparksandotherRMR0 An article by Seth Tub, Gary Machlis, the status of park glaciers. directorates. and Roger Kasperson. “Mountain Goat Re- moval in Olympic Np: A Case Study of the * * * The Directorate currently is developing a Role of Organizational Culture in Individual A draft science plan for the Mount Rainier StrategicPlan,abasicphilosophyofwhichis Risk Decisions and Behavior,” appeared in Decade Volcano has been submitted to the that parks are shareholders and customers of the Fall 1992 issue of Risk: Issues in Health National Academy of Science for initial re- the Directorate, and that the Directorate wilI & Safety. Risk is a refereed, interdisciplinary view. No decisions have yet been made strive to provide them with outstanding, quarterly that explores basic policy issues about futureactivities. Thedraft science plan proactive, professional products andservices. related to public and private efforts to man- contains a section on mitigation, including RecommendationsfromtheVailConference age science and technology for net reduction discussions on living safely in the shadow of report and the National Research Council’s intheprobability,severity,andaversivequal- Mount Rainier and the Washington State Science and the National Parks report are ity of health and safety impacts on individu- GrowtbManagementAct. Atleast8ofthe40 being used to develop the Plan and as guide- als andinstitutions. Reprints ofthe article are pages are devoted to studies related to social lines for the new Rh4R Directorate. availablefromDr.MachlisattheNPS/CPSU, conseque”cesofaMountRainiereruption. It * * * Dept. of Forest Resources, University of is intended that a series of “spin-off’ meet- Toimproveparkresearchasrecommended Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843. ings devoted entirely to sociologic studies by tlx National Research Council, the RMR * * * will occur after the completion of the final is strengthening and expanding its CPSU science plan, which should be published by A listing of recent publications relevant to program. CPSUs will be developed to meet April 1993. natuml resource issues in the Region is avail- the needs of groups of parks within the same able at irregular intervals from the PNR Li- ecosystems and/or as thematic research cen- brary. Kathy Jope, PNR Resource Manage- Rocky Mountain Region ters. Thetr-regionalCPSUatNorthem Ai!/ mentSpecialist,compilesthelistandcontib- Dr.StanleyPoncehasbeennamedA/Dfor U will retain its focus on Colorado Plateau utes abstracts of many of the titles. Those Resources Management and Research in the parks. The CO/State/U CPSU will focus on interested in being on the mailing list for the Region. His focus is on issues related toboth sustainable ecosystem management issues at Current Literature lists may contact Jopc at natural and cultural resource management parkunits in the Central Rockies and Grass- (206) 553-5670. and research, and he believes strongly in lands. The old (1974) U/WY NP Research * * * “programmatic” management. He feels that Center will be reshaped as a “traditional” much of the NPS effort presently is “issue” CPSU,withfocusontheGreaterYellowstone TheOlympicNaturalResourcesCenteron based and lacks continuity from year to year. Ecosystem. TheunstaffedunitsatMT/State/ the Olympic Peninsula adjacent to Olympic “A good program,” Ponce said, “requires U and U/MT will be staffed with unit leaders NP is now issuing a quarterly bulletin, Up sound information about the condition of the andformerparkresearchpositions. TheMT/ date, started in Summer 1992 and edited by resources, an understanding of the processes State/UCPSUwillcooperatewiththeUlWY Kathym A. Kohm, Olympic Natural Re- associated with these resources, the potential in focusing on the Greater Yellowstone Eco- sources Center, U/WA, AR-IO, Seattle, threats totbese resources, andcapablepeople system while the U/MT will focus on the (206)685-4802. The Center was created in who can interpret this information and man- NorthemContinentalDivideEcosystem,pri- 1989 by the Washington State legislahue, age the resources effectively.” marilyGlacierNP. EachCPSUintheRegion which envisioned the Center as both a pro- * * * will have a biogeographical focus as well as gram and a facility. The 1991-3 state budget an issue-related theme. provided funds to build the research facility. ThreeoftheRegion’snew GlobalClimate * * * Olympic NP Supt. Maureen Finnerty is a Change research initiatives approved for FY member of the Governor’s Policy Board; Dr. 93 are for Colorado Rockies, Glacier, and Researchers Ken Driese and Don Roth Jerry Franklin is the Center’s Director. For Central Grasslands. All three complement recently completed a baseline study of the information on the facilities’ plans, contact existing projects and provide the means to vascular flora, mammal fauna, and human Gordon Smith, U/WA AR-IO, Seattle, WA merge RMR programs with other regions disturbance level on the tower summit at 98195; (206) 68.5-4802. and agencies. Devil’s Tower NM. They identiiied and * ** * * * quantified coverage for 21 plant species. Total cover for the 9 grass species. 8 shrub Mount Rainier NP has given Carolyn In order better to address resource man- species, and 4 forb species was 5 1 percent. Driedger Mastin of the USGS David A. agement and research needs, the Regional Although summit vegetation was dominated Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory a Office has reorganized as follows: The cul- by grasses, bare rock comprised the greatest monetary award in recognition of the supe- tural and natural resource management and cover class. rior support she has provided the park for the research functions have been combined into During the three June through September past decade. Driedger Mastin has assistedin a new Directorate of Resource Management monitoring periods, the percent of disturbed geologic, geomorphic, and glaciologic re- and Research, comprised of three divisions: vegetation was 9,13, and 16 percent. Three sourceinformationsincethemid-1980s,pro- CulturalResourceManagement,NaturalRe- smallmammalspecieswereidentified. Popu- viding annual training to park interpretation sourceManagemenf andResearch. ADirec- lations were estimated at 45 deer mice and natural resource divisions. She contin- torate Office of Resource Data Management (Peromyscus maniculatus) and 12 bushy- ues to give technical advice in the park’s

20 Park Science tailed woodrats (Neotoma cenera). Only Articles published recently are: Alaska Region three yellow-pine chipmunks (Eutamias Bratton, S.P. Alternative Models of Eco- Dave Stevens has been assigned Branch amenus) were happed, too few to estimate systemRestoration. PablishedinEcosystem ChiefofResearchintheRegional Office. He the population. Health: New Goals for Environmental Man- came to the Region from Rocky Mountain agement, edited by Robert Constanza, Bryan NP, where he led the research program from Southeast Region G. Norton, and Benjamin D. Haskell. Island 1968. He will supervise the 3 scientists South Florida will be served by two new Press, Washington DC; Covelo, CA. assigned to the Regional Office, administer CPSUs, each operating within its particular the nahral science program, technically ad- academic specialty areas. Florida Intema- vise park-based scientists and coordinate re- Miler,S.G.,S.BrattonandJohnHadidian. tional University (FIU) and the University of search in all the Alaska NPs. 1992. Impacts of White-tailed Deer on En- Miami (UM) have been designated as unit * * * dangered and Threatened Vascular Plants. locations. FIUwillactasleadunit, withMike Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 12(2). Soukap as director, supervising and coordi- Bruce Dale has been selected to fill the nating activities at both university units. * * * Region’s new permanent Wildlife Biologist position. Dale has workedas atemporaryfor * * * The following reports were received: many years, assisting with much of the wolf BobWamm,DirectoroftheU/GACPSU, Johnson,B.R. 1992. Mitigationofvisitor and caribou research in the Region. He gave a presentation in Washington DC to the Impacts on High Montane Rare Plant Habi- recently completed a study of winter wolf IntemationalAssn.ofFishandWildlifeAgen- tat: Habitat ProtectionTbroughan Integrated predation in Gates of the Arctic NP. In ties’ subcommittee on Wildlife Contmcep- Strategy of Design, Interpretation and Resto- addition to continued involvement with Re- tion. This group’s task is to advise state and ration, Craggy Gardens, Blue Ridge Park- gional research programs, Dale will be pri- federal wildlife agencies on regulatory con- way, NC. U/GA. mary contact for such wildlife management issues as the state of Alaska’s wolf manage- cerns and the practicality of applying contra- Sargent, R.A. 1992. Movement Ecology ment planning effort. ceptives tofreeranging wildlife populations. of Adult Male White-tailed Deer in Hunted Dr. Warren was added as a subcommittee andNon-huntedPopulations inthe Wet Pmi- * * * member. tie of the Everglades. U/FL. * * * Brad Shults, who has worked for the Re- Boulay, M.C. 1992. Mortality and Re- gion as a temporary Wildlife Biologist since John Peine of the U/TN CPSU has re- cmitment of White-tailed Deer Fawns in the 1987, accepted a permanent position with ceivedacertificatefor20yearsofcontinuous Wet PrairielTree Island Habitat of the Ever- Northwest AlaskaAreasin Kotzebue. Shults service as an NPS Research Ecologist. glades. u/FL. has assisted with much of the wolf and cad- * * * bou research and recently has been conduct- Western Region ing a study of marten demography in Yukon- Recently published reports include: Charley Rivers National Preserve as part of a From Malinee Crapsey, editor of Sequoia Bythell,J.C.,E.Gladfelter,andM.Bythell. Master’sdegreeprogramatU/AK-Fairbanks. Bark, an intermittent publication of Sequoia l992.EcologicalStodiesofBuckIslandReef He will continue to oversee marten research and Kings Canyon NPS, come three recent National Monument, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin to completion in 1994, while taking on new issueshighlightingresearchonEmeraldLake Islands: A Quantitative Assessment of Se- duties as the Wildlife Biologist fat the 4 (aimed at determining if acid rain is a threat lected Components of the Coral Reef F.co- northwest Alaska NPS areas managed out of toSierranlakes),treeringsresearch(todeter- system and Establishment of Long-Term the Kotzebue office. mine whether, in the light of a looO-year Monitoring Sites, Part 2. USDI, NPS, Island * * * recordoftemperatare and precipitation inthe Resources Fdn., St. Thomas, U.S. Viigin Islands, and West Indies Lab, St. Croix. SierraNevada,tbecurrentconditionsconsti- The Regional Office welcomes Mark tuteadrought orwhetherthecurrent drought Schmeder,formerlyChiefofResourceMan- DeVries, D. and R.F. Doren. 1992. constitutesthenorm),and”techno-mapping” agement at Glacier Bay NP and Preserve, to Melaleuca Annual Report. S/FL Research (a look at both the dark and bright sides to the Na~r.4 Resources and Science Division. Center, Everglades NP. Geographic Information Systems and par- Schroeder will coordinate a variety of field Lmitsen, DC. 1993. Assessment of the ticularly at the “adolescent” stage of Sequoia projects throughout the Region, focusing Hard Clam, Mercenuia, in Cumberland and Kings Canyon NPS’ version of GIS.) primarily on neotropical migrants, coastal Sound,GA. KingsBay EnvironmentdMoni- Dave Gmber, NPS Research Scientist who resource/mtiemammal,andextemaltbreats toting Program Report, U.S. Dept. of the authoredthelatterarticle,describesthestate- issues. Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Com- of-the-@IS)-art at the parks and how addi- mand, Washington DC, KBEMP-91-03. U/ tional information from many different in- GA CPSU, USDI, NPS. vestigators will revolutionize monitoring, * * * caring for, and understanding “the incredible landscape preserved here.” To be put on the mailing list for Sequoia Bark, write Malinee Crapsey, Editor; Se- quoiaandKingsCanyon,AshMountainBox 10, Three Rivers, CA 93271. * * *

Spring 1993 21 ANationalResearchCouncilreport, “Pm that researchers evaluate whether this grass in Montshegorsk in northwestern Russia) tecting Vlslblbty in National Parks and Wil- will prove useful as foliage along footpaths, have suffered total tree death, moderate pal- demess Areas,” found widespread air pollu- railroads, and road cuts. lution may result in a general increase of tion across the country drastically diminish- * * * forest resources. Their work points to fertili- ingvisibilityin even some ofthemost remote zation effects that override the adverse ef- parklands. The report, cited in the Feb. 6, “What We’ve Lamed About GIS: One fects “at least for the time being” in Austria, 1993 issue of Science News, calls current Park’s Experience”is the title of an article by Fiand,France,Germany, SwedenandSwit- efforts to improve vlslb&ty inadequate, and Chuck Rafkind, Hugh Devine, John Karish, zerland. “Biomass was built up in the 1970s in some cases “doomed to failure.” and Patti Dienna, that will appear in a future and 1980s in European forests,” they write. issueoftheGeorgeWrightSociety’sForum. In the Western states, researchers found “If there has been similar development in The article was prepared as an answer to the other continents, biomass accumulation in that people can see only half to two-thirds dozens of questions received by Colonial nontropical forests can account for a large of the 230 km range that would be possible National Historical Park with regard to the proportion of the estimated mismatch be- without pollution. In the east, average vis- park’s implementation of a park-based PC tween sinks and sources of atmospheric car- ibility is only one-fifth the natural range of GIS. It summarizes both the positive and bon dioxide.” 150 km. The vista-diminishing pollution negativeexperiencesoftheparkoverthepast comes from coal-burning power plants, die- * * * three years in developing data themes under sel- and gasoline-fueled vehicles, residential cooperativeagreementswithNC/StateN,the The upper forest canopy as viewed from andforestf~es,andevenlivestockfarms,the College of William and Mary, VI Institute of an atmospheric perspective is the subject of a report states. It faults the EPA, Agriculture, Mat&Science, andtbeU.S. Soil Consewa- Bioscience article (Vol. 42:9, pp 66470) by and Interior for being slow to carry out re- tion Service. It also describes park develop- Geoffrey Parker, Alan Smith and Kevin sponslblbhes for accomplishing the goal of ment of GIS Standard Operating Procedures Hogan. This primary interface between the reducing haze in large national parks and toguidedevelopment ofnew geographic and atmosphere and the forest is a reservoir of wilderness areas, mandated by Congress in database tiles, database management, data biologicaldiversity andunderstandingofit is 1977. dictionary, and cartographic map output. far from adequate, according to the authors. “In particular,” the Science News item * ** “Access to the Upper Forest Canopy with notes, “it (the report) faults current efforts to aLargeTowerCrane”isthetitleofthereport, “Through time and generations, certain improvevisibilitybytargetingjustindividual in which they describe observations made polluters, a tactic the National Park Service patterns of thought and behavior have been accepted and developed into what can be from the canopy as suggesting a wide diver- usedinarecentcaseinvolvingacoal-burning sityoffonctionalbehaviorsofoverstoryleaves termed a Western tradition of environmental power plant near Grand Canyon NP. The and a complex upper canopy Sh’“CNr& The thought and conservation,” according to report calls instead for strategies that con- largetowercranefromwhichtheymadetheir Arhuo Gomez-Pompa and Andrea Kaus in sider the various soorces in a region that observations, installed in a forest, allows their April 1992 Bio-Science article, ‘Tam- contribute to the haze.” repeatable sampling in three dimensions, un- ** * ing the Wilderness Myth” (pp 271-9). But are these necessarily correct? “Scientific precedented control for observations, and A “miracle grass,” called vetiver--native truth” is always subject to replacement by experimentation within the canopy space of to India--was given the nod by the National another ‘%I&’ in the light of new informa- the forest. Research Council in an NRC report released tionthatdoes not fittheoldparadigm, say the * * * in late January 1993 and reported in the authors, and they point to “equilibrium” and A surprising new database of the climatic February 6 issue of Science New& A tall stiff “climax” as two concepts that few ecologists history of the arid Southwest is described in grass that grows into a dense hedge when defend today. the March 27,1992 issue of Science: a stand planted in lines along the contows of slopes, Theconceptofwildemessas“untouched” of centuries old Douglas-fir trees recently vetivercan slow runoff and prevent soil from or “untamed” is seen as “mostly an urban discovered in the lava fields of El Malpais washing off slopes, the report said. perception,” and the authors suggest that “we National Monument in westemNM. Oneof For centuries, vetiver’s roots have pro- must learn how local inhabitants in rural these trees (dubbed “1062”) is the oldest videdanoilusedtoscentperfumesandsoaps. areas understand their environment and must accurately dated living member of that spe- It is grown in 70 countries, but few use it for bring this visionintobotbtbeurban andrural ties andis deemedbydendrochronologiststo erosion control. Worldwide, 20 billion tons classrooms.” The fundamental challenge, have sprouted 4 years before William the of soil disappear each year--the equivalent of they conclude, “is not to conserve the wilder- Conqueror invaded England in 1066. about 6 million hectares of arable land. ness, but to tame the myth with an under- The sites is protected both from fue and Vetiver’s stiff stems and leaves and deep standing that humans are not apart from from competitors by the lava fields that sur- roots enable it to function as a virtual dam, nahue.” round it and may well spur dendmcbronolo- even when dormant, and it survives for de- * * * gists tosearchotherlavaflows--suchasthose cades. Thus far, it has not spread or become in Oregon, Idaho, and California--for old a pest as have other plants, such as kudzu, In the April 3.1992 issue of Science, three trees. Ecologists willbeencouragedtoprobe introduced to stop erosion. authors who are with the Finnish Forest Re- search Institute in Helsinki look at the bio- for the secrets ofthe trees’ survival in what is Thereportcautionsthatonlydomesticated for most plants a very hostile environment. mass and carbon budget of European forests vet&r from South India, which produces no from 1971 to 1990 and conclude that while * * * seeds and spreads by vegetative propagation, severelypollutedareas(suchasfoundlocally should be used. The NRC report suggests

22 Park Science Restoration Ecology, “the first complete withnatureandofpreservingpristinenatural available from its author, Richard L. scientific joumal for restoration ecologists,” habitats are. incompatible. He considers the Cunningham Chief of Interpretation for the is a new, peer-reviewed quarterly journal, case of Yellowstone: whether to bring in NPS Western Region. In The Biological published for the Society for Ecological Res- wolves and outrage neighboring ranchers, or Impac:sof1942:SomelnterpretiveThoughts, torationby BlackwellScientificPublications, outmgethepublic by “culling”elkandbison. Cunningham describes the native people of Inc. Thejournal willnot distinguishbetween Diamond admits he is happy not to have to the West Indies, the decimation of the Indi- basic and applied research, and encourages explain to the public why they can’t pick ans, early biological impacts, a history of all contributors to consider both the practical flowers in a msewe where deer arc shot. extinctions and endangered species, intro- and the more fundamental implications of Managing for biodiversity is a goal with duced animals and other organisms, their work. The editors encourage submis- many pmblems left to be solved. biohistories of Haiti and Jamaica, threats to sion of manuscripts that emphasize an holis- * * * thecaribbeanterrestrialandmarineenviron- tic approach and that deal with the highest men&, and how all this “applies to my park,” level of biological integration--the human The entire matter of conflict of interest in (with suggested topics, outlines, and slide ecosystem. Theeditoris WilliamA.Niering, science-especially with regard to reviewing showsourcesfordevelopingyourownpark’s Botany Dept., Connecticut College, New articles in refereed journals--is considered in Propram.) London, CT 06320. To subscribe or request the July 31, 1992 issue of Science. The editor, Daniel E. Koshland Jr., describes the In his Conclusions, Cunningham writes: a sample issue, contact Blackwell Scientific “Columbus did not discover a ‘New World’. Publications, Journal Fulfillment, 238 Main policyimprovementsSciencewillusehence- forth to “improve our previous procedures.” Instead he found another old world with St., Cambridge, MA 02142 cultoral and biological riches different from * * * He adds, “One of the problems of conflict of interest is the degree of sanctimoniousness but as rich as those fmm the Europe he left. Jared Diamond, who teaches physiology attached toit..” Koshlandvows tobe“aware Columbus linked these two worlds into a at UCLA Medical School and practices con- of intellectual as well as financial and social common heritage that is stillevolving. . . . The continuing legacy of the Columbus event is servation biologyinIndonesianNew Guinea, conflicts,“andrepotts that Scienceis “adapt- not just historical, not just cultural, it is and asksatoughquestion--“MvlustWeShootDeer ing guidelines that have been used by the to Save Nature?“.-in the August 1992 issue National Science Foundation over a number will always be biological.” of Natural History. “Alas,” he answers of years. The Columbus paper, and another by himself, “nature can’t manage most nahre A special section addresses several facets Cunningham, The Biological diversity of reserves without our help.” His article stems of “conflict of interest,” including the poten- Food Plants: Some Interpretive Thoughts, from “a magically beautiful, but painfully tial financial conflicts at the cutting-edge (52 pages), may be had by contacting upsetting day in Fontenelle Forest near axas of biology (by Marcia Bainaga) and CwminghamatNPS WesternRegional head- Omaha,” where the author found nothing but the much older and more pervasive form-- quarters, 603 Harrison St., Suite 600, San mature oak, hickories and lindens. “I saw no “intellectual conflicts of interest” (by Eliot Francisco, CA 94107; (415)744-3910. seedlings,” he writes...a sight that was “like Marshall),in whicharesearcher’soveniding * * * visiting an apparently thriving country and investmentinapaticularhypahesiscanlead On Feb. 23, 1993, President Clinton suddenlyrealizingitwasinhabitedmainlyhy either to boon or disaster. announced the nomination of George T. old people, and that most of the infants and * * * Frampton, Jr., to serve as Asst. Sec. of the children had died.” Interior for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. A 91-page document, richly informative Fontenelleexemplifiestheparadoxunder- Frampton has been president of The Wil- about the 500 years of environmental change lying a bitter policy dispute; the paradox derness Society since 1986. Prior to that, since Columbus “discovered America” is being that the twin goals of noninterference Frampton was a parbler in the Washiwton. DC. iaw firm of kogovin, Huge & Len&er. From 1973-75, heservedasAssistantSpe- Eugene Hester, Associate Diictor for Natural Resources, cial Prosecutor on the Watergate Special National Park Services, U.S. Department of the Interior Prosecution Force and was a member of the teamthatconductedthegrandjuly investiga- EditorhI Board tionandtrial ofthe WatergateCover-Upcase Gary E. Davis, Marine Research Scientist, Channel Islands NP against President Nixon’s chief aides. John Dennis, Biologist, Washington Oftice James W. Larson, Editorial Board Chair and Chief Scientist, Pacific NW Region Harvey Fleet, Chief, Digital Cartography. GIS Division, Denver, CO Harold Smith, Superintendent. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Ajo, AZ

Jean Mattbews. Editor; 4150-A SW Fairhaven Dr.. Conallis. OR 97333 (503)7X0263 or (503) 75X-8503

Park Service FAX (503) 737.2668, c/o Forest Resources

ISSN-0735.9462

spring I993 23 Figure 1. Dal1 sheep rutting habitat. Dal1 Sheep Trophy Hunting in Alaska’s Parks and Preserves: Biological Implications By Francis J. Singer

The Alaska National Interest Lands Con- ing the stressful rut is essential to bath males vested, the younger rams may harass ewes, servation Act (ANILCA)of 1980designated and females for survival through the remain- thus wastingvaluableenergyreservesneeded 5 new parks and 5 new preserves that sup- der of the harsh, northern winter. to survive northern winters. ported populations of Dall sheep, and added Lambs are born in mid-May. Inadequate 2. The magnet effect of older rams on lands to a sixth, preexisting park. As a result fat reserves for ewes equate to lighter birth younger rams hypothesis: Rams will court of this Act, about a quarter of the state’s 70 weight in lambs: smaller lambs survive at a ewes outside of the breeding season. and 75,ooO Dali sheep were found within NPS lowerrate. Timingoflambingalsoiscritical. expend critical energy reserves; but rams boundaries. Subsistence hunting by local Early-born lambs can perish in late winter typically segregate from ewes into separate ruralresidentswaspermittedinthenewareas storms,whilelate-bomlambsmaynotobtain habitats. This hypothesis states that older and sport hunting was allowed in the pre- sufficient body size and mass to survive their rams do not remain with ewe/young groups serves. first winter. following the rut, and that younger rams will Congress mandated that wildlife popula- During this study in 198 l-85, the State of follow older rams rather than remaining with tionsintheparksbemanagedinahealthyand Alaskapermittedlimited,all-agesubsistence the ewes. nahual state, but Congress used these terms hunting of Dell sheepin a few parkareas, and 3. Immature ram incompetence hypoth- conceptuallyratherthandefinitively. Alaska unlimited hunting of 7/8-curl or larger rams esis: Younger rams may breed ewes later or continued to set seasons and bag limits, but innationalprcserves. The scientificcommu- pregnancyratesmay bclowerthanisthecase with federal oversight to assure that the man- nityproposedseveral hypothesesconcerning with older rams. dates were met. concern was expressed that potential negative effects of sport hunting 4. Depressed survivorship in young rams designationofthenewparks,withtheirgreater removals of only the oldest rams: huntingres~ctions,wouldfocusgreaterhunt- hypothesis: Younger rams might die at a ing pressure on the remaining herds. 1. The social disruption hypothesis: Most higher rate in hunted herds as a result of their breeding by males is restrictedby dominance increased role in breeding and depletion of Dali sheep breed and spend the winter on hierarchy to the largest-homed 7 year old or critical energy reserves (Fig. 3). When older, open, windblown mountain slopes in Alaska older rams. The older rams court ewes in a more dominant rams are present, younger (Fig. 1). Breeding takes place inearly winter more ritualized, less hurried, less aggressive rams are excluded from most courtship and (mid-November through mid-December). fashion (Fig. 2). When older rams are har- breeding activity. Maintenanceof adequate fat reserves follow-

24 No evidence was observed for immahlre ram incompetence. Lamb production and survival to yearling age were identical in hunted and unhunted herds. Lambing dates were nearly identical. No evidence of depressed survivorship of younger rams was observed in hunted herds.

CO”ClUSiOttS We concluded that under the 7/8curl bar- vest regulation, Dali sheep populations in national preservesin Alaska met all the pre- sumed criteria of a healthy population. Ewe energy expenditures, young ram mortality AGE rates, and production of young were equiva- lent between hunted and unhunted popala- Figure 3. Generalized survivorship curve tions. Some elements of natural selection, for Dal1 sheep rams. A: juvenile phase; 9: however,weremissingfromthehuntedpopu- immature phase; C: nwwe phase. If all FIgwe 4. Young rams remained in ewe/ ma”xe rams are harvested, G&t’s (1971) young groups outside of the rut in late lations. There were fewer rams per ewe and hypothesis predicts that the accelerated winger and summer signiiicantly more in thus less competition among rams forbreed- mortality associated with behavioral the hunted than in the unhunted herd, thus ing opporhmities. Ewes consistently ac- maturity (phase C) would be shifted to providing evidence for the magnet cepted the courtship activities of the largest- younger age classes. hypothesis. homed rams in all groups, and this sexual selection likely had strong adaptive signiii- cance. For example, breeding with a domi- Observations rams petfomxd twice as many butts, one- nant ram may increase the prospects of the Between 1981.85, with co-workers Ed half as many hvists (a ritual display), and lamb’s also being a dominant individual with Murphy(U/AK),KarenLaing(thenofNPS), chasedewesmorethandidoldeuams. Ewes better survival chances. Removal of all the and Lyman Nichols (AK Dept. of Fish and were hvice as likely to ma away from an large-homed rams in a herd, therefore, may Game), I studieddemography, survivorship, approaching youngramasfromanolderram. minimize male competition for mates and andbreedingbehaviorin huntedandunhunted However, actual energy expended by ewes, thereby influence natural selection. expressed as courtship time per hour of ob- Dal1 sheep herds in Alaska. Our studies were Sincecompletion ofthisstody,thestateof conducted in two areas that were not hunted- servation, was identical between hunted and anhunted herds, since (as a result of the ram Alaska has raised the minimum size for bar- -Denali NP and Alaska’s Cooper Landing vest from 7/S- to full-curl in all the state harvest) proportionately fewer rams per ewe Closed Area. Each area had nearby area except for the Brooks Range, thus farther were present in the hunted herd. where all legal (7/8-curl or larger) rams were reducing concerns for the health of hunted removed each season by hunters as soon as We observed evidence for the magnet Dal1 sheep populations in national preserves. they reached legal horn size. hypothesis; more young rams remained with We observed that young rams harassed the ewe/young groups throughout the winter ewesslightlymorethandidolderrams. Young in the hunted herds (Fig. 4). Singer is an NPS Research Ecologist, sta- tioned at the Natural Resources Ecology Lab, ColoradoState University, FortCollins, CO 80523. FIgwe 2. Dal1 Sheep in twist display toward adult ewe, Usibelli Mine study area, Alaska. Reports Available from Singer Murphy,EC., F.J.Singer,andL.Nichols.1990. Elf& of hunting on surviva and productivityof Dal1 sheep. J.Wildl.Manage.54:2&l-290. Singer,F.J., E.C.Murphy,B.A.Ccoper,andK.K.Laing. 1991.ActivityinahuntedandunhuntedherdofDall sheep in Alaska; a review of the biologicaland management implications.Biennial Sym-posium of Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Coundl (in press). Singer, F.J. and L. Nichols. i992. Trophy hunting of Dali sheep in Alaska: A review of the biolcgiml and management implications. Biennial Sym- posium of Norfhern Wild Sheep and Goat Coundl (in press). Singer, FJ. and K.K. Laing. 1992. Efkfs of lmpy hunting removals of rams on rul behavior of Dal1 sheep. Unpublished ms. Recommended Reading Geist, V. 1971. The evolulionaly significance of mountain sheep horns. Evolution 20:55X66.

25 Using GIS to Assess Potential Impacts Gf Gypsy Moth Infestations at Great Smoky Mountains NP By Hope R. Barrett and Stephen C. Nodvin The gypsy moth (Lymnntria dispar) Forest sensitivity is the relative likelihood FIgwe 1. (Fig. 1) isan insect pest whoselxvaefeedon .#^1^^_-^_.-^*L oftree death after forests are disturbed. It was tree foliage. Populations of gypsy moths assumed that forest types would be most often cause extensive defoliation of forests sensitive to disturbances (e.g., gypsy moth which sometimes results in tree mortality. defohatmn) at the extremes of their ranges Over the past loo years, gypsy moth popula- 1 along ”the topographic gradients of elevation, tions have spread south and westward from slope, and aspect. These three topographic Massachusetts, the site of accidental release, Y variableswereusedtocreatemaplayersfrom and have produced one of the most serious : a digital elevation model. Each map layer forest pest management problems in United -L was cross tabulated with the nine forest types States history. By early next century, the ( which generated frequency distributions of expanding portion of North America that is elevation, slope, and aspect for each forest infested with gypsy moth populations is ex- type. The distributions were then evaluated Y petted to include the Great Smoky Moon- for normality, and confidence intervals were taios National Park CGRSML The Dark. a 1ocatedoneachGaussiandistribution. Forest 207,500 ha natural &a on’ the bo;der ‘of ties preference of gypsy moths (Table I). sites outside of the 95 percent confidence North Carolina and Tennessee, serves as a Ranks were based on published studies of intervalsoffittedGaussiandistributionswere center of b&liver&y and is the most visited gypsy moth susceptibility in the northeastern classified as sub-optimal. Forested areas of national park in the United States. United States. high, moderate, and low forest sensitivity to This study to assess the forests of GRSM The second step was initiated by delimit- disturbance were identified by combining forpotentialimpactsfromtheinevitablemoth ing sites in the park where gypsy moth intro- the sub-optimal sites of the elevation, slope, invasion. A personal computer version of duction would be influenced by humans. and aspect map layers (Table 2). A high Earth Resources Data Analysis System Thesesitesinclude:developedcampgrounds, sensitivity rating represented sites that were (ERDAS) was the geographic information environmentaleducation centers, visitorcen- determined tobe sub-optimal in all three map system(GIS)usedtomcdelforestdefoliation ten. picnic areas, and heavy or medium duty layers, while a moderate sensitivity rating and tree mortality events in the park. The roads. A GIS was then used to delineate a represented sites that were sub-optimal in three objectives of this study were to rate. zone around the sites which indicated ex- any pair of the three map layers, and a rating forestsofGRSMfor: 1)defoliation potential, pected gypsy moth expansion and defolia- oflow represents sub-optimal sites in a single 2)sensitivity to environmental stress, and 3) tion within the first two years after their map layer. treemortalitypotential. Evaluationsofforest introduction into the park. Vulnerability is the relative risk of forest susceptibility, sensitivity, and vulnerability The third step involved using a GIS mod- mortality following defoliation. Vulnerabil- were completed during the rating process. eling program to ascertain susceptibility rat- ity ratings of forest types were ascertainedby The term “susceptibility” refers to the po- ings for each forest type. Areas of suscepti- finding every possible combination of sus- tential that a forest will become defoliated bility to defoliation within two years after ceptibilityandsensitivity. Thecombinations given gypsy moth invasion. The assessment gypsy moth introduction were delineated by werethenassignedadescriptortbatindicated ofsusceptibility inGRSMforestedareaswas finding forest types that were ranked for a significance value (vulnerability rating) of achieved using a three step modeling ap- gypsy moth preference within the zone of high, moderate, or low. The results of the proach. The first step involved the develop- gypsy moth expansion. The results of the vulnerability evaluation indicated that 15 ment of a selection index. Forest types in the susceptibility evaluation indicated that 64 percent (30,416 ha) ofthe parkisprojectedto park were classified and mapped using satel- percent of the park (131,972 ha) is projected be at some risk to standmortality within two lite data and image processing (MacKenzie to experience some tree defoliation within years after gypsy moth defoliation (‘Table 3). 1991). Forest types were then ranked for thefirst two yearsaftergypsy moth introduc- Results from these evaluations are being their likelihood of defoliation according to tion. provided to NPS staff to assist in develop- their tree species composition relative to spe- mentofmanagementstrategiespriortogypsy Conrinued on page 27

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Gypsy moth preference ratings for forest Sensitivity ratings, and their hectares and Hectares and land percentages of GRSM types of the Great Smoky Mountains percent composition of the Great Smoky forests that are either hieh. moderate. or National Park Mountains National Park low in vulnerability to &rtality within two years of gypsy moth introduction Illegal Collection of Plants In Units of the National Park System moth infestations. Strategies can be devel- By Jenness Coffey opedtoprotectagainstearlyinfestations,and to focus protection efforts on those stands Fueled by the international market, the beingillegallytakenwasginseng; sevenparks that are both vulnerable to mortality and trade in medicinal plants has flourished over reported such collections from inside park considered critical natural resource areas. In the last decade. According to a 1991 report boundaries both in 1990 and 1991. addition,interpretivematerialsandprograms by the World Wildlife Fund, (Medicinefrom In addition to ginseng, other plants that can be developed from the results of this the Wild, an Overview of the U.S. Native weremostoftenreponedpoachedfromparks shtdy to educate the public on the inevitable MedicinalPlant TradeandltsConserva-tion in theeastern U.S. included the land’s slipper consequences of this exotic insect moving Implications, by Douglas 0. Fuller) some orchid, rhododendron, iris, and jack-in-the- into the region and the efforts that the Na- 600 medicinal herb species are commonly pulpit. In the Pacific northwest, various tional Park Service will take to minimize the traded in the U.S. market, and a preference species of trees and ferns are taken illegally resulting damage. for wild-harvested over cultivated or artit% most often. In the southwest, yuccas and cially propagated plants has led to extensive cacti top the list, with at least 13 different collection from the wild. Incidents of illegal Ban-et! is a Research Ecologist with the species of cacti being reported as illegally collection of plants in parks show that plants collected in parks in 1990 and 1991. USFS at Morgantown, WV: Nodvin is with in the national parks are not immune to illegal the NPS/CPSU at U/m! Knoxville. collection for commercial gain. RepliestotheNativePlantProtectionqoes- Literature Cited tionnaire indicate that collection represents a Examplesofthefinancialreward.sforplant throat to some species of native plants in NPS MacKenzie.M.D.lS91.VegetationmapofGreatSmoky poachers include the following incidents: units. Acadia NP reported that plant poach- Mountains NP based on LANDSATthem&c n In the fall of 1990, organized groups ille- ing most likely has resulted in extirpation of mapperdata:accuracyassessmentandnumerical descriptionsof vegetation types. A Report to Ihe gally harvested mushrooms at Crater Lake Cypripedium regrinae,theshowy lady’sslip NationalPark Service Southeast Region. NP. They were then air-shipped to Japan, per orchid. Moores Creek National Battle- where they sell for as much as $100 per field reported that the Venus fly-trap, a plant pound. popular in the wild plant trade, has virtually Crater lake Study . One of several illegal timbering oper- disappearedfromthepaalthoughthecaose ations inside New River Gorge National isunknown. AndmonitoringofZephyranthes Peer Review Panel River in 1991 removed at least 10,500 afamasco, the Atamasco or Easter lily, at Meets board feet of hardwood timber with an Congaree Swamp National Monument has estimated value of $6,1X0. shown a decline in numbers. Like the Venus A technical report on Crater Lake Limno- fly-trap, the Easter lily also is very popular in logicalInvestigations, mandatedbytJxCon- . Between Aug. 16 and Sept. 27, 1991, the wild plant trade. gross in 1982,waspresentedFeb. 27,1993 to rangers made seven separate cases against Oftheplantsreportedbytheparksasb=ziig a peer review panel at Oregon State Univer- poachers who were illegally taking gin- illegally collected, at least 20 are federally sity, chaired by Dr. Stanford L. Loeb of the seng from Great Smoky Mountains NP. listed as endangered, threatened, candidate UniversityofKansasDepamoentofSystem- The rangers recovered more than 800 species, and/or are species protected by state atics and Ecology. *cots that had been dug up illegally. Gin- law. The six panelists heard Principal Investi- seng, valued in the oriental market as an gatorDr. Gary L. Larson reviewtheprogram’s aphrodisiac, sells in the U.S. for approxi- A survey of wildlife poaching in units of in- goals and objectives and describe the lake’s mately $200 per pound and the price the National Park System conducted in the clarity, an integrated view of the lake’s eco- creases overseas. spring of 1991 showed 105 species of wild- system, and the long-term monitoring pro- A Native Plant Protection questionnaire life being poached in 153 parks in 1990. gram that is emerging. Dr. Robert Collier was sent to the parks in 1992 to assess the Althoughplantpoachingisoccurringinfewer discussedlakecirculation, hydrothermalpro- extent and magnitude of illegal collection of parks than wildlife poaching, the number of cesses, and particle flux; Dr. Peter Nelson nativeplantsinunitsoftheNPSystem. Since species of native plants being poached is not presented the chemical solute mass balance resource protection involves both law en- significantly lowerthanthenumbersforwild- picture;phytoplankton,zooplankton,andtish forcement and natural resource aspects, the life poaching in parks. were discussed by Drs. C. David Mclntire, questionnairewasissuedjointly bytheAsso- Larson, and Mr. Mark Buktenica respec- ciateDir.xtorforOperations and&Ass&- tively. Coffey is a Natural Resource Specialist in ate Director for Natural Resources. Replies the NPS Washington &ice, Planning and Panelists’ comments and critique will be from9ofthe lONPSregions,showedthat99 lnfomtion Branch, Divisionof Wildlifeand presented within the next few weeks and species of native plants were known to have Vegerarion. incorporated as appropriate. The final report been illegally collected in 37 NPS units in will be submitted to the NPS Washington 1990, and 88 species were poached in 41 Off& by May 1993. In addition to Dr. Lceb, NPS units in 1991. panel members are Dr. Raymond Herrmann, Because plant collecting activities are NPS, Fort Collins, CO, Dr. Hiram W. Li, driven by both the national and international USFWS, OR/StateRT, Corvallis; Dr. Manuel markets, some species of plants are more Nathenson, USGS, Menlo Park, CA; Dr. intensively collected than others. The indi- Richard Peterson, Portland State IJ Biology vidual species repotted by the most parks as Dept.,PordandOR;andDr.JohnL.Stoddard U.S. EPA Research Lab, Corvallis, OR.

Spring 1993 27 Genetic Diversity and Protection of Alpine Heather Communities in Mount Rainier National Park By Regina M. Rochefort and David L. Peterson

The term biodiversity is frequently used in landscape (vegetation) address the maxi- Resource Management Units (GRMU) to to describe the number of taxa in a specific mumnumber,size,anddensityofbareground identify discrete components of genetic di- geographic location, however, it also refers areas, such as campsites, allowable within versity within and between species popula- to the genetic diversity of populations within one wilderness zone. Restoration projects tions. This concept is applied on a limited a species. Genetic diversity is a basic compo- involve repair or protection of sites where basis (Riggs, 1990) onsomeNationalForests nent of all other levels of diversity (species, noticeable damage has occurred following inCalifomia(MillarandLibby, 199l)andon landscape, and process levels). It varies human use. Although these projects are manyWashingtonDNRlands(Wilson.1990). across space and time reflecting each spe- usually initiated by development of at least Each GRMU is composed of a core area and cies’ lifehistoty traits andenviromnentaland one “severe” human impact (e.g. severe era- buffer zone. Size and location of GRMUs evolutionary history. Protection of genetic sion or denudation), they usually address all are based on: diversity is necessary for the long-term six- impacts within an area. In this manner, (1) genetic diversity within a species popula- vival of species and populations because it restoration plans address areas of trampled tion, provides them with the resources to respond vegetation and not just bareground sites (de- to changing environmental conditions, re- stmyedplantcommunitiies)addressedbyLAC (2) reproductive and other life history traits, &less of the cause of that change. standards. and Increased visitation in some parks may MountRainier’sLAC standards currently (3) species densities. Conservation plans for result in increased off-trail hiking and camp- focus on destroyed plant communities individual species include identification ing, potentially causing plant mortality and (bareground sites), which is the most severe of several GRMUs. fragmentation of plant populations. These form of damage from human use. Park staff The objective of GRMUs is to: changes within populations may also de- now are hying to increase the accuracy of (1) conserve genes in an evolutionatily dy- monitoring programs by improving methods crease genetic diversity of a species, thereby namic condition, reducing its potential for long-term survival. for monitoring damaged plant populations. Resource protection guidelines such as Lim- One method employs a qualitative assess- (2)maintainviable,geneticallydiversepopu- its of Acceptable Change (LAC) may be mentofplanthealthcalled”conditionclasses.” l&ions of species, and strengthened by utilizing an integrated ap- Visual condition classes are a qualitative (3)providecontmlsitesformonitoriog(Millar proach that combines demographic, life his- assessment of community “health.” Condi- and Libby, 1991). tory, and genetic diversity characteristics of tion classes are: 1) little change - no signs of They provide a tool for evaluating re- targeted species. We are currently conduct- human use; 1) definite change - some evi- source damage and developing LAC stan- ing research on two heather species denceofhumanuse,brokenorabradedplants. dards in Wilderness. Impacts from human (Phyllodoceempetriformes,P.~landuliflora) small bare areas, but minimal erosion; 3) use, air pollution, or other environmental to determine how genetic diversity data can severe change - uprooted plants, large de- stresses can be measured more effectively be utilized to improve resource protection nuded areas, severe, local erosion; and 4) with GRMUs, because change can be de- guidelines in Mount Rainier National Park. habitat destroyed - all plants gone, extensive tectedmoreeasilythanatthepopulationlevel soil erosion. Recently, a survey document- Human Use Patterns in species or more complex levels of organi- ing “condition classes” of plant cover, was zationinecosystems. Inaddition,theycanbe Each year almost two million people visit conducted within the Muir Corridor alpine used to predict relative endangerment of spe- Mount Rainier NP. The most popular desti- zone(approx. 16.8 ha). Each plant patchwas cies. Application of the GRMU concept is a nations are within the subalpine and alpine mapped on an aerial photograph and as- recent development in biological conserva- areas. Approximately 70 percent of all visi- signed to one of the four visual condition tion, andhasbeen usedas amanagementtool tors go to at least one subalpine meadow classes. Although the zone meets LAC stan- for only a few years. (Paradise), and 98 percent of all cross-coun- dards, survey results documented that 47 trycamping(minimumiactcampingwith- percent of the area shows definite change, 9 Research Objectives out developed campsites) occurs within sub- percent has been severely changed, and only We are evaluating the concept of GRMUs alpine and alpine areas. This concentrates 44 percent exhibits little change from human as a management tool for protecting biologi- useonjust35percentofthepark’slandmass use (see photograph). Over half of the zone cal ~sources in Mount Rainier NF’ and its and on the vegetation least resilient to human (56%)wasdamagedsubstantiallyandweare surroundingecosystem, withanemphasison use. Overnight use in subalpine and alpine not certain how these levels of damage affect genetic diversity of species populations areas has increased by 43 percent since 1984 the potential for long-term survival of plant (RochefortandPeterson, 1991). Thisworkis and is expected to continue to increase as populations. We are studying the signifi- supported by funding from the Nahxal Re- urbanization encroaches on the park. cance of different levels of human-caused source Preservation Program. The research Resource Protection Guidelines damage on these plant communities and de- objectives for our study are: veloping practical methods to monitor veg- Mount Rainier NP encompasses 95,389 (1) determine the genetic diversity of se- etation change. ha, of which 92 percent is designated Wilder- lected plant speciesinthe subalpine/alpine ness. Resource protection is addressed Management of Genetic Resources zone of Mount Rainier NP, throughovemightcampinglimits,LACstan- The USDA Forest Service (USFS) and (2) describe potential GRMUs for popula- tids, and restoration projects. Maximum WashingtonDepaamentofNahyalResources tions of these species, and numbers of parties per night are designated (DNR) have identified conservation of ge- for each crosscountry and alpine zone within netic resources as a management objective. the Wilderness. LAC standards for changes Specifically they use the concept of Genetic

28 Pa* Science (3) develop resource management guide- (north, south, east, and west sides of the animalpopulationsintheparksby perpetuat- lines for application, management, and mountain). At each of the four sites, paired ing natural evolutionary processes and mini- monitoring of GRMUs. populations will be sampled at the high and mizing human interference with evolving genetic diversity.” (chapter 4: 10). Policies We are using a population genetics ap- low elevation range of each species. At each population,20-30individualswillbesampled also direct us to minimim our interference pmach to address how the impacts of stress for genetic analysis and surveyed for several with gene pools during revegetation projects from urbanization and associated res0urc.e morphologic characteristics (needle color, (chapter 4~9); however, there is little guid- use can be identified in park ecosystems. We angle, andsize). Additional sample sites will ance available for resource personnel on how are specifically studying how these impacts to apply this principle in the field. affect the biological diversity of plant popu- be established within damaged populations in order to compare undamaged and darn- lations and how NF’S resource managers can Our study uses two high elevation heather protect this diversity. aged sites. species in Mount Rainier NPas atest case for how genetic diversity data can be integrated Research Methods The third step will be to analyze genetic and morphologic variation with special em- in the development of resource protection Our project utilizes basic genetic andeco- phasis on trends within and among popula- guidelines. This project will detertnine if logical information in a framework that is tions and along geographic and elevation quantifying genetic variation can provide directly applicable to resource management. ranges. Genetic diversity will be determined additional protection to plant species beyond Once data are collected and analyzed, man- usingallozymeanalysis (Allard, 1970;Asins that contained in current regulations. agement applications will be developed with and Cerbonell, 1987). Allozymes are alter- a team of NPS and USFS resource managers native forms of enzymes present as genetic andscientists. Our&t stepwastodetermine traits onchromosomes. and provide standard RochefortistheBotanistatMountRainier the geographic distribution and condition of yardsticks for making comparisons among NP and is currently on LWOP while working hvoheatherspecies: Phyllodoceglanduliflora populations and taxa. The greater the mm- on her Ph.D. at the U/WA CPSLJ with Dr. and P. empetrifonnes populations. Heather berof allozymes (that is, heterozygosity), the Peterson Peterson is Associate Professor communities are of particular concern due to greater the genetic diversity of the organism. and Research Biologist at the U/WA CPSU, their sensitivity to trampling, slow recovery We also will determine if there are correla- Seattle. rates, and length of time for community tions between genetic diversity and References development. Specific heather communities morphologic and reproductive characteris- Alfard. R.W. 1970. Population structure and sampling within Mount Rainier NP have existed for as tics (Loveless and Hamrick, 1984). mefhcds. in O.H. Frankel and E. Bennett (eds.), longas l0,000years,althoughestablishment Ourtinalstepwillbetodevelopguidelines Genetic Resourcesin Plants - Their Exploration of new meadows with continuous cover re- for the application of data on genetic diver- andConservation. Blackwell,Oxford, UK. pp 97. quires at least 200 years (Edwards, 1980). sity, demography, andlifehistoty to improve 107. Populations were mapped on topographic Asins,M.J.andE.A.Carbonell. 1987.ComeptsinvoM maps and entered into the park GTS. Each resource protection policies. Specifically, the GRMU concept will integrate NPS poli- in measuring geneticvariability and its importance populationwemonitorwillbeevaluatedwith in conservation of plant genetic resources. regard to the severity of human impact using cieswithscientificdataasameansofprotect- ing biological diversity within Wilderness. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 1:51-62. the park’s visual condition class rating. Edwards, O.M. 1980. The alpine vegetation of Mount Summary Currently we are working on the second RainierNational Park:structure,development,and step of our research-- surveying genetic and NPS Service Management Policies direct rxnstraints. Ph.D.Thesis,UniversityofWashington, morphologic diversity of a subsample of us to protect bicdiversity and state that we Sealtie, Washington. populations of each species. Sample sites “... will strive to protect the full range of Loveless, M.D. and J.L. Hamridc 1964. Emlogical will be distributed at four general locations genetic types (genotypes) native to plant and determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemafics 15:65-95. Heather community In Mount Rainier NP. This community is estimated to be 10,CCllyears old Mar, C.I. and W.J. Libby. 1991. Strategies for and been severely changed (condition class 3) by human use. mnsetingdinal, ecotypic,anddisjunctpopulation diversify in widespread spades. in R. Holsinger and D. Falk (eds.), Genetics and Conservafrofl Rare P/an& Oxford University Press, New ‘tok pp 149.170. Riggs, L.A. 19%. Qxwting genetic resow% on- site in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management35:45-68. Rochefort, R.M. and D.L. Peferson. 1991. Genetic Resource Management Units: Managing Bicdiversity in National Parks. NPS, proposal submitted to the Natural Resource Preservation Program. Wilson. B.C. 1990. Gene pm reservesof Douglas-fir. Forest Ecologyand Managemenf35: 121-l 30.

29 Nisqually Glacier Nlsqually glacier on Mt. Rainier is shown ai 1:24,CMl in this NPS-contracted aerial photo. Records a Century of Climate Change Paradise can be seen at lower right.

occurring(Driedger,pers.comm.). The 1992 survey was conducted in late September and results are not yet available. Implicationsofthemorerecentchangesin the Nisqually glacier are that we will see additional cliffs and erosion at the margins, additional exposure of ice-covered moraine, andchanges in runoff characteristics. Addi- tional crevassing in areas such as the Muir Snowfield, the most popular route to ascend themountain, islikely. Moreexpaureofthe ice-coveredmoraine wouldresultinagreater sourceofunstabledebrismovingdownstream in the went of an outburst flood or heavy precipitation. Subsequent changes in runoff characteristicsmayresultinincreasedflowin summer and less in winter. Mount Rainier’s glaciers are important By Barbara A. Samora indicators of climatic change, major visitor There are 2.5 major glaciers on Mount ing flow rates, and mapping of the glacier interpretive objects, and sources of water for Rainier and numerous unnamed snow or ice termini. In 1905, LeConte studied the flow parkaquaticsystems,aswellashydroelectric patches. TheEmmonsGlacierhasthelargest rate of the Nisqually. Matthew of the USGS and recreation pursuits outside the park. The ma (4.3 square miles) and Carbon Glacier made the first accurate determination of gla- volcanic-glacial interactions on Mount hasthelowestterminusaltitude(3600’)ofall c&locations with his 1913 topographic map Rainier pose a major flood hazard to devel- glaciersintbelower48 states. TheNisqually of the mountain. oped areas downstream extending almost to has shown dramatic changes in dimension Terminus position was recorded annually Puget Sound. Interpretation of wilderness within the last century (Heliker, Johnson and by the NPS beginning in 1918 and has been features, wilderness travel safety, and glacier Hedge 1983). located using historical records, the earliest hazardsareimpxtantmanagementconcems. Global temperatures are increasing at a in 1857 as described by Kautz. In 1931, the Greater understanding of past history and rate 10 timesmorerapidthantheaverage rate TacomaCityLightDepartmentandtheUSGS glacial processes is needed to address re- of natural change. Climate change may be initiated measurements of surface elevation source management needs of the park and most quickly seen in glacier terminus fluc- along profiles upon the lower Nisqually Gla- surrounding communities. tuationsandchangesinmassbalance. Global cier. They were concerned that the source of warming may decrease the size of large gla- water for Alder Lake dam, the Nisqually Samra is a Resource Management Spe- ciers and smaller glaciers may disappear. Glacier, and every other glacier on Mount cialist at Mount Rainier NP. Glaciers store information on temperature Rainier, wasexperiencingrapidretreat. Mea- Literature Cited (Meier 1991,Raymond 1991) andpastatmo- surements were continued until 1985, when spheric composition (Lorius 1990). The theUSGScouldnolongersupporttheproject. Driedger, C.L. 1986,AVisito

30 Resource Management Program Trains 117

in IO Years The MAB International Coordinating BRadditionsare:GrandfatherMountain(pri- William H. Walker, Jr., Coordinator of the Committee (ICC) held its 12th session in vate)andMountMitchellStatePark(Stateof Natural Resource Management Trainee Pro- Paris, Jan. 25-29, 1993. Representatives of North Carolina). gram, reminds us that the program is cur- 24 council member countries and 28 ob- Intemationally,thehiosphere~rvenet- rentlyinitslOthyearofoperation,withthe25 server countries attended, including observ- worknowcontains311 unitsin8lcounhies. trainees of Class VI scheduled to finish their ers Mike Ruggiero, Chief of the NPS Wild- These units represent 110 out of 193 terres- lifeandVegetationDivision,andRogerSoles, program in September 1993. trial biogeographical provinces. The47 US. Executive Director of the U.S. MAB Secre- units represent 13 out of 14 biomes in the Of the five previous classes, 117 people tariat. TheICCagreedonfiveprioritytheme U.S., 21 out of 25 terrestrial biogeographical have been graduated; of these, a remarkable areas for MAB: provinces, and 9 out of 13 coastaVmtine total of 108 still are in the Service. . conservation and sustainable use of biogeographical provinces. Major gaps are This year’s graduating group and their biodiversity the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, Prairie current whereaboutsare: HubertChakuchin, . exploring regional approaches to sustain- Peninsula,Micronesia,OzarkHighlands,and Denali NP, AK; Mike Tetreau, Kenai Fjords able development the coastal/marine provinces Acadian-Bo- NP, AK, Elaine Furbish, Assateague Island n communicating information on environ- real and Arctic Boreal. ment and development NS, MD; Steve Rudd, Allegheny Portage In September 1992, Northern Biosphere . strengthening institutional capabilities to Railroad NHS, PA; Pamela Benjamin, Pip- Reserve managers from six Arctic coun- address problems of environment and de- estone NM, MN; Bob Dam, Indiana Dunes tries--U.S.,DenmarkFinland, Sweden,Rus- velopment NL,IN;CharlesJacobi,AcadiaNP,ME;Mary sia, and Canada--met in Anchorage, AK to . contributing to&global terrestrialobser- discussposslblllttesforcooperationandcom- Starkey, Roosevelt-Vanderbilt NHS, NY; vation system. munication among reserves. A subsequent Susan Bloomfield, Great Falls Park, VA; preproposal developed by Marv Jensen, Su- Daniel Roddy, National Capital Parks-East, Biosphere reserves will play important roles in implementing these themes. The perintendent of Glacier Bay NP, has now DC; Mark Buktenica, Crater Lake NP, OR: Council also recommended national reviews been approved by the U.S. MAB National LeighSmith,NorthCascadesNP, WA,Laurie to strengthen biosphere reserve (BR) perfor- Committee to go to final. The proposal Lee, Yellowstone NP. WY; Ralph Moore, mance. integration of BRs into national includes developing computer databases on Zion NP, UT; Thomas Ubich, Grant-Kohrs biodiversity strategies, and emphasis on ex- bibliography, research programs,and soft- Ranch NHS, MT; Jim Petterson, Virgin Is- panding databases on BRs. ware/hardware capabilities, and developing lands NP, VI: George San Miguel, Big Cy- an exchange program for northern BR man- EuroMAB expects to publish a directory agers. press Nat’1 Preserve, FL; Ted Waters, in June 1993 that contains contacts and infor- Chattahoochee River NRA, GA; Biil Fuchs, mation on research programs and follows a AUUS. biospherereservemanagersshould White Sands NM, NM; Cicely Muldoon, slightly modified NPFauna format. have received a letter regarding their interest Buffalo NR, AR; Geoffrey Smith, Capulin in participating in a MAB workshop or In 1992,UNESCOapprovedadditionsto series of workshops to finalize an action plan Volcano NM, NM; Faelyn Jardine. Hawaii two US biosphere reserves. Added to the Volcanoes NP, HI; Chip Jenkins, Santa for U.S. biosphere reserves. Managers’ in- Central California Coast BR are: Audubon terests and concerns will be used to develop Monica Mountains NRA, CA; Michael Canyon Ranch (National Audubon Society), a workshop agenda. Reynolds, Curecanti NRA, CO, Jonathan Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory (U/CA), Paynter. WAS0 Natural Resources Office, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary Napier Shelton, NPS Wildlife and Veg- DC. (NOAA), and Jasper Ridge Biological Pre- etation Division, WAS0 serve (Stanford U). The Central California BillGregg~PSMABCoordinator, Wash- CoastBRnowhasthelargestnumberofunits ington CJfice (14) of all U.S. BRs. Southern Appalachian

picture of the violent reality underlying the theaaackedcolonygrow “sweepertentacles” Coral Colonies’ Violent seemingly dreamy tranquility of a healthy, studded with special stinging organelles that Chemical Warfare normal coral reef -“colonies staging unre- “zap the neighbors.” Still other polyps en- The strange, silent world of the coral reefs, lenting chemical warfare on each other, their shroud their enemies in a sticky mucus that continuouslyengagedinintemecinestruggles, polyps stinging, dissolving and poisoning dissolves the tissues. Coral reefs, Stevens is currently the center of a scientific dispute eachother.Biggerreefcreaturessavagelarge says “may be one of the most naturally poi- between two schools of thought. One school chunks of colonies and till the water with sonousenvironmentsonearth.OnAushalia’s holds that corals worldwide ax seriously toxins.” GreatBarrierReef,73percentof429species imperiled from global warming, overfishing, But such competition-with no quarter of exposed invertebrates were found to be pollution, and reef destruction wrought by asked or given-is the mle, he notes, in this toxic to fish. fishermen and tourists. ‘Ihe other holds that interdependent but mutually hostile world. Stevens quotes Drew Have& a coral reef only a “case by case” study can describe “When polyps in one colony come face to ecologist at Cornell University, as seeing what’s actually transpiring worldwide on the face with another in a constant competition “tremendous potential” in these toxins as coral front. for scxce space, they expand their bodies to pharmaceuticals-as anti-inflammatory William K. Stevens of the New York engulf their rivals and exude digestive juices agents, as effective against AIDS, and even Times News Service examined the evidence that turn the competitors to jelly.” asanticancerdrugs-“andthat’sjustoneclass in a feature that appeared in papers nation- Judith Land, a reef ecologist at Ums of organisms,” HaveIl said. wide in February 1993. He painted a grim Memorial Museum, describes how polyps in Spring 1993 31 i d