Creating Opportunities. Building the Future

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Creating Opportunities. Building the Future Creating opportunities. Building the future. ANNUAL REPORT 2015 Creating opportunities. Building the future. IMMOBEL, listed on the Brussels Stock Exchange since 19 September 1863, has been a major player in property development in Belgium for more than 150 years. It is also active in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and in Poland. Its activities cover the office, residential and landbanking sectors, ensuring the diversification of its portfolio of projects. Its vision of the market and its expertise enable it to design, develop and manage ambitious real estate projects that create long-term value while respecting the environment and integrating the major issues facing society. BELGIUM RESIDENTIAL POLAND LANDBANKING OFFICE LUXEMBOURG Strategy Since its incorporation in 1863, property development has been at the heart of IMMOBEL’s strategy. Attentive to developments in the market, the company has diversified its activities to encompass three lines of business – offices, residential and landbanking – in three countries – Belgium, Luxembourg and since 2011 in Poland. The clients who are targeted are institutionals, private or pub- IMMOBEL currently manages a balanced portfolio that is less lic investors and individuals. The company’s goal is to create a exposed to economic cycles and to the local market specifica- portfolio of sustainable developments with a good diversifica- tions, allowing it to cover its fixed costs in times of low activity tion of risk, through a positioning on different types and inter- in the offices segment. nationally, while maximizing value creation for its shareholders. TO BALANCE RISKS DIVERSIFY OUR ACTIVITIES IMMOBEL takes a prudent approach to the acquisition and devel- So far, IMMOBEL has developed all three activities in Belgium; the opment of its projects, applying precise selection criteria. These office and residential segments in the Grand Duchy of Luxem- criteria address, among others, location, size and phasing, the bourg and in Poland. architectural quality that can be deployed, the environmental characteristics that the project must meet, transport facilities Today this diversification is bearing fruit. Previously, a multi-year and communication routes as well as profitability compared to average of close to 90% of profits generated by IMMOBEL came estimated risk. from our office activity. In Belgium and Luxembourg profits generated by residential and landbanking have now increased Moreover, IMMOBEL ensures it enters into partnerships for par- to a multi-year average of 40 to 50% of the company’s profits. ticularly large projects or those requiring specific added value. Thanks to this diversification in terms of geography and markets, These partnerships are part of its goal of diversification. ANALYSIS SALE INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT DESIGN Business overview GRAND DUCHY OF BELGIUM POLAND LUXEMBOURG HIGHLIGHTS Office Agreement on the sale of Gateway to On-going construction of the project Start of the construction of the project Befimmo for € 140 millions (100%) Galerie Kons, mainly let to ING Luxem- Cedet offering 22,400 sqm Redefinition of the project Brussels bourg and pre-sold to AXA Belgium Obtaining planning permission for the Tower (Möbius) in 2 towers project CBD One Residential Obtaining planning permission for Acquisition, in partnership, of the I MMOBEL and his partner won the tender phase 1 of Universalis Park for the project Route d’Esch allowing the for the development in public-private construction of 140 residential units development of +/- 27,000 sqm partnership of the project Granary Sale of almost all residential units of Sale of the last apartment of the project Island in Gdańsk Belair (RAC 3) Green Hill Landbanking The second best year in terms of N/A1 N/A1 margin, an increase by 53% A total portfolio of about 416ha Obtaining planning permission for Verger de Fayenbois OUTLOOKS Maximizing the value of the develop- Introduction of the planning permission Identification of development opportuni- ment portfolio of the project Route d’Esch ties in secondary cities Focus on mixed projects and the crea- Delivery of the project Galerie Kons Securing pre-leases for the CBD One tion of more compact apartments scheduled for Q1 2017 project Increase of the perimeter of activities to Start of the construction of the first other cities besides Brussels, both in phase of Granary Island Flanders and in Wallonia Obtaining planning permission for the Obtaining planning permission for Chien Zielna project Vert and introduction of a new planning permission for Parc Seny and Brussels Tower (Möbius) KEY FIGURES % % % of67 the portfolio of17 the portfolio of16 the portfolio 35% Offices 79% Offices 91% Offices 35% Residential 21% Residential 9% Residential 30% Landbanking 1. N/A: Not applicable. CONTENT 02 — Meeting With the Chairman and the CEO 04 — 2015 in brief 06 — Key figures 08 — Shareholder information 10 — Property development 10 — Belgium 42 — Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 54 — Poland 66 — Directors’ report 74 — Corporate Governance 83 — Remuneration report 89 — Consolidated accounts 128 — Statutory auditor’s report 129 — Statutory condensed financial statements 132 — General information 2 • MEETING MEETING ALEXANDER HODAC Sustainable MARNIX GALLE CEO engagement Chairman MEETING WITH THE CHAIRMAN AND THE CEO How did the tight global economic in European real estate was € 263 billion in Have the three sectors where conditions impact IMMOBEL’s 2015, a record level. IMMOBEL is active performed in the activities in 2015 ? Alexander Hodac: Our projects evolve same way ? Marnix Galle: The real estate market is part A.H.: Offices in Brussels are lagging behind. with the economy. We adapt to the market. of a complex economic reality connected to There is limited interest from the private sector We prefer mixed projects and the creation the global economy. It is one link in a chain on large new office spaces, except in renego- of more compact apartments to meet the where a series of factors end up influencing tiating leases. Supply and demand are weak, current demand. The offices we offer com- our activities. The emerging markets are though the institutions, including the EU, are ply with the best BREEAM standards and stagnating. China is slowing down while its returning to the market with new demands are space-efficient. The market as a whole debt is colossal. Commodity prices are fall- for utilising space. On the other hand a lot remains buoyant. The noticeable arrival of ing, putting the brake on investments. Europe of leases will expire in the next five years. major Asian funds on the Belgian market is facing a worrying geopolitical situation. These are all new opportunities. But building illustrates the attractiveness of our country in Investors are sliding from the risk curve to sizes are decreasing. The norm today is more terms of real estate development. the non-risk. Nevertheless Europe’s pros- like 15,000 sqm, whereas it used to be over pects for growth remain stable. Investment 20,000 sqm. 3 • IMMOBEL M.G.: The residential sector is doing well. M.G.: We favour better rotation and liquid- A.H.: Moreover, we are going to increase the The basic conditions in the Belgian real ity in our portfolio. Measures have been perimeter of our activities in Belgium to other estate market improved in 2015. In Brussels taken to generate cash in order to start new cities besides Brussels, both in Flanders - in volumes increased by nearly 5% compared ope rations. We are going to activate our Antwerp and Ghent, for example – and in to 2014. Prices continue to rise slightly in the portfolio and make sure that we develop the Wallonia. In Poland, a market that continues capital, in Flanders and in Wallonia. The con- projects so that they offer maximum satis- to be buoyant, we are going to start looking at version of offices to residential properties is faction in terms of buyers’ expectations in a the secondary cities. still booming. An average of 80,000 sqm of changing market. We also pay great attention obsolete office space is transformed annually to optimum follow-up of the sales process. How do you see IMMOBEL’s future in in Brussels for mainly residential purposes. In Our marketing strategy is going to evolve this new context ? Luxembourg the market is very competitive too. A.H.: We have prepared a business plan and remains healthy, with prices rising. The 2016-2020 which will be our roadmap for the prices of new homes increased 10% com- You have announced that you next few years. It will allow us to have a clear intend to be more transparent in view of possible gaps in our portfolio as well pared to 2014. IMMOBEL has a promising pro- ject there, Route d’Esch. your communications concerning as the deadlines we need to anticipate. It will IMMOBEL’s results and activities… also give us a framework within which to work Did IMMOBEL’s results for 2015 match A.H.: Transparency means communicating effectively for the benefit of our shareholders. your expectations ? not only when the company is doing well but Our intention is to avoid the cyclicity linked M.G.: Postponement of the signature of a also in more difficult times. to our present dependency sizeable project can put an artificial strain on In particular, it means pro- on the offices portfolio. We an accounting year. That is what happened viding our shareholders are going to substantially to us last year. In the future we do not intend with impeccable access to increase the proportion of to be so dependent on the cyclical nature of information. That is already € 263 billion residential property in our our portfolio. We sold no office buildings in reflected in all our financial investment in European projects to secure the divi- 2015 which had an impact on our results. communications and espe- real estate in 2015 dend. We would like to offer Our intention to strengthen our presence in cially in this new annual our shareholders a mini- the residential sector will allow us to generate report where we present mum thres hold for the div- recurrent results.
Recommended publications
  • Doing Business in Belgium
    DOING BUSINESS IN BELGIUM CONTENTS 1 – Introduction 3 2 – Business environment 4 3 – Foreign Investment 7 4 – Setting up a Business 9 5 – Labour 17 6 – Taxation 20 7 – Accounting & reporting 29 8 – UHY Representation in Belgium 31 DOING BUSINESS IN BELGIUM 3 1 – INTRODUCTION UHY is an international organisation providing accountancy, business management and consultancy services through financial business centres in over 100 countries throughout the world. Business partners work together through the network to conduct transnational operations for clients as well as offering specialist knowledge and experience within their own national borders. Global specialists in various industry and market sectors are also available for consultation. This detailed report providing key issues and information for investors considering business operations in Belgium has been provided by the office of UHY representatives: UHY-CDP PARTNERS Square de l’Arbalète, 6, B-1170 Brussels Belgium Phone +32 2 663 11 20 Website www.cdp-partners.be Email [email protected] You are welcome to contact Chantal Bollen ([email protected]) for any inquiries you may have. A detailed firm profile for UHY’s representation in Belgium can be found in section 8. Information in the following pages has been updated so that they are effective at the date shown, but inevitably they are both general and subject to change and should be used for guidance only. For specific matters, investors are strongly advised to obtain further information and take professional advice before making any decisions. This publication is current at July 2021. We look forward to helping you doing business in Belgium DOING BUSINESS IN BELGIUM 4 2 – BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW COUNTRY AND NATION Belgium is a small country (30,528 square kilometres) at the centre of the most significant industrial and urban area in Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-11-30 DP Winter in Brussels EN
    PRESS KIT Brussels, 30 November 2017 A bright winter in Brussels... If the sun's rays are scarcer and no longer bring warmth and comfort at this time of the year, Brussels undertakes to brighten winter days and warm hearts with events and activities of all kinds which will lend rhythm to the season there. As it does every year, Brussels is putting on its finery for the close of year festivities. From Winter Wonders to the many Christmas markets that flourish in the four corners of the capital, not forgetting the magnificent son et lumière show that further glorifies one of the most beautiful "Main Squares" in the World, young and old will have plenty to feast their eyes on. A great chance to enjoy the magic of the holidays and turn your back on gloom in the heart of the capital of Europe. Contents Unmissable events this winter in Brussels ............................................................................................... 2 Exhibitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Christmas Markets ........................................................................................................................................... 7 New Year’s outings ........................................................................................................................................... 9 What can you do with the children this winter? ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The London House of Rothschild and Its Belgian Contacts (1815‒1860)¹
    The London house of Rothschild and its Belgian contacts (1815‒1860)¹ Hans Willems explains the significance of correspondence in The Rothschild Archive to the historian of Belgian financial history and the Antwerp Stock Exchange. The manner in which it is possible to conduct transactions at the Brussels stock exchange may, from a technological point of view, be ranked amongst the most progressive systems in the world today. As a full-fledged partner within Euronext,² the Brussels exchange makes use of the virtual market environment, which allows members (clients) of the exchange to log in via their computer and engage in trades from any place in the world. Methodology has indeed come a long way since the inception of the modern Belgian stock exchange at the time of the French occupation (1798–1815), when communications relied on a The Bourse at Antwerp slow-moving mail service or carrier pigeons, rather unreliable messengers. So while during the in 1802, an engraving from the collection of the first half of the nineteenth century, personal contact between the brokers and their clients was Antwerp Stock Exchange certainly very important, the technical impediments made smooth-running exchange transac- archives. tions practically impossible. University of Antwerp. During this period, the Antwerp stock exchange dominated the market for transactions in commodities and government bonds that were undertaken in the Belgian regions. Only after Belgium’s independence in 1830, under the stimulus of transactions in corporate shares and Belgian government bonds, did the Brussels exchange begin to gain steadily in importance, to the extent that, as of the second half of the nineteenth century, it played a leading role in Belgian stock exchange history.
    [Show full text]
  • Brussels 1 Brussels
    Brussels 1 Brussels Brussels • Bruxelles • Brussel — Region of Belgium — • Brussels-Capital Region • Région de Bruxelles-Capitale • Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest A collage with several views of Brussels, Top: View of the Northern Quarter business district, 2nd left: Floral carpet event in the Grand Place, 2nd right: Brussels City Hall and Mont des Arts area, 3rd: Cinquantenaire Park, 4th left: Manneken Pis, 4th middle: St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, 4th right: Congress Column, Bottom: Royal Palace of Brussels Flag Emblem [1] [2][3] Nickname(s): Capital of Europe Comic city Brussels 2 Location of Brussels(red) – in the European Union(brown & light brown) – in Belgium(brown) Coordinates: 50°51′0″N 4°21′0″E Country Belgium Settled c. 580 Founded 979 Region 18 June 1989 Municipalities Government • Minister-President Charles Picqué (2004–) • Governor Jean Clément (acting) (2010–) • Parl. President Eric Tomas Area • Region 161.38 km2 (62.2 sq mi) Elevation 13 m (43 ft) [4] Population (1 January 2011) • Region 1,119,088 • Density 7,025/km2 (16,857/sq mi) • Metro 1,830,000 Time zone CET (UTC+1) • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) ISO 3166 BE-BRU [5] Website www.brussels.irisnet.be Brussels (French: Bruxelles, [bʁysɛl] ( listen); Dutch: Brussel, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbrʏsəɫ] ( listen)), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region[6][7] (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, [ʁe'ʒjɔ̃ də bʁy'sɛlkapi'tal] ( listen), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbrʏsəɫs ɦoːft'steːdələk xəʋɛst] ( listen)), is the capital
    [Show full text]
  • Donald Duck Gets Hurt
    VOL. II, NO. 11 N E W Y O E K, N . Y. MARCH 14, 1942 These periodical bulletins may be obtained on request addressed to the BELGIAN INFORMATION CENTER, Room 3055, 630 Fifth Ave., New York Donald Duck Gets Hurt "L6on Degrelle, leader of the Rexist move• ment, has been wounded in Russia while warding off an enemy air attack."—RADIO SAPLITZKY BERLIN, Mar. 5, 1942. It is a matter of constant amazement to Euro•Chantal. After the elections of 1938 in which peans that Americans as a rule have a decided he ran against Van Zeeland, the Rexist Party weakness for colorful characters, regardless ofdwindled like Lenten snow. It was clear by then their moral standing. Billy the Kid has always that Degrelle got his orders and funds from been much more admired in this country, for Berlin and Rome. The Fascist radio gave him instance, than Blessed Mother Cabrini. ample occasion to insult the Belgian Govern• Belgians in particular have been completely ment. He was seen and followed in Berlin. But puzzled by the amount of publicity which the all his intrigues were of little importance with antics of the Fascist agitator, Leon Degrelle, regard to the absolute unity of the Belgian have received in the United States from a people against the Nazi menace. His machina• generally well-informed press. Belgians have tions belonged to political vaudeville and not always known perfectly well that he was a tem• to international politics. However, the rest of porary phenomenon. They did not, like some Degrelle's story may have an interest and a American correspondents, picture him as a part moral for all people at war.
    [Show full text]
  • Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Belgium
    Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Belgium Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh¤ New York University Stern School of Business Frans Buelens University of Antwerp Ludo Cuyvers University of Antwerp July 5, 2005 ¤First version February 2001. Correspondence: [email protected]. Stern School of Business Suite 9-120, 44 West Fourth Street, New York, NY 10012. The ¯rst author acknowledges ¯nancial support from the Flanders Fund for Scienti¯c Research. The second author acknowledges support from GOA-BOF. The authors thank the SCOB for the provision of data. The authors thank Jan Annaert, Marc De Ceuster, Avner Greif, Laura Veldkamp, and Hans Willems and the participants of the University of Antwerp (UFSIA) economics seminar for comments. We also thank Steven Cappoen of the National Bank of Belgium for data on credit institutions. All remaining errors are our own. 1 Abstract This paper investigates the long-term relationship between ¯nancial market development and economic development in Belgium. We use a new data set of stock market development indicators to argue that ¯nancial market development substantially a®ected economic growth. We ¯nd strong evidence that stock market development caused economic growth in Belgium, es- pecially in the period between 1873 and 1935. Institutional changes a®ecting the stock exchange explain the time-varying nature of the link between stock market development and economic growth. 2 1 Introduction The deepening and level of sophistication of modern ¯nancial markets is arguably a recent phenomenon. However, stock markets have long played an important role in economic life. DeClercq (1992) describes the early history of the ¯nancial system in Belgium, starting in the 14th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Returns on Investments During the Colonial Era: the Case of Congo
    DISCUSSION PAPER / 2006.07 Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Frans Buelens Stefaan Marysse Comments on this Discussion Paper are invited. Please contact the authors at <[email protected]> or <[email protected]> Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsbeleid en -Beheer Institute of Development Policy and Management Institut de Politique et de Gestion du Développement Instituto de Política y Gestión del Desarrollo Venusstraat 35, B-2000 Antwerpen België - Belgium - Belgique - Bélgica Tel: +32 (0)3 220 49 98 Fax: +32 (0)3 220 44 81 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ua.ac.be/dev DISCUSSION PAPER / 2006.07 Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Frans Buelens* Stefaan Marysse** April 2006 * Frans Buelens is a researcher at the Faculty of Applied Economics, University of Antwerp. ** Stefaan Marysse is a professor at the Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB), University of Antwerp. CONTENTS Abstract 3 Résumé 3 Introduction 5 Section 1 5 Section 2 8 Section 3 12 Section 4 15 Section 5 21 Section 6 27 Section 7 28 Appendix 1. 29 References 30 ABSTRacT Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Before the First World War a global wave of for- eign direct investment materialised. Belgium participated in it on a global scale but after the War a shift towards the Belgian colony (Congo) was observed. With regard to these colonial in- vestments, it is commonly argued that higher (expected) profit rates were a strong incentive, although others propose that the colonial powers actually lost money on their overseas posses- sions.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Financial Report 2012 Table of Contents
    annual financial report 2012 table of contents 02 RiSK factors 10 mAnAGEmEnT REPoRT 10 Letter to the shareholders 12 Key figures 14 Strategy 18 Summary of the consolidated accounts 18 Consolidated income statement - Analytical form 20 Consolidated balance sheet 22 Appropriation of company results 24 Transactions and performances in 2012 24 Global portfolio 32 Offices 38 Healthcare real estate 46 Property of distribution networks 50 Public-Private Partnerships 54 Management of financial resources 58 Data according to the EPRA principles 64 Quarterly consolidated accounts 66 Events after 31.12.2012 68 Forecasts 2013 72 Corporate Governance Statement 72 Code of reference, Internal audit and risk management 74 Decision-making bodies 82 Management 82 Rules and procedures 85 Remuneration Report 90 Other parties involved 92 Corporate social responsibility 94 Scoreboard 98 Environment 104 Human resources 107 Key performance indicators 112 Cofinimmo in the stock market 112 The ordinary share 114 The preference share 115 The non-convertible bonds 116 The convertible bonds 116 Shareholders’ structure 117 Shareholders’ calendar 118 Property report 118 Geographic location 120 Market characteristics 121 Consolidated property portfolio 128 Report by the real estate experts 131 ANNUAL ACCoUnTS 131 Consolidated accounts 138 Notes to the consolidated accounts 180 Statutory auditor’s report 181 Company accounts 184 STAnDING DoCUmEnT 184 General information 188 Share capital 191 Extracts from the Articles of Association 197 GLoSSARY history 2012 Strengthening of its key position within the healthcare sector in Europe through the acquisition of an orthopaedic clinic (ZBC) in the Netherlands. Adoption of the FBI regime. Launch of the construction of the new prison of Leuze-en Hainaut (PPP).
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Days 14 & 15 Sept
    HERITAGE DAYS 14 & 15 SEPT. 2019 A PLACE FOR ART 2 ⁄ HERITAGE DAYS Info Featured pictograms Organisation of Heritage Days in Brussels-Capital Region: Urban.brussels (Regional Public Service Brussels Urbanism and Heritage) Clock Opening hours and Department of Cultural Heritage dates Arcadia – Mont des Arts/Kunstberg 10-13 – 1000 Brussels Telephone helpline open on 14 and 15 September from 10h00 to 17h00: Map-marker-alt Place of activity 02/432.85.13 – www.heritagedays.brussels – [email protected] or starting point #jdpomd – Bruxelles Patrimoines – Erfgoed Brussel The times given for buildings are opening and closing times. The organisers M Metro lines and stops reserve the right to close doors earlier in case of large crowds in order to finish at the planned time. Specific measures may be taken by those in charge of the sites. T Trams Smoking is prohibited during tours and the managers of certain sites may also prohibit the taking of photographs. To facilitate entry, you are asked to not B Busses bring rucksacks or large bags. “Listed” at the end of notices indicates the date on which the property described info-circle Important was listed or registered on the list of protected buildings or sites. information The coordinates indicated in bold beside addresses refer to a map of the Region. A free copy of this map can be requested by writing to the Department sign-language Guided tours in sign of Cultural Heritage. language Please note that advance bookings are essential for certain tours (mention indicated below the notice). This measure has been implemented for the sole Projects “Heritage purpose of accommodating the public under the best possible conditions and that’s us!” ensuring that there are sufficient guides available.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Emergence of Brussels As an International Financial Centre, 1830-1860 Stefano Ugolini
    An ‘Atypical’ Case? The First Emergence of Brussels as an International Financial Centre, 1830-1860 Stefano Ugolini To cite this version: Stefano Ugolini. An ‘Atypical’ Case? The First Emergence of Brussels as an International Financial Centre, 1830-1860. Laure Quennouëlle-Corre, Youssef Cassis Financial Centres and International Capital Flows in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford University Press, pp.47-70, 2011, 9780199603503. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603503.003.0003. hal-01294365 HAL Id: hal-01294365 https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01294365 Submitted on 29 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An ‘Atypical’ Case? The First Emergence of Brussels as an International Financial Centre 1830-1860 1 Stefano Ugolini Abstract: Economic historians often take for granted the idea that financial centres have followed one standard bottom-up development process, gradually evolving from commercial hubs to banking places. This chapter suggests that such an interpretation is rather simplistic. The analysis is focused on a remarkable counterexample: the sudden emergence of Brussels as an international financial centre in the mid-19 th century. The case-study is articulated into five parts, each one looking at a different aspect of the growth of the new centre (capital resources, business elites, regulation, the domestic money market, and the foreign exchange market).
    [Show full text]
  • The Regulation of the Brussels Stock Exchange Around 1865-75
    The regulation of the Brussels stock exchange around 1865-75 Frans Buelens, Helma De Smedt & Hans Willems University of Antwerp (BELGIUM) Stock exchange of Brussels 1914 : one of the more important stock exchanges Huge amount of listings Highly attractive [nearly tax freedom; nearly no restrictive regulations] Fully participated in the First era of globalization 1.The most severe regulation ever 1720-1724: Bubble Act in France & Britain 1801: Napoleonic stock exchange system From regulation to deregulation: London, Paris, Brussels … [Exception: Russia] Characteristics Under supreme authority (King, Tsar..) Limitations on new joint stock companies Limitations on new emissions Limitations on new stock exchange listings Limited number of Brokers Brokers having an «official» position High nominal value of shares (1000 BEF) No officially allowed forward market ! «Bourse de commerce» <> stocks & bonds Example: Price list of 1839: the importance of trade in commodities Example: BROKERS Semi-government agents Monopoly [NO BANKS ALLOWED] High transaction fees Exams, oath, guarantees (2000-10000 francs) Personal responsibility No associations, no trading for their own sake Only one category of broker activities Motivation of such extreme regulation Long term memory of the events of 1720 Preventing speculation and fraud Favoring state bonds (NAPOLEON) No huge capital needs from companies Distrust of the « société anonyme » … Experience of Paralysed mixed banks But … Law and practice is not the same « Marrons » (no official appointment) Official brokers did not respect the rules (forming associations, trading for their own sake = « lippage ») Lloyd Bruxellois : more successful than the official stock exchanges Banks : « over the counter » trading No fraud or abuses ? Severe governmental control is not the same as an era of no fraud or abuses Illustration: Langrand Dumonceau 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Execution Venues Equities and Fixed Income
    UBS AG London Branch 5 Broadgate London EC2M 2QS United Kingdom UBS Europe SE OpernTurm Bockenheimer Landstraße 2-4 60306 Frankfurt am Main Germany www.ubs.com/ibterms Execution venues Equities and fixed income Version: December 2020 For information about our investment bank entities, visit www.ubs.com/ibterms Execution venues This is a non-exhaustive list of the main execution venues that we use outside UBS and our own systematic internalisers. We will review and update it from time to time in accordance with our UK and EEA MiFID Order Handling & Execution Policy. We may use other execution venues where appropriate. Equities Cash Equities Direct access Aquis Exchange Europe Aquis Exchange PlcAthens Stock Exchange BATS Europe, a CBOE Company Borsa Italiana CBOE NL CBOE UK Citadel Securities (Europe) Limited SI Deutsche Börse Group - Xetra Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange Euronext Brussels Stock Exchange Euronext Lisbon Stock Exchange Euronext Paris Stock Exchange Instinet Blockmatch Euronext DublinITG Posit London Stock Exchange Madrid Stock Exchange Nasdaq Copenhagen Nasdaq Helsinki Nasdaq Stockholm Oslo Bors Sigma X Europe Sigma X MTFTower Research Capital Europe Limited SI Turquoise Europe TurquoiseUBS Investment Bank UBS MTF Vienna Stock Exchange Virtu Financial Ireland Limited Warsaw Stock Exchange Via intermediate broker Budapest Stock Exchange Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange Deutsche Börse - Frankfurt Stock Exchange Istanbul Stock Exchange Johannesburg Stock Exchange Moscow Exchange Prague Stock Exchange SIX Swiss Exchange Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Structured Products Direct access Börse Frankfurt (Zertifikate Premium) Börse Stuttgart (EUWAX) Xetra SIX Swiss Exchange SeDeX Milan Euronext Amsterdam London Stock Exchange Madrid Stock Exchange NASDAQ OMX Stockholm JSE Johannesburg Stock Exchange OTC matching CATS-OS Fixed Income Cash bonds Via Bond Port Bloomberg EuroTLX Euronext ICE (KCG) BondPoint Market Axess MOT MTS BondsPro 1 © UBS 2020.
    [Show full text]