The American HORTICULTURAL Magazine fall 1971 I volume 50 / number 4

50th Anniversary Edition Journal of the American Horticultural Society, Inc.

901 NORTH WASHINGTON STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314 For United Horticulture . .. TELEPHONE 703-683-3077 The particular objects and business of the American Horticultural Society are to promote and encourage national in-terest in scientific research and education in horticulture in all of its branches.

1971-72 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (to) President Treasurer DR. DAVID G. LEACH (1972) DR. GILBERT S. DANIELS (1972) 1674 Trinity Road Director North Madison, Ohio 44057 Hunt Botanical Library Carnegie-Mellon University First Vice President Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 MRS. ERNESTA D. BALLARD (1973) Director, Pennsylvania Member of the Board Horticultural Society DR. HENRY M. CATHEY (1973) 325 Walnut Street Leader, Ornamental Investigations Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 Agricultural Research Service Second Vice President U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 MR. FREDERICK J. CLOSE (1972) 6189 Shore Drive Immediate Past President North Madison, Ohio 44057 MR. FRED C. GALLE (1972) (*) Secretary Director of Horticulture DR. GEORGE H. M. LAWRENCE (1972) Callaway Gardens 390 Forge Road Pine Mountain, Georgia 31822 East Greenwich, Rhode Island 02818

AHS PLANT RECORDS CENTER MR. O. KEISTER EVANS MR. ROBERT D .• MACDONALD MR. RICHARD A. BROWN Executive Director Director Assistant Director Alexandria, Virginia Lima, Pennsylvania Lima, Pennsylvania

(.) Members of the 1971·72 Board of Directors per bylaw provision. ( ..) Ex officio, and without vote.

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is the official publication of The American Horticultural Society and is issued during the Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall quarters. The magazine is included as a benefit of membership in The American Horticultural Society, individual membership dues being $15.00 a year. THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers which increase knowledge of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript specifications, please address the chairman of the Edi­ torial Committee. Second class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. Published at 3110 Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. 212Il. Copyright © 1971 by The American Horticultural Society, Inc. The opinions expressed in the articles which appear in The American Horticultural Magazine are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contemporary thought. 1971-72 BOARD OF DIRECTORS

MRS. ERNESTA D. BALLARD, MRS . BETTIE E. LAUCHIS (1974) MR. 'WI'LLIAM A. P. PULLMAN, (1973) Olu Pua Gardens (1972) Director, Pennsylvania Horti­ Box 318 700 Mayflower Road cultural Society Kalaheo, Hawaii 96741 325 Walnut Street Lake Forest, Illinois 60045 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 MR. CLARENCE E. LEWIS, (1973) Professor of Horticulture Michigan State University DR. LEON C. SNYDER, (1972) DR. HENRY M. CATHEY, (1973) East Lansing, Michigan 48823 Head Leader, Ornamental Investiga- Department of Horticultural tions Science Agricultural Research Service MRS. PENDLETON MILLER (1974) U.S. Department of Agriculture The Highlands University of Minnesota Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Seattle, Washington 98177 St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 DR. KATHERINE MULLER (1974) MRS. ERASTUS CORNING, II, (1972) Director MR. EARL E. VALLOT, (1972) Box 4111 Santa Barbara Botanic Gardens Owner-Arnold Arboretum of President Executive Director Harvard University Color Data, Incorporated Chicago Horticultural Society Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 434 Mount Airy Drive 116 South Michigan, Room 400 02130 Rochester, New York 14617 Chicago, Illinois 60602

PAST PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY Per bylaw provision (1969), past presidents of the Society are members of the Board of Directors-ex officio and without vote. DR. FRED O. COE DR. DAVID VICTOR LUMSDEN DR. FREEMAN A. WEISS (President 1949-1952) (President 1942-1947) (President 1952-1953) P. O. Box 697 3296 Gleneagles Drive 1240 Raymond Way Ross, California 94957 Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 Charleston, South Carolina 29407

DR. DONOVAN S. CORRELL DR. RUSSELL J. SEIBERT (President 1956-1957) (President 1963-1965) DR. RICHARD P. WHITE Texas Research Foundation Director, Longwood Gardens (President 1960-1961) Renner, Texas 75079 Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 5367 28th Street N. W. 19348 Washington, D . C. 20015 DR. JOHN L. CREECH DR . HENRY T. SKINNER (president 1953-1956) (Presiden t 1962-1963) DR. DONALD WYMAN New Crops Research Branch, Director, U. S, National Plant Industry Station, Arboretum (President 1961-62) U. S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C. 20002 51 Ballardvale Road Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Andover, Massachusetts 01810 MR. JOHN H. WALKER MR. FRED C. GALLE (President 1965-1967) (President 1967-1970) Executive Director MR . WILBUR H . YOUNGMAN Director of Horticulture The Society of American Florist.! (Presiden t 1947-1948) Callaway Gardens 901 North Washington Street 12808 Meadowood Drive Pine Mountain, Georgia 31822 Alexandria, Virginia 22314 Silver Spring, Maryland 20904 Quest Editorial

Bringing Us All Together

The American Horticultural Society celebrates with this issue of The American Hortiwltw"al Magazine its Golden Anniversary under the cloak of a United Horticulture. The Magazine has become an indeli­ ble record of the horticultural achievements for the past 50 years. A brief history of the Society is featured in this final issue of Volume 50. In reviewing the progress in American horticulture of the past 50 years, I have realized again that the goal for our Society is to become the parent "society" of horticultural societies in this country. We have, however, splintered ourselves in these years into such rigid organiza­ tions-based on research, teaching, or extension; commodity or dis­ cipline; industry or amateur orientation; location- that there is little communication within the various spectra of horticulture. This com­ partmentalization is not always justifiable. Good leadership, for effec­ tive cooperation, is our most urgent need. The American Horticultural Society could truly become that supra-organization of organizations, through the active cooperation and leadership of its individual mem­ bers and organizations. Because of my involvement in various organizations, and in National Lawn and Garden Week, I have had the opportunity to observe the gaps between many different horticultural groups. Underneath the seemingly different veneers of each organization is an abiding concern to guide the hands of every consumer in the better use of plants and plant products. Also, within all of these groups there is the feeling that much of our know-how is lost before horticultural products reach the consumer. Our press often confuses basic principles of growth and de­ velopment of plants with uncontrollable BIOTIC programs. The news media indict mechanization, standardization, and containerization as expressions of phony food and flowers. We-the horticulturists- have some real internal and external gaps to bridge, if we are to communicate the real meaning of plants in people's daily lives. We must instill in the mind of every user the intrinsic values of plants, and help to create life styles that are based on respect and love of living things. The first step in this process would be, certainly, the establishment of a National Center fO?' American Horticulture. This goal has been a recurring dream of the Presidents of AHS. They have visualized a

148 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY group of facilities where the national headquarters of the various coop­ erating organizations could be located. All the cost benefits of mutual facilities for production, printing, and mailing of horticulturally ori­ ented materials could be realized under such a plan. We should urge our Board of Directors to establish a committee drawn from our mem­ bership to study the feasibility of a National Center. The committee should start by visiting other National headquarters of various orga­ nizations. The planning· that established tlJ.e American Association for the Advancement of Science, for all of Science, should be the model for horticulture. Second, we should, for American horticulture, seek the integration of the purposes of the various organizations and personalities into one national plan. The representatives from AHS to our related organiza­ -tions should strive to help set national priorities and standards in regards to fruits, vegetables, flowers, shrubs, turf, and trees. The alli­ ance of organizations could speak for American horticulture on matters of cooperation and policy, by setting up standards, which are urgently needed in many sectors of horticulture. Some sectors of the membership of American Society for Horticultural Science, for example, feel that the traditional spokesmen for American 'science tend to forget the press­ ing needs of American horticulture. Even the type of research and edu­ cational programs that we must be conducting are changing. We must continue the traditional programs of creating new information, new techniques, new plants, but we must also help rid visual pollution, set community priorities, and produce safer foods. A National H orticul­ tural Foundation could give our established priorities a public hearing, and bring action. Third, we need the long-range support of private foundations and agri-business to supply capital for much needed but often unsupported research, teacbing, and demonstration programs. Many sectors of Amer­ ican society function only because public funds are meshed with those contributibns obtained from private foundations or agri-business. The contributed money would permit horticultural leaders to develop high priority, short-term, specific programs with existing staff and facil­ ities-all of these being impossible without readily available money. Many projects are never realized because of the need for par t-time help, or because of the lack of a specific piece of equipment. Such sup­ port for publishing reports on high priority subjects would also hedge off increasing costs of publica tion and make our information available to a wide audience. Through the creation of a National Center for American H orticul­ ture, and through establishment of a national plan supported by private foundations for horticulture, every horticulturist would enter into the mainstream of our American life and economy. W e are needed as never before.

H ENRY M. CATH EY R esearch H 01-ticuiturist Plant Science R esearch Di vision U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705

FALL 1971 149 The American Horticultural Society 1922;1971

(By the Editor and the Editorial Committee)

Preface

"The American Horticultural Society is the only organization in the United States representing all horticulture) generally) in either domestic or international affairs and relationships." (From a report by Dr. Richard P. White, in the Pro­ ceedings of the Fifteenth Annual American Horticultural Congress at Pasadena, California, November 9-12, 1960.)

Now in its fiftieth year, The American Horticultural Society has left a lasting imprint on horticultural achievement in this country. It is appropriate, there­ fore, to record past accomplishments, particularly at ·this time for the benefit of all the membership.

In 1922, two horticultural societies with similar objectives came into existence, The National Horticultural Society in Henning, Minnesota and the American Horticultural Society in Washington, D.C. The two groups soon sought a means to join and a merger was consummated in 1926. Similarly, a situation arose in the 1950's for the American Horticultural Council to join with The American Horticultural Society. That merger was consummated in 1960.

The intention of the founders was to develop a national organization devoted to horticulture in all its branches; to educate; and to disseminate horticultural information to all parts of the country. From its inception, The American Horti­ cultural Society was an organization that included amateur and commercial horti­ culturists, scientists and professionals, as well as a number of affiliated societies and associations among its ranks. The Society has always differed from other horticultural organizations in this country through its publications and programs which attempted to bridge the broad area between the serious amateur gardener and professional horticulturist. Primarily, the Society has sought to attract and challenge those with a sustained intellectual interest rather than those with a transitory curiosity about plants, thei'r history, and culture.

Always with an inadequate budget, the Society could never buy the services it needed. Yet devoted people continue to contribute their talent, and the Society surges forward in the hope that the fragile fiscal base will somehow improve. By no means has the Society yet reached its zenith of influence i:r.J. the horticultural affairs of this country. The Society is best knowp for its j\l[agazine, as a source of information on plants and their culture based on actual practice and experience of experts. The Magazine has never dwelt on general gardening to any extent nor has it been a

150 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY how-to-do-it publication. It was the aim of long-time Editor Ben Morrison to bring an awareness of the plant world to gardeners and plantsmen who like to dig in the soil and grow plants.

To peruse the back issues of the Magazine takes the reader on an armchair adventure around the world through pictures and prose of a vast array of gardens and garden plants. Plant groups such as Acacia, Fuchsia, Campanula, Galanthus, conifers, and others have been treated with almost monographic coverage. And on occasion there have been reports of unusual plants, such as Welwitschia mimbilis and Amorphophallus titanum that flowered for the first time in this country and were ther.efore events worth noting in the Magazine.

The merger of 1960 with the American Horticultural Council was the most significant event in the Society's first half century. Along with its already highly reputable Magazine, the merger brought a number of new programs and new talent. Programs on the environment and the Plant Records Center, for example, have brought a significant new dimension to the Society's sphere of influence. While individual membership continues to be the backbone of the Society, pro­ grams are aimed as much to the numerous horticultural organizations of the country as to the individual member.

It was never the object of the Society to function for science, but rather to let science function for the Society. Laboratory results per se usually have not been reported in the Magazine, yet it has always welcomed interpretative results from research that could be understood and used by the non-professional reader. The intellectual and scholarly approach of the professional continues to give much needed strength and backing to the Society, its publications, and programs.

It had been the original intent of the Editorial Committee to publish a com­ plete history of the Society in this issue of the Magazine. Space limitations, how­ ever, precluded that possibility. The result may fall short of what might have been ideal. Yet the present account will be useful in that it provides an oppor­ tunity to bring together for the first time i_nformation from many scattered sources. Still missing are the minutes of the AHS from 1922 to 1926 and for a period from 1937 through 1948; otherwise, the complete minutes and Society publications have been perused in the preparation of this account.

In particular, we would like to thank Hamilton P. Traub, V. David Lumsden, Paul Bauer, Freeman Weiss, Ivan N. Anderson, Mrs. Francis Patteson-Knight, Mrs. Grace P. Wilson, Donald Wyman, Russell J. Seibert, Richard P. White, Fred C. Galle, George S. Slate, R . C. Allen, and John H. Walker for contributing valu­ able information and without whose help this short history could not have been written.

The past presidents of the Society should also be thanked, as well as relatives of deceased presidents for supplying photographs. This is the first time that photographs of all presidents, except two, have been brought together. Photo­ graphs of Furman L. Mulford and Wm. Holland Wilmer could not be traced.

It had been decided earlier to dedicate Volume 50 of the Magazine to some prominent individual or individuals of the Society. But this was not feasible, when, after all, the Society from the beginning has always been the product and the result of many individuals working together. Therefore, Volume 50 is dedi­ cated to all those who in many capacities have given devoted and often sustained service to The American Horticultural Society, many of whom are mentioned in the pages that fo llow.

FALL 197 1 I S] Before the Merger of 1926

The National Horticultural Society The Society established two National Hamilton P. Traub was one of the Chapters, The Native Flora Chapter with headquarters in Cripple Creek, Col­ prime organizers of The National Hor­ ticultural Society and the first editor of orado and a Nature Study Chapter in The National Horticultural Magazine. Utica, New York. Traub conceived the idea of a nation­ A committee was established on no­ al organization in a series of articles menclature, registration, and evaluation published in the Flower Grower maga­ for the purpose of coordinating all plant zine, idealized under the title of Garden­ registration in the country. According to Lore Society. this plan, national organizations, such as When the subject was explained to a the rose, peony, and iris societies would group with similar interests, concrete register their own plant groups, and The steps were taken to organize what de­ National Horticultural Society would veloped into The National Horticultural register all Iplants not registered by the Society at Henning, Minnesota in 1922. national society. Registration was to in­ The original trustee officers of The clude new plant species, as well as horti­ National Horticultural Society were cultural varieties. However, the only reg­ Axel A. Tervola, President; Hamilton P. istrations actually recorded were two Traub, Editor-Secretary; Eric B. Magnus­ new species, Rudbeckia intermedia and son, Treasurer; John F. Traub, General­ Dodecatheon lutescens published in the Counsel. The object of the society was Magazine according to the American for "the increase and diffusion of horti­ Code of Nomenclature by which new cultural knowledge, and the stimulation plant species could be published in Eng­ of universal interest in horticulture." It lish without a Latin diagnosis. was envisioned that the Society would The Society undertook to establish the take its place in America side by side John Bartram Medal honoring Ameri­ with the National Horticultural Society ca's first great horticulturist. The ob­ of France and The Royal Horticultural verse view, designed by Hamilton P. Society of Great Britain. Traub showing an American elm was The National Horticultural Society reproduced once in Volume 2, Number began with a number of grandiose plans, 4 of The National Horticultural Maga­ few of which were realized, primarily zine, but the medal was never actually ~ec~use of its early merger with a very cast or awarded. SImilar organization which had been concurrently formed in Washington The American Horticultural Society D.C. Thirteen regional vice presiden ts were established for all parts of the Concurrent with the founding of The country, including Canada and the Phil­ National Horticultural Society in Min­ ippi?es for th.e 'purpose of coordinating nesota, the American Horticultural So­ hortIcultural lOterests and to provide a ciety, was being formed in Washington, source of material for publication in the D.C. in 1922. In the early 1920's, a small Magazine. There was also an early effort group of dedicated horticulturists and to seek cooperation with state and local plant scientists, some of them profession­ horticultural SOCletles, such as the al people and some of them amateurs, North Dakota State Horticultural Soci­ would gather once a month in the audi­ ety, the Galesburg [Illinois] Horticul­ torium of the Old National Museum tural Society and the Grand Forks Hor­ [Smithsonian Institution] in Washing­ ticultural Society of Grand Forks, North ton, D.C., to hear a lecture on horticul­ Dakota. ture.

152 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Faithful in attendance were the found­ year in Washington, D.C. The guaran­ ers of the Society, Frederick V. Covi1le, tors were always pleased that the Society botanist with the U.S. Department of absorbed all the expenses and there was Agriculture; David Lumsden, horticul­ often a little profit left for the Society. turist with the Federal Horticultural The Fourth Annual Spring Flower Board and first secretary of the Society Exhibition of 1927, held in the Ba1lroom (1922-1926) ; D. Victor Lumsden (son of of Hotel Washington, was of interest David), Peter Bisset and his son David, because, as Mr. Ivan Anderson relates: and F. L. Mulford, 2nd President of the "It was the year and the day, June II, Society, a1l horticulturists with the Bu­ 1927, that Charles Lindberg came to reau of Plant Industry. Washington. Mrs. Grace Coolidge was Others were Freeman Weiss, plant pa­ supposed to open our show, and she thologist with the U.S.D.A.; Otto Bauer, insisted that she was going to go through manager of S. S. Pennock, wholesale with it in spite of the hub-bub. florist in Washington, D.C., and treasurer "She notified us the morning of the of the Society; Paul Bauer, horticulturist show that she could give us about fifteen with S. S. Pennock; Joseph A. Herbert, miI'lutes for the opening ceremonies but Jr., real estate man and amateur horti­ that she would be two hours early. She culturist; David Griffith, breeder of lilies; a ppeared before we had the show in and J. Marion Shull of the USD.A. order and went through with the open­ Others included A. F. Woods; Mr. and ing in spite of the fact that there was Mrs. Hurtle of Gunston Hall, Virginia; almost no one present but the workers Captain and Mrs. Chester Wells of rather than the more lovely crush of Land's End; Dr. and Mrs. Whitman people expected to be in attendance for Cross with their friend and gardener, the opening ceremonies. Mr. Hanson, rosarians of note; William "The First Lady was most charming Gray, superintendent at Dumbarton and sorry that she could not give us the Oaks in Washington, D.C., and Ivan N. full time that she had planned, but she Anderson, nurseryman and landscape ar­ had to go off immediately to the enor­ chitect in Arlington, Virginia. mous celebration that had been worked Some of the Society's founders are no out on the spur of the moment to honor longer with us and others, such as Lindberg." Freeman Weiss, Paul Bauer, D. Victor In 1928 the Society joined with the Lumsden, and Ivan N. Anderson have American Peony Society to stage a highly since retired from official duties iI'l hor­ successful International Peony Show in ticulture or its allied fields but still fol­ Washington, D.C. Most of the garden low horticultural activities. clubs of the area used their allotted Attendance at these early meetings spaces to display various garden effects. grew to over a hundred. At the organiza­ Peonies that had been in cold storage for tion meeting in September 1922, a con­ weeks before the show were brought in stitution and by-laws were drawn up. from all over the country. Someone had Fifty members paid dues. At the follow­ contacted Mrs. Pierre S. DuPont of iI'lg meeting, the group voted for officers Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, and accepted the constitution and by­ Pennsylvania. She exhibi ted what the laws. A. F. Woods, a distinguished agri­ newspapermen tagged as a ten thousand cultural scientist, then President of the dollar orchid. In addition she sent down University of Maryland, was elected quite a representative collection of un­ President; David Lumsden, Secretary; usual orchids that brought immense and Otto Bauer, Treasurer. crowds to the Willard Hotel ballroom. Beginning in 1924, the Society staged its First Annual Spring Flower Exhibi­ The Merger of June 15,1926' tioI'l . These annual shows were contin­ The union of the Minnesota and the ued for several years and eventually be­ W ashington, D.C. groups had been came the outstanding flower show of the planned shortly after each was formed in

FALL 1971 15-3 1922. The January 1923 issue of the Society's history. At the executive com· Magazine, for example, indicated that mittee meeting of August 9, 1951, for permanent headquarters would be es­ example, C. O. Erlanson, then treasurer, tablished in Washington, D.C. A merg­ recorded that the only way the Society er committee consisting of Hamilton P. could keep its finances from collapsing Traub as Chairman, Fannie Mahood was to have a continuous membership Heath, and A. L. Traux, was formed by drive lest the Society become financially The National Horticultural Society and defunct sometime within the n.ext year. a similar committee was formed by the Somehow the Society survived. Finan­ American Horticultural Society. After cially, the Society always seemed to be in much debate, with give and take on both a state of distress. Had it not been for sides, Qoth organizations finally agreed to staunch ·friends like John Ferguson of unite on the 15th of June 1926. The the Monumental Printing Company in preamble of the new constitution jointly Baltimore, and others along the way, the adopted, dearly stated the purpose of situation might have worsened. In 1954, the union: "In order to further the best a legacy of nearly sixteen thousand dol­ interests of American horticulture The lars from the estate of Furman L. Mul­ National Horticultural Society and the ford, second President of the Society, American Horticultural Society have helped to stabilize the finq.Jlcial situation joined forces in a single organization to for a brief period. Someone, it seems, carryon the life and traditions of both always has come to the rescue when the organizations more effectively". Society is down. The new Society became the Ameri. The Society, however, did have mem­ can Horticultural Society with head­ bers, although never enough, a presti­ quarters in Washington, D.C. and The gious Magazine, a Board of Direct9rs, National Horticultural Magazine contino several committees, plus a number of ued as the official publication of the affiliated horticultural organizations. Society. The title of the Magazine was Also the Society loaned books from its retained so that the name "National" library to members. The library in 197 I would be within, the organization. consists of about two thousand volumes. Following the merger the new Society In 1959, a seed distribution service was started off with 500 members. Officers initiated mainly through the labors of were Furman L. Mulford, President; Mrs. Francis Patteson-Knight of Mrs. Fannie Mahood Heath, First Vice McLean, Virginia with the help of Mrs. President; H. A. Fiebing, Second Vice Grace P. Wilson of Bladensburg, Mary­ President; D. Victor Lumsden, Secre­ land. Since the first distribution of 1959, tary; and Otto Bauer, Treasurer. the Society each year continues to dis­ With only 500 members, the Society tribute to its members, free, a limited desperately needed more recruits. As the quantity of seeds of plants, some quite Secretary D. Victor Lumsden indicated unusual kinds, which are not found in in Volume 5 of the Magazine, "It is by the ordinary seed catalogues. building up a large organization of per­ The Silver Medal, the oldest of the sons in all walks of horticulture that the Society's medals, was awarded originally American Horticultural Society can be­ in 1938 and for a number of years there­ come the power that it should be in this after, to the Garden Club of Virginia's country." Until shortly before a later annual Lily Show. merger with the American Horticultural Special gold medals have been award­ Council in 1960, the Society continued ed only once in the Society's history, to as a relatively small organization with B. Y. Morrison and to Frederic P. Lee for few membership services. Its primary outstanding service to the Society. Mrs. function was the issuance of The Na­ Robert Woods Bliss of Dumbarton Oaks tional Horticultural Magazine. in Washington, D.C. had been an officer Finances were a constant concern as and supporter of the Society for many they have always been throughout the years, and it was largely through her·

154 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY efforts that the gold medals were award­ Society from 1931 to 1935, became first ed. The ceremony took place during the president of the new American HorticuL annual meeting of the Society at Dum­ tural Council in 1946. From 1948 until barton Oaks on May 2, 1959. The the end of 1959 the Council served as a awarding of the medals, specially cast for forceful coordinating organization fo r the occasion, was a highlight of the horticulture in this country. memorable affair. The Council was founded to benefit all horticulture, not just one segment. The American Horticultural Council But unlike other organizations, the At the centenary banquet of the Penn­ Council set about to be the parent orga­ sylvania Horticultural Society of Novem­ nization of all horticultural interests ber 1927, Dr. J. Horace McFarland an­ generally in this country. The aim of the nounced a movement toward a union of Council was to work for the organiza­ all horticultural interests in this country tional members. It was in effect, an orga­ under the name of "United Horticul­ nization of organizations, and counted ture." The survey was conducted by a among its members 120 associations committee consisting of Mrs. Francis which together had several hundred Crowninshield, Paul C. Stark, Alfred thousand members. There were only Hottes, David Burpee, J. C. Wister, and about 50 "individual" members. The Robert Pyle, as Chairman. This led to aim of the Council was to work for the the founding of the American Horticul­ organizational members. tural Council, Inc. at Cleveland, Ohio Once a year the Council announced in 1946. its annual Congress, and at that time Liberty Hyde Bailey's keynote address individual members from the various at that First American Horticultural affiliated societies and organizations Congress in Cleveland sparked the drive around the country would get together which established the Council on a firm for several days for a grand pow-wow of footing. Under the symbol for "United horticulture. The operation of member Horticulture" the Council was estab­ organizations was never touched. It was lished to "unite by friendly association through the Congress and various nation­ leaders in the American horticultural al programs that the Council exercised world." The Council intended through its influence most effectively. The nu­ the coordination of their knowledge, ex­ merous programs of the Council tended perience, and ideas, not only to solve to pull all American horticultural orga­ problems common to all but also to nizations closer together. advance public appreciation of their ma­ The following programs were the terial and spiritual values. principal actIVltIeS initiated by the Membership in the Council would Council and all are functioning in cur­ permit, for example, the Rose Society to rent programs of The American Horti­ communicate better with the Peony So­ cultural Society: ciety and with other plant societies The Annual American Horticultural across the country. L. H. Bailey ex­ Congress. The first annual Congress was pressed the hope "that a great United held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1946 and the Horticulture might have a speaker sig­ 26th in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 197 1. nify what is best, get people together Following the first meeting, the Congress to talk matters over, to hear a speaker h as been h eld annually in ci ties from who can pronounce sound opinions with coast to coas t as envisaged by Liberty authority, to bring plants and com pare H yde Bailey "for the purpose of uniting them, what their merits and demerits all the various horticultural groups into are. It is a wonderful thing to bring one common body." T he roster of speak­ together this h armony of understand­ ers at the ann ual congresses have in­ ing." cl uded the country's leading horticultur­ Mr. R obert Pyle, who had been Pres­ ists and plan t scientists-Liberty H yde ident of T he American Horticultural Bailey, H arold B. Tukey, Don ald Wy-

F ALL 197 1 155 Medals of the Society

LIBERTY HYDE BAILEY MEDAL The Liberty Hyde Bailey is the highest honor the. Amer­ can Horticultural Society can convey to an individual. It is awarded to a resident of the North American Conti­ nent who has made a significant contribution in at least three of the following areas of horticultural activity: teaching, research, writing, editing, plant exploration, administration, art, business, and leadership. A pioneer­ ing spirit in service, rather than pure achievement, is given special emphasis in the selection of recipients. The award which was initiated by the American Horti­ culture Council in 1958 cannot be given more than once yearly.

RECIPIENTS

John C. Wister Benjamin Yoe Morrison H. Harold Hume (1958) (1959) (1960)·

Henry l'euscher Norman Taylor Robert Moses William C. Steere Alex Laurie (1962) ( 1963) (1964) (1965) (1966)

Harold B. Tukey Georg eM. Da "OW George H. M. Lawrence Aubrey C . Hildreth Donald Wyman (191)7) (1968) (1969) (197IJ) (1971)

'The Liberty Hyde Bailey Medal was not awarded in 1961. Fred eri c P. Lee

GOLD MEDAL The Gold Medal can be presented to persons FOR OUTSTANDING SERVICE TO THE SOCIETY. Only two presentations have been made in the history of the AHS. On May 2, 1959, during a memorable meeting held at Dumbarton Oaks, the medals were presented to Benjamin Y. Morrison and to Frederic P. Lee. The medals had been specially cast for the occasion.

SILVER AND BRONZE MEDALS The Society's Bronze and Silver Medals are of­ fered at major flower shows of national, state, and regional organizations who are members of the Society. The awards are given for collections and not for arrangements. The Silver Medal is presented at national flower shows for a collection of 24 cultivars or species. Each individual specimen must rate a blue rib­ bon. The oldest medal offered by the Society, it was first awarded in 1938. The Bronze Medal is presented at state or re­ gional shows for a collection of 12 species or cultivars, each of which must rate a blue ribbon.

FALL 1971 157 man, Wm. J . Robbins, R. C. Allen, ing the annual Congress. The Council George H. M. Lawrence, Wendell H. also presented citations to outstanding Camp, Henry T. Skinner, Richard P. horticulturists beginning in 1953 and White, and Nobel Laureate, George W. AHS has continued this awards program. Beadle, to mention a few. Registration and Nomenclature. A Proceedings of the Annual Congress. commission was set up in 1947 with J. This was a very important publication of Franklin Styer as chairman. Tbe first the Council each year following the con­ report at the third American Horticul­ gress. The proceedings contained all that tural Congress at Ithaca, N .Y. in 1948 had been accomplished at the Congress, was concerned chiefly with proposals on together with the names of participants a revision of the International Botanical and short reports from committees and Rules related to horticulture. The next member organizations. The proceedings Chairman, Wendell H. (Red) Camp be­ formed the most important legacy of the came heavily involved in background Council as a testimonial of its accom­ work that culminated in the Internation­ plishments. Publication of Congress pro­ al Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated ceedings has been on an irregular basis Plants, published in 1953. The next since the 1960 merger. Chairman, George H. M. Lawrence, A.H.C. News. At irregular intervals, worked diligently as the Council's Amer­ the Council published a news bulletin ican representative on the International which contained council news, plus Commission of Nomenclature and Regis­ items of national interest relative to ac­ tration of Cultivated Plants and the In­ tivities of leading horticultural societies ternational Horticultural Committee. and personalities across the country. This work culminated in the Interna­ Affiliated Organizations. Groups affili­ tional Code of Nomenclature for Culti­ ated with the Council were the back­ vated plants which was published in bone of that organization. The purpose 1961. of the American Horticultural Council Following the AHS merger of 1960, the as a coordinating body was to bring work of the old commission on registra­ together the multitudinous horticultural tion and nomenclature was largely dis­ organizations in the country under the persed to other agencies. However, the shield of one supra-organization. By Society has been most recently rep­ 1960, the Council consisted of 120 affili­ resented in these matters by Dr. Harold ated organizations. In 1971, 177 horticul­ B. Tukey on the Council of the Interna­ tural organizations are affiliated with tional Society for Horticultural Science, The American Horticultural Society. and by Dr. Mildred Mathias on The International Horticultural Activities. International Commission for the No­ The Council eX/pected to be a liaison menclature of Cultivated Plants of the with horticultural activities abroad. In International Union of Biological 1959 under the chairmanship of Dr. Sciences. Both representatives and their Russell J. Seibert, the Council partici­ predecessors worked on matters relating pated in the "Floriade" in Rotterdam, to the International Code of Nomencla­ Holland. Also in 1959, the Council, with ture of Cultivated Plants, published in Dr. Harold B. Tukey as Chairman, initi­ 1969 and its earlier editions of 1961 and ated action which resulted in the hold­ 1953. The Council and the Society have ing of the XVII International Horticul­ long served as American distributors of tural Congress at College Park, Mary­ the Code, which has had a profound land in 1966. influence on procedures on names, nam­ Awards and Citations. The Council ing, and registration of cultivated plants. initiated the Liberty Hyde Bailey Medal Plant Hardiness Zone Map. In 1953, a in 1958, and the first recipient was Dr. Council committee, with Dr. Henry T. John C. Wister of Swarthmore, Pennsyl­ Skinner as chairman, undertook the vania. The medal is the highest award of preparation of a plant hardiness zone AHS and continues to be presented dur- map based upon recommendations of

158 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the American Association of Nursery­ adequate funding could not be derived men. The map proposed would be more from the organizational members. Indi­ detailed, especially for local areas of vidual membership offered more lu­ the country, than .existing maps. The crative promise. map, published in 1960' by the United The Council was not set up to service States Department of Agriculture in co­ individual members except on an altruis­ operation with The American Horticul­ tic basis. A parallel organization was tural Society, has become the standard of more experienced in this area and dual its kind for all parts of continental members of the Council and of The United States. American Horticultural Society began to Nickerson Color Fan. This was first discuss the merits of bringing these two available on September 15, 1957 through organizations together. a $3,000 grant from the Longwood Foundation. The fan became a standard The Merger of 1960 for general color evaluation and went Deliberations went on for nearly four through several printings, the latest in years before it was decided to merge the 1960, under the auspices of The Ameri­ American Horticultural Council and can Horticultural Society. An earlier col­ The American Horticultural Society. On or chart, The Flower Color Detector, January 6, 1960 a union was finally con­ was published by the Council in 1954, summated under the continuing name of and was based on the Wanscher Color The American Horticultural Society. Chart by a Danish color expert. Prior to the merger The American Standards and Ethics. This committee Horticultural Society had been primarily was formed by the Council to establish a an organization of individuals with a code of horticultural standards for the number of affiliated societies and associa­ country, and especially to oppose misrep­ tions. Its primary function had been the resentatioFi in horticultural advertising. issuance of The National Horticultural The comm,ittee met with a modicum of Magazine. success and the fight still continues. In The new constitution and by-laws con­ 1968, under Mr. John Patek, this com­ tained the best policies and most cher­ mittee was helpful insetting up stand­ ished ideals of the two organizations. ards for the grading of peat. The important concept "to promote and Other activities of the Council inher­ encourage national interest in scientific ited by The American Horticultural So­ research and education in horticulture ciety at the time of the merger, included in all of its branches" continued as the committees on research, horticultural aim of the Society. The motto "For education, garden writers association, United Horticulture" appears on the and long range planning. masthead of the Magazine in the spirit as The Garden Writer's Association of originally proposed by Robert Pyle. America, originally sponsored by the The Society is indebted to Mr. Freder­ American Horticultural Council, was ic P. Lee for his legal advice in drawing promoted originally by Robert Pyle who up the document which led to the mer­ felt that such an organization would be ger. A highly successful lawyer in Wash­ useful in publicizing the Council's activi­ ington, D.G., he has been given credit ties. The Garden Writers are still active for keeping the merger talks from bog­ at the annual Congress and continue to ging down, perhaps interminably. Mr. promote the best interests of the Society. Lee served the Society, not only on legal Ideologically, the Council did offer matters, but also as a member of the Edi­ vast and worthy programs for the whole torial Committee from 1956 onwards, of horticulture in this country. It be­ and as a member of the Board of Direc­ came increasingly evident, however, that wrs for several years. Mr. Lee had devel­ more money would be needed than was oped a keen interest in horticulture and coming in to accomplish all the projects especially in azaleas. He is perhaps best contemplated. It was also evident that known for his Azalea Book, first pub-

FALL 1971 159 lished in 1958 with a second edition in kind established for the documentation 1965. on computer tape of plant record files of In general the merger was profitable the major arboreta and botanic gardens in that it brought a spirit of com­ in this country. pleteness the Society had not formerly In 1965, the Society became co-sponsor possessed-new programs and new talent of the Colonial Williamsburg Garden to go along with the horticulturally es­ Symposium at its 19th meeting at teemed Magazine. Also, the merger Williamsburg, Virginia. Co-sponsorshiJp brought some modest new funding of the Clara B. Ford Garden Forum at which helped temporarily. Dearborn, Michigan began with the 9th A severe financial crisis developed in Annual Forum in 1970. These affilia­ 1961 and Dr. Donald Wyman, whp was tions with the best known garden sym­ then the President, came to Washington, posiums in the country fit closely with D.C. to try to find a solution to the press­ the objectives of the Society and help ing problems. The one bright spot was bring about closer ties with people in that Mrs. Grace P. Wilson volunteered to horticulture and with horticultural orga­ run the office. She came daily to the nizations across the country. Bladensburg Road headquarters, fre­ In the area of international cooper­ quently with her husband and daughter ation, the Society was one of the princi­ Grace Murphy. Mrs. Wilson tended to pal sponsors of the XVII International the full load of Society business from Horticultural Congress held at the Uni­ 1962 to late 1967, without compensation versity of Maryland at College Park, Au­ other than expenses. Upon her retire­ gust 15-20, 1966. In the spring of 1959, ment, a resolution recorded the unani­ Dr. Harold B. Tukey was chairman of mous appreciation of the Society's officers an American Horticultural Council com­ and directors. mittee that invited the Congress to The Society's most important project meet in the United States. Acceptance of of the 1960's was the development of the this invitation by the International Com­ Plant Records Center funded by succes­ mittee resulted in the Congress being sive grants from The Longwood Founda­ held in this country. Dr. Tukey was the tion. The idea for the Plant Records Cen­ Congress chairman under the auspices ter was developed during the XVII Inter­ of The American Horticultural Society. national Horticultural Congress held in On December 1, 1967 Mrs. Elizabeth August 1966 at the University of Mary­ G. Eastburn became Executive Director, land. At that time, Mr. Robert MacDon­ and her husband, Glenn, Finance Officer, ald presented a paper entitled "The Ap­ shortly before headquarters were moved plication of Electronic Data Processing to Calvert House in Washington, D.C. Methods to Botanical Gardens and Ar­ The Eastburns, with a vast store of boreta Records." organizational experience behind them, At one time the American Association acted as catalysts, especially in revitaliz­ of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta was ing national Committee activities and in delegated the sponsorship of establishing helping to establish important new pro­ a pilot project, which was initially fund­ grams. The Eastburns resigned toward ed- by 12 botanic gardens. When the the end of 1970 after receiving a Distin­ project was turned over to the Society at guished Service Citation at the 25th the 1967 Congress at Cleveland, Ohio, Congress in Miami Beach, Florida. Dr. Richard A. Howard became Chair­ Mr. O. Keister Evans became the new man of the Plant Records Center Com­ Executive Director in late November, mittee. Two grants, the first for $90,000 1970 and is currently in charge of ex­ in 1968 and a second for $286,230 in ,panded headquarters in Alexandria, Vir­ 1970 allowed the Society to establish the ginia. Plant Records Center at the Tyler Ar­ As the first 50 years come to a close, boretum, with Robert D. MacDonald as the image and direction of- the Society Director. The project was the first of its are taking on new forms. The role of

160 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY horticulture in programs related to en­ copy. Hamilton P. Traub was editor. vironmental quality and a better way of The Magazine was little more than a life for mankind has become an impor­ leaflet published irregularly, each issue tant influencing factor in the activities consisting usually of four or wp to six and directional trends of the Society. pages; altogether the first four volumes Special emphasis on programs de­ consisted of only thirty-six pages. With signed to mitigate urban visual pollu­ an impending merger (consummated in tion has generated widespread support 1926) with the American Horticultural in private and public areas. Because of Society in Washington, D.C., hopefully, a particular interest in this area, the this would bring more activity along Scaife family of Pittsburgh issued, late in with an expanded publication. 1970, a grant of $75,000 to be used over Early issues of the Magazine consisted a three-year period to expand the So­ chiefly of short articles on gardening, ciety's programs related to environmen­ garden notes about plants, and wild flow­ ers. The lead article in Vol 1, No.1 for tal quality. Late in 1971, the Urban 1922 was entitled "North Dakota Wild Mass Transportation Administration of Flowers in Cultivation" by Fannie Ma­ the U . S. Department of Transportation hood Heath of Grand Forks, N.D., the awarded the Society $29,900 to be used first Vice President and one of the found­ in developing' a manua.l illustrating ers of The National Horticultural Soci­ proper horticultural development of ety. public transportation facilities with spe­ In Washington D.C., the American cial emphasis on the environmental Horticultural Society, founded in 1922 adaptability of plants to selected sites. with objectives similar to those of The The Society has received tentative ap­ National Horticultural Society, had ini­ proval for two other grants for the tiated various programs including lec­ furtherance of specific environmental tures, flower shows, and a proposed jour­ programs. nal. The lectures given in those early These and other grants; the publica­ days of AHS were often papers based on tion of a special issue of the magazine original research. The worth of these devoted to plants and pollution and the studies was so well recognized that the role of the Society in the environmental Society hoped to publish as much of the crisis; the outstanding success of the material as its financial state would per­ 26th American Horticultural Congress; mit. Four bulletins were published be­ and, the sharp upward trend in individ­ fore the 1926 merger: Bulletin No.1, an ual membership experienced in 1971, all illustrated monograph called "The Effect indicate a generally heightened interest of Aluminum Sulphate on Rhododen­ in the far-reaching programs of horticul­ dron Seedlings" by Frederick V. Coville ture in the United States. of the U.S.D.A., published March 24, 1923 ; Bulletin No.2, "Roses For America" Publications byF. L. Mulford, published April 1, 1925; Magazine Bulletin No.3, "Insect Pests of Our Gar­ The primary function of the Society den Plants and Their Control" by C. A. before the merger of the American Hor­ Weigel, published April, 1926; and Bul­ ticultural Council in 1960, was the issu­ letin No.4, "Soil Reaction in Relation ance tj£ The National HOTticultural to Horticulture," by Edgar T. Wherry, Magazine. The Society, however, had published in May 1926. issued yearbooks, handbooks (as part of As these significant papers were the Magazine) , and a news bulletin. presented and published, the Society be­ The first number of The National gan to plan for a journal to be issued at Horticultural Magazine, a publication of regular intervals and to present scholarly The National Horticultural Society of articles on horticulture. One of the Henning, Minnesota, was first published problems in planning for such an under­ in August 1922. It sold for 25 cents per taking was procuring a competent edi-

FALL 1971 161 tor. In this regard, D. Victor Lumsden avenue of the Society'S success as an writes that "It is a source of satisfaction, organization. that I was able to persuade B. Y. Mor­ Ben found a printer in Washington, rison to undertake edi torshi'P of the pro­ D.C., but the shop was small and without posed magazine." adequate equipment and entirely with­ The most important result of the mer­ out knowledge of horticultural or bo­ ger was the retention of The National tanical names. Among other annoying Horticultural Magazine under the new problems it was often difficult to get the American Horticultural Society. In a manuscripts proofread. completely new format, the Magazine A more qualified printer was found resumed publication with Volume 5, un­ in Baltimore-John Ferguson of the der B. Y. Morrison, as chairman of the Monumental Printing Company. The Editorial Committee. Others on the Baltimore firm was aware of the Society'S committee included V. E. Grotlisch, P. financial state, but was willing to take on L. Ricker, L. Marion Shull, and John P. the printing of the Magazine. That was Schumacher. in 1932. The Monumental Printing When the AHS was organized in 1922, Company has printed every volume since Ben Morrison had not become a mem­ that time. ber and was not even casually interested In 1934 Society headquarters were set in the organization. The incident that up in the Washington Loan and Trust brought him into the Society was typical Building where Ben carried on his edi­ of Morrison. torial work in off hours from hi·s official According to Mr. Ivan Anderson, a duties with the U .S. Department of Agri­ long-time friend and associate of Mor­ culture. He persuaded the American Iris rison, "~en had been selected as a judge Society to share office expenses and a for one of the Society sponsored flower part-time secretary was hired, whose sala­ shows in Washington, D.C. As a judge he ry Ben assumed for the most part. stood firmly on the classification of a The Editor spent long hours writing certain peony and caused a little un­ to people all over the country for Mag(L­ pleasantness. The feelings of some of the zine copy. Ben was particularly inter­ people iHvolved were hurt. Until that ested in developing that section known time, all efforts to get him interested in as "The Gardener's Pocketbook" which the Society had failed. But the peony was a popular ·feature. He accepted only judging incident helped make Ben real­ material considered to be scientifically ize that he could be of great help to the sound and original by people of experi­ organization. His joining the Society in ence and dedication to horticulture. He 1924 did smooth some of the feathers insisted that everything concerning the that had been rumed." Magazine meet his standards, which ex­ Volume 5 of the new Magazine for tended to the chore of preparing the 1926 consisted of only 16 pages. With original linoleum cuts for the cover. Volume 6, the Magazine acquired Mor­ Some of the cuts were used several times rison's style and format which continued as cover subjects when his official duties without a break or major change for 27 left him no time to make new ones. It years. As an artist Ben Morrison excelled was Ben Morrison's high standards that in his drawings of horticultural subjects. set the Magazine apart from other hor­ His linoleum block prints were the Mag­ ticultural publications in this country. azine's hallmark and his line drawings of By profession, Morrison was a horti­ daffodils and other plants frequently culturist and landscape architect. He took used in the Magazine always lent a cer­ his undergraduate work at the Universi­ tain intimacy and charm to the publica­ ty of California and a master's degree in tion. landscape architecture from Harvard The Board of Directors gave Ben all University in 1915. After a stint as a 2nd the support he wanted because this pub­ Lieutenant in World War 1, he practiced lication was looked upon as the principal land~cape architecture in New York City

162 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY for a time. In 1920 he went with the U.S. of Great Britain. Department of Agriculture as assistant to The articles in the Magazine have David Fairchild, and remained with the always been "authoritative" as Ben Mor­ Department until retirement in 1951. rison would have sajd, and those of Ben Morrison showed talent in nearly twenty and thirty years ago are still as everything he did or ever tried to do. He good as the day they were written. Arti­ was articulate and a man of singular cles devoted to single plant groups have purpose and action. He was basically always been a feature, the first, "Acacias kind and could be charming and witty, in California" by Katherine D. Jones, but at times he could be quite intracta­ was published in the January 1933 issue. ble to those with whom he disagreed. Often referred to as "portfolio" articles, And this trait often caused difficulties. plant grOUIpS such as Acacia, Fuchsia, Yet, he was loved and almost worshiped Campanula, Galanthus, Hosta and coni­ by many people who knew him well. fers were chosen for photographic cover­ He gained an outstanding reputation age with text material completing the as a breeder of ornamental plants, and photo story. his Glenn Dale and Back Acres azalea Morrison's charming linoleum block hybrids are now well known and widely prints, which had been a cover feature of grown in this country. He was interested the Magazine for 27 years, were discon­ in bulbs, especially Narcissus, and his tinued with completion of Volume 33. drawings of these plants were often seen With Volume 34, the Magazine featured in the Magazine. The Daffodil Hand­ a new colored cover as background for book of January 1966 was dedicated to black and white photographs or drawings him. of plants. Subject matter, however, was Under Morrison, the Magazine soon not changed. In 1955 a seal of the Society attracted the leading horticultural writ­ was established for use on all publica­ ers of the country. To read the back tions and other communications from issues is like reading a Who's Who of the Society. horticulture. It would be hard to single Mr. Morrison had requested on sever­ out authors, but a few of the more al occa~ions, to be relieved as Editor of frequent contributors included: Helen the Magazine. As an unpaid employee 0'£ M. Fox (herbs); Mary G. Henry (trees the Society, the work as Editor along and shrubs) ; Robert Senior (wild plants with his official duties as Director of the and Campanulaceae); Lester Rowntree U.S. National Arboretum, was altogether (California natives); Bernard Harkness too demanding. To relieve the problem, (rock gardens); Clement G. Bowers an Editorial Committee consisting of C. (azaleas and rhododendrons); O. F.' O. Erlanson, John L. Creech, Frederick Cook (palms); Donald Wyman (tr:ees o. Coe, and Frederic P. Lee, Chairman, and shrubs) ; Frederic P. Lee (azaleas); was established in 1956 to help Mr. J. L. Creech (shrubs and plant ex­ Morrison. This arrangement continued ploration); Edwin Menninger (tropical until 1964 when Mr. Morrison retired to plants) . complete a span of 37 years as Editor of Morrison himself was a constant con­ the Magazine. Since 1964 the Editorial tributor and rarely missed an issue writ­ Committee has assumed the full burden ing for the Gardener's Pocketbook. The of Society publications. In 1968, Freder­ high caliber of the Magazine soon placed ick G. Meyer became Editor and Chair­ it alongside research journals for thor­ man of the Editorial Committee. oughness and accuracy of subject cover­ Following Mr. Morrison's death in age. It is one of the few American horti­ 1966, the U.S. Departmen t of Agricul­ cultural journals which has been consist­ ture established the B. Y. Morrison ently referenced by the international Memorial Lectureship in his honor. As Index Londonensis, a compendium of First Lady, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson plant illustrations, published under aus­ delivered the first Memorial Lecture on pices of The Royal Horticultural Society June 26, 1968 in Portland, Oregon. Her

FALL 1971 163 subject was beautification. Subsequent were followed in 1942 by a Year Book lectures have been delivered by Patrick published in this country jointly by .he Horsbrugh at Clevelanq Ohio, June 3, AHS and The Royal Horticultural Soci­ 1969; by Arie Van Haagen-Smit at ety of Great Britain. The AHS Daffodil Williamsburg, Virginia, April 24, 1970; and Tulip Committee, on the other and by Ian L. McHarg at Portland, Ore­ hand, was not directly responsible for gon, March 10, 1971. the formation of The American Daffodil Society, founded in 1953, largely Handbooks through an article in Popular Gardening Handbooks have been one of the most written by Paul Frese. attractive and informative features of the In 1937 a Lily Committee, with Magazine. These books are devoted to a Georg@ L. Slate as Chairman, was single plant group, authored and edited formed by the Society. The first Ameri­ by experts. To date the Society has pub­ can Lily Year Book for 1939, published lished nine handbooks: Penstemon (Jan. under the Lily Committee's aegis, was 1951); The Azalea Handbook (Jan. edited by L. H. MacDaniels. T he Lily 1952); Vegetative Propagation (Jan. Year Books for 1940, 1942, and 1946 1954); The Tree Peonies (Jan. 1955); were edited by George L. Slate. Follow­ Handbook of Hollies (Jan. 1957) ; Culti­ ing the 1946 Lily Year Book, the AHS vated Palms Handbook (Jan. 1961); Daf­ Lily Committee was abandoned. fodil Handbook (Jan. 1966); Daylily The North American Lily Society was Handbook (Spring, 1968) ; Handbook of the result of a spin-off from the AHS Hollies (Fall, 1970). These useful hand­ Lily Committee. In 1947 a group 1:onsist­ books have brought considerable prestige ing of George L. Slate, L. H. MacDan­ to the Society and are in common use by iels, Samuel Emsweller, Robert Stewart, both amateur and professional horticul­ and Phil Brierly organized the North turists. American Lily Society as an independent organization. In 1947 the Lily Yearbook Books was first published and has continued on "The Peonies" edited by John C. Wis­ a yearly basis to the present time. ter in 1962, was a book published sepa­ rately by the Society. It covered both the News Bulletin herbaceous and tree peonies. Earlier a The Society never had a news bulletin handbook on The Tree Peonies, by John until the' 1950's when it became appar­ C. Wister and Harold E. Wolfe, was ent that new ways of communicating published in the January 1955 issue of with the membership were needed. The the Magazine. Magazine was for another purpose. At The Azalea Book of 1958 and the sec­ one 6f the meetings in early 1957, Mrs. ond edition of 1965, by Frederic P. Lee, Francis Patteson-Knight of McLean. Vir­ both published by D. Van Nostrand Co., ginia suggested that a small news letter Inc., have been of tremendolls value be issued in the months not covered by through royalties to the Society. The the quarterly Magazine. The idea was book h as been in constant demand as a accepted and the A.H.S. Gardener's standard reference on the subject of gar­ Forum was established in January 1958, den azaleas. The Azalea Book was an with John R. Deatherage as Editor. outgrowth of The Azalea Handbook pub­ W. H . Youngman was editor from 1960 lished as the January 1952 issue of The to IVlarch 1967, and Mr. Deatherage was American Horticultural Magazine. again editor from May to December 1967. The Forum appeared eight times a Yearbooks year and did what was intended, n amely The Society's Narcissus and Tulip to report to the membership on current Committee published the first American events, congresses, board meetings, and Daffodil Year Book in 1935 and for related matters. It was discontinued with succeeding years through 1938. These Volume 10, Number 8 in December 1967,

164 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Presidents of the Society

Albert F. Wood. Frederick L. Atkins Robert Pyle Benjamin Y_ Morri.on Ezra J. Kraus (1922-1926)· ( 1928-1930) (1931 - 1935.)" (1937-1'141) (1941-1942)

D. Victor Lumsden Wilbur H . Youn\lman Henry E. Allanson Fred O. eo. Freeman A. Weiss ( 1942-1946) ( 1946- 1947) (1947-1948) (1949-195 I) (1951-1953)

John L. Creech Donovan S_ Co~rell Stuart M. Armstrong Richard P. White Donald Wyman (1953-1956) ( 1956-1957) ( 1957-1959) (1959-1961) (1961-1962)

Henry T. Ski nn er Russell J . Seibert John H. Walker Fred C . Ga ll e David G . Leach ( 1962·1 963) (1963- 1965) ( 1965-1967) ( 1967- 1970) (1970- . )

"Furma n L. Mu lford ( 1926- 1921l ). · · W illiam Holland Wilmer (1935-1936 ). not because it was unsuccessful but for Lady, Mrs . Grace Coolidge, June 8·9. B. Y. Morrison becomes Editor of the Maga· the purpose of making improvements. zine. The Forum was followed immediately AHS Bulletin No.3 published in April; No.4 by News and Vi ews, a quarterly newslet· in May. 1927 Society lecture by Frederick V. Coville on ter, first issued as Volume 11, Number 1 " The Cultivation of Ericaceous Plants," January for Spring 1968. With Mrs. Elizabeth G. 11th. Regular monthly meetings held in Smithsonian Eastburn as Editor, the newsletter ap· Institution. peared in a completely new format as a John C. Wister published "A Lilac Check List" crisp, modern, and highly communica· (Jan. Magazine). Fourth Annual Spring Flower Exhibition, June tive publication of the Society. It is 1 and 2. presently edited from the Society's 1928 J. Horace McFadand announced a movement Alexandria, Virginia headquarters, un· called "United Horticulture" headed by Robert Pyle (April Magazine). der the editorial management of Execu· Frederick L. Atkins elected third President. tive Director, O. Keister Evans. Advertising accepted in the Magazine for the first time. Directory of American Horticulture Mrs. Pierre S. DuPont exhibited an outstand· ing display of orchids at the Fifth Annual A Directory of all horticultural orga· Flower Exhibition in June. Four AHS sponsored public lectures by P. H. nizations in this country was first pub. Dorsett, Knowles A. Ryerson, Edgar T. Wherry, lished by the American Horticultural and Marjorie Worner. Council in 1945 and updated in 1958. 1929 Sixth Annual Spring Flower Exhibition held jointly with American Peony Society. The 1971 Directory of American Hor· Nine affiliate groups associated with Society. ticulture was published by the Society in 1930 Seventh Annual Spring Flower Exhibition held the summer of 1971 wi th a $10,000 gran t jointly with the National Capital Dahlia and Iris Society. from the Fuller E. Callaway Foundation Henri Correvon published a series of articles of LaGrange, Georgia. Mrs. Ernesta D. in the Magazine on house· leeks (Sempervivum) translated from the French by B. Y. Morrison. Ballard was Chairman of the Directory L. H. Bailey's first contribution in the Maga. committee. zine, a review of David Fairchild's book "Exploring for Plants." 1931 Membership 1,061 on January 1 with 9 life patrons, 11 honorary, 29 sustaining, and 22 affiliated members, represented by 42 states, CALENDAR OF EVENTS Canada and 3 foreign countries.' Two parallel groups emerged in 1922 and later, Annual meeting held in Interior Department (1926) united to form one organization, the American at 18th & F Sts. N.W. on February 10th. Horticultural Society. A later merger was consummated Mr. Morrison cited for attaining high stand· in 1960 with the American Horticultural Council. ards in the Magazine. D. Victor Lumsden, secretary since 1925, re· 1922 The National Horticultural Sodety formed in signs. Henning, Minnesota, July 1. Robert Pyle elected fourth President. Volume 1, Number 1 of The National Horti· Lester Rowntree contributes her first article cultural Magazine published in August, 1922, in the Magazine on "Some California Castil· Hamilton P. Traub, Editor. leias." The American Horticultural Society formed at 1932 Society incorporated, September 23. Washington, D.C. in September; Albert F. Monumental Printing Company of Baltimore Woods elected President. takes on printing of the Magazine. 1923 Com mittee of the American Horticultural So· AHS lecture on lilies by Helen M. Fox (No· ciety appointed to investigate uniting with vember). The National Horticultural Society of Henning, 1933 43 Societies affiliated with AHS. Mi ftnesota. The first long, illustrated article " Acacias in Bulletin No.1, of the AHS published March California" by Katherine D. Jones (Jan. Mag­ 24th. azine). 1924 First AHS Annual Spring Flower Exhibition 1934 Illustrated article on "Fuchsias" by E. O . held in Hotel Washington. Essig (Jan. Magazine). 1925 Second AHS Annual Spring Flower Exhibition. Permanent headquarters moved to Washington AHS Bulletin Number ~, published April lst. Loan and Trust Building, 9th and F Streets, AHS membersh ip 139 with assets of $446. Washington, D.C. 1926 Merger of The National Horticultural Society 1935 William Holland Wilmer elected fifth Presi· with AHS effective on June 15, with head· dent. quarters in Washington, D.C. First American Daffodil Year Baok published Furman l. Mulford elected second President of by Narcissus and Tulip Committee. AHS . 1936 Second American Daffodil Year Book pub· Dr. Henri Correvon of Geneva, Switzerland lished. addressed the Society on February 26th. Illustrated article on "Sweet Scented·leaved Third Annual Spring Flower Exhibition held Pelorgoniums" by Helen M. Clark (Jan. Mag­ in Hotel Washington, opened by the First azine).

166 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1937 B. Y. Morrison eleeled sixth President. " Penstemon" the first handbook of the Society Third Americon Doffodil Year Book published. (Jan. Mogaz ine). Lily and Rhododendron Committees 'formed . 1952 Headquarters moved to 1600 Bladensburg Amorphophallus titanum flowered for the flrsl Rd ., N.E., Washington, D.C. time in America on May 27th in The New Mrs . Lewis M. Hull eleeled President, American York Botanical Garden (July Magazine). Horticultural Council. 1938 First AHS Silver Medal awarded Mrs. William The Azalea Handbook (Jan. Magazine) . R. Massie at the Garden Club of Virginia 1953 John L. Creech elected thirteenth President. Lily Show. James R. Harlow 'appointed Managing Editor Fourth American Daffodil Year Book published. of the Magazine. 1939 The first American Lily Year Book published, Membership 1,242. edited by George L. Slate. Eighth American Horticultural Congress, Phila­ Abelia 'Edward Goucher' described (Jan. delphia, Pennsylvania (Nov. 4-7). Magazine). The First I nterncitional Code of Nomenclature Portfolio of Crocus by B. Y. Morrison (July of Cultivated Plants published in July through Magazine). efforts of the American Horticultural Council. 1954 Azalea Check List & Registration Comm ittee 1940 The second American Lily Year Book pub· established with Frederic P. Lee, Chairman. li shed. Society acquires $15,962.64 legacy from es­ 1941 E. J. Kraus eleeled seventh President. tate of Furman L. Mulford, second President 1942 lily Bulletin for beginners published. (.1926-28) of the Society. Daffodil Yearbook published jointly with The Handbook on "Vegetative Pr.opagation" pub­ Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain. lished (Jan. Magazine). Third American Lily Year Boak published. Certificate from AHS presented by Wm. L. 44 societies offiliated with AHS. Hunt and Donovan S. Correll to The Royal D. Vielor Lumsden elected eighth President. Horticultural Society, Goeat Britain for Sesqui­ 1943 Stenomesson morrisonii from Peru named for centennial Celebration (July). B. Y. Morrison by Cesar Vargas. October Magazine cover, the last using Mr . American azalea classification by Edgar T. Morrison 's linoleum block prints. Wherry published in Magazine (Oct.). Carl F. Wedell elected President, American 1944 Camellia classification by W . Harold Hume Horticultural Council. published in Magazine (Jan.). Ninth American Horticultural Congress, Bos­ Advertising discontinued in Magazine. ton, Massachusetts (Oct. 27-30). 1955 James R. Harlow beco)lles Executive Secretary 1946 Fourth American Lily Year Book published. April 1. First American Horticultural Congress, Cleve. Society represented at 14th International Hor­ land, Ohio (Oct. 8-10). ticultural Congress in The Netherlands by "United Horticulture" of the American Horti­ Geo~ge H. M. Lawrence and Samuel Ems­ cultural Council, Inc. founded .at Cleveland, weller. Membership 2,066. Ohio (Oct. 8-10). I:fandbook on "Tree Peonies" by John C. W is­ 1947 Membership 2,385. ter & Harold E. Wolfe (Jan. Magazine). W. H. Youngman elected ninth President. Seal of the Society and membership certifi­ Second American Horticultural Congress, Cleve­ cate established. land, Ohio (Oct. 23-24). Thirty-fourth anniversary issue of Magazine, 1948 H. E. Allanson elected tenth President. edited by Frederick W. Coe. Robert Pyle eleeled President, American Horti­ Tenth American Horticultural Congress, Wash­ cultural Council. ington, D. C. (Oct. 26-29). Third American Horticultural Congress. Ithaca, 1956 Donovan S. Correll elected fourteenth Pres i­ N.Y. dent. 1949 Fred O . Coe eleeled eleventh President. Discussion began on am<;llgamation of AHS Donald Wyman leelured ,on azaleas at annual with the American Horticultural Council. meeting at Smithsonian Institution on April 28 . Ed'itoriol Committee established io assist Edi ­ Cash on hand July 31 , $987.85; membership tor of Magazine. 1,169 on Dec . 31. Philip Alampi eleeled President, American Completion of the eighth installment in the Horticultural Council. Magazine on plant colleeling in northern Eleventh American Horticultural Congress , East Briiish Columbia by Mrs . Mary G. Henry, Lansing, Michigan (Oct. 21-23). started in 1934 (Joly Magazine). 1957 Stuart M. Armstrong e leeled fifteenth Presi­ Fourth American Horticultural Congress, New dent. York, N.Y. (Oct. 30-Nov. 1). The " Handbook of Hollies" (Jan. Magazine). 1950 James R. Harlow becomes assistant editor of Twelfth American Horticultural Congress, Den ­ the Magozine. ver, Colorado (Oel. 23-25). AHS sponsored leelure series initiated at A. J. Irv ing eleeled Pres ident, Ameri c'an Hor­ Smithson ion Institution. ticultural Council. The first color plote, Comellia iaponica 1958 Vol. 1, No. 1 of the A . H. S. Gardeners Forum ' Laurie's Favorite' in the Magazine (Jan.). published in January, John R. Deatherage, Wendell H. Camp eleeled President, American Editor. Horticultural Council. Illustrated portfolio of snowdrop photographs Fifth American Horticultural Congress, Eost (July Magaz in e). Lansing, Michigan (Oct. 27-28). The Azalea Boo k, by Frederic P. Le e, pub­ 1951 Freeman A. Weiss elected twelfth President. lished by D. Van Nostrand Co ., Inc, Annual meeting held in Takoma Park Branch Th irteenth American Horti cultural Congress, Library, Takoma Park, Maryland (May 8) . Wi ll iamsburg, Virg inia (Oel. 22-25) . Me mbership 1,024; 1 patron, 42 life, 370 1959 Gold Medals presented to B. Y. Morris on and affil iate, 27 sustain ing, 46 affiliate societies, Fred eric P. Lee a t ann ua l meeting at Du m-

FALL 1971 167 barton Oaks on May 2. Headquarters moved to Colvert House, 2401 Society initiates free seed distribution to mem ­ Colvert S!. N.W., Washington, D. C. Fred C. Golle elected twenty-first President bers. Richard P. White elected sixteenth President of 21 st Williamsburg Gorden Symposillm (April AHS and also President of the American Hor­ 9-14). ticultural Council. Final issue of The A.H.S. Gardeners Forum Membership reaches 5,000 and the Society is (Dec .). Glenn B. and Elizabeth G. Eastburn join Soci­ solvent. Proposed merger with American Horticultural ety as Finance Officer and Exe.culive Director, Council appoved by AHS on November 16. respectively (Dec. I). Fourteenth American Horticultural Congress, 1968 A new quarterly news bulletin News & Views Rochester, New York (Oct. 6-10). succeeds The A.H.S. Gardeners Forum. 22nd Williamsburg Gorden Symposium (Mar. 1960 Merger of The American Horticultural Society and the American Horticultural Council, effec­ 17-22) . tive Jon . 6. J!irst directors meeting on Janu­ " Daylily Handbook" (May Magazinel. AHS Plant Records Center established at Tyler ary 18-19. Arboretum with a grant of $90,000 from the 19 notional committees set up to serve the longwood Foundation. Robert D. MacDona!d, Society. W. H. Youngman succeeds John R. Deather­ Director. 23rd American Horticultural Congress, Son age as Editor of The A.H .S. Gardeners Forum. Francisco, California (Sept. 18-21). Camellia grathamiana flowers for first time in First U.S.D.A. sponsored B. Y. Morrison Me­ USA at Norfolk, Virginia (Jon . Magazine). morial lecture by Mrs. lyndon B. Johnson at Nome of the magazine changed to The Amer· Portland, Oregon, June 26 (Summer Maga· icon Horticultural Magazine. zinel. Membership 5,284 on June 6 . Frederic P. lee dies October 2. Second edition of Nickerson Color Fbn avail­ 1969 Society designated official U. S. distributor of able. the International Code of Nomenclature for AHC-AHS sponsored Plant Hardiness Zone Cultivated Plants (published, July). Mop, by H. T. Skinner published by U.S.D.A. Mrs . Robert Woods Bliss dies on Jon. 17, a (May). life member on the Boord of Diredors for 33 15th American Horticultural Congress at Pasa­ years. The Society received a $7,500 legacy dena, California (Nov. 10-12). from her estate. 1961 Donald Wyman elected seventeenth Presiden!. 23rd Williamsburg Gorden Symposium (Mar. " Cultivated Palms Handbook" (Jon. Magazine). 16-21). International Code of Nomenclature for Cul­ F. G . Meyer appointed Editor of the Maga­ tivated Plants, published June, under spon­ zine. sorship of American Horticultural Council and Second U.S.D.A., B. Y. Morrison Memorial lec­ The America'n Horticultural Society. ture by Patrick Horsbrugh, at Cleveland, Ohio, 1962 Henry T. Skinner elected eighteenth Presi­ June 3 (Summer Magazinel. den!. 24th American Horticultural Congress, Phila­ Hybrid of Victoria amozonica and V. cruziana delphia, Pennsylvania (Sept. 16-20). described (Apr. Magazinel. 24th Williamsburg Gorden Symposium (Mar. Society published "The Peonies", a book, 1970 15-20). edited by John C. Wisler. AHS co-sponsors the 9th Claro B. Ford Gorden 1963 Russell J. Seibert elected nineteenth President. Forum, Dearborn, Michigan (Apr. 22-24). 18th American Horticultural Congress at St. Thi rd U.S.D.A. , B. Y. Morrison Memorial lec­ louis, Missouri (Oct. 9-12). ture by Arie Von Haagen-Smit, at Williams­ 1964 B. Y. Morrison retires as Editor o{ the Maga. burg, Virginia (Apr. 24). zine. AHS awarded second longwood Foun,dation 19th American Horticultural Congress, New grant of $286,230 for expansion of Plant York, N. Y. (Sept. 29-0ct. 3). Records Center. 1965 John H. Walker elected twentieth Prefident. 25th American Horticultural Congress, Miami 2nd Edition of The Azalea Book by Frederic P. Beach, Florida (Nov. 1 -4). lee published by D. Von Nostrand Co. Inc . David G. leach elected twenty-second Presi­ AHS joins Colonial Williamsburg as co-spon­ dent. sor of 19th Gorden Symposium, Mar. 19-26. O . Keister Evans appointed Executive Director 20th ~merican Horticultural Congress, Pine (Dec. I). Mountain, Georgia (Oct. 12-15). Society awarded a three year grant of $75,000 AHS delegate, Russell J. Seibert attends the by the Scaife Family of Pittsburgh. White House Conference on Natu;al Beauty. 1971 Headquarters moved to Alexandria, Virg inia 1966 B. Y. Morrison dies, January 24th . (Feb. I). 21st American Horticultural Congress held in Fourth U.S.D.A., B. Y. Morrison Memorial lec­ conjunction with the XVII International Horti­ ture, by Ion L. McHarg, at Portland, Oregon cultural Congress at the University of Mary­ (March 10). land, College Pork, August 15-20. 25th Williamsburg Gorden Symposium (Mar. "Daffodil Handbook" published (Jon. Maga. 21-26). zinel. Directory of American Horticulture published 20th W illiamsburg Gorden Symposium (Mar. by Society from $10,000 grant from the Fuller 20-25). E. Calloway Foundation (Summer). 1967 22nd American Horticultural Congress Cleve- 26th American Horticultural Congress, Milwau­ land, Ohio (Sept. 20-23). " kee, Wisconsin (Sept. 18-22). John R. Deatherage succeeds W . H. Youngman The flftieth volume of The American Horticul· as Editor of Th" A.H.S. Gardeners Forum. tural Magazine completed.

168 AMERICAN H ORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The Nursery Industry­ Yesterday and Today WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN.

Recently, I visited a modern nursery rooting cuttings. Recently I asked Dr. where a substantial number of plants are Francis R. Gouin of the Horticultural growing in containers, where there were Department, University of Maryland, no weeds, and where the watering and about what might be used to root an fertilization were done scientifically. I Exbury azalea. He stated that there are could not help but recall the days when several materials such as 2,4,5-TP, a I, as a teen-ager, hoed weeds out of the widely used herbicide. He also men­ nursery rows, where the cultivation was tioned other materials currently being done with a one-horse cultivator and tested for this purpose. One need only to other practices of yesteryear. follow the reports of the International The nursery industry has kept abreast Plant Propagators Society to realize this of changing times, partly taking advan­ is an ever-growing field. tage of research, partly combating the To express it another way, for a great rising costs incident to a large scale oper­ many years the only way we could get ation. Real estate taxes, for example, named varieties of rhododendron was by have forced many surburban nurseries to layering or by grafting. Today a gr~at move out into the farming areas. More many are grown from cuttings. especially, labor costs have been a major Along with this development in root­ factor in changing practices. ing cuttings, we have also had research We also have the example of industri­ on the use of synthetic growing 'media, al developments such as that in the Mo­ such as the Cornell Peat-Lite mix and bile area of Alabama where specialists the U-C mix (California). These syn­ produced rooted cuttings and seedlings in thetic mixes, together with modern de­ considerable volume. A great many of velopments in fertilizers, have led to the these were shipped into the nursery extensive growing of nursery stock iD growing area of Tennessee. There they containers, which began in the mid- were. planted as lining-out stock in 1930's. The Monrovia Nursery of Azusa, growing fields until they attained mer­ California is probably one ,of the larger chantable size. Today container-growing nurseries producing container-grown has replaced in part the former practice. nursery stock, and it is reported to have some 350-400 acres largely devoted to During this period, much attention this type of production. However, there was given to the rooting hormones, ma­ are a number of nurseries in other sec­ terials which are applied to the cutting tions of the country which specialize in and which stimulate rooting. This de­ this type of production. velopment has made it possible for many It should have been mentioned earlier plants which were formerly available that the development of the mist system only through grafting and budding to be of propagation has been a major factor. grown on their own roots. This is a The combination of misting plus rooting rapidly growing field. We need only to hormones and synthetic growing media turn back to the January 1954 issue of permits the production of tens of thou­ The National Horticultural Magazine sands of plants in a comparatively short and read the article by Dr. Vernon T. period of time. Stoutemyer on "Growth Regulators." It is amazing to see a greenhouse filled His emphasis was on their usefulness in with thousands upon thousa nds of cut­ • Garden Editor, The Evening Star, W as hing. tings placed in 3-inch peat pots filled ton. D.C. with a peatmoss-vermiculite mixture.

FALL 1971 169 Most gardeners today, I am sure, have seen the container-grown plants at their garden centers and nurseries and seldom realize the advantages in buying such plants. In the first place, there is practi­ cally no transplanting shock, especially if we compare a container-grown plant with one that is dug and balled in the nursery. Secondly, because of this lack of shock, our planting season may be safely extended far beyond the usual spring and fall periods. Another value is that these plants, being vegetatively propa­ gated, are much more unHorm than was possible years ago when many plants were grown from seed. One of the sel­ dom appreciated advantages of con­ tainer-grown plants is that. today we may safely buy and plant kinds which fonner­ ly were exceedingly difficult to trans­ plant. For example, the black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica) and the scarlet oak Fig. 1. Container-grown juniper. (Quercus coccinea) , until now, have been a problem for the home gardener The misting device gives them a few because of the difficulty in transplanting. seconds of fine mist every few minutes Undoubtedly, as the container-growing and under such conditions they root in a industry expands, still other difficult-to­ comparatively short time. transplant kinds will become available. Once well rooted, the cuttings are We also gain another bonus from this fransferred to containers of various sizes, modern development, namely, that new depending upon the plant and its root­ varieties and forms may be multiplied ing habits. A second repotting into a much more rapidly than was possible larger container is the usual practice. under earlier nursery practices. During this time and for the ensuing Perhaps I should mention also that growing period, the plants are spaced on container-grown material may be plastic-covered soil-in the West in open shipped long 'distances with much less fields. In the East, many of the container shock and deterioration than was hereto­ growers 'place them under a quonset type fore possible. cover. The one disadvantage of the con­ Through the center of each block elf tainer-grown indtlstry is that much of plants, there is a large plastic hose with a the stock sold is of the smaller size. This myriad of tiny "spaghetti" tubes, one of is not pleasing to many inexperienced which is inserted into e'ach of the con­ people who are determined to buy the tainers. Watering and fertilizing is regu­ largest tree or shrub possible. This, of lated from a central control panel. course, is possible only to a limited ex­ All of this means that the actual labor tent with today's methods of container­ in handling and growing these plants is growing. Some 8, 10, and even 12 foot kept at a minimum. Secondly, the area palms are being offered in California. involved is small compared to that need­ Generally speaking, large or specimen­ ed in nurseries a generation ago, and sized plants are seldom desirable for the third, being grown in sterile media, inexperienced, since they suffer consid€r• there are no weed or insect problems, able transplanting shock, and it may take and for most kinds of plants disease years for them to recover. Another pos­ problems are at a minimum. sible disadvantage is that if plants are

170 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY kept in containers too long, they may become badly root-bound and unless giv­ en proper care may be slow in spreading their roots into surrounding soil. This transition from field-grown to container-grown plants should not be taken to mean that nurserymen have given up entirely the field production of trees and shrubs. For instance, the pro­ duction of fruit and nut trees is still pretty largely field-grown. Undoubtedly this is due in part to the fact that graft­ ing and budding are still the standard practice for these trees. Most of our rose bushes are field-grown where they are "budded" on a root stock. Other developments in the nursery industry include modern methods of Fig. 2. Container-grown rhododen­ weed control. This means that pre­ drons. emergence materials are mixed into the soil either before or after the woody plants are set out. In areas where nema­ been updated to take advantage of mod­ todes are a problem, the soils are being ern techniques or research. They have treated with a nematicide. Modern me­ not. We can still find growers who under chanical equipment makes it possible to special conditions are able to maintain drop lining-out stock in furrows which their production in pretty much the are filled and firmed by the machine. practices of yesteryear. On the other Modern digging equipment lifts plants hand, the gardener should recognize that from the ground, puts them on a con­ in most cases he gains by progress witl,lin veyor belt and loads them into trucks for the horticultural field. It is quite likely transporting to the packing sheds. Such that some modern selections,perhaps equipment is essential if top quality even plant species, may not be adapted plant material is to be produced and to modern-day production methods. If handled with a minimum of labor costs. they are not produced according to the It should not be assumed from the older methods, they may be lost as plant above that all nursery practices have materials for our landscaping needs.

ANNOUNCEMENT The current issue completes Volume 50 of The American Horticul­ tural Magazine, the last bearing this label under your retiring Editor and Ed .itorial Committee. Beginning with Volume 51, the name will be changed to The American Horticulturist, under the new Publications Committee with Gilbert S. Daniels as Chairman and John P. Baumgardt as Editor. The American Horticulturist will be published quarterly in a com­ pletely redesigned size and format. As in the past, content will be directed to the interests of the advanced horticulturist. A cumulative index of the fifty volumes of The American Horticul­ tural Magazine will be published in the very near future.

FALL 197 1 171 People in Horticulture

Francis Meilland and the Rose Industry

S. B. HUTTON, SR.·

I t is only as we· look back a few years Lyon where he developed a rose nursery on the career of Francis Meilland of and there Francis, as his father's helper, France that we can fully appreciate the learned the rudiments of producing and important part which he played in the selling rose plants. development of the rose industry around When Francis was a small boy his the world. father showed him how to gather peach The great accomplishment of his early seed and plant them, and the following life which made him world· famous was year when they had grown into small the creation of the rose 'Peace'. This was seedling trees, how to bud them. He gave introduced in the United States in the these young trees to Francis as his own Fall of 1945. Also, he produced many enterprise and Francis was in the 'peach other fine roses which were distributed in nursery business with less than 100 trees many countries. In addition to creating to sell the first year. He later developed new roses he developed new ideas in the nursery so that he had several thou­ business which in the long run may have sand tre~s and would take bicycle trips an even greater effect on the industry around the countryside to sell them. than his roses. When Fr-ancis was 17 years old his Francis was born February 20, 1912 at father received an invitation from Lyon, France and died in Cap d'Antibes Charles Mallerin, the most prominent June 15, 1958. In his 46 years he accom· rose hybridizer in France at that time, to plished more than many who lived the bring his son and spend a day with him proverbial three score years and ten. He among his roses at Grenoble, about 50 was the son of Antoine Meilland miles away. (1884-1971) known to all his friends as Mr. Mallerin took a liking to Francis. "Papa", and Josephine Claudia Dubrueil They became fast friends and kept in (1893-1933) and was the fourth gener­ close touch with each other for the rest of ation in a family of rose growers. His Mr. Mallerin's life, sometimes exchang­ parents were married in 1910, uniting ing as many as three letters a week. two families of rose growers. Francis returned from this visit with Who can say how much influence he­ Mallerin and the next day set to work redity may have had on the life of Fran­ hybridizing roses. cis, but there can be no question that In 1933 Robert Pyle of West Grove, the environment of his childhood was a Pennsylvania, looking for new roses in powerful influence in directing his life Europe, visited Mr. Mallerin who recom­ work to roses. mended that he should also see Francis On Antoine's return home after World Meilland. Mr. Pyle was so impressed with War I he found that his wife had suc­ what Francis showed him that he imme­ ceeded in keeping a foundation stock of diately made an agreement with Francis roses from which to resume his rose nurs­ to send his most promising new varieties ery. He bought four acres on the edge of to The Conard-Pyle Co., growers of Star • Chairman of the Board, The Conard· Pyle Roses, in the U.S.A. Company, West Grove, Pennsylvania 19390. The first rose cultivar Francis sent to

172 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PHOTO, STAll ROSES Francis MeiIland (left) of Lyon, France, originator of the 'Peace' rose, and Robert Pyle, who introduced the rose in the United Slates in 1945, standing in a field of 'Peace' roses in West Grove, Pennsylvania.

America was called 'Golden State'. Intro­ ing in all qualities, not only in France duced in 1937, it was adopted as the but in the other three countries where he official rose of the San Francisco )Vorld's had sent it. The nurserymen who re­ Fair. Rose 'Good News' followed two ceived it took steps to name it and put it years later and numerous others in suc­ on the market in their countries without ceeding years. being able to report to Francis. In France it was named 'Mme. A. Meilland' 'Peace' Rose for his mother. In Germany it was named The greatest success in rose breeding 'Gloria Dei' and in Italy 'Gioia'. In the resulted from a cross made in 1935. One U.S. it was introduced by the Conard­ of these was so striking when it bloomed Pyle Company in 1945 as 'Peace'. in 1938 that Francis Ipropagated a num­ The parentage of 'Peace', as recorded ber of plants from it and rusheq by Francis, shows that in 1935 he made budwood to nurserymen in Italy, Germa­ a series of crosses using 'Joanna Hill' as ny, and the u.S. Soon afterward World the female and an unnamed pollen par­ War II began. The area around Lyon ent. Fifty-five flowers of 'Joanna Hill' was occu pied by the Germans and all were pollinated and produced 52 seed communications between Francis and his hips. nursery associates in other countries were From these, the following year they cut off. had 800 seedling plants. Fifty of these This particular rose proved outstand- seedlings were selected as the most out-

FALL 1971 17~ standing and a few of each budded in the unique in that it has been outstanding field for further trial and observation. in almost every place where it has been The seedlings varied in color from grown. yellow and pale pink tq briliiant copper The value of 'Peace' was even greater and some bicolored reds. The one than it would have been under normal marked 3-35-40 had flowers quite marvel­ conditions, because it was introduced at ous in form and size with a greenish the close of World War II following a tinge warming to yellow, often suffused period when there had been few intro­ witl1 carmine around the edges of the ductions and most hybridizers had great­ petals and particularly fine foliage. ly reduced their work because of the war. None of the 'Other 799 seedlings from Francis had been excused from military that cross proved of merit and all were service because of his health and was able discarded. A few scions of 3-35-40 were to continue his work with roses on a brought to the U.S. for Mr. Robert Pyle reduced scale through the war years. at the outbreak of World War U. Therefore, 'Peace' became available at a Francis recalled, "The objective I had time when there were very few new roses in view when I made this cross was to on the market. With its outstanding produce a rose of attractive color, great qualities, it received even more attention hardiness, with very long stems covered and became more quickly known than if by strong, decorative foliage." 'Joanna there had been competition fron. other Hill' was chosen as the seed parent be­ new cultivars. Whi1e no staustics are cause it was an exceptionally vigorous, available there seems little doubt that upright piant that was extremely hardy. more 'Peace' roses have been sold in the Its flower was yellow and its buds and world than any other rose ever produced. blooms were well-shaped, a dominant hereditary trait inherited from 'Ophelia'. New Vistas The male parent which was an un­ named seedling identified as 103-32-A The success of 'Peace' and his other was a seedling of 'Charles P. Killam' and cultivars persuaded Francis that he and 'Margaret McGredy'. It was a vigorous his father -should give up the operation of plant with a brilliant bicolored flower their nursery and concentrate on the de­ that had much merit but many faults. velopment and distribution of new roses. Was 'Peace' rose the result of good They, therefore, arranged to take Fran­ judgment in seleqing the parents from cisque Richardier into Pilrtnership to op­ which it came, or was it good luck? erate their nursery near Lyon in central Probably, both were important. When France. The nursery was renamed Meil­ we realize that only one seedling from land/ Richardier, and the partners began many thousands resulting from a cross to concentrate their work on developing may be sufficiently outstanding to justify new rose varieties. placing it on the market, it is evident that In 1938 Francis had married Marie­ luck is a vital factor. Francis demonstrat­ Louise Paolino, known to all her friends ed his good judgment in selecting par­ as "Louisette." She was the daughter of ents in the many worthwhile vane,tIes Francis Paolino, a grower of roses and that he developed throughout his life­ ferns for florists at Antibes on the French time. Riviera. The impact of 'Peace' on the rose Francis decided that the climate .at world was tremendous. The plant was Antibes where there is little frost in the vigorous and healthy; the foliage glossy winter and almost no snow, would be and attractive; the blooms were very ideally suited to this work It is a region large with ample petals of good substance with many greenhouses for producing cut and an attractive combination of color roses which are shipped all over Europe. shades. Many roses do well in one ,partic­ The climate is so mild that many of these ular climate or location and are not greenhouses are heated only by the sun. outstanding in other areas. 'Peace' is He bought a greenhouse property with

174 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PHOTO, UNIVERSAL ROSE SELECTION Francis Meilland and his friend, Charles Mallerin, examine some of Mal­ lerin's new seedling roses at Mallerin's home at Varces-Allieres-et-Risset (lsere) France. About 1957. land for expansion on a high hill over­ other "protection" for the developer of looking the Gulf of Juan in one of the new plants. It also gave the developer beauty spots of the world. complete control of the sale of the culti­ He moved to the Riviera with his var for the term of the patent. It made family and his widowed father and with possible the licensing of other nursery­ the income from 'Peace' built additional men to grow and sell the patented culti­ greenhouses, a beautiful hom~, an office vars-with the payment of a royalty to and residences for k~y staff members. the owner of the patent. Later, he purchased a farm some 50 miles To achieve "protection" Francis de­ from Antibes that provided space for the veloped an ingenious method of obtain­ outdoor trials of his new roses and which ing a trademark on the name of the plant produced the rose propagating material which would not permit anyone else to needed to carryon his business. On the use the name. This method could be used Riviera, Francis, with his wife, Louisette under the laws of many countries in and his father, "Papa", built up the fami­ continental Europe but was not applica­ ly business of hybridizing roses. After ble under the laws of England or the Francis' death his son, Alain became U.S. The method was to use a code name head and now carries on. In the winter which would not be easily remembered the family members spent many hours and to register this as the official name of planning the crosses to be made because the variety. He then gave it an additional the results depended upon the wise and name which he registered as a trademark, experienced selection of parent plants. which could not be used by anyone else without his consent. Some examples of Protection such names are: His experience in selling 'Peace' and Code Name-MElkans; Registered other cultivars in the U.S. where a Plant Trademark-'Fire King' Patent law was in operation, demonstrat­ Code Name-MElbel; Registered ed the importance of having a patent or Trademark-'Pink Peace'

FALL 1971 175 Other nurserymen soon adopted the world where roses were popular. He got same method. For example, the Georges the idea of URS from observing the Delbard nursery used the following: operation of All-America Rose Selections in the U.S. Each member served as the Code Name-DELkrum; Registered exclusive representative for introducing Trademark-'Divine' new Meilland cultivars in his own coun­ Francis also did extensive research into try. The representatives could arrange the possibility of obtaining a 'Patent on a for sublicensing other nurseries to grow new plant in France without the necessity the Meilland cultivars where this was of a special law. He personally looked up desirable. These URS members met an­ the patent laws of France, and found a nually at the Meilland establishment in provision in a law over a hundred years . Antibes at the height of the rose bloom­ old that he thought could be applied to ing season to evaluate the new roses plants. He took this to his patent attor­ under trial and to discuss business mat­ ney, who confirmed Francis' conclusion ters and common interests. and it became possible to obtain a patent Later, after URS was in successful op­ on a new variety of plant in France. eration, additional meetings were sched­ In succeeding years Francis, working uled at different times during the year through his associates in other countries for members with special interests such as of Europe and with the example of the the distribution of roses for cut flower benefits of plant 'patents in the U.S. and production in greenhouses and for the France, spread the idea of "protection" preparation of the common mail-order in a number of countries. In some of catalog. these it was broadened to include sexual­ With channels for international dis­ ly reproduced plants, as well as those tribution arranged it became evident that asexually reproduced. to achieve maximum sales it would be In the United States this has resulted desirable to have a catalog with the best in the providing of "protection" for possible color illustrations of these new many kinds of new plants that are sexual­ roses. Francis, therefore, looked up one ly reproduced from seed. The realization of the finest producers of color printing of the importance of "protection" to in Europe, who was not already produc­ plant hybridizers was one of the chief ing color catalogs of roses, and made an impacts Francis made on the world, not agreement with him for the exclusive only for roses but for many other plants. printing of color pictures of roses for It has provided an incentive to hybrid­ URS. izers to work for the improvement of He then designed a catalog containing plants and to be able to realize sufficient only Meilland varieties for the use of income from the sale of new varieties to URS members in Europe so that a uni­ repay them for the expense incurred and form catalog of roses with excellent color the many years of work required to de­ illustrations was in use throughout Eu­ velop a new cultivar. This has benefited rope. The text of the catalog was, of not only the hybridizers but the general course, in the language of the country in public has had the benefit of new culti­ which the catalogs would be distributed. vars of ornamentals and home fruits. This meant that each member was selling all the Meilland rose varieties illustrated Universal Rose Selection in the catalog. Francis now saw the need for arrang­ It was the first European catalog illus­ ing a method for the orderly distribution trating rose varieties with color pictures of his new roses in the important rose of such excellent quality and served to growing countries of the world. To ob­ place Meilland roses in the foreground tain the desired distribution he organized throughout Europe. This catalog was not Universal Rose Selection (URS) com­ used in the U .S.A. because it was found posed of a leading rose nursery from each that some of the cultivars that were out­ of a number of countries of the Western standing in Europe were not especially

176 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ada.pted to the U.S.A. because of differ­ garden are not especially good when ences in tastes in roses and because of grown in greenhouses for cut flowers and, climatic differences. Conversely some rose equally true, the roses most suitable for cultivars which were not especially suited florists' use are not outstanding in the for Europe were excellent in the U .S.A. garden. He, therefore, undertook the pro­ duction of new cultivars for cut flowers. Greenhouse Roses His first outstanding cultivar for flor­ As Francis achieved outstanding suc­ ists was 'Happiness' (,Rouge Meilland' cess in developing new roses for the gar­ in Europe) introduced in 1949. Then in den, he became aware of the need for 1954 he introduced 'Baccara', a bright better kinds for producing cut roses un­ geranium-red with medium size flowers, derglass. The immense demand for roses with blooms that last much longer than by florists in Europe was an important most others after they are cut. This was industry to the French Riviera, where he an outstanding success and within a few lived. Rose blooms were shipped to all years more than half the roses grown in the princilpal cities of Europe. Europe for cut flower production were As a rule, roses that do well III the 'Baccara'.

PHOTO, UNIVERSAL ROSE SELY.CTION Mrs. Louisette Meilland, widow of Francis Meilland, with her son Alain, examining new roses in the fields, establishment of Meilland, Cap d'Antibes, France.

FALL 1971 177 Plant Nomenclature MILDRED E. MATHIAS, Chairman

New Garden Ivies

In a lifetime of collecting ivy, we have family friend in Columbia, South Caroli­ brought together an assortment of about na. Leaf-blades on the new growth ca. 150 named kinds. Literally, the country 1 Y2 in. long and as wide, the lower ones has been combed for ivy (Hedera) . A % to 1 in. long and as wide, 3·10bed, few have been named that appeared dis­ shield-shaped, light green, veins promi­ tinct to us, and these have been distrib­ nent. It resembles H. helix 'Minima' and uted widely in various parts of the coun­ 'Roehr's Minor'. try. In the past decade the following addi­ H edera helix L. 'Green Finger' n. cv. tional selections have been added to our (Fig. 4) collection. These are now described 'Green Finger' is so-named because of formally for the first time. the small leaves some with heel-like lobes at the base, resembling the pinnae of the Descriptions of New Ivy Cultivars Christmas fern (Pol.ystichum acrosti­ Hedera helix L. 'Anchor' n. cv. (Fig. 12) choides). Plants are very slender, the new 'Anchor' is a self-branching clone. Leaf twigs purplish. Leaf blades % to 2Y-i blades ca. 2Y{ in. long and as wide, in. wide, with narrow pointed lobes. with very narrow lobes, the middle lobe Some of the leaves are narrowly elliptic long-pointed, anchor-shaped, and lus­ and unlobed. A sport of Hedera helix trous green. The typical leaves usually 'Star' found in our garden. Resembles H . occur on the short branches, rather than helix 'Irish Lace'. on the leaders. Resembles H. helix 'Peda­ ta'. It was seen growing on a garden wall H edem helix L. 'Nagud' n. cv. (Fig. 5) near Dumbarton Oaks in W ashington, 'Nagud' is an anagram of Dugan, the D.C. name of the man in whose garden in Columbia, South Carolina the original L. H edem helix 'Carolina Crinkle' n. cv. material was collected. It is a sport of H. (Fi.g. 1) syn. H. helix 'New Ripples' helix 'Deltoides'. Lea,f blades ca. IY2 in. 'Carolina Crinkle' came unlabeled wide and as long, veins prominent, the from Oregon to a greenhouse in New terminal lobe broad near the tip, resem­ England and then on to us. Leaf blades bling H. rhombea, the basal lobes over­ variously undulate-crinkled and deeply lapping and resembling H. helix 'Del­ cut, shiny light green, nearly round, ca. 3 toides'. in. wide and nearly as long, the sinuses are relatively deep; veins mostly parallel H edera helix L. 'Permanent Wave' n. cv. and fairly prominent; petioles as long as (Fig. 6) the blades. Possibly our most handsome 'Permanent Wave' is a beautiful ivy, becoming more beautiful with age. crested-leaved ivy we brought from the Resembles H. helix 'Fleur' and 'Manda's Fruitland Nursery in Augusta, Georgia, Crested'. and although selected by them, it was never introduced. Leaf blades ca. 3 in. H edera helix L. 'Freed's Miniature' n. cv. wide, ca. 2Y2 in. long, 3- to 5-10bed with (Fig. 2) deep sinuses or not lobed and strongly 'Freed's Miniature' is a small-leaved crested and undulate, light green. Resem­ ivy I found growing in a huge urn on a bles H. helix 'Fleur' and 'Manda's modern patio. It was named after an old Crested' but more robust. Leaves with

178 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY deeper convolutions and much darker Some Earlier Ivy Introductions green. In 1961 I named seven new cultivars of ivy (Hedera helix), all of which have Hedera helix L. 'Preston 'Tiny' n. cv. been rather widely distributed in this (Fig. 7) country, although they are still not as 'Preston Tiny' was found in the aban­ well known as they might be. Several we doned garden of the Hampton Preston consider to be quite outstanding. Descrip­ House in Columbia, South Carolina. tions for all seven are provided here with This was one of the finest gardens in some additional observations on the town a hundred years ago. Leaf blades plants in the years since they were first ca. 1% in. wide, ca. 2 in. long, 5-lobed, described. These cultivars were originally the middle lobe longest and prominent, published in Garden Club O'f South Car­ truncate at base, with strong light col­ olina Bulletin 77, p. 21. 1961: ored veins; petioles white. Plants have 'Cathedral Wall' (Fig. 11) -Leaf proven stable. The small leaves are dis­ blades light moss gre_en, l'i4 to 11'2 in. tributed along a wiry flexible stem. wide and as long, unlobed, cordate at the base, and tapering to a blunt tip, veins Hedera helix L. 'Teena' n. cv. (Fig. 8) prominent. A gift of Mr. A. Rosenbloom, 'Teena' is a reversion of H. helix 'Gold gardener at the Washington Cathedral in Heart'. Leaf blades ca. 2 in. wide and as Washington, D. C. Resembles H. helix long in the largest, but only 1'2 to 1 in. 'Scu tifolia'. wide in the smaller ones, shield-shaped, 'Ferney' (Fig. 16)-Twigs very leafy; shallowly 3-lobed, broadly tapered to an leaf blades l'i4 to 21'2 in. wide and as acute tip. long, usually 5-lobed, the middle lobe half again as long as the adjacent lateral Hedera helix L. 'Trustee' n. cv. lobes, cordate at the base, veins whitish (Fig. 3 & 9) and prominent. Belongs to the Ramosa 'Trustee' was found in the part of complex in which many shoots are pro­ Savannah, Georgia known as the Trus­ duced in the axils of the twig and stem t .ee'~ Garden. This garden was the first leaves. A fine ivy with a fern-like appear­ Experiment Station in America where ance. Resembles 'Star' on a larger scale. many useful plants were first introduced. 'Four Square' (Fig. 13) -Plants with 'Trustee' was selected from an old ivy long runners, non branching, leaf blades branch found growing over old walls of 2'i4 in. to 4 in. wide, 11'2 in. to 3 in. English stones which had come to Ameri­ long, shallowly 3-lobed, very dark green, ca as ballast under white bulging sails. with very strong veins. A very attractive Leaf blades variable, up to 4 in. long and selection because of the bold squarrose as wide, prominently 3-lobed to remotely leaves with a sculptured aspect. Found in so and smaller, sometimes ca. 1 % in. an old overgrown garden where it ram­ long and as wide, deep green with promi­ bled about under weeds and brambles. nent veins. A robust grower. Resembles 'Gladiator' (Fig. 17) -Leaf-blades H. helix 'Scutifolia'. large and shield-shaped, 2% in. to 3'i4 in. wide and 21'2 in. to 41'2 in. long, Hedera helix L. 'Yalta' n. cv. (Fig. 10) shallowly 3-lobed or sometimes with only 'Yalta' was collected by Dr. John L. one lateral lobe, medium green, veins not Creech in damp wooded hills above Yal­ very prominent. A useful ivy of good ta, el. 1200 ft. in the Crimea, U.S.S.R. effect if trained over the lower limbs of a Introduced under P.I. 293883. A robust tree and allowed to fall in a curtain of growing plant with remotely 3-lobed bold texture. Found in an old garden in leaves; leaf blades up to 2~12 in. wide the Deep South. and as long, somewhat cordate at the 'Mount Vernon' (Fig. 14) -Leaf base and with a middle lobe blunt­ blades strongly 3-10bed, often with 2 aur­ tipped, dark dull green with strong light icles at the base, deeply cordate, the mid­ green veins. dle lobe longest, some of the leaves near-

FALL 1971 179 4 5

9

180 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1 2 1 1 J

1 6

\

I. Hedera helix 'Carolina Crinkle', 2. 'Freed's Miniature', 3. 'Trustee\ 4. 'Green Finger" 5. 'Nagud" 6. ~Permanent Wave', 7. 'Preston Tiny" 8. 'Teena', 9. 'Trustee', 10. 'Yalta', II. 'Cathedral Wall', 12. 'Anchor', 13. 'Four Square', 14. 'Mount Vernon,' IS. 'Rubaiyet', 16. 'Ferney', 17. 'Glad· iator'.

FALL 1971 181 ly star-shaped, 21;2 Ill. to ~'i'4 in. wide and nearly as long, medium green with prominent veins. A selection from the home of Gen. George Washington at Mount Vernon, Virginia. Resembles H. helix 'Scutifolia' except the leaf lobes are more angular. A fast grower. 'Rubaiyet' (Fig. 15) (misspelled 'Rubauyet' in the original description)­ Leaf blades shallowly 3-lobed, shallowly cordate, 1% in. to 2'i'4 in. wide and nearly as long, veins green on the UJpper side, purplish red between the veins in cold weather. Cuttings originally came from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 1960. Voucher specimens to document all of the cultivars described in this account are on deposit in the herbarium of the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. W.O. FREELAND 4032 Rosewood Drive

Columbia, South Carolina 29205 PHOTOS BY AUTHOR Fig. l. Dombeya 'Pink Clouds'. Reference Clusters of pale pink flowers Bates, Alfred, "The Illusive Ivy" in Natl. Hort. stand out against the medium­ Mag. Vol. II (1 and 3); 13 (3); 19 (4); 20 green foliage. (1 and 4) ; 21 (3); 22 (4); and 23 (1 and 4) .

ate Dombeya species populations and hy­ Dombeya 'Perrine' and Dombeyc[ brids for the selection and .production of new flowering, landscape or container 'Pink Clouds'-New Cultivars of plants for tropical and subtropical Merit regions. The genus Dombeya has been known Fifteen identified accessions of Dom­ for 70 years in the United States, for at beya and 12 unidentified accessions have least 150 years in England, and longer in been introduced by the U .S. Plant Intro­ India, yet surprisingly few of the more duction Station from Africa where dom­ than 100 species have been cultivated. beyas are indigenous. These are being Until recently only one species, D. wal­ evaluated under Florida's subtropical lichii (Lind!.) K. Schum., had become conditions, but most of them are of re­ well known to gardeners in these coun­ cent receipt and have not yet flowered. tries or in other countries with more One selection, Dombeya 'Rosemound'l tropical climates. When we began work­ released and distributed by the U.S. Plant ing with the genus at the U. S. Plant Introduction Station, Miami, in 1967, is Introduction Station, Miami, in 1960, now being propagated for sale by nurs­ one hybrid D. X cayeuxii had been re­ erymen. ported. Brief mention of the horticul­ Seedling populations that resulted tural qualities of some species in this from open pollinations of the earliest large genus has been made by various introductions have produced individuals authors over the years; a few have been with outstanding horticultural qualities, condem~ed, but more have been praised. lSoderholm, Paul K. 1967. Dombeya 'Rose­ No studIes other than those in Miami are mound' a new cultivar. A merican Horticultural known to have been carried on to evalu- Magazine, 46: 91·92.

182 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY growth appears in March. 'Pink Clouds' will root readily by placing cuttings di­ rectly in a mist propagation bed. Howev­ er, 'Perrine' requires a presoaking in a water solution of 75 p.p.m. indolebutyric acid to which has been added 1 1/2 grams of a soluble plant food to each liter of solution. We have found that an 18-18-18 fertilizer, with minor 'elements, promotes excellent rooting when the basal half of the cuttings are soaked in this solution for 24 hours. Plants started in March and grown in a full sun from July lon, will be 2 to 3 feet tall by Sep­ tember and can be flowered in the con­ tainer for fall sales by nurseries. Short compact potted plants of Dom­ beya 'Perrine' produce an excellent show of color during the normal flowering season, indicating that this cultivar is useful as a blooming pot plant for florist sales.

Descriptions Dombeya 'Pink Clouds' n. cv. Dombeya 'Pink Clouds' (P. I. 347623) Fig. 2. Dombeya 'Pink Clouds'. was selected from a population of 200 A closer view of the delicately open-pollinated seedlings of Dombeya til­ colored flowers. iacea (E. Mey. ex End!,) Planch. (P. I. 221175). The pollen parent of this group is undetermined but putatively it is the such as flowering habit, bush form, and original plant of D. sp. aff. D. burgessiae leaf characteristics. Two new cultivars, Gerr. (P. I. 205654) from which 'Rose­ 'Pink Clouds' and 'Perrine' recently have mound' was derived. been released to nurserymen for propaga­ The ascending multiple stems of 'Pink tion and further distribution to the pub­ Clouds' form a moderately dense shrub lic through commercial channels. 10 feet tall and 10 feet wide. The leaf Both cultivars grow as well on the blades are 5 to 6 inches long and 4 to 5 slightly acid soils of the west coast of inches wide; margins are lobed, den­ Florida as on the alkaline soils of the tate, and resemble those of 'Rosemound' lower east coast. Their fertilizer require­ more than the seed parent. The foliage ments are similar to those of the hibiscus. turns red for a short period during Feb­ For best plant form and the finest bloom ruary followed in a week or two by they should be grown in full sun. luxuriant new growth. In South Florida, where winter rains Individual flowers are 1 3/4 inches are scarce, both 'Perrine' and 'Pink across, light purplish Ipink (Munsell hue Clouds' should be irrigated periodically 2.5RP 8/5), and are carried in large in order to keep the foliage in the best clusters well above the foliage, scattered possible condition during the cool over the entire bush. In southern Florida weather. they start opening in early October and continue through mid-November present­ Propagation ing an extended and excellent show of Four to six inch tip cuttings can be color (fi g. 1 and 2) . rooted any time after the new flush of 'Pink Clouds' resembles its parent, D.

FALL 1971 18~ tiliacea only in size and shape of the ~at, spreading flower: It may b~ used effectIve­ ly either as a smgle speCImen plant. or grouped for background or screemng effect.

Dombeya 'Perrine' n. cv. Dombeya 'Perrine' (P. I. 347622) is an open pollinated seedling derived from Dombeya 'Rosemound.' 'Perrine' has attained a height of 8 feet and a spread of 10 feet in 6 years. It is hemispherical in sha.pe, with dense foli­ age that sweeps the ground. Th~ leaf blades are 5 inches long and 4 Inches wide with dentate margins, lobed, similar to those of Dombeya 'Rosemound'. The flowers are moderate purplish pink (Munsell hue 2.5RP 7/8) , shading to a slightly lighter pink at the outer edges of the petals, imparting a pleasing, frosted effect. The flowers are carried in large moderately dense upright clusters well above the foliage (fig. 3) . The foliage remains green throughout Fig. 3. Dombeya 'Perrine'. These the winter in the Miami area except pollen and nectar·laden flowers under the most extreme conditions of are especially attractive to bees. Dombeya honey is of very high combined drought and cold. 'Perrine' is quality. most effective when displayed as a single specimen, yet where the situation re­ quires and space is available, it is out­ was the first to actively engage in intro­ standing when planted in a row, or clus­ ducing exotic tropical plant species into tered at a spacing, so that the individual the area. Unfortunately, he did not live plants just touch at maturity. to enjoy the fruits of this labor of love­ The name Perrine is of considerable he was killed in an Indian raid even local historical significance in that it before he was able to make use of the commemorates the unincol1porated com­ large tract of land for the purpose in­ munity that lies about midway between tended. Miami and Homestead along Florida's PAUL K. SODERHOLM southeast coast. The community lies Research Horticulturist within a township that was granted in u.s. Plant Introduction 1838 by the Federal Government to Dr. Station Henry Perrine for the purpose of U.S. Department of growing newly introduced plant spe~ies . Agriculture Dr. Perrine, a pioneer in South Flonda, Miami, Florida 33158

184 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SocIETY LO RAN L. DAN IE LS ON, Editor '*' Weeds

Common Yellow W oodsorrel Common yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.) is a weed that is appearing in our gardens and edges of lawns with increasing frequency. It is a perennial herbaceous plant that reproduces by seeds and prostrate rooting stems. The three heart-shaped and slightly folded leaflets on long petioles, and the five yellow petals of the flowers are easily recognized. Plants are 3 to 6 inches tall except when growing in competition with other plants when they may reach a height of 12 inches or more. Large numbers of seeds are produced in numerous cylindrical, pointed capsules on each plant. It grows L:,, : ,;:,';:~,:: ; i:~ in every state of the continental United States. W oodsorrel is one of our most severe weed problems in commercial green­ Common yellow woods,orrel (Oxalis stricto L.) A. Habit; B.Leaves show­ houses, slat houses and field plantings for ing 3 leaflets; C. Flower structure; transplant production. Prevalence of the D. Capsule; E. Seeds. weed is due to our inability to control it easily with selective herbicides that will not injure ornamental plants. We must formed. Introduction of seeds and plants rely on hand pulling, hoeing, and sick­ from outside sources can be reduced by ling when infestations occur. We can making sure that top soil, peat moss, and minimize the spreading of woodsorrel by other organic materials are sterilized be­ removing the plants before seeds are fore use in the garden. Potted plants should be examined be­ • Plant Physiologist, Plant Science Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. De­ fore purchasing them to be certain that partment of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland seedling woodsorrel plants are not pres­ 20705. ent in the soil.

FALL 1971 185 Garden Notes

The Haleakala Silversword Guide" describes the Haleakala silver­ The Haleakala silversword, Argy­ sword as follows: "The Haleakala silver­ roxiphium sandwicense, is found only in sword has a short, simple, woody stem 2-3 a few places in the Hawaiian Islands. inches in diameter crowded with th.ick, Unprotected until recently, this very un­ dagger-like leaves arranged spirally usual plant's existence was threatened by around it. After growth from 7 to as extinction from the thoughtless acts of many as 20 years, a foliose raceme 3-8 feet man and the grazing of animals. This high develops on which 100-500 flower­ plant, which belongs to the Compositae heads nod. Each has a central disk of (sunflower family), is now protected in hundreds of bright yellow florets sur­ the Haleakala National Park on the rounded by a score of reddish-purple ray Hawaiian island of Maui. florets. The flowering season is from Carlquist (1965) discusses the silver­ J~ne through O~tober. The whole plant sword in his book "Island Life" in this dIes' aft€r flowenng but once." manner: "They are among the world's Attempts to cultivate this plant have most unusual plants, evolutionary prod­ generally not been successful; however, ucts one could never have predicted by this unusual and fascinating plant has looking at their tarweed ancestors in Cal­ been cultivated with varying degrees of ifornia. Looking like a fantastic silvery success for about the last 10 years at yucca on the vermilion and purplish cin­ Longwood Gardens. * During this period der cones of high Maui, the Mt. Halea­ of time we have become more and more kala silversword, A. sandwichense) (sic) knowledgeable to the cultural require­ is one of the few plants which can with­ ments of this remarkable plant. stand the rigors of this inhospitable cra­ Propagation has been almost exclusive­ ter. Within the crater, bare lava or cin­ ly from seed obtained from the Haleakala ders are seared by alpine sunshine; the National Park. No pretreatment of the rainfall which drenches lower elevations seed seems to be necessary. Our experi­ is shut out by the crater walls; and at the ence has shown that they may be sown in altitudes of nine thousand feet, extremes the same manner as any other seed. Kept from heat to snow make for a punishing in a 70° F greenhouse they show good alpine regime. The Haleakala silversword germination. Germination occurs in 3-4 has found ingenious answers to these weeks. This, no doubt, will vary from problems. one seed lot to another. "Leaves of the silversword are covered Growth is fairly rapid in the beginning with a mat of fiber-glass-like hairs which, and the plants soon take on their charac­ microscopically, are so formed that they teristic form. act as mirrors, reflecting the excessive Apparently, if branching could be in­ alpine sunshine .... In addition to the duced in this plant, then pwpagation hairs, the leaves show other adaptations. could be done by vegetative means. On They are thick and extremely condensed one occasion a plant with a rotted crown in form; if a leaf is broken open, a sort of produced a side shoot. This side shoot jelly can be squeezed out. This substance, was cut off and rooted, producing a new alsQ found in the leaves of many Califor­ plant. This phenomenon has never been nian tarweeds, serves to retain water, a observed to happen again and may have mechanism useful in the face of alpine been one of those rare events that do aridity." occasionally happen. Contrary to some reports and beliefs, Rhule (1959) 1D his "HaleakalC1 these plants do not seem to mind repot­ ting. It has heen our experience that • The plant is occasionally cultivated in Cali­ fornia and in greenhouses, but it has never repotting tends to stimulate these plants flowered outside of Hawaii (Ed.) into faster growth.

186 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The potting mixture used is an ex­ tremely porous one. It consists of 6 parts Turface (a baked clay product) , 7 parts sand, I part peat, and I part loam. These plants seem to have definite likes and dislikes as far as climate is con­ cerned. We have gi'own them with success in a greenhouse cooled with refrigeration and plenty of air movement over the plants. The greenhouse is held at a con­ stant 70° F in the summer and dropped to 50° F during the winter; the humidity in the house is generally fairly low except during the transition periods of spring and fall. It is at these times that a crown rot will develop unless plenty of air is kept moving over the plants to prevent the formation of water droplets in the axils of the leaves. When grown in a greenhouse where the temperature and humidity cannot be controlled during the summer, the plants grow very little and become weak and sick looking with the crown rot de­ veloping, resulting in the death of the plants. Evidence seems to indicate, however, that the whole plant need not be kept cool. When these plants were grown in PHOTO, SHERWIN CARLQUIST a non-cooled greenhouse where their Haleakala sil versword (Argyoxy. roots are held at 60° F by plunging the phium sandwicense), Haleakala Vol· cano, Island of Maui, Hawaii•. pots into sand maintained at 60° F, the plants grew just as well if not better than growing medium is thoroughly wet each in the refrigerated greenhouse. Crown time, taking care not to get water on the rot does develop under these conditions foliage, and preferably with non-chlor­ but can be stopped or prevented by inated water. Allowing a plant to wilt is providing rapid air movement over the not harmful as long as the plant is not plant with a fan. The sand is kept cool in allowed to wilt too long. the bench by the fact that the bottom of The regular application of a fertilizer the bench is really the expansion plate of does seem to stimulate growth. About a refrigeration system much the same as one-half tablespoon of a soluble 20-20-20 that found in the refrigerated shelves at a fertilizer per gallon of water every two grocery store. weeks is adequate during the summer The root systems when grown under months. Most excess fertilizer is leached these cool conditions are healthy looking, out in subsequent waterings. heavy and white. When grown warm they These plants will actually tolerate very are thin and dark. In fact the roots tend low light conditions and stilI live, but to grow toward the cooler temperatures growth is slow. One was sustained for a even in the refrigerated bench. The tem­ year under fluorescent lights, but it grew peratures are naturally cooler near the hardly at all. When placed back into the bottom of the sand than at the top. sun and given the proper treatment it The most critical point concerning commenced to grow again with no appar­ watering seems to be how it is done. The ent permanent ill effects from the low amount is not critical as long as the light treatment. This 'Plant while under

FALL 1971 187 the lights was kept fairly cool and the leaves, they are symmetrically formed, humidity was also quite low. ovate-oblong, and rounded or broad cun­ Apparently these plants are not both­ nate at the base, with a crenate-serrate ered by any of the common greenhouse margin, and a length of % to 2% inches. pests, since none have been observed on They are alternate and firm to the touch, the plant. The covering of hair found on and their surfaces are dull, with a slight the leaves probably discourages most coarse or roughened surface. pests. The flowers are insignificant and not So far none of the plants have showy, polygamous, with perfect and bloomed. The oldest ones are now staminate flowers in the leafaxils. The about 6 years old. An attempt was made fruit is also insignificant unless one to stimulate bloom by injecting a plant chooses to look for the small Va -inch nut­ with Gibberellic acid, but this merely like seeds in the fall months. The bark is deformed the new leaves for a period of smooth, pale and gray, exfoliating from time after the treatment. the trunk and limbs in thin, roundish The conclusions are that the Halea­ flakes (up to 3 inches in diameter) kala silversword can be cultivated if the which leave many interesting brown scars. right environmental conditions can be Zelkova sinica, is indigenous to central maintained. These are: 1. Cool tempera­ and eastern China. It is adaptable in the tures, especially for the roots (ca. 60° F) . United States as far north as climatic 2. Low humidity or in lieu of this brisk zone VI. Rehder reported that this air movement over the plant. 3. High plant was introduced into America in light intensity if possible. 4. Very porous 1908; no doubt he referred to an acces­ potting mixture. 5. A regular fertilization sion collected in October 1907, by E. H. program. Wilson during a plant exploration spon­ R. J. ARMSTRONG, sored by the Arnold Arboretum. In June Geneticist 1920, Professor C. S. Sargent, director of Longwood Gardens the Arboretum, presented seeds from the Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348 resulting plants to the USDA. The Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction References Carlquist, Sherwin. 1965. Island Life. Double­ assigned the entry P.I. 50530 to the acces­ day and Company, Inc. sion. A few years later, seedlings were Rhule, George. 1959. Haleakala Guide. Hawaii established at the U. S. Plant Introduc­ Natural History Association, Hawaii National tion Station at Savannah, Georgia. Park. More recently, plants of Z. sinica (P.I. 312357) were received in March 1966 Zelkova sinica from Hillier and Sons in Winchester, Zelkova, a name with a pleasant­ England. On November 27, 1967, the U. sounding combination of syllables, stim­ S. Plant Introduction Station at Glenn ulates interest. Just about everything Dale, Maryland, forwarded material this shade tree has to offer is good, and from this accession to the Arnold Arbore­ words of recognition are long overdue. tum. Zelkova sinica is a modest-sized decid­ This tree needs very little care. It is uous tree that grows to a height of 55 not particular as to soil and position feet. Elm-like in appearance, its upright, and will persist even in sandy soils of spreading and arching branches create a little fertility. An occasional branch cathedral-like atmosphere for those who should be removed to retain a well­ walk beneath it. The trunk separates balanced branching pattern. Spraying is into several main limbs a few feet above seldom necessary because resistance to head-height, and then sends out numer­ disease and insects is relatively high. ous slender branches that complete the WALTER O. HAWLEY structural picture. Horticulturist From a distance the foliage presents a Plant Introduction Station medium-green fine-textured appearance. ARS U.S. Department of Agriculture Leaves are elm-like, but unlike elm Savannah, Georgia

188 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY CONRAD B. LINK, Editor Book Reviews

Charles Sprague Sargent and the have sometimes suffered from excessive light­ Arnold Arboretum ness of treatment, particularly in terms of S. B. Sutton. Harvard University Press, Cam­ their actual weight or contributions. Ca­ bridge, Mass. 1970. 382 pages. $10.00. millo Schneider is mentioned, but not for (Library) . his consequential studies or publications. The explorations of "Chinese" Wilson are This book was commissioned by the ad­ excellently handled but with less reference ministration of Harvard's Arnold Arboretum to his work at home. Apart from his books, in partial celebration of this notable insti­ Ernest Wilson, when at home, was also both tution's hundredth anniversary in 1972, and a prolific magazine writer and a lecturer in has been billed as "both a biography of constant demand at horticultural gatherings Sargent and a history of the institution's near and far. Alfred Rehder (of the highly growth." But it is not quite that, either in atypical portrait of page 326) enters the actuality or in the author's evident intent. story at several points. He is accorded gen­ Professor Sargent (a cousin of artist John erous recognition for his untiring labors on Singer Sargent) was the gifted, energetic, the Bradley Bibliography and on taxonomic forceful, colorful, and somewhat dogmatic aspects of several Sargent- or Wilson-related member of Boston's turn-of-the-century aris­ publications, yet we find no mention of his tocracy who established the Arnold Arbore­ own excellent monographs, or of the Manual tum. It was Sargent, as first Director, who and the Bibliography of Cultivated Trees charted its course and fought its financial and Shrubs of joint international horticul­ and administrative battles over a 55-year pe­ tural-botanical fame. Although the Bibliog­ riod. A figure of national and international raphy did not follow until later, the basis repute, a contemporary of Harvard's Asa of all of these was essentially of the Sargent Gray, and a non-teaching Professor of Ar­ era. William Judd, an outstanding propaga­ boriculture in Harvard University, Sargent tor, is briefly cited as an "efficient plantsman surrounded himself with a small but emi­ and a popular public speaker despite his nently effective staff. In accordance with a grammatical lapses." Whether or not his pattern which Sargent himself described, "grammatical lapses" would be conspicuous with notable modesty, in his own story of within a university community of our mod­ The First Fifty Years of tHe Arnold Arbore­ ern era (a doubtful point), "Billy" Judd tum (Journal Arn. Arb.) Vol. 8, No.3) , and was also on constant call for his horticul­ with the dedicated assistance of this staff, he tural advice and for identifying the plant brought "his" institution to a position of holdings of many a nursery and of many an unique horticultural-botanical eminence. estate of the wealthy. Anyone who knew As biographical reading, Miss Sutton's these men, or others of the staff of the later book excels. Personal and historical details Sargent period, will also be aware of the are copious, accurately researched, and so broad extent to which all of them deserve delightfully presented that a new generation credit as joint forgers of the Arnold Arbore­ has the means of better understanding this tum's scientific and popular reputation. aloof and interesting figure than did most of A peripheral figure, not of the Arboretum his contemporaries outside of his immediate staff, is USDA plant explorer Frank Meyer. family. Professor Sargent was apparently irritated As an institutional history, and aside from with David Fairchild and the Federal gov­ the Foreword by Director Howard, coverage ernment over, among other things, their of the development of the Arboretum itself connections with a plant quarantine law is primarily limited to the 50 years of Sar­ which complicated his own introduction pro­ gent's tenure. Even within this period, there gram. This point is made evident, but in are many questions relating to the physical absence of any qualification from the author, plant, the collections, and the full comple­ the Sargent-colored residual impression of ment of staff which remain unanswered. Meyer-an introducer to this country of up­ In the interest of institutional history at wards of 2,000 kinds of food, forage, fo rest, this 100-year juncture, it seems also a pity and ornamental plants-is indeed a strange that individuals peripheral to the main story one.

FALL 1971 189 But it is easy to be critical. This is an Gardening Indoors Under Lights absorbing story both of a nationally unique Frederick H. and Jacqueline L. Kranz. The figure and of the country's oldest, equally Viking Press, Inc., 625 Madison Ave., New unique and internationally famed arbore­ York, N.Y. 10022 242 pages. Illustrated tum. It is highly recommended. $7.95 (Library) . HENRY T . SKINNER Indoor culture of plants is a challenge to Container Gardening Indoors and Out many but with the use of lights even more Jack Kramer. Doubleday and Co., Inc. Gar­ opportunities are opened. This book is a den City, New York, 157 pages, illustrated, revised edition of one first published in $6.95 (Library) . 1957 to which the authors have added more of their own experiences in growing plants Clay pots are one of the oldest containers under lights. They describe newer equip­ for the growing of plants. The special fea­ ment developments and results from recent ture of this book is its illustrations and de­ research and commercial application. scriptions of many kinds of containers that Growing plants under lights is not just are suitable for almost every location. The for the decorative plants. It is also useful for author gives directions for making your own those whose hobby is the culture of certain containers from wood, concrete, sheet metal kinds of plants or for the year around in­ or by adapting clay pipes or flue tiles. Win­ door project of growing many kinds of dow boxes or permanent planters may be a plants. The authors first consider the equip­ feature of the architecture. He describes or ment that is needed, especially the lights and suggests other containers that may be avail­ the several ways in which they may be in­ able such as wooden tubs or barrels, fiber­ stalled for use as an aid to plants in the glass containers, self-watering kinds or the window or in a complete indoor greenhouse. adapting of such natural materials as large Culture of plants is next considered, with logs, porous stone or rocks. He considers the culture and selection of special reference to those features that are kinds suitable for both indoor and outdoor influenced by the lights. In many ways the use. A brief description is given of each general culture indicated is equally adapt­ plant suggested and these are divided into able for the growing of plants indoors al­ groups based on the type of plant. Sugges­ thollgh the use of lights enlarges this type tions are given of plants suited for special of culture. uses. These lists serve as a guide, and will Special cultural directions are included for have to be adapted to each location. Certain certain plants that adapt well: the orchids, of the woody plants are listed as being hardy african violets, begonias, or groups of plants but the reader should really check the suit­ such as gesneriads, spring flowering bulbs ability of that plant for the specific area in and foliage plants. This is a most practical which it is to be grown. book for the "gardener under lights." CONRAD B. LINK CONRAD B. LINK

190 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Index to Volume 50 Numbe1'S in italics refer to illustrations

A Plants in the Living Environ­ illg Cherries, 85 ment, 67 Zelkova sinica, 180 Acidanthera bicolor 'Murielae', Chionanthus virginicus, 76 H edera helix, front cover, fall 79, 83 Clerodendrum fragrans, 139 'Anchor', 178, 181 Ackerman, William L.: philippinum, 139 'Carolina Crinkle', 178,180 Breeding New Camellias, 6 philippinum var. simplex, 140 'Cathedral Wall', 179, 181 American Horticultural Society Comus florida 'Rubra', 37 'Ferney', 179, 181 -1922-1971, 150 COl"Onilla emerus, 92 'Four Square', 179, 181 Autitranspirants - Effects and Couropita guianensis, 136 'Freed's Miniature', 178, 180 Uses in Horticulture, 110 Creech, John L. : 'Gladiator', 179, 181 Argyroxiphium sandwicense, 186, Plants of the Vardar River 'Green Finger', 178, 180 187 back cover, fall Valley, Jugoslavia, 90 'Mount Vernon', 179, 181 Armstrong R. J.: Curcuma roscoeana, 42 'Nagud', 178, 180 The Haleakala silversword, Cuscuta spp., 38 'Permanent Wave', 178, 180 186 ' Preston Tiny', 179, 180 Aronia melanocarpa, 76 D 'Rubaiyet', 181, 182 Danielson, Loran L.: Teena', 179, 180 B Control W eeds to Save Water, 'Trustee', 179, 180 Bamboo, Flowering of the Gialtt 137 'Yalta', 179, 180 Timber, at Chico, California, Controlling Weeds in Plant­ H ibiscus sp., 35 44 ings of Herbaceous Peren­ Hodge, Walter H.: Baumgardt, John Philip: nials, 78 Bloodroot, Sanguinaria Cana­ Air Pollution and the Home Common Yellow Woodsorrel, densis, 92 Gardener, 73 185 Hosta Bertholletia excelsa, 135 Weeds and their Control, 38 'Betsy King', 130 Black chokeberry, 76 D avenport, David C, Kiyoto crispula, 127 Book R eviews, 47, 94, 143, 189 Uriu, Mary Ann W. Fisher, decm'ata, 127 Brassaia actinophylla, 141 Robert M. Hagan: fortunei 'Albopicta', 130 /3u xus sempervirens, 90, 91 Antitranspirants-Effects 'Green Pie Crust', 131 and Uses in Horticulture, 'Krossa's Regal' 131, 132 c 110 lanci folia var. thunbergiana f. Dhaky, Amital J .: kabitan, 131 Camellia 'Fragrant Pink', 11 Midget Karelaa The Pride of lancifolia var. thunbergiana f. fratema, 7, 10, 12 Sorath', 46 subaocea, 131 granthamiana, 6, 7, 11 Digitaria sanguinalis, 78 longissima, 129, 131 hie malis, 7 Digitaria spp., 39 'Louisa', 128 hongkongensis, 7, 9 Dionaea muscipula, 70 "Minor Alba", 130 japonica, 6, 7, 9, 10 Dombeya 'Perrine", 184 nakaiana, 128, 129 'Sunset Oaks', Back japonica 'Pink Clouds', 182, 183 "nakaimo", 128 Covel', Winter plantaginea, 127 japonica X C. fratema, 12 E plantaginea val'. grandiflora, japonica X C. lutchuensis, 10 Echinacea purpurea, 55 127 kissii, 7 Embryo Culture of Ornamental 'Royal Standard', 130 lutchuensis, 7 Plants, 75 sieboldiana, 128 miyagii, 7, 8 Environmental Protection Agen­ sieboldiana 'Francis Williams', oleifera, 7 cy- (List of Regional Offices) 129 pitardii var. pitardii, 7, 8 74 tm'diflora, 128 reticulata, 7 tokudama, 131 rosaeflora, 7 F ventricosa, 130 rusticana, 7 Freeland, W.O.: venusta, 129 rusticana X C. fratema, 11 New Garden Ivies, 178 Howard, Richard A.: rusticana X C. lutchuensis, II Clerodendrum philippinum­ salicifolia, 7 G Correct name of the si ngle sa lll enensis, 7 Garden, An 18th Century in double forms of "Cleroden­ sasanqua, 7 Talbot County, Maryland, 19 drum fragrans", 139 sasanqua X C. miyagii, 11 Gibberellic Acid, Producing Hutton, S. B. Sr.: sinensis, 7 Camellias with Various Solu­ Francis Meilland and the Rose taliensis, 7 tions of, 13 Industry, 172 tenuiflora, 7 X Gladanthera 'Lucky Star', 79, Isaii, 7 80, 83 I Camellias, Gladiolus, fragrant, 79 fl ex opaca, 77 Breeding New, 6 Glecoma hederacea, front cover, Iltis, Hugh H.: Why Gib your, 14 winter Man First? Man Last?, 69 Cassia fistula, 135 Insects, Natural and Chemical Gathey, Henry M.: H Control of, 24 Bringing Us All Together, Hawley, Walter 0.: Ivy, ground, Front Cover, Win· Guest Editorial, 148 Flowering of Japanese Weep- ter J p Environmental Problems, 58 Jackson, Mrs. John E. and Mrs. ' Peace' rose, 17 3 Guest Editorial-A Report on Doris R. Rend: Peach 'Halford', 112 Pollution, 52 An 18th Century Garden in Pesticides (table), 27 Plants in Containers Need T albot County, Maryland, Phillyrea latifolia var. media, 91 Correct Watering, 118 19 Phyllostachys bambusoides, 44, Stewart, R . N., S. Asen, and K. Juniperus excelsa, 91 45 H. Norris: Pinus pondemsa, 61 Factors That Determine Flow­ K Platanus orientalis, 91 er Color, 33 Khoshoo, T. N. and O. P. Arora: P01·tu laca oleracea, 137 Stewartia malachodendron, 84, Free Flowering Hybrid Ver­ Privet, Amur River North, 90 85 benas, 16 Common, 90 Syringa vulgaris, 92 Kozlowski, Theodore T.: P1'unus subhirtella 'Shidare- Water Needs of Trees, 102 Higan', 85, 86 T p1'unus X yedoensis 'Shidare- T ilia americana, 21 L Yoshino', 85 Traub, Hamilton: Larson , Roy A.: Purple Cone Flowers, 52 National Horticultural Socie­ Guest Editorial-Water, 100 Purslane, common, 137 ty's Preamble, 42 Lederer, Robert F.: Puya raimondii, 136, Back Cov­ Tutcheria What Can One Man Do My e?', Summer spectabilis, 8 Friend?, 64 virgata, 6, 8 Lieb, Herbert: Q Cloud Seeding Brings Precious U Water to Parched Land, 107 Quenus coccifera, 91 Umbrella tree, Queensland, 141 Ligustrum amurense, 90 Unger, Paul W .: vulgare, 90 R Knowing Your Soil and Its vulgare 'Cheyenne', 90 Rhus mdicans, 39 Water Needs, 114 Linden, American, 21 Rose 'Baccara', 177 Liriodendron chinense, 87, 88 'Forever Yours', 34, 36, 113 V tulipifera, 87, 88 'Golden State', 173 Venus fly-trap, 70 Long, J. D.: 'Good News', 173 Ve1'bena hybrida 16 How To Winter Pansy Plants, 'Happiness', 177 tenuisecta 16 138 'Peace', 173 Verbenas, Free Flowering Hy­ Lotus, Eas t Indian, Fmn t Cover., Romneya coulteri, 43 brid, 16 summer coulte1'i var. trichocalyx 'White.. Viburnum acerifolium, 77 Cloud', 43 cassinoides, 77 M Rumex acetosella, 39 t1'i lolium, 77 McClintock, Elizabeth: Ruscus aculeatus, 91 Name Changes in Metmsider­ W os, 41 s White, Orland E.: Ophiopogon planiscapus, 41 Some Memories of the Plant Meilland, Francis and the Rose Sang1linm'ia canadensis, 91, 92 World, 134 Industry, 172 Santamour, Frank S., Jr. and Willingham, Bryan C.: Menninger, Edwin A. : Frederick G. Meyer : Flowering of the Giant Tim­ The Queensland Umbrella The Two Tulip Trees, 87 ber Bamboo at Chico, Cal­ Tree, Brassaia actinophylla, Scheffi em actinophylla, 141 ifornia, 44 141 Schmidt, Marjorie G.: Wilson, W. F. Jr.: Metrosideros The Ma tilija Poppy, 43 Producing Camellias with Var­ excelsa, 41 Schread, John C.: ious Solutions of GibberellIc k ennadecensis, 41 Natural and Chemical Con­ Acid, 13 villosa, 41 trol of Insects, 24 Wister, Gertrude S.: Meyer, Frederick G.: Seibert, Russell J.: Choosing Among the Hostas, Gues t Editorial-Golden An­ A Livable Environment-A 126 niversary, 4 Horticulturist's Manual for Witherod, 77 Momordica charantia 'Pride of Preserving It; 55 Woodsorrel, Common Yellow, 185 Sorath', 46 Silversword, Haleakala, 185, 186, back cove1', fall Wright, Joan: N A New Fragrant Gladiolus Skinner, Henry T.: Neal, O. M. : Hybrid-X Gladanthera Water as a Decorative Ele­ Embryo Culture of Ornamelt­ 'Lucky Star', 79 ment, 124 tal Plants, 75 Nelumbo nucifera, front cover, Smilacina mcemosa, 76 y summer Smith, Louise G.: Youngman, Wilbur H.: N uium oleander, 112 A Fall Blooming Stewartia Get the Most Out of Water, malachodendron, 84, 85 121 o Soderholm, Paul K.: The Nursery Industry, Yester­ Olive 'Manzanillo', 11 2 Dombeya 'Perrine' and day and Today, 169 Ophiopogon planiscapus, 41 Dombeya 'Pink Clouds'­ japonicus, 41 New Cultivars of Merit, 182 Z Oxalis stricta L., 185 Stevenson, Tom: Zelkova sinica, 188

DATE OF PUBLICATION: DECEMBER 30, 1971 The Perfect Gift for a Gardener

m The W Anlerican HORTICULTURAL Magazine

The Handbook of Hollies

The American Horticultural Magazine Vol. 49 No.4

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