INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA

WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME – II : INTEGRATED PLAN

(Approved by Maharashtra State Water Council on Dated 22.06.2018)

KONKAN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, JUNE 2018

1 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

2 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA

VOLUME - II INTEGRATED PLAN (Upto year 2030)

CHAPTERS 12-25

KOKAN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, THANE

GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

JUNE 2018

3 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

4 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Contents Contents ...... 5 Glossary ...... 15 12 Water for Energy ...... 29 12.1 Conventional energy projects ...... 29 12.1.1 Hydro power generation ...... 29 12.1.2 Thermal power generation ...... 31 12.1.3 Nuclear power generation ...... 31 12.1.4 Gas based power generation ...... 32 12.2 Renewable sources of power generation ...... 32 12.2.1 Small hydro projects ...... 33 13 Traditional Water Devices ...... 37 13.1 Preamble ...... 37 13.2 An Overview of the Traditional Devices ...... 40 13.2.1 Emergence of Different Initiatives ...... 40 13.2.2 Variety of the Structures...... 41 13.2.3 Participatory Approach ...... 41 13.3 Present Status of the Devices in the Sub Basins ...... 42 13.4 Some significant structures in WFR basin ...... 42 13.5 Maji Malgujari Tanks/Kharland Schemes ...... 42 13.5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… ……..……………..42 13.5.2 Historical Background ...... 43 13.5.3 Major Features of Kharland Schemes ...... 44 13.5.4 Present Scenario ...... 44 13.5.5 Recommendation of different commissions /committees: ...... 48 13.6 Suggestions and recommendations ...... 48 13.7 Executive Summary ...... 48 14 Development and Management of Galper Land ...... 49 14.1 Introduction ...... 49 14.2 Present Status of Galper land ...... 49 14.2.1 Ownership of these lands ...... 49 14.2.2 Types of Galper Lands: ...... 49 14.2.3 Rules for allotting these lands: ...... 50 14.2.4 Availability and Utilisation of Galper Land: ...... 52 14.2.5 Crops grown on Galper land: ...... 52 14.2.6 Revenue Collection: ...... 52 14.2.7 Agricultural Production and employment generation ...... 52 14.2.8 Difficulties faced in utilising Galper land for cultivation: ...... 52 14.3 Recommendations of study groups / commission / committees: ...... 53 14.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for better utilization of Galper land...... 53

5 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 14.5 ‘Development Plan’ of Galper Land ...... 54 14.5.1 The objective ...... 54 14.5.2 Guidelines for Preparation of ‘Development Plan’ ...... 54 14.6 Allotting Galper land ...... 56 14.7 Management of Galper land ...... 56 14.8 Disposal of lands in beds of rivers / nallas ...... 59 14.9 Physical and Financial planning ...... 59 14.10 Action Points ...... 59 15 Diversion of Irrigated Land for Non- Agricultural Activity ...... 61 15.1 Introduction ...... 61 15.2 Present Status ...... 61 15.3 Recommendations / Suggestions ...... 62 16 Water Quality ...... 63 16.1 Preamble: Water Quality ...... 63 16.2 Water Pollution ...... 64 16.2.1 Domestic Water Pollution ...... 64 16.2.2 Industrial Water Pollution ...... 65 16.2.3 Control on pollution due to release of untreated effluent – ...... 65 16.2.4 Water Pollution due to Irrigated Agriculture ...... 66 16.3 Water Quality Monitoring Agencies ...... 67 16.3.1 National Water Quality Monitoring Program ...... 67 16.3.2 Monitoring network in Maharashtra – GEMS and MINARS ...... 68 16.4 Water Quality Index ...... 70 16.4.1 WQI for surface water ...... 70 16.4.2 WQI for Groundwater ...... 72 16.4.3 Water Quality for Drinking ...... 75 16.4.4 Water Quality for Irrigation ...... 76 16.5 Water Quality Analysis for Surface Water ...... 79 16.6 Water Quality Analysis for Groundwater ...... 83 16.7 Polluted River Stretches ...... 87 16.8 Summary and Recommendations ...... 88 16.8.1 Commission/Committees and their Recommendations ...... 88 16.8.2 Overview of the Difficulties, Gaps, Suggestions and Recommendations ...... 90 16.8.3 Action Points and Recommendations– ...... 90 17 Recycle and Reuse of Water ...... 93 17.1 Prologue ...... 93 17.1.1 Quantity of effluent generated after urban and industrial use of water - ...... 94 17.1.2 Regenerated water after use in irrigated agriculture ...... 95 17.1.3 Effluent generated from Industrial use ...... 95 17.1.4 Effluent generated from Domestic use ...... 95

6 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 17.1.5 Treatment of effluent prior to its release in rivers ...... 96 17.2 Status in West Flowing River Basin...... 96 17.2.1 Industrial Water use ...... 96 17.2.2 Domestic use of Water ...... 97 17.2.3 Waste Water management ...... 100 17.2.4 Abstract of Domestic Waste Generation and Cost...... 105 17.2.5 Irrigation from reuse of effluent ...... 106 17.3 Way forward ...... 107 18 Prevention of Losses...... 109 18.1 Preamble ...... 109 18.1.1 Losses can be classified in the following manner ...... 109 18.1.2 Factors affecting the Losses ...... 109 18.1.3 Estimation and measurements of Losses ...... 110 18.2 Measurements Losses ...... 110 18.2.1 Major factors...... 110 18.2.2 Evaporation Losses ...... 111 18.3 Conveyance and Distribution Systems ...... 112 18.4 Seepage, Leakage and Siltation ...... 112 18.5 Reduction and Control of Losses ...... 114 18.5.1 Aspects ……...... 114 18.5.2 Means for Prevention of Losses ...... 115 18.5.3 Potential of Prevention of Losses ...... 119 18.6 Recommendetions of study group/ commissions / committee ...... 119 19 Evaporation Control ...... 123 19.1 Preamble ...... 123 19.2 Evaporation...... 123 19.3 Evaporation Losses ...... 123 19.3.1 Instrumentation in the WFR Basin ...... 123 19.3.2 Indirect Measurement of Evaporation ...... 124 19.3.3 Reservoirs ...... 125 19.3.4 Conveyance System ……………………………………………………...... 126 19.3.5 Field Application ...... 126 19.4 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control ...... 126 19.5 Recommendation of Study Group / Commissions / Committees ...... 128 20 Land Acquisition for Irrigation Infrastructure (Displacement of Project Affected Persons), Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R) ...... 131 20.1 Introduction and Background ...... 131 20.2 Historical antecedents ...... 131 20.3 Guiding criteria’s for conducting Land acquisition of R&R: ...... 132

7 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 20.4 Past Experiences ...... 132 20.5 Administration, Law and Policy in Maharashtra ...... 132 20.6 Government of Maharashtra's Approach to R & R ...... 133 20.6.1 The R & R Act, 1976 ...... 133 20.6.2 Maharashtra Project affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986...... 134 20.6.3 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 2013: ...... 135 20.6.4 IBRD policy on involuntary resettlement ...... 136 20.6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification and resettlement plan (Environment Protection Act, 1986): ...... 137 20.7 Conclusions: ...... 140 20.8 An overview of the difficulties, gaps, suggestions and recommendations ...... 140 21 Drought Mitigation ...... 143 21.1 Introduction ...... 143 21.2 Definitions ...... 143 21.3 Climate change /global warming: ...... 144 21.4 Agroclimate Zones ...... 145 21.5 Rainfall……………………………………………………………………………………………..… 145

21.6 Various Commissions/Committees and their recommendations in respect of draught management/mitigation: ...... 146 22 Disaster Management: Risk Assessment and Aversion ...... 151 22.1 Introduction ...... 151 22.2 Legal Framework for Risk Assessment and Disaster Management ...... 151 22.2.1 The Disaster Management Act, 2005 ...... 151 22.2.2 National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans, 2007 ...... 151 22.2.3 The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management,Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government. of ..... 152 22.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006, MoEF, Government. of India ...... 152 22.3 Disaster Management ...... 152 22.3.1 Institutional Framework for the implementation of the DMP - ...... 153 22.3.2 Incidences of Floods in the WFR Basin ...... 158 22.3.3 Flood Management Strategies...... 166 22.3.4 Recommendations related to Floods ...... 168 22.3.5 Earthquake Management ...... 168 22.3.6 Recommendations related to earthquakes ...... 169 22.4 The Role of Risk Aversion in Disaster Management ...... 169 22.4.1 Risk Management – Procedure and Plan ...... 170 22.5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Disaster Affected Persons ...... 172 22.6 Recommendations...... 172

8 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 22.6.1 Recommendations related to disasters...... 172 22.6.2 Recommendations related to risks related to financial and management efficienc y…...... 174 22.7 Sources ...... 174 23 Socio-Economic Impact ...... 177 23.1 Introduction ...... 177 23.2 Previous studies and their results ...... 177 23.3 Socio-economic indicators of the WFR basin ...... 178 23.4 Features of WFR Basin ...... 180 23.4.1 Migration Trends in the WFR basin...... 181 23.4.2 Naxalism in Eastern basins, Vidarbha ...... 181 23.5 Recommendations...... 181 23.6 Conclusions ...... 182 23.7 References ...... 182 24 Planning ...... 183 24.1 Introduction ...... 183 24.1.1 Early Experiences in Planning and Development of Water Resources ...... 183 24.1.2 Recent Developments ...... 184 24.2 Integrated River Basin Planning ...... 184 24.2.1 Principles governing IRBP ...... 185 24.2.2 Assessment of Past Performance ...... 185 24.3 Planning ...... 186 24.3.1 Mission Statement ...... 186 24.3.2 Objectives ...... 186 24.3.3 Conceptual Framework ...... 187 24.4 Action Plan...... 188 24.4.1 Prioritisation – Conceptual Framework ...... 188 24.4.2 Prioritisation of Major and Medium Projects in the WFR Basin ...... 190 25 Institutional & Legal Arrangements ...... 195 25.1 Background ...... 195 25.2 What is ILA? ...... 195 25.3 Water and Constitution of India: ...... 195 25.4 State Water Policy ...... 196 25.5 MWRRA Act, 2005: Theory ...... 197 25.5.1 Provisions for Water Governance: ...... 197 25.5.2 River Basin Agency ...... 197 25.5.3 State Water Board: ...... 197 25.5.4 State Water Council ...... 198 25.6 Sanctioning projects with particular reference to Integrated State Water Plan ...... 198 25.7 Resolution of water conflicts ...... 198 25.8 MWRRA ACT, 2005: Practice...... 198

9 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 25.8.1 Constraints in implementing the ISWP: ...... 198 25.8.2 Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations into River Basin gencies ..... 199 25.9 Linkages of ISWP & MWRRA with other Water Laws...... 199 25.9.1 Acts in force: ...... 199 25.9.2 Why MIA is a Parent Act? ...... 200 25.9.3 Role of Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act: ...... 200 25.9.4 Appointment & Empowerment of Canal Officers as per MIA 76 ...... 201 25.10 Rules of the Acts ...... 202 25.10.1 River & Command Notifications under MIA: ...... 202 25.10.2 Notification for Lift Irrigation Water Users Associations: ...... 203 25.11 Revisiting MWRRA: ...... 203 25.11.1 Understanding the problem ...... 203 25.11.2 Restructuring of MWRRA ...... 203 25.12 Conclusion ...... 204 25.13 Recommendations...... 204 25.14 References ...... 205 25.15 Annexures ...... 206 Annexure 25.1………………………………………………………………………… ………206 Annexure 25.2………………………………………………………………………...... 207 Annexure 25.3………………………………………………………………………...... 209 Annexure 25.4………………………………………………………………………………… 213 Annexure 25.5…………………………………………………………………………….....….218 Annexure 25.6……………………………………………………………………...... …219

10 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Table 12-1: Summary of Hydropower Projects………… ...... 30 Table 12-2: List of Completed Large HP…………………………………………… .……... ….30 Table 12-3: List of Future Large HP…………………………… ……………….…………...30 Table 12-4: Thermal power generation………………………………………… . …………..31 Table 12-5: Gas based power generation………………………………………….………..…..32 Table 12-6: Potential, Penetration levels, and targets of RE power in Maharashtra… …….32 Table 12-7: Small Hydro Projects………………………………………………...………...... 33 Table 13-1: Chronology of Traditional Water Devices and their Illustrative Locations…… .. 40 Table 13-2: Districtwise no. Of Kharland Schemes & area reclaimed by Kharland Board ...... 43 Table 13-3: Districtwise abstract of Kharland Schemes as per master plan ...... 45 Table 14-1: Proposed structure of monitoring committees ...... 58 Table 15-1: Details of diversion of irrigated land for non-agricultural activity in 8 Sub-basins: ...... 61 Table 16-1 Status of applications filed by the MPCB to the Court ...... 66 Table 16-2 Agency wise Water Quality Monitoring details: ...... 67 Table 16-3 Water Quality Monitoring Stations In WFR Basin ...... 67 Table 16-4 List of parameters tested and analyzed by MPCB...... 68 Table 16-5 The WQ sampling location category & frequency of sampling designed for SW by HP ...... 69 Table 16-6 Statement showing Frequency of Sampling & Parameters to be analyzed ...... 69 Table 16-7 Modified weights for computation of WQI And Sub index equation used to calculate NSF WQI for DO, FC, pH and BOD ...... 71 Table 16-8 Water Quality Classification And Best Designated Use ...... 72 Table 16-9 Relative Weight of Chemical Parameters used for calculating WQI for Ground Water ...... 73 Table 16-10 Water Quality Classification And Best Designated Use ...... 74 Table 16-11 CPCB Water Quality Criteria ...... 75 Table 16-12 Drinking Water Standards ...... 76 Table 16-13 Criteria as per IS for suitability of water for Irrigation ...... 77 Table 16-14 Suitability of irrigation water for semi-tolerant and tolerant crops in different soil types ...... 77 Table 16-15 Tolerance of field and vegetable crops to salinity, sodicity and boron ...... 78 Table 16-16 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations in WFR Basin ...... 82 Table 16-17 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in WFR Basin ...... 86 Table 16-18 Pollution priorities - River stretches ...... 87 Table 16-19 Polluted River Stretche s ...... 87 Table 16-20: Polluted River Stretches and PRIORITY CLASSES ...... 88 Table 17-1 Industrial and Domestic Effluent ...... 97 Table 17-2 Population and Domestic Water Demand ...... 98 Table 17-3 Treated Urban Effluent Available For Reuse ...... 99 Table 17-4 Cost Of Sewage Treatment ...... 100 Table 17-5 Cost Of Sewage Treatment For Rural Effluent ...... 102 Table 17-6 Domestic Waste Generation and Cost ...... 105 Table 17-7 Costruction Programme of STPfor Urban and Sewage Disposal for Rural ..... 106 Table 17-8 Sewage Irrigation From Domestic Effluent ...... 106 Table 18-1 Basin Characteristics / Parameters and Losses ...... 109 Table 18-2 Estimation and Measurement of Losses ...... 110 Table 18-3 Major Factors and its Contribution to Reservoir Losses ...... 110 Table 18-4 Reservoir Evaporation ...... 111 Table 18-5 D.I.R.D. Studies Regarding Losses ...... 112 Table 18-6 Description of Losses ...... 113 Table 18-7 Summery of Seepage Losses ...... 113 Table 18-8 Aspects, Tools, Priorities and actions for Reduction and Control of Losses . …115

11 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 18-9 Suggestions for Prevention of Losses ...... 116 Table 18-10 Typical Proposals for Pipe Distribution Network ...... 117 Table 18-11 Transfer of Irrigation Manegment to Farmers ...... 117 Table 18-12 Potential ofr Prevention of Losses ...... 119 Table 19-1 Indirect Methods for Measurements and Estimation of Evaporation ...... 124 Table 19-2 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control of various Sub Basins...... 127 Table 20-1 Representing current status of R & R in WFR Basin: ...... 138 Table 20-2 ...... 139 Table 21-1: Average Rainfall in Sub Basins ...... 145 Table 23-1: Population. Sex Ratio, Literacy, PCI, BPL Population and HDI of WFR Basin ...... 178 Table 23-2: Statistics of Geographical Area, Net Sown Area, Towns, Municipal Corporations, Electrified Villages, Railways and Roads in the WFR Basin ...... 179 Table 23-3: No. of Cooperative Societies, Educational Institutions, PHCs, Bank Branches and Newspapers and Magazines in the WFR Basin ...... 180 Table 25-1: Provisions for Water Governance ...... 197

12 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 12-1: Tata Hydro Electric power plant ...... 29 Figure 13-1: Parrah Irrigation rejuvenated after desilting Golap river in ...... 38 Figure 13-2: Moti Talav, Sawantwadi ) ...... 38 Figure 13-3: Dhamapur Lake Tal-Malvan Dist-Sindhudurg ...... 39 Figure 13-4: Gangasagar lake, Raigad ……………………………………………………………………………..……….....…39 Figure 13-5: Farmer lifts water from Shastri River with Traditional device called Ukti……………………..40 Figure 13-6: Cross Section of Kharland bund………………………………………………………………………………… ..44 Figure 13-7: Baparde Kharland Scheme Ta. Deogad, Dist, Sindhudurg…………………………………………....45 Figure 13-8: Kharland scheme at village Hadi Kandalgaon Tal:Malvan Dist: Sindhudurg…………………46 Figure 13-9: Kharland scheme at village Manche Tal:Deogad District Sindhudurg showing earthen bund and paddy field in reclaimed area……………….……………………………………………………..46 Figure 13-10: Kharland scheme at village Kharigaon Tal:Thane Dist:Thane…………………………………….47 Figure 13-11: Nevare chinchavane kharland scheme Tal. & Dist-Rantagiri…………………………………..….47 Figure 13-12: Manjare Kharland Scheme, Ta. Sangameshwar, Dist Ratnagiri ………………………………….48 Figure 16-1 Trend of annual average WQI across districts of WFR basin ...... 80 Figure 16-2 Trend of average occurrence for different category of WQI in WFRB ...... 81 Figure 16-3 Parametric values of pH recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane...... 84 Figure 16-4 Parametric values of Nitrate recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.…………………………………………………………………………………………………….84 Figure 16-5 Parametric values of Fluoride recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane ...... 85 Figure 16-6 Parametric values of Hardness at CaCo3 recorded at WQMS monitoring ground- water at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane...... 85 Figure 17-1 Flow Diagram For Main Pumping Station ...... 101 Figure 17-2 Flow Diagram For Sludge Treatment Plant ...... 102 Figure 22-1: A Typical DM Structure ...... 153 Figure 22-2: Information Flow Chart of the State Control Room ...... 154 Figure 22-3: Activity-wise Flow of Information ...... 154 Figure 22-4: Early Warning Dissemination ...... 155 Figure 22-5: Emergency Response Structure ...... 156 Figure 22-6: Community Level Institutional Structure...... 157 Figure 22-7: Map showing Prohibitive, Restrictive and Caution Zones ...... 164

13 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

14 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Glossary

S. No. Abbreviation Full form 1 AA Administrative Approval 2 ACP Ari commodity Parks/Assistant Commissioner of Police 3 ACS Additional Chief Secretary 4 ACZ Agro -Climatic Zones 5 AD Anno Domini 6 ADF Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development a nd Fisheries 7 AFCL. Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd. 8 AFS Annual Financial Statement 9 AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program 10 AICTE All India Council for Technical Education 11 AIDC Agro -Industries Development Corporation 12 AIDP Ag ro Industry Development Programme 13 ALTS Agriculture Labour Training School 14 AM&R Annual Maintenance and Repairs. 15 AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 16 ANC Ante Natal Care 17 ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife 18 APMC Agricu lture Produce Marketing Committee 19 AR Assured Rainfall zone 20 ARG Autographic Raingauge Station 21 ARI Acute Respiratory Infection 22 Art Article 23 ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program 24 AS Sickle Cell Carrier 25 ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist 26 ASPG Agro Services Provider Groups 27 ATC Additional Tribal Commissioner 28 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency 29 ATS Agriculture Technical School 30 AYUSH Ayurveda,Yoga& Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy 31 B.A. Bachelor of Arts 32 B.C. Before Chriest 33 B.Com. Bachelor of Commerce 34 B.Sc. Bachelor of Science 35 BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundations 36 BAM Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada 37 BAMU Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University 38 BCM Billon Cub ic Meter 39 BDO Block Development Officer 40 BEAMS Budget Estimation, Allocation & Monitoring System 41 BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 42 BMI Body Mass Index

15 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 43 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 44 BOT Build, Operate &Transfer 45 BPC Block Plann ing Committee 46 BPL Below Poverty Line 47 BPO Business Processing Outsourcing 48 CAD Command Area Development 49 CADA Command Area Development Authority 50 CADWM Command Area Development &Water Management 51 CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate 52 CBA Cost Benefit Analysis 53 CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power 54 CBR Crude Birth Rate 55 CC Community College 56 CCA Culturable CommandArea 57 CCT Continuous Contour Trenches 58 CDO Central Design Organisation 59 CEO Chief Executive Officer 60 CEPI Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index 61 CETP Central Effluent Treatment Plant 62 CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant 63 CFC Common Facility Centre 64 CGB Central Godavari Basin 65 CGWB Central Groundwater Board 66 CHC Community Heal th Centre 67 CHW Community HealthWorkers 68 CIDCO City and Industrial Development Corporation 69 CIE Co -operative Industrial Estate 70 CII Confederation of Indian Industries 71 CIL Coal India Limited 72 CM Chief Minister 73 Cm. Centimetre 74 Col. Collectively 75 COTS Commercial on the Shelf 76 CPCB Central Pollution Control Board 77 CPHEEO Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation 78 CRF Central Roads Fund 79 CRHP Comprehensive Rural Health Project 80 CRIDA Central Researc h Institute for Dry LandAreas 81 CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone 82 CSS Centrally Sponsored Scheme 83 cum. Cubic meter 84 CV Coefficient of Variation 85 CWC Central Water Commission 86 DADM Dry -Land Agriculture Development Mission 87 DCM Deputy Chief Mi nister

16 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 88 DCR Development Control Regulations 89 DEO District Extension Officer 90 DEOC District Emergency Operation Centre 91 DES Directorate of Economics and Statistics 92 DESU District Extension Services Unit 93 DFID Department for International Development (UK) 94 DIC District Industries Centre 95 DIPP Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion 96 DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development 97 DIV Division 98 DLHS District Level Household Survey 99 DMIC Delhi - Mumbai Industr ial Corridor 100 DMP Disaster Management Plan 101 DP Drought Prone 102 DPA Drought Prone Area 103 DPAP Drought ProneArea Programme 104 DPC District Planning Committee 105 DPDC District Planning and Development Council 106 DRDA District Rural Develo pment Agency 107 DSR District Schedule of Rates 108 DST Distribution Network 109 DTE Directorate of Technical Education 110 DWMC District Watershed Management Committee 111 EBM Education Backwardness Measure 112 EDP Educational Development Plan 113 EGB Eastern Godavari Basin 114 EGoM Empowered Group of Ministers 115 EGS Employment Guarantee Scheme 116 EHV Extra -HighVoltage 117 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 118 EMI Eight Monthly Irrigation 119 ESIC Employees State Insurance Corporation 120 ESP Electrostatic Precipitator 121 EXIM Export Import 122 F.R.L. Full Reservoir Level 123 FAO Food & Agriculture Organisation 124 FC Forest Conservation 125 FCI Food Corporation of India 126 FCS Flood Control Station 127 FCS Full Climatologica l Stations 128 FDA Food and Drugs Administration 129 FFC Fact Finding Committee 130 FFT Fact FindingTeam 131 FLIM Fodder and Livestock Improvement Mission 132 FRA Forest Rights Act

17 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 133 FRBM Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management 134 FReL Fisca l Responsibility Law 135 FSI Floor Space Index 136 FTK Field Testing Kits 137 FTWZ FreeTrade Warehousing Zone 138 FW Family Welfare 139 FWTI Farm Women Training Institute 140 FY Financial Year 141 FYP Five Year Plan 142 G & D Gauge & Discharge 143 GA Geographical Area 144 GB Godavari Baisn 145 GCA Gross Command Area 146 GDDP Gross District Domestic Product 147 GDDPCI Gross District Domestic Per Capita Income 148 GDP Gross Domestic Product 149 GDP Gross Domestic Product 150 GDS Gauge disch arge sites 151 GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System 152 GGE Gender Gaps in Education 153 GH Ghat Zone 154 GIA Grant -in -Aid 155 GIS Geographical Information Systems 156 GIWP Godavari Integrated Water Plan 157 GMR Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao 15 8 GoI Government of India 159 GoM Government of Maharashtra 160 GOS Gate Operation Schedule 161 GR Government Resolution 162 GSDA Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency 163 GSDP Gross State Domestic Product 164 GST Goods and ServiceTax 165 GW Groundwater 166 GWDT Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal 167 GWMA Ground Water Management Association 168 GWP Global Water Partnership 169 Ha Hectare 170 HDI Human Development Index 171 HFL High Flood Level 172 HIG High Income Group 173 HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus 174 HLEG High Level Expert Group 175 HMIS Health Management Information System 176 Hon'ble Honorable 177 HP Horse Power

18 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 178 HR Human Resources/ Head Regulator ( Tudumb ). 179 HRA House Rent Allowance 180 HRD Human Resource Dev elopment 181 HRM High Rainfall zone with soil from Mixed parent material 182 HSC Higher Secondary Certificate 183 HW Hot Weather 184 HYV High Yield Variety 185 I&BC Indicators and Backlog Committee 186 IAM Institute of Agricultural Mechanization 18 7 IAP Integrated Action Plan 188 IAS Indian Administrative Service 189 IBSSA Incentive Based Scheme for Skill Acquisition 190 ICA Irrigable Command Area 191 ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research 192 ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme 193 ICT Information and Communications Technology 194 ICTC Integrated Counselling and Treatment Centre 195 IDCs Irrigation Development Corporations 196 IDMO Integrated Disaster Management Organization 197 IEA Independent Evaluation Agency 198 IEM Indust rial Entrepreneurs Memorandum 199 IEO Independent Evaluation Office 200 IEPL Ideal Energy Projects Ltd. 201 IGIDR Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research 202 IID Integrated Infrastructure Development 203 IIM Indian Institute of Management 20 4 IIPS International Institute for Population Sciences 205 IIT Indian Institute of Technology 206 IIUS Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme 207 ILA Institutional & Legal Arrangements 208 IMD Indian Meteorological Department 209 IMF Internatio nal Monetary Fund 210 IMFL Indian Made Foreign Liquor 211 IMR Infant Mortality Rate 212 INM Integrated Nutrient Management 213 IP Irrigation Potential 214 IPHS Indian Public Health Standards 215 IPI Irrigation Project Investigation 216 IRBP Integra ted River Basin Planning 217 IRC Indian Roads Congress 218 IRD Irrigation Research Directorate 219 ISRO Indian Space Research Organization 220 ISSP Indian Statistical Statement Project 221 ISWP Integrated State Water Plan 222 IT Information Techno logy

19 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 223 ITDP Integrated Tribal Development Project 224 ITES Information Technology Enabled Services 225 ITI Industrial Training Institute 226 IWRDM Integrated Water Resource Development & Management 227 IWRDP Integrated Water Resources Development Pl an 228 IWT Inland Water Transport 229 JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 230 JNPT Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust 231 JRMMC Joint Risk Monitoring and Management Committee 232 KEM Excluding Mumbai 233 KFW Kreditanstalt fur Wi ederaufbau (Reconstruction Credit Institute) 234 Kg./Ha Kilogram per Hectare 235 Khar Pan Patta Saline Area of Amravati and Akola Districts 236 KIDC Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation 237 KM Kilo Meter 238 KT Kolhapur Type 239 KVI Key Volume I ndicator 240 KVK KrishiVigyan Kendra 241 KW KiloWatt 242 KWDT Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal 243 KWH Kilo Watt Hour 244 L&Jd Law and Judiciary Department 245 LBC Left Bank Canal 246 LHV Lady Health Visitor 247 LIG Low Income Group 248 LIS Lift Irr igation Scheme 249 LPCPD Litres Per Capita Per Day 250 LRDS Limited Rate Demand Schedule 251 LS Local Sector 252 LWE Left Wing Extremism 253 LWL Lowest water level 254 M Meter 255 M&R Maintance& Repairs 256 M2 Square Meter 257 M3 Cubic meter 258 MAAS Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences 259 MADC Maharashtra Airport Development Company 260 MAFSU Maharshtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University 261 MAHAGENCO Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited 262 MAIC Maharash tra Agro -Industrial Corporation 263 MAID Maharashtra Agro -Industries Development Corporation 264 MARD Marathwada Aurangabad Revenue Division 265 MASA Maharashtra Agriculture StatisticalAgency 266 MAU Marathwada Agricultural University 267 MAX Maximum

20 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 268 MBA Master of Business Administration 269 MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 270 MCAFR Maharashtra Council for Agriculture Education and Research 271 MCAR Maharashtra Council of Agricultural Research 272 Mcft Million Cubic feet 273 MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Limited 274 Mcum Million Cubic Meter 275 MDDL Maximum Draw Down Level 276 MDR Major District Roads 277 MDRC Maharashtra Development Research Council 278 MEDA Mission Economic Development Association 279 MEDC Maharashtra Economi c Development Council 280 MEGS Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme 281 MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute 282 MFP Minimum Foundation Programme 283 MGA Maharashtra Ground Water Act. 284 MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 285 MGW (D&M) Maharashtra Ground Water (Development and Management) Act, 2009/2013 Act 2009 286 MHADA Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority 287 MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development 288 MI Minor Irrigation 289 MIDC Ma harashtra Industrial Development Corporation 290 MIG Middle Income Group 291 MIHAN Multi -modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur 292 MIN Minimum 293 MINARS Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources 294 MIS Management Information Syst em 295 MIS Micro Irrigation System 296 MIT Maharashtra Information of Technology 297 MJP Maharashtra JeevanPradhikaran 298 MKVDC Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation 299 MLA Member of Legislative Assembly 300 MLC Member of Legislative C ouncil 301 MLD/mld Million Litres per Day 302 MLLA Maharashtra Land Lease Act 303 MM MajiMalgujari (In the context of Nagpur) 304 MM Mille Meter 305 Mm3 Million Cubic Meter 306 MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation System by Farmers Act. 307 MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio 308 MMTs MajiMalgujari Tanks 309 MNC Multi National Company 310 MNP Minimum Needs Programme 311 MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

21 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 312 Mono - croping Paddy crop 313 MoRD Ministry of Research & Development 314 MoWRG OI Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India 315 MP MP Member of Parliament 316 MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board 317 MPCE Monthly Per capita Consumer Expenditure 318 MPHW Multi -Purpose Health Worker 319 MPKV Mahatma PhuleKrishiVidyapeet h 320 MPLAD Members of Parliament LocalArea Development 321 MPR Monthly Progressive Report 322 MPW MultipurposeWorker 323 MR Moderate Rainfall zone 324 MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Center 325 MSE -CDP Micro and Small Enterprises - Clus ter Development Programme 326 MSH Major State Highway 327 MSL Mean Sea Level 328 MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise 329 MSP Minimum Support Price 330 MSSIDC Maharashtra Small Scale Industries Development Corporation 331 MT Metric Tonne 332 MT A Million Tonnes per Year 333 MTDC Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation 334 mtr. Meter 335 MTSE Maharashtra Talent Search Examination 336 MUs Million Units 337 MVET Maharashtra Vocational and Education Training 338 MW Mega Watt 339 MWIS Mahar ashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 340 MWRDC Maharashtra Water Resources Developement Corporation 341 MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority 342 MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project 343 NABARD National Bank for Agricu ltural and Rural Development 344 NAC National Agricultural Commission 345 NAREGA National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct 346 NASSCOM National Association of Software and Services Companies 347 NBSS National Bureau of Soil Survey 348 N-CADA New Command Area DevelopmentAuthority 349 NDMA National Disaster Management Authority 350 NDWM National Drinking water Mission 351 NEERI State Level Water Quality Review Committee 352 NEP National Environment Policy () 353 NFHS National Family Health Survey 354 NGO Non GovernmentOrganisation 355 NH National Highway 356 NHDP National Highways Development Project

22 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 357 NHP National Health Package 358 NIC National Irrigation Commission 359 NIMZ National Investment and Manufacturing Zone 360 NIT National Insti tute ofTechnology 361 NNMB National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau 362 NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Kalium (Potassium) 363 NPV Net PresentValue 364 NRCP National River Conservation Plan 365 NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Program 366 NRHM Natio nal Rural Health Mission 367 NRLD National Register on Large Dams 368 NRSC National Remote Sensing Center 369 NSFWQI National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (USA) 370 NSSO National Sample Survey Organization 371 NTFP Non -Timber Forest Pro duce 372 NVEQF NationalVocational Education Qualifications Framework 373 NWDA. National Water Development Authority 374 NWMP National Water Quality Monitoring Program 375 NWP National Water Policy 376 O & M Operation & Maintenance 377 OCR Optical Cha racter Recognition 378 ODR Other District Road 379 OTSP OutsideTribal Sub Plan 380 P.G. Post Graduation 381 PAPs Project Affected Persons 382 PAR Performance Appraisal Report 383 PCI Per Capita Income 384 PDN Pipeline Distribution Network 385 PDROs Primary Dispute Resolution Officers 386 PDS Public Distribution System 387 PESA Panchayat Extension to ScheduledAreas 388 PHC Primary Health Centre 389 PHCC Primary Health Care Centre 390 PHN Public Health Nurse 391 PIM Participatory Irrigation Mana gement 392 PKV PanjabraoKrishiVidyapeeth 393 PLF Plant Load Factor 394 PMF Probable Maximum Flood ( 395 PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojna 396 PMKSY Pradhan MantriKrishiSinchaiYojana 397 PPP Public Private Partnership 398 PRBC Pravara Right Bank Canal 399 PRI Panchayati Raj Institution 400 PSI Package of Scheme of Incentives 401 PSU Public Sector Undertaking

23 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 402 PTG PrimitiveTribal Groups 403 PURA Provision of UrbanAmenities to Rural Areas 404 PV Photovoltaic 405 PWD Public Works Department 406 R&D Research and Development 407 R&R/RR Rainfall & Runoff 408 RAA Revised Administrative Approval 409 Rabi Season Winter Season 410 RAMM Regional Agriculture Mechanization Mission 411 RBA River Basin Agency 412 RBC Right Bank Canal 413 RCH Re productive&Child Health 414 RD Revenue Division 415 RDB Regional Development Board 416 RDC Regional Development Commissioner 417 RDD Rural Development Department 418 RDP Road Development Plan 419 REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation 420 RF Reserved Forest 421 RFI Rural Financial Institutions 422 RGNDWM Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission 423 RGS River Gauging Station 424 RH Rural Hospital 425 RIP Revision of Irrigation Potential 426 RL Reduce Level 427 RM Rising Main 428 RMP Risk -Management plan 429 RoM Rest of Maharashtra (Pune, Nashik&Konkan Revenue Divisions) 430 ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule 431 RRO Relief and Rehabilitation Organization 432 RRR Repairs Renovation & Restoration 433 Rs. Rupees 434 RTE Right to Education 435 RTI Right to Information 436 RTM Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj 437 RUSA Rashtriya Uccha Shiksha Abhiyan 438 SC Scheduled Caste 439 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 440 SCD Survey of Cause of Death 44 1 SCSP Scheduled Caste Sub Plan 442 SD Standard Deviation 443 SDB Statutory Development Board 444 SDP State Domestic Product 445 SEARCH Society for Education,Action and Research in Community Health 446 SECL South Eastern Coalfields Limited

24 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 447 SEIA Socio -Economic Impact Assessment 448 SEOC State Emergency Operation Centre 449 SEZ Special Economic Zone 450 SH State Highway 451 SHC Sub Health Centre 452 SHG Self Help Group 453 SIT Special Investigation Team 454 SME Small and Medium Enterprise 455 SNDT Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey 456 SPV Special PurposeVehicle 457 Sq.Ft. Square Feet 458 Sq.Km. Square Kilometre 459 SR Special Repairs 460 SRG Standard Rain Gauge 461 SRI System of Rice Intensification 462 SRTM Swami Ramanand Tirth a Marathwada 463 SS Sickle cell Society 464 SS State Sector Projects 465 SSA SarvaShiksha Abhiyan 466 SSC Secondary School Certificate 467 SSI Small Scale Industries 468 SSSP State Statistical Strengthening Project 469 ST ScheduledTribe 470 Std. St andard 471 STDEV Standard Deviation 472 STP Systematic Transfer Plan 473 SWB State Water Board 474 SWC State Water Councial 475 SWP State Water Policy 476 TAC TribalAdvisory Council 477 Tb Tuberculosis 478 TCS Tata Consultancy Services 479 TDD Tr ibal Development Department 480 TDI Taluka Development Index 481 TDR Transfer of Development Rights 482 TFR Total Fertility Rate 483 TGA Total Geographical Area 484 Th.HA. Thousand Hectare 485 TIDC Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation 486 TINA There Is No Alternative 487 TMC Thousand Million Cubic feet 488 ToR Terms of Reference 489 TP Transit Permit / Treatment Plant 490 TPP Thermal Power Plant 491 TRDF Technical Research and Development Fund

25 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 492 TRI Transition Zone - I 493 TRTI Tribal Re search&Training Institute 494 TSP Tribal Sub Plan 495 TTR2 Transition Zone - II 496 TUF Technology Upgradation Fund 497 UGC University Grants Commission 498 UHC Universal Health Care 499 UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and M edium Towns 500 ULB Urban Local Bodies 501 UMPP Ultra Mega Power Plant 502 UNDP United Nations Development Programme 503 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change 504 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund 505 Unicef United Nations I nternational Children's Emergency Fund 506 US United States 507 USA United States ofAmerica 508 USFDA United States Food and Drug Administarion 509 VAT Value Added Tax 510 VATI Vocational Agriculture Training Institute 511 VGF Viability Gap Funding 512 VIDC Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation 513 Viz Used for 'for example', 'as like' 514 VM Volumetric Measurement 515 VR Village Road 516 VRL Very high Rainfall zone with Lateritic with black and red soil (vertisol&Oxysol) 517 VRN Very hig h Rainfall zone with Non -Lateritic soils 518 VSI Vasantdada Sugar Institute 519 VTDC VidarbhaTourism Development Corporation 520 w.r.t. With reference to 521 WALMI Water and Land Management Institute 522 WAT Water Absorption Trenches 523 WCD Water Conservation Department 524 WCL Western Coalfields Limited 525 WER Water Evaporation Retardant 526 WFR west Flowing Rivers 527 WGB Western Godavari Basin 528 WHO World Health Organisation 529 WMGR Water Management, Governance & Regulation 53 0 WMO World Meteorological Organization 531 WQAA Water Quality Assessment Authority 532 WQI Water Quality Index 533 WQRC Water Quality Review Committee 534 WRD Water Resources Department 535 WRMT Water Resources Management & Training 536 WSD Watershed Development

26 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 537 WSSD Water Supply and Sanitation Department 538 WUAs Water Users' Associations 539 WW Waste weir 540 YAP Yamuna Action Plan 541 YASHADA Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration 542 YOY Year on Year 543 ZP Zilla Parishad 544 ZREAC Zonal Reserch And Extension Advisory Committee

27 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

28 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 12 Water for Energy 12.1 Conventional energy projects 12.1.1 Hydro power generation

Hydro power has modern history associated with it in Maharashtra. The 3 rd in India was erected in Satara district of Maharashtra. Water used for power generation is routed through the turbines and again let into rivers, canals etc for its use such as irrigation, domestic or industrial use etc. Hydro Power was used firstly for running in areas a flour mill at Aurangabad way back in 17th Century. This is a non-consumptive as far as water use for green power generation is concerned.

In West flowing river basin in particular commissioned first Major power plant- the hydro-electric station- in (72 MW) in 1915, the second hydro station one in (75 MW) in 1919 and the 3rd one in Bhira (300 MW) in 1922. With these three hydro stations and the 1,580 MW (100 MW merchant) thermal power station in Trombay, Mumbai; Tata Power is the largest integrated power company in India and is the most trustworthy power supplier to Mumbai.

Fig. 12.1-Tata Power Hydro electric Power plant

The tail-waters of the Khopoli power project are let into the near Khopoli in Maharashtra.The Bhira plant maximum output capacity is nominally 300 MW, generated by six 25 MW Pelton turbines and a 150 MW pumped storage generator added in 1997.

There is scope to construct reversible hydro turbines by storing and diverting water of some east flowing or west flowing rivers towards west. Water stored would be used to generate power during day time (peak demand hours) and would be pumped back during night time during off-peak hours, when surplus power is available at cheap rates. Hydropower generation is a non-consumptive use of water because water used for power generation can be used again for irrigation, domestic or industrial use.

Hydroelectric power generation scenario of WFRB is summarised in Table No.12.1 given below.

In Maharashtra state large project imply capacity above 25 MW while Mini Hydel schemes have 2 MW or less capacity. Hydel project in between are small.

29 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table -12.1 : Summary of Hydropower Projects Sr. Description Tota Total Completed Ongoing Future Remark No. l No MW No MW No MW No MW State/Private

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Large H 12 4442 8 1217 - - 4 3225 9 State sector 3 Privat e sector 2 Small 33 282 5 36 10 62 18 185 6 State sector 27 Private sector 3 Mini 22 18 8 8 7 3 7 6 4 State sector 18 Private sector Total 67 4742 21 1261 17 65 29 3416 19 State sector 48 Private sector

Table – 12.2 List of Completed Large HP. State /Private/BOT Taluka /District Completed Capacity in Electric Remark Completed Project year MW generated upto June 2017(M.Unit) Koyna stage -3 / Ratnagiri Oct -1978 320 23930.11 State /(Kolkewadi ) Bhira Tail race /Raigad Sep -198 7 80 2180.228 State station Vaitarna Igatpuri/Nashik June -1976 60 5403.566 State Tillari Chandgad/Kolhapur Oct -1986 60 3014.938 State Khopoli /Raigad 1955 72 - Private Bhivpuri /Raigad 1922/1997 75 - Private Bhira Mangaon/Raigad 1927/199 6 300 - Private Ghatghar lift Shahapur/Thane June -2008 250 1447.183 State Total 1217 35976.025

The total present energy generation of large hydro project is 1217 MW.

Table – 12.3 List of Future Large HP. Sr. State/Private/BOT Taluka /District Capacity in Completion Remark No. Future Project MW Programme 1 Ghathgar stage II Lift Shahapur / Thane 125 2030 State Hydro electric project 2 Athwan lift hydro Pune /Raigad 1200 2030 State electric project 3 Nivhe lift hydro Pune/Raigad 1200 2030 State electric project 4 Malshejghat lift hydro Murbad/Thane 700 2030 State electric project Total 3225 The total Future energy generation of large hydro project will be 3225.00 MW.

Small and Mini HP projects details are attached at the end of chapter.

30 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 12.1.2 Thermal power generation

The total capacity in thermal power is 3280 MW.

Table 12.4 : Thermal power generation

Sr.no Name of project Capacity in MW Year of Completion 1 Thermal Power station 250 January 1995 250 March 1995 2 JSW Ratnagiri thermal po wer station 1200 2011 Trombay Thermal Power station 3 1580 N.A

Total 3280

12.1.2.1 Dahanu Thermal Power Station

The installed capacity of Dahanu Thermal Power Station or Reliance Dahanu Thermal Power Station is 500 MW.The existing water reservation with WRD is 2.00 Mm3. Presently Dahanu Thermal power station take water through in Palghar districts stream between Damanganga and Vaitarna basin.

12.1.2.2 JSW Ratnagiri thermal power station

JSW Ratnagiri thermal power station is coal based thermal power plant located in Nandiwade village in of WFRB. It has installed capacity of 1200 MW (4X300MW). The plant became fully operational in year 2011.

12.1.2.3 Trombay Thermal Power station :

Trombay thermal power station is a coal based thermal power plant located at Trombay near Mumbai in Maharashtra. The power plant is owned by Tata Power. The total installed capacity of Thermal Power station is 1580 MW.

It has an installed capacity of 1580 MW . It has following generating units:

• 150 MW Oil (unit 1 to unit 4). • 500 MW Coal (unit 5). • 500 MW running on oil (unit 6, this is being converted to run on coal). • 180 MW Gas based (unit 7) • 250 MW Coal (unit 8). The first 4 units have been decommissioned and are no more functional. 12.1.3 Nuclear power generation

12.1.3.1 Tarapur Atomic Power Station:-

It is located in Tarapur, in Maharashtra.Tarapur is the First largest nuclear power station in India. With a total capacity of 1400 MW, The facility is operated by NPCIL (Nuclear

31 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Power Corporation of India). The existing water reservation with WRD is 2.190 Mm3, Presently Tarapur Atomic Power station takes water through Surya Dam.

12.1.3.2 Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project:-

Located at Madban village of Ratanagiri districts Jaitapur Nuclear power project has a capacity of 9900 MW.

12.1.4 Gas based power generation

12.1.4.1 gas turbine power station

Uran gas turbine power station is gas based thermal power plant located at Uran in , Maharashtra. The power plant is operated by the Mahagenco. It has an installed capacity of 672 MW.This gas turbine power station comes under Patalganga basin.

Table -12.5: Gas based power generation Station Unit and Size(MW) Installed Capcity (MW) Uran G.T 4X108 432 W.H.R 1&2 2X120 240 Mahagenco gas 672

12.1.4.2 Private Limited(RGPPL)

It is joint Venture of NTPC limited, GAIL, and Government of Maharashtra. The company was established to take over and revive the assets of defunction Dabhol Power Company. RGPPL owns India largest gas-based power plant and the LNG regasification terminal at Dabhol. Its three power blocks supply a combine 1967 MW of electricity to India Western grid.

12.2 Renewable sources of power generation There is abundant scope for non-conventional and renewable energy project in WFRB which are considered as pollution free or green energy sources. Focused attempts were made only after formation of separate Ministry at the Centre. The average penetration level so far reached in Maharashtra is just 44% only. Maharashtra has now set up an ambitious targets of RE power installations. It will be interesting to see the actual achievements to see the results of the policy formulated.

Table-12.6 : Potential, Penetration levels, and targets of RE power in Maharashtra Sr. Source of India Mahara shtra Target West flowing No. energy MW Potential Installed MW River basin MW MW % Installed MW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Solar 74900 6400 366 6 7500 7.5 2 Wind 49130 9400 4252 45 5000 12.69 3 Biomass 16881 781 200 26 300 N.A 4 Bagasse 5000 2200 1138 52 1000 N.A

32 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr. Source of India Mahara shtra Target West flowing No. energy MW Potential Installed MW River basin MW MW % Installed MW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 Waste to heat 1700 350 N.A. N.A. 200 N.A 6 Urban waste 1700 287 7 2 N.A. 5.4 7 Wave Power 40000 500 N.A N.A N.A N.A 8 Tidal Power N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A 9 Geothermal N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A power Total 189311 19918 5963 44 140 00 25.59

Note: Potential/installations from Biodisel, are not included since data are not available. # Potential shown in Col.4 is as per MEDA, GoM/MNRE details provided on the website. * Targets shown are as per GoM, Industry, Energy and Labour dept Policy 13 dt 20.07.2015.

12.2.1 Small Hydro Projects Table 12.7: Small Hydro Projects

Sr. State/Private/ Taluka /District Compl Capac Electric Status Remarks No BOT eted ity in generated Completed year/ MW upto June Project Progra 2017(M.Unit) mme /Project work started year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Bhatsa hydro Shahapur/Thane Sep -91 15 1517.823 completed State project 2 Konal (Tillari) Dondamarg/ May - 10 347.865 completed Private Sindhudurg 10 3 Surya Jawhar/Thane Jan -99 6 224.357 completed State

4 Vajrahydro Shahapur/Th ane Feb -02 3 268.358 completed Private electric project 5 Dolvahal /Raigad Dec - 2 2.54 completed State Hydro Electric 07 Project 6 Vaitarna Igatpuri/Nashik Sep -87 1.5 122.84 completed State Hydro electric project 7 Surya Canal Palghar Jun -98 0.75 - completed State Drop

33 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr. State/Private/ Taluka /District Compl Capac Electric Status Remarks No BOT eted ity in generated Completed year/ MW upto June Project Progra 2017(M.Unit) mme /Project work started year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 Vajra -2 Shahapur/Thane Nov - 1 37.136 complet ed Private 12 9 Vajra -3 Shahapur/Thane Feb -15 1.5 24.005 completed Private 10 Hetwane Pen/Raigad Mar - 1.5 9.07 completed Private Medium 16 project 11 Yelondwadi Ratnagiri - 0.1 - completed Private M.I Project 12 Devgad Kankawali/ Sep -10 1.5 35.639 completed Private Medium Sindhudurga project 13 Terwanmedhe Sawantwadi/ Mar - 0.2 4.229 completed State hydro electric Sindhudurga 98 project 14 Kal hydro /Raigad 2019 - 15 2003 -04 Ongoing State project 2020 15 Kumbhe hydro Mangaon/ Raigad 2018 - 10 2002 -03 Ongoing State 2019 16 Upper Igatpuri/ Nashik - 3 5/04/2011(Ag Ongoing Private Vaitarna reement date) Hydro electric project 17 Middle Mokhada/Thane - 11 7/03/2013(Ag Ongoing Private Vaitarna reement date) hydro electric project 18 Sarmbalhydro Vengurla/ - 2.5 - Ongoing - electric Sindhudurga project 19 Mahmadwadi Kankwali/ - 3 27/10/2010(A Ongoing Private hydro electric Sindhudurg greement project date) (Nardave Dam 20 Arjun hydro Rajapur/Ratnagiri - 2 27/07/2016(A Ongoing Private electric greement) project 21 Tillariinter Dondamarg/ - 5 12/08/2016(A Ongoing Private state project Sindhudurga greement) (konal HP)

34 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr. State/Private/ Taluka /District Compl Capac Electric Status Remarks No BOT eted ity in generated Completed year/ MW upto June Project Progra 2017(M.Unit) mme /Project work started year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 KorleSantdihy Devgad/ - 2 27/07/2016(A Ongoing Private dro electric Sindhudurga greement) project 23 Bhatsa Right Shahapur/ Thane - 8 Under Ongoing Private Canal HEP Jurisdiction of High court 24 Hetawa ne Pen/Raigad - 0.35 - ongoing State Medium Project 25 Pimpalwadi Khed/ Ratnagiri - 0.36 - ongoing - Datka HEP 26 Pimpalwadi Khed/ Ratnagiri - 0.4 - ongoing - Dubi

27 Tillari link HEP Dondmarg/ - 0.8 - ongoing - Sindhudurg 28 On LBC Tillari Dondmarg/ - 0.45 - ongoing - Project Km Sindhudurg 8.580 29 On LBC Tillari Dondmarg/ - 0.5 - ongoing - Project Km Sindhudurg 13.660 30 On LBC Tillari Dondmarg/ - 0.5 - ongoing - project Km Sindhudurg 14.820 31 Tillari THEP II Dondamarg/ 2030 9. 129 - Future State Phase Sindhudurg 32 Amal Mokhada/Thane 2030 12 - Future Private 33 Takpada Shahapur/Thane 2030 8 - Future Private 34 Bijipada Jawhar/Thane 2030 17 - Future Private 35 Aakhara Jawhar/Thane 2030 15 - Future Private 36 khadki Mokhada/Thane 2030 8 - Fut ure Private 37 kashtipada Shahapur/Thane 2030 17 - Future Private 38 Pandi /Raigad 2030 4 - Future Private 39 Nagshet Murud/Raigad 2030 2 - Future Private 40 Gomashi Mahad/Raigad 2030 6 - Future Private 41 Katvat Pol adpur/Raigad 2030 5 - Future Pr ivate 42 Kasbheshivtar Mahad/Raigad 2030 5 - Future Private

35 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr. State/Private/ Taluka /District Compl Capac Electric Status Remarks No BOT eted ity in generated Completed year/ MW upto June Project Progra 2017(M.Unit) mme /Project work started year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 43 Ganjvane Pol adpur/Raigad 2030 6.5 - Future Private 44 Vadgaon Pol adpur/Raigad 2030 18 - Future Private 45 Karbhatle Sangmeshwar 2030 10 - Future Private /Ratnagiri 46 Javra Lanja/Ratnagiri 2030 20 - Future Private 47 Talambahydro Kudal/ 2030 4 - Future Private electric Sindhudurg project 48 Patgaon Kudal/ 2030 18 - Future Private Sindhudurg 49 Domhira Jawhar/Palghar 2030 0.25 - Future - 50 Dolvahal Roha/Raigad 2030 0.44 - Future - Hydro Electric Project 51 New Mandve Khed/ Ratnagiri 2030 0.5 - Future - Hydroelectric project 52 Gadnadi Sangmeshwar / 2030 1.6 - Future - Medium Ratnagiri project 53 Arjuna Rajapur/ 2030 1.5 - Future - Medium Ratnagiri Project 54 KorleSantdihy Devgad/ 2030 1.6 - Futur e - dro electric Sindhudurg project 55 On Link Canal Dondmarg/ 2030 0.45 - Future - Tillari Project Sindhudurg Km 3.230 Total 300

36 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 13 Traditional Water Devices 13.1 Preamble Traditional devices are part of the heritage of a society and are being used from historical times for satisfying community needs of water. The nature of ancient and traditional water harvesting systems and devices are usually a direct response to the environmental characteristics of the region. These devices primarily served the needs of drinking water of the community. Examples of use of such engineering structures for irrigation purpose are also found all over Maharashtra state. These devices had a special status in culture, in that they have not been only means of satisfying physical needs but have played an important role in strengthening community fabric. Calling off these devices all together from use will be a short sighted gesture and their use shall be continued at least now and then, so as to preserve them. With the advent of technology and changing social context, role of these devices has been marginalized. Deterioration of any forgotten structure could be fast and these structures are no exception to it. It is possible to revive these structures through different interventions and utilize them for drinking water and for providing irrigation to orchards in WFRB.

Historical evidences demonstrate that a variety of structures have been conceived and constructed from ancient periods for harnessing the water required for various purposes. Credit for creation of these devices goes to benevolent rulers, philanthropic individuals and community initiatives. The day to day management of all these sources was essentially a community initiative without any kind of state interference. Maintenance and management of systems were entirely left to the people.

Traditional Water Systems here revolve around ground water from lateritic plateaus, hill streams and rivers. Due to quick runoff, swift, overflowing rivers of the monsoon dry up in the summer; range of ground water fluctuation is also high. The region has several evolved traditional practices to utilise rainwater for irrigation and domestic use. The system of making “Parrah” or irrigation channels off-taking from rivers (Waingani System), hills streams and groundwater zones exists till date. This system is comparable to the Incan system discovered in Argentina, South America.

In few places of Ratnagiri & Sindhudurg district “Waingani Farming” is done during Rabi season. This type of farming is favourable near Marshy lands, swamps, wet lands & banks of river. In Waingani farming short term Rice (ST Rice) is main crop and secondary crops like Tur, Udid and Beans are sown on the banks farms as well. Due to cold atmosphere maximum yield of crops is achieved. Most of farmers do Waingani farming for fodder of their cattles.

37 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 13.1 Parrah Irrigation rejuvenated after desilting Golap River in Ratnagiri

Ghode Bav: It is a Historic place in Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg district. It is a huge well with provision of steps so that horses could go down to drink water. A horse is called ‘GHODA’ in hence the name. This well has ample water even in summer. It is more than 500 years old.

Moti Talav, Sawantwadi: If Sawantwadi is a beauty then Moti Talav can be called its majestic beauty spot. The province had decided to create two palaces for the Emperor and thus started the work of excavation which resulted in creation of this beautiful lake as a reservoir of water. This was constructed in 1974 in front of the palace. Well, the lucky workers made a killing as they were paid or presented with Moti (Pearls) for the wonderful job done by them. So that’s how the lake came to be known as Moti Talav (Pearl Lake).

Figure 13.2 Moti Talav, Sawantwadi

Dhamapur Lake: Dhamapur Lake is situated between Are and Katta village in Malvan taluka of Sindhudurg district. This man-made lake was constructed in 1530 by the king Nagesh Desai (A branch of Vijaynagar Dynasty) and has beautiful scenic hill ranges on its two sides. It is an earth-fill

38 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN dam which is one of the oldest lakes of Sindhudurg district in the state of Maharashtra. The lake receives water throughout the year and remains full throughout the year. It covers an area of about 22 hectares with depth of about 12 metres. The water is utilised for drinking, irrigation and to some extent fishing is also carried out by local people. MTDC has developed this lake as a tourist spot.

Figure13.3 Dhamapur Lake Tal-Malvan Dist-Sindhudurg

Gangasagar Lake on Raigad Fort: The Gangasagar Lake is an artificial lake situated in pachad, built during the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji. The water of this lake is also a major source of drinking water for the nearby villages. Lake is situated in front of the fort.

Figure 13.4 Gangasagar Lake, Raigad

39 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Ukti:

A traditional method for lifting water using the principle of lever was in practice in WFRB for times immemorial. This method is strangely reminiscent of the Archimedean screw which was used in the past in Egypt to lift water from river Nile.

Figure 13.5 Farmer lifts water from Shastri River with Traditional device called Ukti

13.2 An Overview of the Traditional Devices 13.2.1 Emergence of Different Initiatives Traditional water devices can be categorized as religious and non-religious. Barav and Kund type structure has a typical religious setting, whereas pond, tank- canal and Pushkirini were constructed not only for irrigation but also for fulfilling water needs of the society. Traditional water devices as associated with various historical periods are listed in following table.

Table 13-1: Chronology of Traditional Water Devices and their illustrative Locations

Sr. Period/Dynasty Name of Structure Illustrative Locations No. 1 2 3 4 1 16th Century Dhamapur Tank, Sindhudurg District Ghode Bav 2 19th Century Moti Talav, Parrah Sindhudurg District 3 Distant Past Open dug wells Entire Ba sin

40 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

13.2.2 Variety of the Structures Traditional water devices comprises various structures such as Wells, Aads, Step-wells (Baravs), Lakes, Underground water-channels, Village-tanks, Farm ponds etc, that have been constructed in historical past.

Aad : A deep open well without steps with small diameter of about 1.5 to 2.5 m with pulley and rope arrangement to lift water. The shape may be circular or polygonal. They were the basic arrangements envisioned in the ancient days for drinking water purposes.

Barav: Generally found near the prominent temples. In shape it is a square, hexagonal, pentagonal, and rectangular or oblong with steps for climbing. Some of these were reserved for drinking purpose.

Well: A common round circular well with a diameter of 3 to 10 m or more without any steps or with rudimentary steps. The purpose of construction is for drinking water and irrigation.

Tanks: Community storages in the villages are mostly used for domestic purposes. In the Vidarbha region, a large number of tanks also support irrigation. These are generally classified as:

Bandh: A large size tank is called “Bandh”. They provide irrigation facility for more than one village and are few in numbers.

Talao/ Gao-talao : Gao-talao provides irrigation to area within one village. It is also used for domestic purpose like drinking and raising livestock. If such tank is very close to the village is called as a “Gaon-Talao”/ “Village tank”.

Bodi: Bodi is a smaller than the talao. A bodi is meant for providing irrigation water for irrigating the paddy crops. Bodi is a seasonal source of water. After irrigating the Kharif crop, the tank bed of the body was used for cultivating wheat, gram etc. This was possible on account of the availability of the residual soil moisture.

Kutans: Kutans were the structures on the downstream of a larger tank. These are small bunds – about a meter high – running parallel to the bund of tank at a distance of 50 to 60 ft. Water from bigger tank was released into these kutans and was distributed evenly and then released in channels, minimizing the chance of eroding channels due to excessive pressure of sudden water release from the bigger tank.

13.2.3 Participatory Approach Water was the common property shared by all prior to the emergence of any State. Most of the traditional water devices belonged to the community. In course of time they became part of cultural and later cultural heritage. Excessive intervention of the state in respect of various activities and the consequent dependence of communities on state have led to increasing relegation of maintenance of the structures. The main reason behind the journey downhill is the interference of the state thrust during the British period. Unfortunately this trend was not only carried on after

41 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN independence but was fostered up. In some cases these devices have stopped being community owned and are operational as private assets. The apathy can be adjudged from the fact that as of now the data available apropos can be best described as sketchy.

13.3 Present Status of the Devices in the Sub Basins Structures other than Malguzari Tanks. Many structures and devices exist in Konkan region and some of them are in current use as well. However, a compilation of the same is not available as yet. Whenever, there is a problem like leakage, the authorities in possession of the structures approach WRD and demand its rectification. One such proposal considered by WRD is Dhamapur tank.

13.4 Some significant structures in WFRB No data other than that mentioned in foregoing paragraphs is compiled for this basin.

13.5 Maji Malgujari Tanks There are no MM tanks in WFRB. However special structures that are found in coastal areas which are important known as ‘Kharland Structures’ are detailed as follows

Kharland Schemes

13.5.1 Introduction “Khar Land" means such tidal land is made cultivable or otherwise beneficial in any matter whatsoever by protecting it, by means of an embankment, from the sea or tidal river, and includes all such land in whatever manner described, whether as khar, khajan, kharepat, gazni or otherwise. The WFRB in Maharashtra is situated along the 720 Km. long shoreline of the Arabian Sea at its western boundary. The shoreline could be considered as a natural gift to the WFRB consisting of Greater Bombay and the five districts Palghar, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. In about a 15 Km. width from the coastal line, deep deposits of soil exist due to erosion on the steep slopes of the Sahyadris and transportation of eroded material by various rapidly flowing steams down the ghats. A large number of streams rising in the Sahyadri range meet the Arabian Sea in this area. During the high tides, salt water of the sea makes ingress over the soil deposits along various creeks thereby damaging the lands due to concentration of salts. The unit for the evaluation of the concentration of salts in the soil is " Electrical conductivity ” (E.C.). The E.c. indicates the ingress of salt water over the land and its frequency. The soil is considered to be cultivable for paddy cultivation (which is the major crop in the coastal region) where the E.C. is equal to 4 or less. Normally it is found that for the affected lands popularly known as 'Khar Lands' before reclamation, E.C. is roundabout 10 for lands in Greater Bombay, Thane and Raigad districts where as for Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg E.C. for the non-reclaimed Khar lands is mostly less than 10.This is due to the fact that soils in the creek area in the above two districts are less impervious compared to soil in the creek area of the other three districts. So far it was being said that the spread of Khar lands was along the coastline of 720 Kms. It, however, needs to be appreciated that these lands extend along both banks of various creeks (which are over 50 in number) for a length of 15 to 20 Kms. The Khar lands thus extend to over about 2000 Kms. length. The various rivers after cascading the steep slopes of the Sahyadris

42 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN meander for a length of about 15 to 20 Kms. before they join the Arabian Sea. During high tide, which occurs twice a day, the seawater makes in ingress in the rivers up to 10 to 15 km. length rendering the river water saline.

13.5.2 Historical Background:- The practice of protecting Khar Land by earthen bunds for bringing the same under cultivation was in vogue since last 800 to 900 years during the regime of Shalivahana, Yadavas. During the Muslim and Maratha regimes only nominal efforts were made to maintain the protected schemes but the subject was totally neglected during the British Regime. The past history shown that various creeks like , , Vasai, Dabhol, Bank of Rajapur, Jaygad etc. were good ports and prominent commercial centers and the ships and country crafts used to operate to transport various merchandise. One who hand control over the creek used to have full control in the entire area in that valley during historical times. During the Maratha regime various noblemen like Angre, Shinde and Belose constructed forts along the Konkan shore but unfortunately the development of Khar lands, remained neglected. After Independence in 1947, the attention of Government was drawn to the problem of protection of Khar Lands which resulted into enacting Bombay Khar Land Act 1948. According to Clause 3 of the Act, the Khar Land Board was established in the year 1949. Under this Act the Khar Land Board was to look after the development of Khar Land in coastal region and the expenditure involved was to be borne by Government and the beneficiaries in the proportion of 50:50.The Khar Land Board completed over 258 schemes to reclaim an area of about 34000 Ha of Khar Land at a cost of 1.46 crores. Since the challenges before the man have changed, new horizons of development area visible with advance of technology, the deficiencies and defects in the Old Act could be tested on the experience gained and it was time that the whole aspect was required to be reviewed. Government therefore, in the year 1975, appointed a study group to review the entire aspect of Khar Land Development under the presidency of MLA Shri.A.T.Patil.

Kharland Board After independence, the Govt abolished the Khar Land Board. During its tenure (Year 1948 to 1979) the Kharland Board had completed 258 Khar Land Schemes and there by reclaimed 33874 Ha of Kharland area.

Table 13.2 Districtwise no.of Kharland Schemes & area reclaimed by Kharland Board

District No. of Schemes Reclaimed area in Hectares.

Thane 63 9636 Raigad 148 21887

Ratnagiri 25 1267

Sindhudurg 22 1084 Total 258 33874

Out of above schemes, 28 schemes (3814 Ha) have been deleted due to salt pan, Urbanization, etc. and 12 Schemes (1121 Ha) have been merged in other schemes. Thus at present there are (258 - 28 - 12) =218 schemes completed by Board with total reclaimed area of (33874 - 3814 - 0) =30060 Ha.

43 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 13.5.3 Major Features of Kharland Schemes:- The construction of Earthen Bund of sufficient height is done above HTL to prevent the entry of the saline water into the agriculture land to be cultivated. The alignment of the bund is along the creek and thus does not close the mouth of the creek. The top level of bund is fixed as per the technical norms circulated vide GR No. 1099/ (442/99)/ Kharbhoomi dated. 4/10/2000. The top of bund level is designed as Creek Flood Level plus free board of 1.00 m and is increased to 1.5 m. for schemes nearer to Sea. The creek flood level is calculated by using HEC-II Computer Programme.

Figure 13.6 Cross-section of Kharland Bund

The C.D. work is at the location of nalla to drain the rain water from the field. The Khar land if protected properly by bunds and leached of the salts for a couple of years is found to be very fertile and capable of growing not only paddy but also crops like coconut, areca nut, fruit trees like Cashew, Chikku etc. Even today one could see pleasant greenery on both banks of rivers in Konkan.

13.5.4 Present Scenario: After abolition of khar land Board in the year 1979 the Kharland development schemes were handed over to Irrigation Department. The master plan was prepared in the year 1979 to reclaim 67422 Ha area. Recently as per Coastal Regulation Zone (C.R.Z.) Notification 1991, the detail review of proposed kharland development schemes was taken. After study of CRZ, the Taluka wise maps are prepared by concern field officers. As Per Notification published on 25th December 2003, there are in all 575 kharland Development schemes in WFRB to reclaim 49120 Hectare, details of which are tabulated as below.

44 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

District As per master Completed Ongoing Balance Schemes to be plan schemes upto Schemes Schemes taken in future March 2017 (New)

No. of Reclai No. of Reclai No. Reclaim No. of Rec lai No. of Reclai Schem mable Sche mable of able Sche mable Sche mable es Area mes Area Sche Area mes Area mes Area Ha. Ha. mes Ha. Ha. Ha.

Thane 35 5187 29 4148 2 680 4 359 0 0

Palghar 73 8457 55 7379 0 0 18 1078 9 1020

Raigad 165 22559 134 20058 2 92 29 2409 1 36

Ratnagiri 170 6794 83 3616 8 489 79 2689 8 286

Sindhudurg 132 6136 107 5775 1 40 24 321 8 165

Total 575 49133 408 40976 13 1301 154 6856 26 1507

Table 13.3 District-wise abstract of Kharland Schemes as per master plan

Figure 13.7 Baparde Kharland Scheme Ta. Deogad, Dist, Sindhudurg

45 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 13.8 Kharland scheme at village Hadi Kandalgaon Tal:Malvan Dist: Sindhudurg

Figure 13.9 Kharland scheme at village Manche Tal:Deogad Dist: Sindhudurg showing earthen bund and paddy field in reclaimed area

46 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 13.10 Kharland scheme at village Kharigaon Tal: Thane Dist: Thane

Figure 13.11 Nevare chinchavane kharland scheme Ta. & Dist-Rantagiri

47 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 13.12 Manjare Kharland Scheme, Ta. Sangameshwar, Dist Ratnagiri

13.5.5 Recommendation of different commissions /committees: The various commissions/committees have also realised importance of these kharland schemes and have specifically made very useful recommendations. Some important recommendations are as follows: 13.5.5.1 Mr. A. T. Patil Committee (1975): 1) To take over the entire activity of Khar Lands Development by Government of Maharashtra 2) To prepare master plans for all districts in Konkan region 3) To revise the existing economic Yard Stick for Khar Land Development Schemes after every 3 years. 13.5.5.2 Mr.R.V.Belose Committee (June 1981):

13.6 Suggestions and recommendations There are no MM tanks in WFRB hence, para 13.6 is not applicable for the purpose of this report.

13.7 Executive Summary Traditional devices are part of the heritage of a society and are being used from historical times for satisfying community needs of water. Historical evidences demonstrate that a variety of structures have been conceived and constructed from ancient periods for harnessing the water required for various purposes. Credit for creation of these devices goes to benevolent rulers, philanthropic individuals and community initiatives.

48 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 14 Development and Management of Galper Land 14.1 Introduction The land which is exposed, when flowing or stationary water from sources like rivers, nallas, lakes, tanks, reservoirs etc. is receded in a natural process or by utilising it for different purposes and is normally available for cultivation, but excluding Khar land (including salt beds) is called Galper land . Large extent of land is submerged under water in the tanks/reservoirs, generally up to Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and during floods up to High Flood Level (HFL).This entire Government land coming under submergence during normal filling and during floods is called tank bed land . Tank bed land includes Galper land and land remaining under water throughout the year. Peripheral strip of tank bed is submerged for short period during floods. The depth of floodwater is small in this area. In most of the tanks there are no floods every year. Hence this peripheral land can be used for long-term cultivation. Land below FRL is gradually available for use as the water is utilised for different purposes. This land is available for cultivation during Rabi and Hot weather season. However, the entire land becoming free from water is not suitable for cultivation for various reasons like undulating topography, slushy bed, improper or no approach, presence of quarry, exposed rock, etc. Also the status of forest land coming under submergence remains, as forest land though used for impounding water hence is not available for cultivation. The Land which is suitable for cultivation is an important resource that can make a valuable contribution to the agricultural produce and can also generate considerable employment potential for the people around the periphery of the reservoir in general and project-affected persons in particular.

14.2 Present Status of Galper land 14.2.1 Ownership of these lands The title of the land is transferred in the name of the concerned department after declaration of the award under Land Acquisition Act. The forestland, though transferred to the concerned department for impounding water, its title remains the same. In WFB northern region, there are some lands under the submergence of Maji Malgujari tanks, which are private, and after depletion of water, the owner himself cultivates that Galper land.

14.2.2 Types of Galper Lands: Based on impounding and depletion of water, the Galper Landsare classified into following three types: Type (i) -- Land between boundaries of acquisition (based on norms for different category of dams) and FRL of the reservoir. Type (ii) -- Land which is gradually available, with the depletion of reservoir water, between FRL and Maximum Draw Down Level (MDDL) or Lowest water level (LWL). Type (iii) --Land below MDDL/LSL.

49 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Type (i) Land is available for cultivation permanently except during high flood. Type (ii) land is generally available from October to June or February to June depending on domination of seasonal crops being taken in the command area (by flow and lift both) of the reservoir and non- irrigation use and Type (iii) land is rarely available, except during scarcity year.

These lands are leased for different purposes as per the Maharashtra Land Revenue Rules 2008 (MLR rules) and guidelines issued by the Government from time to time.

Type (i) Land is generally leased for longer period say 10 year or so. Type (ii) land is allotted for seasonal use. Type (iii) land is leased for fisheries or crops growing in water and slush like ‘Shingada’, ‘Kamal kand’, ‘Khas grass’ etc. These lands, at present, are not classified on the basis of its land use/land title prior to acquisition (i.e. Agriculture/forest/quarry etc. or government/private etc.), which is essential for assessing the actual extent of land that can be brought under cultivation.

14.2.3 Rules for allotting these lands: Some of the important provisions in the present rules and Government. Directives are as follows:

1 These lands shall be allotted in following order of priority

a. Project affected people (PAPs) whose land has been acquired for the new irrigation projects or PAPs by any Government. Scheme or project by local body.

b. Co-operative societies of schedule caste/schedule tribe local landless labours.

c. Co-operative societies of schedule caste/Tribes and co-operative societies of local landless peoples in which schedule caste/Tribe members are in majority.

d. Co-operative societies of local landless peoples.

e. Local landless people of schedule caste/schedule tribe.

f. Local landless people of other class.

g. Landless people from outside village where Galper land is located.

h Local cultivators.

i Persons whose land is affected by National/ State Sanctuaries/ Parks.

2 The extent of allotment of land shall be as follows:

a. As mentioned above, maximum land up to 1.2 ha per family can be allotted.

b For a family member, who is a member of co-operative society maximum land up-to 1.6 ha per family can be allotted

50 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 3 These lands which are generally available for cultivation every year can be allotted for a minimum period of 5 years but not more than ten 10 years

4 Land revenue of such land shall be charged as per the instructions contained in WRD’s letter dated 14.07.2006 (i.e. lease rent of Rs. 1000 per ha for single crop and Rs. 2000 per ha for double crop for 11 months period) or revised from time to time

5 If the allotments of these land to the local PAPs/co-operative societies and local people are not acceptable, then such land can be made available by auction with the prior permission of Divisional Commissioner. If the auction amount is less than the basic rent mentioned in sub section (2) above then the case needs be submitted to the Government for approval.

6 If more than one co-operative society demand for same area, in such case the District Collector is authorized to take decision in giving priority.

7 These lands reserved for ‘ Gairan’ of village/villages shall be allotted to the cultivators in proportion to the number of livestock. Period of such land lease is for one year.

8 District Collector shall arrange to demarcate these lands in consultation with the district level officers of line department. He cannot dispose off these lands without prior permission of state Government.

9 The cultivator cannot mortgage, sale or sublet these lands, or cannot keep the land fallow or damage it. He should conserve and protect the standing trees and boundary stones on the land allotted to him. He is expected to pay the rent regularly.

10 If the Galper land is required by the Government during lease period, the same should be immediately made available to the Government by the lessee without any compensation after receiving notice of 30 days. During the tenure of lease period if it is not possible to cultivate the land due to submergence, in such case the concession should be given in lease rent. The decision of the District Collector is final and binding. There shall be an agreement for these lands between each leaseholder and the District Collector.

11 The cultivator has to pay the rent as per the schedule fixed by the Government. If the lease rent is not paid successively for two years, in such case the lease agreement should be treated as cancelled and the lease rent shall be recovered through the District Collector as per arrears of land revenue.

At present, MLR code and rules gives authority to the Revenue department to allot these lands to the willing users on ascertaining availability of such land every year. However, GRs issued by WRD also authorise WRD officers to allot such lands. The rent to be charged is also different. Such dual control needs to be removed.

51 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

14.2.4 Availability and Utilisation of Galper Land: In WFRB, the process of identifying and leasing galper lands is not yet formalised. This process must be initiated by the O & M wing of KIDC at the earliest.

14.2.5 Crops grown on Galper land: The month, in which sufficient Galper land becomes available, decide the crops to be grown on such land. If these lands are available at the end of Kharif season then farmers can grow paddy as water is available nearby. They can also grow cash crops like groundnuts or other seasonal crops

14.2.6 Revenue Collection: The basic lease rent for Galper land cultivation for one season is Rs. 1000/- per ha and for two seasons Rs. 2000/- per ha.

14.2.7 Agricultural Production and employment generation These lands, if brought under cultivation can give better than average yields for traditional or new crops. This can generate employment in remote parts of the basin.

14.2.8 Difficulties faced in utilising Galper land for cultivation: 1) Uncertainty in availability of these lands every year, especially for Rabi cultivation.(its availability depends on rainfall in catchment and command area of the project).

2) Late execution of lease agreement or allotment of these lands by auction process. The process takes longer period because first the project officers assess the availability of these lands and intimate the same to Revenue authority and then further action is taken by him. 3) Uncertainty in availability of water for irrigation and hence farmers have to adopt dry farming. If they think of using pumps to draw water, electric supply for pumps is not available nearby, as the electric poles are removed from submergence area. Thus, only alternative left is to irrigate the Galper land by the pumps run on diesel, thereby adding further difficulties to farmers for procurement of diesel. Maintenance of diesel pumps is also costly for which a farmer is required to go to nearby town. 4) Approach to such land is difficult. 5) If the crops are grown in small area and scattered in pieces, crop security is difficult. Where such lands are close to forest, protection from wild animals is also very difficult. Erection of fencing is not possible. 6) Due to dry farming crop yield is very less. Special crop varieties for such farming are not developed.

52 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

14.3 Recommendations of study groups / commission / committees: a) Waste Land Development Samiti (Mohan Dhariya Samiti) 1995 has made following recommendations. Galper land also comes under such wastelands. i) Systematic plan to develop wasteland for enhanced production. ii) Central authority should be established to develop waste and unproductive lands. iii) Improving linkages between line departments for development of waste lands. b) Maharashtra Water and Irrigation commission (Dr.M.A. Chitale) 1999 i) In order to maintain quality of water in reservoirs, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides shall be totally banned while granting permission for cultivation of Galper land. ii) Instead of cultivating strip of Galper land located within 1 to 1.5 m of the submergence near FRL, cultivators should be encouraged to develop it as a forestland. It is essential to have a joint action committee comprising irrigation/forest/Revenue Departments to create forest belt around project reservoirs.

14.4 Recommendations / Suggestions for better utilization of Galper land. • ‘Development and Management plan’ for the Galper land under each irrigation project shall be prepared.

• Demarcation of acquired land boundary and plots of 1.2 ha and 1.6 ha size by fixing RCC boundary stones, shall be done. This demarcation shall also be shown on digitised village maps

• Executive Engineer, who controls the water levels in reservoir and is in charge of submergence area and know how much land will be available for cultivation in each irrigation season, shall only be empowered to allot Galper land for cultivation, either on lease or by auction. Hence such rules shall be passed under section 106 of the MI Act 1976 and required changes shall be made in relevant sections of MLR code and rules to avoid dual control. Similar powers shall also be given to EEs concerned of WCD and ZP.

• Projects where project level WUAs are formed, they should also be given the opportunity to opt for cultivation of these lands with order of priority below PAPs, landless labourers and their societies and societies of SC/ST farmers.

• Wherever Techno-economically feasible, electric power supply line shall be provided along the periphery of submergence (along FRL contour) for operation of pump-sets.

• Auctioning/ leasing of these lands shall be completed before start of irrigation season.

• It is also proposed to provide credit facility to PAPs/landless labourers through local banks and subsidised seeds, organic manure etc. shall also be arranged for them at nearby places.

• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides shall not be permitted on these lands.

53 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • Agriculture universities in the basin shall be encouraged to develop special varieties for these lands to be used in Rabi and Hot weather seasons.

• Farmers may be allowed to removal silt for any purpose, free of cost, provided they transport it at their own cost and make these lands levelled i.e. suitable for cultivation

• Powers to relax sealing limit on allotting /leasing land to individual/ cooperative societies / WUAs, where utilisation of these lands is less shall be accorded to the concerned Superintending Engineer.

• Inspection of uncultivated Galper land in each irrigation season with recording of certificate in writing shall be made compulsory at the level of Deputy Engineer. 5% check shall be exercised by the concerned Executive Engineer. The standing crop shall also be crosschecked with the help of remote sensing technics in case of tanks having submergence area more than 500 ha.

• Multidisciplinary monitoring committees shall be set up at project and sub- basin level.

• Though status of forestland under submergence remains unchanged, such land shall be given for Galper cultivation for putting it in use for food production and employment generation. Otherwise the valuable land resource will be wasted.

14.5 ‘Development Plan’ of Galper Land 14.5.1 The objective Objective of preparing the Development plan of Galper land shall be to utilize the available Galper land for agricultural production and to benefit the small and marginal farmers (especially PAPs and landless labourers).

14.5.2 Guidelines for Preparation of ‘Development Plan’ 1. For the completed projects, it shall be prepared immediately and shall be reviewed after every five years. For on-going and future projects, it shall be prepared before impounding water in the tank and it shall also be reviewed after every five years.

2. The development plan may be prepared on consultancy basis by the concerned EEs of the respective departments. For each group of project having submergence area more than 5000 ha, a separate consultant may be appointed by Executive Engineer of respective department.

3. Among other things the development plan shall include the following provisions. a) Detailed classification of the land submerged, such as Culturable land, degraded land, slushy land, forest land, private land (in case of Malgujari tanks), gao than land, quarry, roads, etc. b) Digitised contour plan at 1 m contour interval and if the topography is steep at larger intervals for the entire acquired submergence area. c) Area capacity table (HFL to LSL) at 1 m contour interval.

54 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN d) Area above HFL, if acquired, at 1 m contour intervals. e) Village and area wise details of crops grown before impounding water. (in case of on-going and future projects and for completed projects wherever details are available.) f) Demarcation of acquired land boundary, FRL and plots of 1.2 ha and 1.6 ha size (for allotting to cultivators) by fixing RCC boundary stones. This demarcation shall also be shown on digitised village maps. g) Details of land suitable for cultivation and duly marked on submergence plan (showing village boundaries and other details as existed before impounding water. In case of completed projects whatever details are possible should be shown. But in case of on-going and future projects these details will be essential). h) Study and recommendations regarding suitable crops to be taken on type (i) and type (ii) class Galper land on the basis of suitability of soil for cultivation of various crops (by actual testing of soil samples), quantum and period of availability of water and mode of irrigation available. i) Study and recommendation regarding peripheral electric power line along FRL contour mainly for Agriculture purpose. j) Possibility of developing the land as a forest/social forestry particularly incase of submergence area adjacent to the forest and in those districts/sub-basins where forest cover is less than standard norm of 33%. k) Plots for Horticulture and other developmental activities such as fish ponds, bird sanctuary (if proposed), social forestry etc. in type (i) and type (ii) Galper area and fisheries and/or water sports area in type (iii) Galper land shall be properly planned and shown on the digitised maps. l) Identifying the incoming sewage/effluent disposal drains, and suggest remedial measures/actions if such sewage/effluent is not treated to the acceptable standards before letting out in the tank. m) Suggestions to retain the existing road network within the submergence area so that it may be useful to approach to different plots of Galper land for cultivation. Where there is no such network, proper approaches shall be planned to the plots of these lands in development plan. n) Possibility of providing credit facilities to PAPs and landless labours through local banks. o) Supply arrangements of seeds, organic manures etc. p) Possibility of allotting these lands to WUAs.

4 - Approval to ‘Development Plan’: The ‘Development Plan’ shall be approved by the following officers of the WRD and by WCD in case of tanks under WCD and ZP. They may take suggestions / recommendations / comments from the concerned officers of the departments of Revenue, Agriculture, fisheries, Forest, and tourism before according such approval. • Major project -- Chief Engineer, WRD

55 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • Group of Medium projects-- Superintending Engineer, WRD

• Minor projects in the district -- Superintending Engineer, WRD

• Local sector projects in the district -- Superintending Engineer, WCD

Copy of the approved plan should be made available to all the concerned officers of Revenue, Agriculture, fisheries and other departments like forest, tourism etc. if they are concerned.

14.6 Allotting Galper land 14.6.1- Every year on or before 15 th of September and 15 th of January, Executive Engineer concerned (including ZP and WCD) shall assess the extent of these lands that will be available for cultivation, under all the projects under him, duly marked on the digitised maps and prepare village wise list of survey numbers to take further action for allotting the land by public auction/lease.

14.6.2- Executive Engineer concerned shall take action to allot Galper land as per the provisions of the MI Act 1976, MLR code 1966and MLR (Disposal of Government Land) (amendment) rules 2008 or its subsequent amendment if any and the executive orders of the Government.

14.6.3- However, auction of submergence area for cultivation of cash crops shall be done separately. The auction of the tank for fisheries shall be done by the Fisheries Department in consultation with the WRD/WCD/ZP officers.

14.6.4- While granting the permission for tank bed cultivation, it should be ensured that there is no prospect of storing water during the season in the area proposed for cultivation and at the same time such cultivation will not affect the interests of the cultivators below the tank or of any one to whom water supply is committed. 14.6.5- Lease/Auction Agreement: A) Lease/Auction agreement shall be executed at the level of concerned Executive Engineer B) The base rate for lease or auction shall be as fixed by the WRD vide letter no. Galper 2006/ (115/2004) / IM (Revenue) dated 14/07/2004 i.e. Rs 1000/- per ha for seasonal crops and Rs 2000/-ha for two seasonal crops or as revised from time to time. C) Besides regular conditions of the lease/auction agreement, all the conditions mentioned at sr. no 9, 10 and 11 of Sub para 19.2.3 above and para 19.4.8 (with appropriate changes) shall also be incorporated in the lease/ auction agreement. 14.7 Management of Galper land 14.7.1- Record of submergence area, copy of development plan and other related records including soft copies should be properly maintained in the concerned Irrigation Section, Sub division and Division Offices. Regular record of crop measurements, recovery of dues, Panchanamas, etc. shall be done at par with the procedures adopted in command area of the project.

56 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 14.7.2 - Sectional Officer in charge of head works shall conduct pre monsoon and post monsoon inspection to ensure that these lands are not encroached or illegally cultivated. If it is so, he should take immediate action to remove it with the help of concerned revenue authorities. Since the staff of Revenue department (i.e. talathi etc.) is present in every village they should keep strict vigilance to ensure that these lands do not degenerate in to encroachment

14.7.3 - The Sectional Officer shall also ensure that no untreated sewage and /or effluent is let out in the tank. If he notices it, he should take immediate action with the help of Pollution Control Board and the authority supplying bulk water to the concerned entity to take remedial measures.

14.7.4 - In some sub-basins response to Galper cultivation is nil where as in other sub-basins it is poor. Hence wide publicity shall be given by the WRD/WCD/ZP officers at local level through print and electronic media and through meetings of cultivators to promote cultivation of Galper land and make them aware of its agro-benefits. The officers responsible for auctioning / leasing the Galper land should do this. The monitoring committee (ref. table below) should ensure that wide publicity is being given.

14.7.5 - In order to maintain quality of water in tank, during inspection it should be ensured that farmers are not using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Use of organic manure should be encouraged through meetings of the concerned cultivators.

14.7.6 - Farmers should be encouraged to cultivate vegetable crops like cucumber, pumpkin, watermelons etc. provided that chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used.

14.7.7- Cultivation of fodder crops shall also be promoted.

14.7.8 - Farmers may be allowed to lift the water from the tank into the Galper land . This water- requirement is obviously less when compared to the irrigation requirement in the command area.

14.7.9 - Land beyond full reservoir level is acquired as per Government of Maharashtra Circular No. MIP 2274/19700 IP (3) dated 17 th January 1975 to avoid submergence of land beyond reservoir level during floods. Such lands shall be given on long-term lease for cultivation.

14.7.10 - Cultivators shall be encouraged to develop the lands located within a strip of 1 to 1.5 m width, near the full reservoir level, as a forest particularly in case of submergence area adjacent to the forest and in those districts /sub-basins where forest cover is less than standard norm of 33%.

14.7.11 - All Agriculture Universities in and around the basin shall develop a suitable package of practices, crop varieties for Galper area and organic farming.

57 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 14.7.12 - Regular monitoring of Galper land development and its management shall be done through multidisciplinary monitoring committees. These committees may be appointed at Government level as follows. Table 14-1: Proposed structure of monitoring committees

Sr. Category Chairman of Members Remarks No. of the Project committee

1 2 3 4 5

1 Major Executive Tahsildar(s), Tehsillevel officer(s) of Agriculture One committee For each Engineer department and Chairman of project level WUA. project WRD

2 Medium Executive Tahsildar(s), Tehsil level of ficer(s) of Agriculture, One committee for all Engineer department and one representative Chairman of medium projects in the WRD project level WUAs. district

3 Minor Dy. Engineer NaibTahsildar(s), concerned officers of Agriculture One committee for all projects WRD department & one representative Chairman of minor projects under one project level WUAs Dy. Engineer

4 Local Dy. Engineer NaibTahsildar(s), concerned officers of Agriculture One committee for all sector concerned department & one representative Chairman of local sector minor Projects (ZP or WCD) project level WUAs projects under one Dy. Engineer

Note: Chairman may call Tehsil level officers of other departments for meetings/visit to Galper area, if the issues related to their departments (Forest, Fisheries, Tourism, Pollution control board etc.) are to be discussed/ inspected.

14.7.13 -RBAs (ED, KIDC) shall take an annual review in its respective jurisdiction and issue instructions and guidelines regarding better management of these lands.

14.8 Disposal of lands in beds of rivers / nallas Lands situated in the beds of a rivers/nallas, other than coming under the submergence of irrigation tanks, shall be leased/auctioned as per the provisions of the MLR code and MLR rules by the concerned Revenue authorities in consultation with WRD.

14.9 Physical and Financial planning

As the practise of leasing galper land is at primitive state in WFRB, financial planning cannot be done at this stage.

Projected Gross Agricultural production and revenue assessment at the end of 2030:

58 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN As the practise of leasing galper land is at primitive state in WFRB, financial planning cannot be done at this stage. However, in the next review after five years, this assessment in 2030 is possible.

14.10 Action Points Following action points shall be taken for the development of the Galper land. • Preparation of Development Plan of completed and on-going projects shall be completed within two years for medium and minor projects and three years for Major projects.

• Monitoring committee for Development and Management of Galper land shall be constituted immediately after the approval of the Development Plan.

• Training classes of cultivators in villages around tank periphery, regarding Galper land cultivation, shall be conducted on large scale at field level immediately after the approval of the Development Plan by the officers of Agriculture Department.

• Wherever feasible, electric line along the periphery of the tank with 24 hours power supply shall be provided, within one year for minor projects, within two years for medium projects and within three years for Major projects after the approval of the Development Plan.

59 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

60 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 15 Diversion of Irrigated Land for Non- Agricultural Activity 15.1 Introduction Change of land use of an area from the productive irrigated agricultural land to any industrial developmental activity or for urbanization is one of the concerns affecting the agricultural economy of the State. The irrigated land near the vicinity of town is slowly being converted into urban habitats. This rapid transformation of the irrigated agricultural land use to a polluting urban sprawl is not only affecting the clean environment but also spoiling the huge resources invested in development of irrigation infrastructure resulting in National Loss. The owner or the cultivator gets attracted towards the short-term financial return they get from the sale of such land for non- agricultural activity but in long term they are inflicting a permanent loss to natural green resources and recurrent agricultural income. In some cases there is diversion of irrigation water to non-agricultural activity like industries, residential township, etc. because of which, there is either curtailment in irrigation potential (if cropping intensity is diluted keeping the area same) or loss of command area (if cropping intensity is not changed) of the project. There is need to take suitable measures to avoid loss of public money invested in creating irrigation infrastructure and loss of agriculture produce.

15.2 Present Status Irrigated land diverted to non-agricultural activity from two basins of WFRB is about 500.35 ha. The basin wise figures of irrigated land diverted for non-agricultural activity is given in the following table. The command areas of projects like Rajnala, Amba, Kundalika and Patalganga (Hetawane Project) are likely to be affected and record of the same should be updated from time to time.

Table 15-1: Details of diversion of irrigated land for non-agricultural activity in 2 Sub-basins:

Sr. Name of sub-basin Diversion of Remark No. Land in ha up to 2014 1 2 3 4 1 Vaitarna (Surya) 241.38 The record needs to be updated. 2 Ulhas (Bhatsa) 258.97 The record needs to be updated. Total 500.35

Source - 28 basin plans of WFRB.

61 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

15.3 Recommendations / Suggestions As per Maharashtra Land Revenue Code the powers to permit conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purpose is vested with various officers of Revenue Department. Suitable amendment shall be made in the law so that permission to new industries and residential habitations shall not be given in the notified command area of irrigation projects and the powers to divert such land in unavoidable circumstances, should be with Government only. 1. Permission for industries including thermal power stations shall not be accorded in water deficit sub-basins. It should be promoted in water surplus sub-basins only.

2. The type of lands to be used for urbanization and /or industrialization shall be in following order of preference a) Uncultivable waste-land b) Cultivable but un- irrigated lands in sequence of abundance of water.

3. Irrigated lands should be allowed for habitation in unavoidable circumstances, with the permission of Government only.

4. Area, equal to that proposed/ transferred for non-agricultural activities, should be identified for fresh irrigation facilities either by flow or lift from the same project near by existing command area, so that irrigation potential of the project remains same.

5. Cost required for construction of new irrigation network on such identified new command area, should be borne by the persons/institutions/department /local body to whom irrigated land will be allotted for non-agricultural activities. If it is not possible to identify suitable command area nearby, the cropping pattern of the balance command area may be enriched with two seasonal crops thus increasing the cropping intensity. In case of WUAs, more water, in proportion to their command area, may be allotted to them.

6. Project -wise and sub-basin wise data of Irrigable command area converted into non- Agriculture land and lost infrastructure shall be maintained.

7. Command area converted into non-agriculture land shall be de-notified and the irrigation potential of the project should also be revised suitably and re-notified.

62 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 16 Water Quality 16.1 Preamble: Water Quality Any change in physical, chemical and biological properties of water that has harmful effects on living things is termed as “Water Pollution” (WHO 1997). In India, water pollution is one of the major and most critical issues, as almost 70% of the surface water resources and some groundwater reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic pollutants. As per CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), the largest source of water pollution in India is by way of release of untreated sewage from urban centres, industrial effluents and organic/toxic regenerated flows from irrigated agriculture. Effects of water pollution are harmful not only to humans but also to the fragile aquatic ecosystems constituting the biosphere of plants, animals, aquatic life and birds.

In Maharashtra, of the 5 river basin systems, about 55% of the natural water resources are from the four river basins namely, Krishna, Godavari, Tapi and Narmada, which lie to the east of the . While about 45% of State's water resources emanate from West flowing rivers in the Konkan Region.

MPCB being the state nodal agency under CPCB, it monitors and documents data for water quality under two programmes of NWMP (National Water Quality Monitoring Program) titled as GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System) and MINARS (Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources). Under these schemes there are total 250 WQMS (Water Quality Monitoring Stations) in the state, the highest among all states and Union Territories in India. Out of these stations, 156 are on rivers, 34 on sea/creeks, 10 on artificial drains and 50 for ground water. These monitoring programs analyse the water samples for 9 core quality parameters including pH, BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), Nitrate, Faecal Coli form, Total Coli form and 19 general parameters like turbidity, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Magnesium, Sulphate, Sodium and soon.

In exercise of powers conferred by subsections (1) and (3) of section3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government constituted an authority known as “Water Quality Assessment Authority”. This authority is empowered to draw action plans for quality improvement in water bodies and monitor and review / assess implementation of the schemes launched or to be launched, to review the status of quality of natural water resources (both surface and groundwater) and identify “Hotspots” for taking necessary action for improvement in water quality, to constitute / set up state level Water Quality Review Committee (WQRC) to coordinate the work to be assigned to such committees. The WQRC for Maharashtra was constituted on 01/01/2003 under the chairmanship of Secretary Water Resources Department. In order to perform a foresaid task, a uniform protocol was formulated called as ‘Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring Order, 2005’ vide gazette notification dated 17th June 2005. Fourth meeting of State Level WQRC of Maharashtra State was held on 17/10/2005 at Mantralaya, Mumbai. During this meeting, it was suggested that data from all the participating agencies in WQRC may be analysed for the designated use of water prescribed in relevant BIS code, by the Chief Engineer Hydrology Project, Nasik and status report on analysis may be prepared for each year. Accordingly Chief Engineer Hydrology Project, Nasik is preparing the status reports.

63 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Status of water quality using this complex set of data recorded by MPCB, gets represented by calculating the WQI (Water Quality Index) using the formula developed by NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) and modified by CPCB. Monthly observations for surface water quality and half yearly observations for groundwater have been used to calculate the WQI.

16.2 Water Pollution Key challenges for better management of the water quality in India are, temporal and spatial variations in rainfall, uneven geographic distribution of surface water resources, frequent droughts, overuse of ground water and its contamination, salinization and water quality problems due to treated, partially treated and untreated waste water from urban settlements, industrial establishments and regenerated flows from irrigated agriculture, besides poor management of municipal solid waste and animal dung in rural areas. It is estimated that, in our country about 38,000 million litres per day (mld) of waste water is generated in the urban centres each having population more than 50,000 (housing more than 70% of urban population) as in 2009. However, municipal waste water treatment capacity developed so far in India is about 11,000 mld, accounting for 29% of waste water generation in of urban centres. Status of effluent treatment for towns having population below 50,000 each must be worst because of lack of any treatment. In view of population increase and increasing rate of urbanization in the future, demand of freshwater for all the uses will appreciably increase. It is estimated that the projected waste water from urban centres at present may be about 57,000 mld and the rural India may also generate substantial volume of waste water in view of water supply plans for community supplies in rural areas. However, waste water management including development of effluent treatment facilities fall very much short of the requirements.

All human activities whether domestic, agricultural or industrial, have adverse impacts on water quality and the ecosystems. World Health Organization statistics indicate that half of India’s morbidity is water related. Water borne diseases can be to a large extent, controlled by managing human consumption and production patterns. It is therefore pertinent to have an understanding of human activities, including water management initiatives, and their impacts on water and the environment.

16.2.1 Domestic Water Pollution Waste management systems have not been able to keep pace with the huge volumes of organic and non-biodegradable wastes generated daily. As a consequence, garbage in most parts of India is unscientifically disposed and ultimately leads to increase in the pollutant load of surface and groundwater sources. On the other hand, large population of India does not have much choice but to live off the natural resource base and pollute the environment in the process. They deforest for food, fuel and fodder and pollute the water sources on which they depend, since they cannot afford access to sanitation services. Domestic water use today, is under-priced which leads to a considerable waste of the precious resource and provide inadequate revenues for operation and maintenance of the infrastructure. Low revenues result in deterioration of the supply infrastructure and further loss of the resource due to system inefficiencies. In most parts of the country, waste water from domestic sources is hardly treated, due to inadequate sanitation facilities. This waste

64 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN water, containing highly organic pollutant load, finds its way into surface and groundwater sources, very often close to dense pockets of human habitation from where further water is drawn for use. Considerable capital investments would be required to install sewage treatment systems in all the major cities and towns of the country. Their recurring O & M costs would also be very high because of high electricity consumption for the effluent treatment.

16.2.2 Industrial Water Pollution Industrial sector accounts for about 6 to 8 per cent of the current water use. With rapid industrialization and urbanization, water requirement for non-irrigation uses is estimated to rise to about 20 to 25 per cent of the total requirements in 2025. Poor environmental management systems, especially in industries such as thermal power stations, chemicals, paper, metals and minerals, leather processing and sugar mills, have led to discharge of highly toxic and organic waste water. This has resulted in pollution of the surface and groundwater sources from which water is also drawn for irrigation and domestic use. Enforcement of regulations regarding adequate treatment of discharge of industrial waste water and limits to extraction of groundwater needs to be considerably strengthened, while more incentives are required for promoting waste water reuse and recycling by the industries. ‘Zero effluent’ should be the objective before industries.

16.2.3 Control on pollution due to release of untreated effluent – Though practically all cities and towns and some industries are contravening provisions of the relevant Acts and Rules, there is increasing awareness amongst people as would be observed from the many PILs filed against defaulting industries. MPCB has fined 59 industries for unlawful disposal of hazardous waste and has encashed bank guarantees amounting to Rs. 61.45 lakhs till 25th January, 2005. As a result of such actions, many industries have taken steps to effectively control the pollution. Major polluting industries in each industrial area have been targeted by the MPCB for issuing appropriate directions and guidelines. This has resulted in induced impact on other polluters. Unless action against all the defaulting industries is taken (even penal action to close down the industry after giving sufficient notice for taking corrective action) by the MPCB, the situation is not likely to improve.

65 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Status of court cases is as below:

Table 16.1 Status of applications filed by the MPCB to the Court

Particulars Complaints Applications Complaints Applications filed u/s 43/44 filed under filed under filed u/s 22A 4 r.w. Section Sub-Section (1) Section 39 of Air (P&CP) 25 & 26 of of Section 33 of r.w.21 of Air Act, 1981 Water (P&CP) Water (P&CP) (P&CP) Act, Act, 1974 Act, 1974 1981

1 2 3 4 5

No.of cases filed 303 140 146 3

No.of cases convicted 70 87 114 1

No. of cases dismissed 128 52 32 2

No. of cases pending 105 1 - -

(Source: http://mpcb.gov.in/legal/implewater.php#top)

However, as far as domestic effluent is concerned, Municipal Corporations have taken action to treat only part quantity of the urban effluent generated. Rest of the effluent is released untreated in the rivers. They are neither accountable for such actions nor any action is taken against them. Condition of Municipalities of smaller towns in respect of treatment of effluent generated is precarious. There is need to pass an enabling Act to make all Municipal Corporations and Municipalities statutorily responsible and accountable for treatment of all the effluent generated so as to make it suitable at least for its use for irrigation.

16.2.4 Water Pollution due to Irrigated Agriculture Two-thirds of India’s farm production comes from one-third of its land which is irrigated. The rest is from rain-fed lands on which large population depends for their livelihood. In order to meet the increasing demand for food and farm employment, India has to bring more area under irrigated agriculture and simultaneously to enhance productivity in both irrigated and rain fed lands. For the irrigated agriculture sector, water and electricity are heavily subsidized. With limited revenues and budgetary support, the state engineering departments are unable to operate and maintain the irrigation systems efficiently leading to water losses due to seepage associated with flood irrigation methods. Water quality of regenerated flows from irrigated agriculture is affected due to residues from organic / chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.

66 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 16.3 Water Quality Monitoring Agencies Water Quality Monitoring is carried out by various agencies viz. Central Water commission (CWC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP), Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency (GSDA), Hydrology Project, Maharashtra, Pollution Control Board (MPCB), Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development (DIRD). Total number of surface water monitoring stations is 187, whereas total number of ground water monitoring stations is 2699. Out of the above, 42 Surface Water Monitoring Stations and 20 Ground Water Monitoring stations are in the West flowing river Basin. Region wise details of Water Quality Stations monitored by all the agencies are enlisted in Table 16.2 and 16.3 below. Table16.2 Agency wise Water Quality Monitoring details:

Sr. n o. Name of the Water Quality monitoring agency No. of Water Quality monitoring sites 1 2 3 State Surface water monitoring Agencies 1. Water Resources Department, Hydrology Project (SW) 127 State Ground water monitoring Agencies 2. Groundwater S urveys & Development Agency (GSDA) 1871 Central Surface water monitoring Agencies 3. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)(SW) through 48 MaharashtraPollutionControlBoard(MPCB) 4. Central Water Commission (SW) 12 Central Ground water monitoring Age ncies 5. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (GW) through 25 MaharashtraPollutionControlBoard(MPCB) 6. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB,NHNS) (GW) 803 Total no. of stations for surface water 187 Total no. of stations for groundwater 2699 Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007

Table 16.3 Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing Basin

Sr No Name Of Region Surface Water Ground Total Water 1 2 3 4 5 1 West Flowing River Basin 42 20 62

Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007

16.3.1 National Water Quality Monitoring Program CPCB in collaboration with SPCB has established a network of monitoring stations on rivers across the country. Presently, water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme i.e. Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP).

67 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN CPCB has been identified as the Government of India’s agency to carry out water quality monitoring under the United Nation’s, GEMS Water Programme under World Health Organisation (WHO). The GEMS programme is dedicated to provide water quality data and information of the highest integrity, accessibility and interoperability. National programme titled MINARS was started in 1984, with a total of 113 stations spread over 10 river basins. Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of physico- chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient water samples apart from field observations.

16.3.2 Monitoring network in Maharashtra – GEMS and MINARS The water quality testing under the GEMS and MINARS program under NWMP in Maharashtra is monitored by MPCB (state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out at 250 stations, (156 are on rivers, 34 on sea/creek, 10 on drains and 50 groundwater), the highest across all states in India. MPCB has infrastructure to monitor 44 parameters including field observations, general parameters, core parameters and trace metals.(Table No. 16.4. Water samples are monitored with a monthly and six monthly frequency for surface & groundwater stations respectively.

Table 16.4 List of parameters tested and analysed by MPCB Sr. No Field observations Core parameters General parameters Trace metals 1 2 3 4 5 1 Wea ther Temperature Turbidity Cadmium 2 Depth of Water Body Dissolved Oxygen Phenolphthalein Copper alkalinity 3 Human activities pH Total Alkalinity Lead 4 Floating Matter (Visible Conductivity Chlorides Chromium total Effluent discharge) 5 Colour BOD CO D Nickel 6 Odour Nitrate Total Kjeldahl -N Zinc 7 Ammonia -N HardnessasCaCO3 Iron 8 Fecal Coliform CalciumCaCO3 Arsenic

9 Total Coliform MagnesiumCaCO3 Mercury

10 Sulphate Cyanide 11 Sodium 12 Total dissolved solids 13 Total fixed solids 14 Total suspended solids 15 Phosphate 16 Boron 17 Potassium 18 Fluoride

Water Quality monitoring is being carried out under Hydrology Project which takes care of surface water quality monitoring through 127 sampling locations spread over the state throughout

68 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN the year. Water sampling location category and frequency is given in the Table No 16.4 below. Frequency of sampling and parameters to be analysed are enlisted in Table. Table 16.5 The WQ sampling location category & frequency of sampling designed for SW by HP

WQ Sampling Location Sampling frequency up to first 3 After 3 years monitoring Category years

1 2 3 Baseline 50 No. Monthly one sample Breakfor3years

Trend -65 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as ‘Trend’ Monthlyonesample Flux -09 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as ‘Flux’ Fortnightlyonesample Trend/Flux -03 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as Trend/Flux Fortnightlyonesample. Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007

Table16.6 Frequency of Sampling & Parameters to be analysed

Station Sampling Test Parameters Remark Frequency 1 2 3 4 Baseline Once in a 30 parameters for 1 st After 3 years monitoring month first 3 sample 20 parameters break for 3 years years for remaining Sample Baseline after 3 years break Once in 2 30 parameters for 1 One year monitoring again and classification as months sample 20 Parameters break for 3 years. baseline stations for remaining Sample Trend Twice a -- do -- Initi ally 3 year monitoring month Trend Once in a -- do -- Continuous monitoring (after classification as month trend) Flux Twice a -- do -- Initially 3 year monitoring month Flux Twice a -- do -- Continuous monitoring (after classification as Flux) month with flow measurements

Reservoir and lakes Twice a 32 parameters for 1 st Continuous monitoring (treated as Trend) month sample. 22 parameters for remaining sample Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007

Note: - The parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are minimal requirement. This is not, however, restricted. Additional parameters are to be analysed if desired or on the basis of geographical stations of locations or certain circumstances.

69 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 16.4 Water Quality Index Water Quality Index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses over all water quality of a certain water sample (location and time specific) for several water quality parameters. Objective of developing an index is to simplify the complex water quality parametric data into comprehensive information for easy understanding. A water index based on important parameters provides a simple indicator of water quality and a general idea on the possible problems with water in the region. In 1970, the National Sanitation Foundation, USA developed the Water Quality Index (NSFWQI),a standardized method for comparing the water quality of various water bodies. NSFWQI is one of the most respected and utilized water quality index in the United States. Nine water quality parameters selected for calculating the index included:

• Dissolved Oxygen (DO) • Faecal Coliform (FC) • pH • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (5-day) • Temperature change (from 1 mile upstream) • Total phosphate • Nitrate • Turbidity • Total Solids

The expression for calculation the NSFWQI is expressed as;

Where; Ii=sub index for i th water quality parameter

Wi=weight (in terms of importance) associated with water quality parameter

P=number of water quality parameters

16.4.1 WQI for surface water Given the parameters monitored in India under the NWMP and to maintain the uniformity while comparing the WQI across the nation, the NSF WQI has been modified and relative weights have been assigned by CPCB. The modified weights as per CPCB are given in Table 16.7 below and the equations used to determine the sub index values are also shown. Upon determining the WQI, the water quality is described for easy understanding and interpretation. The description used in the report for classifying and the describing the water quality is also presented in Table 16.8

70 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.7 Modified weights for computation of WQI And Sub index equation used to calculate NSF WQI for DO, FC, pH and BOD

Parameters Original Modified Sub index equation used to calcula te NSFWQI for DO,FC,pH Weights Weights and BOD From by CPCB Range Applicable Equation NSF WQI 1 2 3 4 5 Dissolved 0.17 0.31 Oxygen(DO) 0-40 0.18+0.66X% Saturation DO (% Saturation) 40-100 (-13.55)+1.17X% Saturation DO

100-140 163.34-0.62X% Saturation DO

Faecal 0.15 0.28 1 -10 3 97 .2-26 .6X logFC Coliform(FC)

(Counts/100 10 3-10 5 42.33-7.75XlogFC ml)

>105 2

Ph 0.12 0.22 02-05 16.1+7.35X(pH)

05-7.3 (-142.67)+33.5X(pH)

7.3–10 316.96-29.85X(pH)

10– 12 96.17-8.0X(pH)

<2,>12 0 BOD 0. 1 0.19 (mg / l) 0 – 10 96.67-7X(BOD)

10– 30 38.9-1.23X(BOD

>30 2 Total 0.54 1.00

Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

71 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.8 Water Quality Classification and Best Designated Use

WQI Quality Classification Class by Class by Remarks Colour CPCB MPCB Code

1 2 3 4 5 6

Surface Water Quality

63 - 100 Good to Excellent A A-I Non Polluted

50 - 63 Medium to Good B Not Prescribed Non Polluted

38 - 50 Bad C A-II Polluted

38 and less Bad to Very Bad D, E A-III, A-IV Heavily Polluted

Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

WQI of water sample is calculated as per the modified weightages and equation given above. Depending upon the value of WQI, the sample is to be categorised as polluted, non-polluted or heavily polluted.

16.4.2 WQI for Groundwater MPCB monitors ground water quality for parameters like pH, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Fluoride, Manganese, Nitrate, Sulphate and so on once in six months. Based on stringency of the parameters and its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes each parameter has been assigned specific weightage. Relative weights of the same have been determined for the parameters monitored and recorded by MPCB for the water samples monitored. These weights indicate relative harmfulness present in water. Maximum weight assigned is 5 and minimum is 1.

Table 16.9 Relative Weight of Chemical Parameters used for calculating WQI for Ground Water

Chemical Weight (Wi) Parameters Relative Weight w/ iron , Manganese Relative Weight w/ iron , and Bicarbonate Manganese and Bicarbonate Weight Weight 1 2 3 4 5 pH 4 0.09756 4 0.13333

TH 2 0.04878 2 0.06667 Calcium 2 0.04878 2 0.06667 Magnesium 2 0.04 878 2 0.06667 Bicarbonate 3 0.07317 - -

72 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Chemical Weight (Wi) Parameters Relative Weight w/ iron , Manganese Relative Weight w/ iron , and Bicarbonate Manganese and Bicarbonate Weight Weight 1 2 3 4 5 Chloride 3 0.07317 3 0.10000 TDS 4 0.09756 4 0.13333 Fluoride 4 0.09756 4 0.13333 Manganese 4 0.09756 - -

Nitrate 5 0.12195 5 0.16667 Iron 4 0.09756 - - Sulphate 4 0.09756 4 0.13333 41 1 30 1 Source: BIS 10500-2012 and CPCB 2001

Relative weight is then computed from the following equation

Where;

Wi =relative weight wi = weight of each parameter n =number of parameters

In the next step aquality rating scale(qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines published by BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards)and the result thus obtained is multiplied by 100. qi=(Ci/Si)x100 Where; qi =quality rating Ci =the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/L Si =the Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/L according to the guidelines of the BIS 10500,(2004-2005).

73 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN The Water Quality Index is calculated as below

Based on the absolute value of the index determined from the calculations, water quality is classified as presented below in Table No.16.10

Table 16.10-Water Quality Classification and Best Designated Use

WQI Quality Classification Remarks Col our Code

1 2 3 4

Ground Water Quality

<50 Excellent Non Polluted

50 -100 Good water Non Polluted

100 -200 Poor Water Polluted

200 -300 Very Very Poor Polluted

>300 Water Unsuitable for drinking Heavily Polluted

Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

Water quality is a complex subject, which involves physical, chemical, hydrological and biological characteristics of water and their complex and delicate relations. From the user's point of view, the term "water quality" is defined as "those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water". For example drinking water should be pure, wholesome, and potable. Similarly, for irrigation dissolved solids and toxicants are important, for outdoor bathing pathogens are important and water quality is controlled accordingly. Textiles, paper, breweries and dozens of other industries using water, have their specific water quality needs.

Quality of water is also classified as A, B, C, D, and E and below E depending on pH, total Coli forms organism MPN/100 ml, Dissolved Oxygen, and BOD. Depending upon class the designated best use is classified by CPCB as given in Table 16.11. Water below E is not suitable for any use and requires treatment to reuse it.

74 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.11-CPCB Water Quality Criteria

S. No. Designated best use Quality Primary Water Quality Criteria

1 2 Class 3 4

Drinking water source A Total coliform org anisms (MPN*/100 ml) shall be 50 or less. 1 without conventional pH between 6.5 and 8.5 treatment but with Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more, and chlorination Biochemical Oxygen Demand 2 mg/l or less

2 Outdoor B Total coliform organisms (MPN*/100 ml) shall be 500 or less bathing(organized) pH between 6.5 and 8.5 DO 5mg/lormore,andBiochemicalOxygenDemand3mg/l or less

3 Drinking water source C Total coliform organisms (MPN/100 ml) shall be5000orless with conventional pH between 6 and 9 treatment Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3mg/l or less 4 Propagation of wild life D pHbetween6.5and8.5 and fisheries Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more, and Free ammonia (as N)1.2mg/l or less 5 Irrigation, industrial E pH between 6.0 and 8.5 cooling, and controlled disposal Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm,

Sodium Absorption Ratio less than 26, 6 Below E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

MPN – Most Probable No. (CPCB 1978) Source : CPCB Guidelines for Water Monitoring 2007-08

16.4.3 Water Quality for Drinking Water is essential to sustain life and satisfactory (adequate, safe and accessible) supply must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking-water can result in tangible benefits to health. Every effort should be made to provide/ensure drinking water that is as safe as practicable. Safe drinking-water, as defined by the Guidelines, does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages. Those at greatest risk of waterborne disease are infants and young children, people who are debilitated and the elderly. Those who are generally at risk of waterborne illness may need to take additional steps to protect themselves against exposure to waterborne pathogens, such as boiling drinking water. Safe drinking water is required for all usual domestic purposes, including drinking, food preparation and personal hygiene. Guidelines are given by IS and WHO as below.

75 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.12 Drinking Water Standards

Chemic al Indian Standards Desirable Limits.

Parameters For Drinking water of WHO Acceptable Limit Permissible Limits

1 2 3 4 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 6.5-9.2

TH 200 600 Not Specified Calcium 75 200 Not Specified Magnesium 30 100 Not Specified Bicarbonate 200 600 Not Specified Chloride 250 1000 Not Specified TDS 500 2000 Not Specified Fluoride 1 1.5 Not Specified Manganese 0.1 0.3 0.3

Nitrate 45 No relaxation Not Specified Iron 0.3 No relaxation 0.30 Sulphate 200 400 400

Source: BIS 10500-2012

The BOD/COD relationship is for assessing toxicity. If BOD is too low compared to COD, then the sample can be visualized as toxic, although it is not confirmatory. In general BOD to COD ratio is 0.6+. Lower the ratio higher is the toxicity. If the sample is highly toxic, then BOD can never be more than 0.2 at any cost.

16.4.4 Water Quality for Irrigation Water used for irrigation can vary greatly in quality depending upon type and quantity of dissolved salts. Salts are present in irrigation water in relatively small but significant amounts. They originate from dissolution or weathering of the rocks and soil, including dissolution of lime, gypsum and other slowly dissolved soil minerals. These salts are carried with the water to wherever it is used. In the case of irrigation, salts are applied with the water and remain behind in the soil, as water evaporates or is used by the crop.

Suitability of water for irrigation is determined not only by the total amount of salts present but also by the kind of salt. Various soil and cropping problems develop as the total salt content increases, and special management practices may be required to maintain acceptable crop yields. Water quality or suitability for use is judged on the potential severity of problems that can be expected to develop during long-term use. Following chemical properties shall be considered for developing water quality criteria for irrigation:

76 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Total salt concentration, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) or bicarbonate ion concentration, and Boron content. The criteria as per IS and suitability of water for different crops is as enlisted below. Table 16.13 Criteria as per IS for suitability of water for Irrigation

Sr no. Class Range of ec Rsc range (me Boron

(micromhos/cm) / l) (ppm)

1 2 3 4 5 6

i) Low Below 1 500 Below 10 Below 1·5 Below 1·0

ii) Medium 1 500-3 000 10-18 1·5-3·0 1·0-2·0

iii) High 3 000-6 000 18-26 3·0-6·0 2·0-4·0

iv) Very high Above 6 000 Above 26 Above 6.0 Above 4·0

* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)

Table 16.14 SUITABILITY OF IRRIGATION WATER FOR SEMI-TOLERANT AND TOLERANT CROPS IN DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES

Sr Soil textural Upper Permissible Limit of NO. group SALINITY SODICITY RSC BORON EC (me/ l) (ppm) (micromhos /cm) Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant tolerant crops. tolerant crops. tolerant crops. tolerant crops. crops. crops. crops. crops. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i) Above 30 1 500 2000 10 15 2 3 2 3 Percent Clay, Sandy clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay

ii) 20 -30 Percent 4 000 6 000 15 20 3 4 2 3 Clay Sandy clay loam, loam, silty loam

77 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr Soil textural Upper Permissible Limit of NO. group SALINITY SODICITY RSC BORON EC (me/ l) (ppm) (micromhos /cm) Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant Semi - Tolerant tolerant crops. tolerant crops. tolerant crops. tolerant crops. crops. crops. crops. crops. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 iii) 10 -20 Percent 6 000 8 000 20 25 4 5 2 3 Clay Sandy loam, loam, silty loam iv) Below 10 8 000 10 000 25 30 5 6 1 2 Percent Clay Sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silty loam, silt NOTE—The use of waters of 4 000 micromhos /cm EC and above be confined to winter season crops only. They should not be used during the summer season. Even during emergencies not more than one or two protective irrigations be given to the Kharif season crops.

* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)

Table 16.15 TOLERANCE OF FIELD AND VEGETABLE CROPS TO SALINITY, SODICITY AND BORON

Crops Salinity Sodality Boron Crops Salinity Sodality Boron

Se Tolera Semi - Toler Se mi - Tolera Se Tolera Semi - Tolera Semi - Tolera mi- nt. toler ant toler nt. mi- nt. toler nt. toler nt. tole ant. ant. tole ant. ant. rant rant . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Wheat X X X Sugar X X X beet

Barley X X X Tomato X X X

Cotton X X X Cauliflow X X X er

Oil seed X X X Cabbage X X X crops

Maize X X X Onion X X X

Jowar X X X Carrot X X X

Bajra X X X Radish X X X

78 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Crops Salinity Sodality Boron Crops Salinity Sodality Boron

Se Tolera Semi - Toler Se mi - Tolera Se Tolera Semi - Tolera Semi - Tolera mi- nt. toler ant toler nt. mi- nt. toler nt. toler nt. tole ant. ant. tole ant. ant. rant rant . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Rice X X X Grasses X X X

Sugarca X X X Berseem X X X ne

* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)

16.5 Water Quality Analysis for Surface Water Comprehensive data sets recorded by WQMS across the state were organised basin wise for evaluation of both surface and groundwater quality. Water monitoring stations were further arranged from upstream to downstream in order to study basin wise trend of water quality. WQI is determined by calculating the basic parameters like pH, BOD (mg/l), DO (mg/l to %) and FC (MPN/100ml). WQI has been calculated separately for surface water and groundwater water samples using the formula provided by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and the relative weights modified by CPCB.

Water quality testing under the GEMS and MINARS program under NWMP in Maharashtra is monitored by MPCB (state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out at 250 stations out of which 106 stations are for West Flowing River basin, having break up as in River=40,Creak=20,Sea=16, Nalla=8,Dam=2, Borewell=7, Dugwell=11,Well=2

The WQI is calculated as mentioned above. Region wise graphical representation is as shown below.

79 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN West Flowing River Basin

Figure 16.1- Trend of annual average WQI across districts of West Flowing river basin

WQI Category Class by CPCB Remarks

1 2 3 4 63 -100 Good to Excellent A Non polluted

50-63 Medium to Good B Non polluted

38-50 Bad C Polluted

38 & less Bad to Very Bad D, E Heavily polluted

Note: This graph considers the average WQI for all the monitoring stations in that particular district and hence may include some bias. This graph is only for an overview and monitoring station wise data may be analysed to pin point the most affected and polluted patches of rivers in that district. (Source: Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB)

80 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure No. 16.2: Trend of average occurrence for different category of WQI in West flowing (Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB)

Note: This graph considers the average WQI for all the monitoring stations in that particular basin and hence may include some bias. This graph is only for an overview and monitoring station wise data may be analysed to pin point the most affected and polluted patches of rivers in that basin.

The intra basin performance of west flowing and nalla across four districts of the state are depicted in the Figure No. 16.1 and the average annual occurrence of different category of Water Quality Index across all WQMS is depicted in the Figure No. 16.2.

The results showed that among four districts, namely Thane, Mumbai, Raigad and Ratnagiri, the annual average WQI of Mumbai were consistently in Bad to Medium category (38-63) across all the years. In the year 2015-16 WQI has also shown a decline which indicates the deteriorating water quality in Mumbai. Raigad, Ratnagiri and Thane were in Good to Excellent (63-100) category. Thane and Ratnagiri have shown improvement in its category this year compared to last year (2014-15). Even though the WQI for Raigad is in Good to Excellent category, a decreasing trend could be observed over the years. Figure No. 16.2 shows average annual occurrence of WQI across WQM stations of coastal basin for west flowing s and nallas. In the year 2015-16, West flowing shows the decrease in the occurrence of Medium to Good category of WQI as compared to last 7 years. The decline trend in WQI may be due to unavailability of data. The occurrence of Medium to Good category has increased this year.

81 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.16 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing River Basin

Program Station ID River Station Name Village Taluka District NWMP 2654 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane

NWMP 2653 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane

NWMP 1094 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of Badlapur water Kulgaon Ambernath Thane works

NWMP 1093 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of NRC Bund Mohane Kalyan Tha ne NWMP 2162 Ulhas Ulhas at Jambhul water works Jambhul Ambernath Thane NWMP 1461 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam Pise Bhiwandi Thane NWMP 1092 Kalu Kalu at Atale village Atale Kalyan Thane NWMP 2712 Vaitarna Vaitarna near Roa d Bridge Gandhare Wada Thane NWMP 2709 Tansa Tansa near road bridge Dakewali Wada Thane NWMP 2707 Surya Surya at MIDC pumping station Garvashet Palghar Thane NWMP 2706 Surya Surya U/s of Surya Dam Dhamni Vikramgad Thane

NWMP 2696 Pelhar Pelhar dam Pelhar Vasai Palghar NWMP 2168 Mithi Mithi at near bridge Mahim Bandra Mumbai NWMP 2714 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Pophali near Pophali Chiplun Ratnagiri Konphansawane Bridge NWMP 2676 Muchkundi Muchkundi at Waked Ratnagiri Waked Lanja Ratnagiri near M/s Asahi India Glass SWMP 202 Vashisti Vashisti At Khadpoli, Taluka Khadpoli Chiplun Ratnagiri Chiplun, District - Ratnagiri NWMP 2164 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Three M Chiplun Ratnagiri Paper Mills near M/s Multifilms Plastic Pvt Ltd

NWMP 2713 Vashishti Vashishti at D/s of Three M Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri Paper Mills near Chiplun water intake Jackwell SWMP 201 Sonpatra Sonpatra At Kotwali Village, Kotwali Khed Ratnagiri Taluka - Khed, District - Ratnagiri SWMP 203 Jagbudi Jagbudi , D/S of Khed City, Khed City Khed Ratnagiri Taluka - Khed, District Ratnagiri SWMP 204 Jog Jog at Dapoli, Taluka Dapoli, Dapoli Dapoli Ratnagiri District - Rantnagiri NWM P 2654 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane NWMP 2653 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane NWMP 1094 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of Badlapur water Kulgaon Ambernath Thane works NWMP 1093 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of NRC Bund Mohane Kalyan Thane

NWMP 2162 Ulhas Ulhas at Jambhul water works Jambhul Ambernath Thane NWMP 1461 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam Pise Bhiwandi Thane

NWMP 1092 Kalu Kalu at Atale village Atale Kal yan Thane NWMP 2712 Vaitarna Vaitarna near Road Bridge Gandhare Wada Thane NWMP 2709 Tansa Tansa near road bridge Dakewali Wada Thane

82 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Program Station ID River Station Name Village Taluka District NWMP 2707 Surya Surya at MIDC pumping station Garvashet Palghar Thane NWMP 2706 Surya Surya U/s of Surya Dam Dhamni Vikramgad Thane NWMP 2696 Pelhar Pelhar dam Pelhar Vasai Palghar NWMP 2168 Mithi Mithi at near bridge Mahim Bandra Mumbai NWMP 2714 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Pophali near Pophali Ch iplun Ratnagiri Konphansawane Bridge

NWMP 2676 Muchkundi Muchkundi at Waked Ratnagiri Waked Lanja Ratnagiri near M/s Asahi India Glass SWMP 202 Vashisti Vashisti At Khadpoli, Taluka Khadpoli Chiplun Ratnagiri Chiplun, District - Ratnagiri

NWMP 2164 Vashish ti Vashishti at U/s of Three M Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri Paper Mills near M/s Multifilms Plastic Pvt Ltd NWMP 2713 Vashishti Vashishti at D/s of Three M Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri Paper Mills near Chiplun water intake Jackwell SWMP 201 Sonpatr a Sonpatra At Kotwali Village, Kotwali Khed Ratnagiri Taluka - Khed, District - Ratnagiri SWMP 203 Jagbudi Jagbudi , D/S of Khed City, Khed City Khed Ratnagiri Taluka - Khed, District Ratnagiri SWMP 204 Jog Jog at Dapoli, Taluka Dapoli, Dapoli Dapoli Ratnagiri District - Rantnagiri Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

It is seen in Figure 16.1 & 16.2 that the water quality in rivers in Mumbai & Thane is assuredly low as compared to that in Raigad & Ratnagiri. As the data shows, there is annual variation in all places possibly due to the flushing discharges which vary annually depending upon the rains.

16.6 Water Quality Analysis for Groundwater In the Maharashtra state, CGWB, GSDA and MPCB, monitor ground water quality across various districts of the state. MPCB has 50 groundwater monitoring stations where water quality is monitored twice a year for parameters like pH, Nitrate, TDS, Hardness, Fluoride, microbial content, Sulphate and soon. Parametric values for the pH, Nitrate, Fluoride and hardness in terms of CaCO3 is presented in the following section. Graphical representation of pH, Nitrate, Fluoride, and Hardness for the year 2015-16 is as below .

83 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure No.16.3: Parametric values of pH recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane (Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years)

Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

Figure No.16.4: Parametric values of Nitrate recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.

Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers. (Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years) Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

84 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure No.16.5: Parametric values of Fluoride recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane

Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

Figure No.16.6: Parametric values of Hardness at CaCo3 recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.

Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers (Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years) Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB

85 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 16.17 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing River

Programme Regional Station Station Name District Taluka Type of well Village Office ID SWMP Kalyan 205 Dug well opp. Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali KAMA office, MIDC Ph-I, Dombivali SWMP Kalyan 206 Dug well near Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali Mamta Hospital, Milap Nagar, Dombivali SWMP Kalyan 207 Dug well at Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali pimpleshwar Temple, MIDC Ph-II, Dombivali SWMP Kalyan 208 Dug well addjusent Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali to M/S. Altra pure chem., Sr. No. 45, Hissa No. 3, MIDC Ph-II, Dombivali. SWMP Navi 214 Borewell at Thane Thane Borewell TTCWMA,Mahape Mumbai TTCWMA, Mahape SWMP Navi 215 Well water at Thane Thane Well Turbhe Mumbai Turbhe Store, Turbhe SWMP Raigad 217 Borewell water at Raigad Borewell Milgaon village Milgaon, Taluka - Khalapur, District - Raigad. SWMP Raigad 218 Borewell water Borewell Murud Janjira near MSW site, Murud - Janjira. NWMP Raigad 1989 Bore well at Raigad Bore well Karawla - Taloja MWML Site at Taloja NWMP Thane 1984 Bore well at M/s Thane Palghar Bore well MIDCTara pur, Tata Iron {} Steel Industrial Estate, Co. Ltd, S-76 Tarapur NWMP Thane 1985 Dug well at 5 Star Thane Mira - Dug well Kashimira Industrial Estate Bhayander NWMP Thane 1986 Bore well at Thane Dahanu Bore well Motapada Motapada NWMP Thane 1987 Bore well at Vasai Th ane Vasai Bore well Gokhiware NWMP Thane 1988 Bore well at Thane Palghar Bore well Aliyali Gharatwadi, Palghar

86 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 16.7 Polluted River Stretches Water quality data under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme is analysed and locations exceeding the water quality criteria are identified as polluted locations with respect to risk. Priority levels of polluted stretches are based on the Risk, which is defined as;

RISK= FREQUENCY OF VIOLATION OF CRITERIA X CONSEQUENCE (MAGNITUDE)

Degree of violation is with respect to water quality criteria for drinking water source with conventional treatment with respect to BOD. Polluted locations in a continuous sequence are defined as polluted river stretches.

Table 16.18 : Pollution priorities - River stretches Pr iority Criteria

1 2 Priority No 1 Monitoring locations exceeding BOD concentration 30 mg/l has been considered as the standard of sewage treatment plant and in river it appears without dilution. River locations having water quality exceeding discharge standards for BOD to fresh water sources) Priority No 2 Monitoring locations having BOD between 20 -30 mg/l.All monitoring locations exceeding BOD concentration 6 mg/l on all occasions. Priority No 3 Monitoring locations having BOD between 10 -20 mg/l.All mo nitoring locations exceeding BOD concentration 6 mg/l on all occasions Priority No 4 Monitoring locations having BOD between 6 -10 mg/l.

Priority No 5 Monitoring locations having BOD between 3 -6 mg/l. The locations exceeding desired water quality of 3mg/l BOD. Source: River Stretches For Restoration of Water Quality CPCB Publication Feb 2015

Table 16.19 Polluted River Stretches

Sr No Name Of Name Of Sub Name Of Polluted Name Of Villages / Town In The Region Basin River Stretch Polluted Reach (Km) 1 2 3 4 5 6 KHADAKPADA, ULHAS NAGAR, 1 Ulhas Ulhas 20 DOMBIVALI, KALYAN 2 Kundalika Kundalika 25 SUNDARNAGAR, ASHTAMI, ROHA 3 Ulhas Bhatsa 20 SHAHAPUR, BHATSA,BHADANE West 4 Vashisti Vashisti 3 KHERDI,DALVATNE,CHIPLUN Flowing 5 Amba Amba 10 POYNAD, BENSE, ROHA River KHOPOLI, KHARPADA, 6 basin Patalganga Patalganga 30 KHALAPUR,APTA DADLI,MUTHAVALI, RAJEWADI, 7 Savitri Savitri 2 KEMBURLI 8 Vaitarna Surya 40 DHARAMPUR, HARANWALI, PALGHAR 150 27 (Villages/Towns) Source: Extracted information from CPCB Feb 2015 Restoration of Polluted River Stretches

87 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN It is observed that about 150 Km length of rivers / tributaries in the West Flowing River basin is polluted. Twenty Seven towns / cities are on the banks of rivers and the untreated effluent released in the rivers is polluting stretches of Rivers on their downstream. In addition to that, partially treated or untreated industrial effluent is also being released in rivers, which is polluting such rivers / tributaries on their downstream. Depending on risk factor, the priority of rivers is decided and is as stated below.

Table16.20: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES AND PRIORITY CLASSES

Sr River Name Stretch BOD Priority Towns Identified Approxima t No Identified Range e Length of Min- Max Stretch Value (Km) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 ULHAS KALYAN TO 3.8 -5.0 V KHADAKPADA, ULHAS 20 BADLAPUR NAGAR, DOMBIVALI, KALYAN 2 KUNDALIKA SALAV TO 4.6 -29.0 II SUNDARNAGAR, 25 ROHA ASHTAMI, ROHA 3 BHATSA SHAHAPUR 5.8 -6.6 IV SHAHAPUR, 20 TO BHATSA, BHADANE BHADANE 4 VASHISTI KHERDI TO 3.2 -4.8 V KHERDI,DALVATNE, 3 DALVATNE CHIPLUN 5 AMBA BENSE TO 5 V POYNAD, BENSE, ROHA 10 ROHA 6 PATALGANGA KHADEPADA 4.0 -4.4 V KHOPOLI,KHARPADA,KH 30 TO KOPOLI ALAPUR,APTA

7 SAVITRI DADLI TO 4.4 -15 III DADLI,MUTHAV ALI,RAJE 2 MUTHAVALI WADI,KEMBURLI

8 SURYA DHAMNI 4.6 -8.0 IV DHARAMPUR,HARANW 40 DAM TO ALI, PALGHAR PALGHAR Total 150 Source: River Stretches For Restoration of Water Quality CPCB Publication Feb 2015 16.8 Summary and Recommendations 16.8.1 Commission/Committees and their Recommendations Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) has constituted a Task Force in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986 to recommend measures for optimum Water Quality Observation Network and coordinated data collection and dissemination system to assist the WQAA.

88 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN A) Terms of reference (ToR) of the Task Force are as follows: • Development of Water Quality data information system and recommend the steps for coordination in collection, use and dissemination of data. • Review of Water Quality Monitoring network and recommend optimum network for the country. • Recommend system for Accreditation of Water Quality laboratories in the country.

B) The Water Quality Assessment Authority has so far performed the following tasks: • Constituted Expert Group for review of the present Water Quality Monitoring programme for formulating a monitoring protocol. • Constituted State Level Water Quality Review Committees to review monitoring practices at the state level and to highlight the important state issues for consideration by the Authority. So far 33 States Level Committees have been constituted out of 35 States / UTs in the country. • Co-ordination cell in MoWR has been created for servicing the Authority. C) Some of the important recommendations of Expert Group for its uniform implementation are: • Recommended protocol identifies different types of stations both under surface and groundwater category viz. Baseline, Trend, and Trend cum-Surveillance/impact for implementation. This categorization is based on the extent to which the water at site is polluted. Baseline station being the least polluted by the human activity, number of parameters and its frequency for monitoring differs at each type of stations. • There is an urgent need for developing two referral laboratories, one with the Central Water Commission and the other with the Central Ground Water Board. • Quality assurance test viz. analytical quality control test ‘within laboratory’ and ‘inter laboratory’ must be performed by all laboratories for ensuring reliability in data generation. • State Level Water Quality Review Committee (NEERI) 2011

D) Overall analysis of data and WQI indicates many areas of improvement, especially data collection and analysis. Some of these areas of improvement are: • Process of collection of samples and analysis of water samples across the state shows the intent to understand the water bodies’ behavior based on quality attributes • Quality, however, suffers from a significant QA/QC process, which is leading to many values with high variation. • Outlier’s analysis does lead to elimination of some very high values; however, the same has been mentioned in the report. This can be made as a regular practice wherein local variation in the Water Quality could be easily recorded. • Regular training and awareness program for all stakeholders, especially personnel responsible for water sample collection as also analysis. E) Overall analysis seeks improvement in following areas:

89 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • Capacity building of personnel carrying out sampling and analysis • Awareness and communication with the locals and municipal bodies for sharing of data and suggestions of improvement • Creating linkages with the data for decision making for better river water quality. • Demand driven sewage management through decentralized system. • Seeking alternate use of treated waste water before it gets discharged in the river, thus reducing pollutant loads. • Strict compliance and regular monitoring for industrial discharges.

16.8.2 Overview of the Difficulties, Gaps, Suggestions and Recommendations A) Difficulties & Gaps Urban centres are disposing untreated water into nearby streams / river and polluting them, which is adversely affecting the environment and the drinking water sources on their downstream.

B) Recommendations • There is need for further expansion of water quality monitoring and testing unit under HP. • Compulsory treatment and reuse of domestic and industrial effluent is recommended before waste water is let into rivers to maintain integrity of aquatic ecosystems and bio- diversity. • Trend cum surveillance stations for both surface and groundwater quality monitoring are recommended. • MPCB should chalk out a time bound action plan to implement recommendations of CPCB about the increasing trend of number of polluted rivers.

16.8.3 Action Points and Recommendations– By and large, it is seen that quality of surface water from reservoirs and ground water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. In specified stretches of West Flowing Rivers and its tributaries especially on downstream of towns/cities and industrial estates, water flowing through them in fair weather is highly polluted and unsuitable for any use. In some talukas, quality of ground water is well below the permissible limits and necessary treatment would have to be provided to it prior to its use for drinking purposes. Purpose of collecting surface and ground water samples at different locations and at different time of the year is to ascertain its year round suitability for drinking & domestic use or for industrial use or for irrigation use. Hence recommendations made by various committees as stated above should be followed to improve the network of sampling stations and water sample testing procedures. If monitored continuously, such factual information would identify the locations where quality of water is below the acceptable standards and would highlight the need to take appropriate actions to improve the quality of water so as to bring it within the acceptable limits according to the purpose of its use, for the benefit of its users. Besides degrading the aquatic ecosystems and exterminating aquatic life in the River water, pollution has following adverse impacts:

90 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • Trend of deterioration in the river water quality due to pollution resulting from release of untreated or partially treated urban effluent and industrial effluent in the natural streams is increasing at a fast pace. Unless immediate measures are taken for treatment of effluent prior to its release in natural streams, the situation may go out of control and ultimately might lead to ‘Eutrophication’ ( abundant algal growth in lake water, thereby making it unsuitable for any use) of some man-made reservoirs. Hence close monitoring of quality of water of such reservoirs during winter and summer seasons is essential. • Pumping of such polluted river water for its use in irrigated agriculture is deteriorating quality of ground water in such irrigated areas. Removal of pollutants from ground water is a long drawn and costly process. Besides that, use of polluted River water for irrigation is contaminating the agricultural produce and its consumption is a health hazard to the unaware consumer. • Some drinking water supply schemes depend on water from the polluted stretch of River as their source. Despite providing some treatment to the water, there is possibility of causing water-borne diseases by its consumption. • Untreated / partly treated Industrial effluent containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals and carcinogens are harmful in the long term if consumed even in small quantity through drinking water or through contaminated agricultural produce grown on polluted water.

B) To improve this situation, following actions are recommended: • Water samples from polluted streams/rivers/reservoirs should be taken frequently during fair weather to ensure assessing efficacy of measure taken to reduce pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Third party checking of such samples should also be carried out. • Municipal Corporations/ Municipalities/Gram Panchayats should take necessary measures to treat drinking water and should be held responsible to maintain quality of drinking water they provide to the people. • Institute a mechanism which would ensure treatment to all urban effluent prior to its release in rivers or its use for irrigation in the following manner. Municipal Corporations / Municipalities should be held statutorily responsible and accountable for 100% treatment of urban effluent, on the principle of ‘Polluter Pays’. Government. should share part capital cost of STPs/ETPs balance capital cost and full annual recurring cost of running and maintenance should, however, be borne by the concerned Municipal Corporations / Municipalities. They should raise necessary finance by levying ‘Sanitation Tax’ from the water users. • In view of the paucity of finances and high operating costs of conventional ETPs / STPs, non- conventional eco-restorative technology needs to be evolved and adopted for treatment of effluent from villages and small townships. Such systems require lot of space which is not available in cities and hence cannot be adopted there. Hence such bio-treatments which are less energy consuming should be tried and tested for small habitations say below 10,000 or so. It can then be expanded for larger populations after reviewing their performance.

91 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • All urban effluent should be treated fully so as to make it suitable for use in irrigated agriculture and it should be pumped into canal of the project from where irrigation water has been diverted for urban use. It would partly restore the curtailed irrigation and would mitigate ‘Urban-Rural conflict’. • Ensure strict control on quality of industrial effluent, even by taking penal actions against the defaulters. Institute a mechanism to induce recycling and reuse of water, with ultimate aim of achieving ‘Zero effluent’ after industrial use.

92 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

17 Recycle and Reuse of Water 17.1 Prologue Due to continuously growing demand of water for various competing and conflicting uses, but limited finite availability of water resource in the River basins, it is necessary to find out different ways and means of making more water available for use by the humans, without compromising on the requirements of natural ecosystems. Constructing additional water resource development (WRD) infrastructure, improving water-use efficiency of the existing WRD infrastructure are the measures normally adopted in the supply and demand management Because of phenomenal increase in the rate of industrialization and consequent urbanization during last 3-4 decades, water demand for urban and industrial use has increased substantially, invariably at the cost of correspondingly reduced availability of water for irrigation. Besides that, it has given rise to generation of polluted effluent and degradation of all natural and man-made aquatic ecosystems due to release of untreated or partially treated effluent in the rivers. Hence treating the effluent generated after non irrigation so as to make it suitable for reuse in irrigated agriculture is emerging as a measure to meet increasing human demands and primarily to prevent degradation of aquatic ecosystems.

For the industrial use of water, instead of treating the effluent generated and releasing it in the rivers, it is advocated to treat it adequately and to recycle it in the process. Firstly this would reduce consumptive demand of water and secondly it would solve the problem of pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Ideally, ’Zero effluent’ policy would have to be adopted by all the industries in the near future. This would reduce net demand of water for non-irrigation use and correspondingly more water for irrigation.

Even if water is a reusable resource, it is vulnerable to pollution. Flowing water carries with it – as floating matter, in dissolved state, in suspension or as rolling matter, different types of pollutants and impurities. It can be said as a virtue because it conveys all these pollutants free of cost, ultimately to the sea. However, because it gets polluted in the process, it cannot be used as a ‘Water Resource’ unless it is adequately treated. Any type of use of water by the humans generates polluted effluent in one form or the other. Use of water for drinking purposes and for domestic use generates effluent containing organic matter, faecal matter, phosphates (through detergents), nitrates and pathogens. Industrial use of water generates effluent containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals and carcinogens. After use in irrigated agriculture, applied water percolating in the ground and emerging as regenerated surface water in streams, contains residues of organic/chemical fertilizers and toxic chemicals from insecticides & pesticides.

About 80 to 85% of water consumed for urban use is regenerated as effluent and is available for its reuse in irrigation after providing adequate treatment. Consumptive part of the industrial use (e.g. used in manufacture of soft drinks, wine, liquor, beer, bottled water etc.) does not generate effluent, but the water used for their processing / manufacturing generates polluted effluent. Effluent generated from chemical, pharmaceutical, paper and textile industries contains organic matter, toxic chemicals, heavy metals and carcinogens, if not treated adequately. Use of water as a

93 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN coolant in industries does not contaminate the effluent, but it should be encouraged to recycle and reuse it. About 85 to 90% of non-consumptive industrial use of water emerges as effluent, unless it is treated and recycled by the industries.

In that comparison, only about 5 to 25% of water applied for irrigation (depending on method of application of water, from Micro Irrigation to flood irrigation) percolates into ground to firstly recharge Groundwater and after saturation of aquifers emerges in streams as regenerated water. For the purpose of assessment/estimation of Groundwater potential, component of applied irrigation water that contributes to Groundwater recharge is taken into account by the GSDA by making suitable assumptions for the purpose of augmentation in Groundwater recharge. Conjunctive use of surface water and Groundwater is permitted / encouraged by Water User Associations (WUA) in the canal commands. It has been planned to introduce Micro Irrigation Systems for all perennial irrigation in the canal commands in the next decade. Groundwater exploitation is much on the increase in command as well as non-command areas. Hence flow of regenerated water would be negligible in the near future. There are many existing KT weirs or barrages on most of the major rivers. Regenerated water from irrigation and river flow which consists mainly of untreated urban/industrial effluent is already being lifted for irrigation at such weirs. Hence small quantity of water that is likely to be available as regenerated flow into streams after applied irrigation is generally not accounted for separately. With the result estimation of quantum of effluent generated and the problems associated with it (pollution, treatment and reuse) are predominantly for non-irrigation use of water.

17.1.1 Quantity of effluent generated after urban and industrial use of water World-wide trend observed in developing countries is that, percentage of population residing in urban areas when compared with total population is always on the increase. India and industrially developed state like Maharashtra is no exception to it. So far, difference in norms for domestic use of water/capita/day between urban and rural use was about 100 litres/day. It meant that, migration of one person from rural to urban area would increase daily water demand by 100 litres/day and would generate corresponding additional effluent of 80 to 85 litres/day/person. Despite the norms, actual supply of water to most of the cities and towns in the state is much less than the norms and so is the state of affairs for rural population. Even then, consumption of water for urban use would continue to increase (at the cost of corresponding curtailment of water presently allocated for irrigation use) in the future, giving rise to Urban-Rural conflicts. Hence the problems associated with treatment of effluent and its reuse for irrigation is required to be studied very carefully. Maharashtra is one of the industrially well-developed states in the country. The trend would continue in the future, thereby increasing the rate of urbanisation and so the demand for urban and industrial use of water.

Above problems which are associated with non-irrigation use of water could firstly be mitigated by resorting to ‘demand management’ of such use. Following are some of the measures which should be implemented first so as to reduce the demand of water.

94 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Water rates charged to Municipal Corporations/Municipalities should be telescopic. Rates for water use beyond norms (or beyond some specified limit for each city depending on availability of water in the source) should be much higher to prevent/control wasteful of water.

Water supply by meters should be made mandatory to avoid wastage / misuse of water.

Performance monitoring of underground water conveyance system should be compulsory to trace leakages and to rectify them.

For the industrial use, water rates should be used as an economic instrument to induce the industrialists to recycle the water, instead of releasing it as polluted effluent.

For the non-consumptive part of use of water by the industries, policy of ‘Zero effluent’ should be made compulsory. It would reduce consumption of water and would appreciably reduce quantum of polluted effluent released in the river systems.

17.1.2 Regenerated water after use in irrigated agriculture At present there is no mechanism to either test the quality of regenerated water after use in irrigation or to control the pollution caused by the residues of chemical fertilizers and insecticides & pesticides. Use of organic manure and biological control of pests is possible, but there are many limitations and constraints in implementing them in practice. However, it is necessary to test quality of water regenerated after irrigation use at least on major irrigation projects in the state where perennial crops are grown. If the results of tests show some alarming trends, timely action should be taken to control such pollution. As explained in para 17.1 above, regenerated water need not be accounted as a source for reuse.

17.1.3 Effluent generated from Industrial use For the serious issue of pollution of aquatic ecosystems due to release of untreated/partially treated industrial effluent, shortcomings and loop holes in the present system of exercising control on the quality of treated effluent need to be appreciably improved. Responsibilities and accountability of exercising the control on quality of released effluent should be well defined, with a provision for action against the officials and industrialists responsible for not ensuring/exercising the control. During the coming 15 years up to 2030, policy of ‘Zero effluent’ should be strictly implemented for industrial use of water.

17.1.4 Effluent generated from Domestic use Water required for urban population is generally purchased, usually at subsidized rates, by Municipal Corporations/Municipalities from some dams near about which are constructed by WRD and after treating it to make it suitable for drinking purposes, is distributed & provided through taps to the citizens. They recover water tax from the users to meet the necessary expenses. However, they are neither responsible nor accountable for full treatment of the effluent generated after such urban use of water, prior to its release in rivers. In order to enable reuse of urban effluent for use in irrigation and thereby to prevent degradation of aquatic ecosystems, there is a need to constitute a

95 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN statutory mechanism by passing enabling Acts and Rules, to make Municipal Corporations /Municipalities responsible for the same, on the principle ‘Polluter pays’. 17.1.5 Treatment of effluent prior to its release in rivers Necessity of treatment of effluent generated after non irrigation use prior to its release in the natural river systems has been the most neglected part in the management of water resource. Release of untreated effluent has been causing following hazards: It pollutes natural Riverine ecosystems into which effluent is released and .also the man- made ecosystems i.e. Reservoirs into which such polluted rivers drain. Consumption of polluted water by the population and cattle along both banks of the river is a potential health hazard due to presence of toxic chemicals and carcinogens. There is possibility of outbreak of epidemics and water-borne diseases due to presence of pathogens in the faecal matter. Use of polluted water flowing through rivers for irrigation by the farmers located on banks of rivers contaminates the agricultural produce, which is a health hazard for the consumers. Besides that, applying polluted water to the fields pollutes the Groundwater permanently in such areas. Removal of pollutants retained in the Groundwater is a very difficult and long drawn process. It may be borne in mind that, cost of construction of a dam to store water for different uses is a ‘One time investment’. At a negligible cost required for its annual maintenance, it continues to store monsoon runoff every year to make it available for human use every year. As against that, even if water is a reusable resource, we cannot make use of it unless effluent is adequately treated to make it suitable at least for irrigation use. This investment is quite high per unit of water so made available (in comparison with the cost of storing per unit of water in dams) and it has to be made every year to get that much quantity of water for reuse every year. Such treatment involves lot of capital investment for installation of the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and heavy recurring expenditure for its operation and maintenance. Running of ETPs requires heavy consumption of electric energy. In order to prevent degradation of natural and man-made ecosystems and to get additional precious water resource through reuse, it is necessary to estimate financial implications involved in these operations and make adequate provision for the same in the Water Plans (WP) for all River basins. Besides that, it is necessary to indicate mechanism to install the ETPs, identify possible sources for raising funds to meet their expenses towards capital investment & recurring costs. Besides that, strict monitoring of quality of treated effluent prior to its use in irrigated agriculture would have to be done, preferably through third party agency. Treatment of all the effluent generated after urban use is essential for preventing degradation of natural and man-made aquatic ecosystems and availability of treated effluent for reuse in agriculture should be considered as an incidental advantage.

17.2 Status in West Flowing River Basin 17.2.1 Industrial Water use Total quantum of Industrial effluent from all the sub-basins of west flowing river basin is about 624.22 Mm³ and that from domestic use is about 1809.34 Mm³. It is estimated to increase to about 1076.27 Mm³ and about 2115.69 Mm³ respectively up to 2030. (Table 17.1)

96 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 17.1 Industrial and Domestic Effluent Sr Name Of Industrial Effluent Domestic Effluent Tot al Effluent No Sub-basin (Mm3) (Mm3 (Mm3) At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 1 2 3.00 4.00 5 6 7 8 1 Ambika 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.008 0.00 2.70 2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.240 0.00 0.24 3 NarPar 0.00 6.33 0.00 0.008 0.00 6.34 4 Daman ganga 0.00 8.47 0.00 10.216 0.00 18.69 5 Vaitarna 0.83 12.78 47.08 79.750 47.91 92.53 6 Stream 21.92 32.82 7.50 28.700 29.42 61.52 between D & V 7 Ulhas 198.86 298.80 352.26 325.184 551.12 623.98 8 Patalganga 14.60 40.00 159.97 213.240 174.57 253.24 9 Amba 35.20 101.60 14.32 1.152 49.52 102.75 10 Kundalika 22.14 54.46 11.49 14.192 33.63 68.66 11 Mhasala 0.00 0.00 10.29 1.472 10.29 1.47 12 Savitri 3.44 11.68 8.26 20.048 11.70 31.73 13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.440 0.24 0.44 14 Vashishthi 190.99 232.24 3.82 8.912 194.82 241.15 15 Shastri 3.89 14.06 3.56 7.256 7.44 21.31 16 Muchkundi 0.00 0.50 0.26 2.720 0.26 3.22 17 Kajavi 0.00 0.00 1.48 1.776 1.48 1.78 18 Kodavali 0.00 0.42 0.26 0.976 0.26 1.40 19 Waghotan 0.00 0.00 1.30 4.504 1.30 4.50 20 Devg ad 0.00 0.00 1.79 6.768 1.79 6.77 21 Achara 0.97 37.62 1.26 1.856 2.23 39.47 22 Gad 0.00 0.00 1.36 3.160 1.36 3.16 23 Karli 0.30 2.63 0.38 1.720 0.68 4.35 24 Vegurla 0.00 0.00 1.02 3.376 1.02 3.38 25 Terekhol 0.08 32.55 2.42 6.384 2.50 38.93 26 Tilla ri 0.13 2.86 1.10 1.792 1.22 4.65 27 Mahadayi 0.00 32.00 0.00 4.000 0.00 36.00 28 Mumbai 130.88 151.76 1177.92 1365.840 1308.80 1517.60 Island Total 624.22 1076.27 1809.34 2115.69 2433.56 3191.96 Source: Information of Industrial Effluent is compiled from the report of 28 sub-basins of West Flowing River basin and that of Domestic Effluent is calculated from the water balance of West Flowing River basin in chapter 10

17.2.2 Domestic use of Water In West Flowing river basin total urban population is 218.36 Lakh and rural population is 87.12 lakh at present. It is expected to increase to 281.18 lakh souls for urban and 112.24 lakh souls from rural area respectively. Details of present and expected future population and water demands are as shown in the table No. 17.2 below.

97 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 17.2 Population and Domestic Water Demand Sr. Name Of Population Water Demand No. Sub-basin In 2011 By 2030 In 2011@ By 2030@ Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural (Lakh) (Lakh) (Lakh) (Lakh) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Ambika 0 20025 0 31668 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 2 Auranga 0 51183 0 63978 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 3 NarPar 0 188592 0 235759 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 4 Damanganga 0 630797 0 788496 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.77 5 Vaitarna 1230000 1034000 1537000 12 92000 48.43 10.42 75.76 23.93 6 Stream 105000 625828 149000 782285 3.58 5.80 7.34 28.54 between D & V 7 Ulhas 5115000 1234000 6398700 1538300 378.42 61.90 350.33 56.15 8 Patalganga 2457219 1793183 3734660 2260764 170.93 29.03 184.03 82.52 9 Amba 21725 211110 29228 297474 2.93 14.97 1.44 0.00 10 Kundalika 47429 339036 67396 426330 1.98 12.38 3.32 14.42 11 Mhasala 21188 125062 28510 168283 2.86 10.00 1.40 0.44 12 Savitri 46276 405721 57815 608584 0.03 10.29 2.85 22.21 13 Bharja 0 60149 0 65000 0.00 0. 31 0.00 0.55 14 Vashishthi 87744 517739 109680 647174 2.85 1.93 5.40 5.74 15 Shastri 106187 517708 132733 647138 3.63 0.81 6.54 2.53 16 Muchkundi 18000 135067 35000 235000 0.33 0.00 1.72 1.68 17 Kajavi 30370 103101 37963 136982 1.50 0.35 1.87 0.35 18 Kodavali 16500 91500 24750 110250 0.32 0.00 1.22 0.00 19 Waghotan 0 112718 0 154182 0.00 1.62 0.00 5.63 20 Devgad 0 154652 0 231900 0.00 2.24 0.00 8.46 21 Achara 0 45653 0 63494 0.00 1.58 0.00 2.32 22 Gad 26691 70410 27091 71537 0.68 1.02 1.34 2.61 23 Karli 17137 16053 25705 24080 0.25 0.23 1.27 0.88 24 Vengurla 22901 46287 34352 69431 0.59 0.68 1.69 2.53 25 Terekhol 23851 119955 28621 179933 1.28 1.75 1.41 6.57 26 Tillari 0 62799 0 94199 0.00 1.37 0.00 2.24 27 Mahadayi 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 28 Mumbai 12442376 0 15660000 0.00 1472.40 0.00 1707.30 0.00 Island Total 21835594 8712328 28118204 11224221 2092.99 168.68 2 2356.23 288. 383 Source - Above information is abstracted from the State plan of West Flowing River Basin given by MJP

Sub basin wise available effluent from urban area and amount of treated effluent available for reuse is shown in table No. 17.3.

98 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 17-3 Treated Urban Effluent Available For Reuse

Sr.No Name Of Sub -basin Water Demand(Mm3) Domestic Effluent 80% Treated Effluent Of Demand (Mm3) available for reuse 80% Of Domestic Effluent(Mm3) At By 2030 At Present By 2030 At Present By 2030 Present 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Ambika 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 NarPar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Damanganga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Vaitarna 48.43 75.76 38.74 60.61 0.00 48.49 6 Stream between D & 3.5 8 7.34 2.86 5.87 0.00 4.70 V 7 Ulhas 378.42 350.33 302.74 280.26 0.00 224.21 8 Patalganga 170.93 184.03 136.74 147.22 0.00 117.78 9 Amba 2.93 1.44 2.34 1.15 0.00 0.92 10 Kundalika 1.98 3.32 1.58 2.66 0.00 2.12 11 Mhasala 2.86 1.40 2.29 1.12 0.00 0.90 12 Savitri 0.03 2.85 0.02 2.28 0.00 1.82 13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 Vashishthi 2.85 5.40 2.28 4.32 0.00 3.46 15 Shastri 3.63 6.54 2.91 5.23 0.00 4.19 16 Muchkundi 0.33 1.72 0.26 1.38 0.00 1.10 17 Kajavi 1.50 1.87 1.20 1.50 0.00 1.20 18 Kjodavali 0.32 1.22 0.26 0.98 0.00 0.78 19 Wagothan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 Devgad 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21 Achara 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22 Gad 0.68 1.34 0.54 1.07 0.00 0.86 23 Karli 0.25 1.27 0.20 1.02 0.00 0.81 24 Vengurla 0.59 1.69 0.47 1.35 0.00 1.08 25 Terekhol 1.28 1.41 1.02 1.13 0.00 0.90 26 Tillari 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27 Mahadayi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28 Mumbai Island 1472.40 1707.30 1177.92 1365.84 0.00 1092.67 Total 2092.99 2356.23 1674.37 1884.98 0.0 1507.99

(As per CPHEEO estimates about 70-80% of total water supplied for domestic use gets generated as wastewater.)

99 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 17.2.3 Waste Water management 17.2.3.1 Industrial waste Maharashtra pollution control board (MPCB) while giving consent to any industry, under section 26 of the water (Prevention and control pollution) Act 1974 and under section 21 of the Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981 imposes certain conditions. The effluent is required to be treated so that it is suitable for use in irrigated agriculture and hence it is allowed to be released in the natural streams.

MPCB had modified and published the enforcement policy vide notification dated 29/02/2016. This policy includes directions given by Hon'ble National Green Tribunal (NGT) on 16/05/2014 .Under the policy, Zero liquid discharge norms have been changed. It has been decided that zero liquid discharge would mean total utilization of liquid effluent in the process. Hence it has become mandatory to the industry to improve the process of effluent treatment so water is of such quality that they could reuse it. This would also ensure saving of raw water in large quantity and no discharge from any industry would be let out in the river.

Policy of Zero Effluent would require lot of efforts and time and hence may not be considered as effective for the calculations of industrial effluent at present. MPCB should, however, plan to implement policy of zero effluent from now onwards and it is expected that it would be gradually enforced and fully implemented by 2030. Hence we should assume that there would be no industrial effluent to treat by 2030. There would, however, be consumption of water for consumable part of industrial use.

17.2.3.2 Domestic Waste 17.2.3.2.1 Towns and Urban Area In west flowing river basin, total 14 No. of STP will be required to treat 1422.31 MLD waste water in rural areas.

Table 17.4 Cost Of Sewage Treatment Sr.No. Name Of Waste Water Waste No. Of Capital O & M Cost Sub-basin Generated Water STP Cost @ [Rs @ 7% of (Mm³) Generated Required 4Cr. /MLD] capital cost (Cr) (MLD) (Cr) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Ambika 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 3 NarPar 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 4 Damanganga 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 5 Vaitarna 60.61 166.05 2 664.20 46.49 6 Stream 5.87 16.09 0 64.35 4.50 between D & V 7 Ulhas 280.26 767.85 8 3071.39 215.00

100 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr.No. Name Of Waste Water Waste No. Of Capital O & M Cost Sub-basin Generated Water STP Cost @ [Rs @ 7% of (Mm³) Generated Required 4Cr. /MLD] capital cost (Cr) (MLD) (Cr) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patalganga 147.22 403.35 4 1613.41 112.94 9 Amba 1.15 3.16 0 12.62 0.88 10 Kundalika 2.66 7.28 0 29.11 2.04 11 Mhasala 1.12 3.07 0 12.27 0.86 12 Savitri 2.28 6.25 0 24.99 1.75 13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 14 Vashishthi 4.32 11.84 0 47.34 3.31 15 Shastri 5.23 14.33 0 57.34 4.01 16 Muchkundi 1.38 3.77 0 15.08 1.06 17 Kajavi 1.50 4.10 0 16.39 1.15 18 Kodava li 0.98 2.67 0 10.70 0.75 19 Waghotan 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 20 Devgad 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 21 Achara 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 22 Gad 1.07 2.94 0 11.75 0.82 23 Karli 1.02 2.78 0 11.13 0.78 24 Vegurla 1.35 3.70 0 14.82 1.04 25 Terekhol 1.13 3.09 0 12.36 0.87 26 Tillari 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 27 Mahadayi 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 28 Mumbai 1365.84 3742.03 37 14968.11 1047.77 Island Total 1884.98 5164.34 52.00 20657.36 1446.02 17.2.3.2.2 Process of Sludge Treatment in Urban Area Flow diagram of the pumping stations and sludge treatment plant is as below

Figure 17-1 Flow Diagram for Main Pumping Station

101 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 17-2 Flow Diagram for Sludge Treatment plant

National Rural Drinking Water Programme

17.2.3.2.3 Norms for Providing Potable Drinking Water in Rural Areas

Table17.5 Cost of Sewage Treatment for Rural Effluent Method of Disposal Public West Stabilization Pond for Dry Pit Porous Population Item For Name of Region/ Soak Pit 5000 Populati 500 to 1000 to 2000 to Total District Population t0 on <200 999 1999 4999 200 to 499 9999 Cost/ Unit 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8 (Lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ambika No.of 13 1 13 3 2 0 32 Villages Total Cost 0.975 0.095 8.45 3.6 5.3 0 18 ( Lakhas) Auranga No.of 0 6 23 14 5 0 48 Villages Total Cost 0.000 0.57 14.95 16.8 13.25 0 46 ( Lakhas) Nar -Par No.of 2 42 70 53 11 2 180 Villages Total Cost 0.150 4 45.5 63.6 29 10 152 ( Lakhas) Damanganga No.of 11 34 73 101 43 5 267 Villages Total Cost 0.825 3.23 47.45 121.2 113.95 24 311 ( Lakhas) Vaitarna No.of 22 99 221 255 118 6 721 Villages

102 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Method of Disposal Public West Stabilization Pond for Dry Pit Porous Population Item For Name of Region/ Soak Pit 5000 Populati 500 to 1000 to 2000 to Total District Population t0 on <200 999 1999 4999 200 to 499 9999 Cost/ Unit 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8 (Lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost 1.650 9.405 143.65 306 312.7 28.8 802 ( Lakhas) Stream Between D & V No.of 2 16 40 85 79 22 244 Villages Total Cost 0.150 1.52 26 10 2 209.35 105.6 445 ( Lakhas) Ulhas No.of 68 159 361 272 92 6 958 Villages Total Cost 5.100 15.105 234.650 326.400 243.800 28.800 854 ( Lakhas) Patalganga No.of 40 80 123 139 71 70 523 Villages Total Cost 3.000 7.6 79.95 166.8 188.15 336 782 ( Lakhas) Amba No. of 118 105 19 60 18 3 323 Villages Total Cost 8.850 9.975 12.350 72.000 47.700 14.400 165 ( Lakhas) Kundalika No.of 57 90 132 60 23 8 370 Villages Total Cost 4.275 8.55 85.8 72 60.95 38.4 270 ( Lakhas) Mhasala No.of 137 312 62 104 32 5 652 Villages Total Cost 10.28 29.64 40.30 124.80 84.80 24.00 314 ( Lakhas) Savitri No.of 159 253 181 36 18 1 648 Villages Total Cost 11.925 24.035 117.65 43.2 47.7 4.8 249 ( Lakhas) Bharja No.of 14 31 41 4 1 0 91 Villages Total Cost 1.050 2.945 26.65 4.8 2.65 0 38 ( Lakhas) Vashishthi No.of 42 152 192 125 41 9 561 Villages Total Cost 3.150 14.440 124.800 150.000 108.650 43.200 444 ( Lakhas) Shastri No.of 40 100 195 134 50 6 525 Villages

103 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Method of Disposal Public West Stabilization Pond for Dry Pit Porous Population Item For Name of Region/ Soak Pit 5000 Populati 500 to 1000 to 2000 to Total District Population t0 on <200 999 1999 4999 200 to 499 9999 Cost/ Unit 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8 (Lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost 3.000 9.5 126.75 160.8 132.5 28.8 461 ( Lakhas) Muchkundi No.of 15 55 55 50 10 1 186 Villages Total Cost 1.125 5.225 35.75 60 26.5 4.8 133 ( Lakhas) Kajvi No.of 6 20 35 28 11 3 103 Villages Total Cost 0.450 1.9 22.75 33.6 29.15 14.4 102 ( Lakhas) Kodavali No.of 27 125 128 69 8 2 359 Villages Total Cost 2.025 11.875 83.2 82.8 21.2 9.6 211 ( Lakhas) Wagothan No.of 12 58 57 48 10 0 185 Villages Total Cost 0.900 5.51 37.05 57.60 26.50 0.00 128 ( Lakhas) Devgad No.of 4 21 51 39 13 2 130 Villages Total Cost 0.300 2.00 33.15 46.80 34.45 9.60 126 ( Lakhas) Achara No.of 2 14 22 18 2 0 58 Villages Total Cost 0.150 1.33 14.30 21.60 5.30 0.00 43 ( Lakhas) Gad No.of 18 56 50 49 15 6 194 Villages Total Cost 1.350 5.32 32.50 58.80 39.75 28.80 167 ( Lakhas) Karli No.of 8 36 62 61 15 2 184 Villages Total Cost 0.600 3.42 40.30 73.20 39.75 9.60 167 ( Lakhas) Vengurla No.of 1 19 48 38 15 1 122 Villages Total Cost 0.075 1.81 31.20 45.60 39.75 4.80 123 ( Lakhas) Terekhol No.of 3 13 26 27 14 2 85 Villages

104 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Method of Disposal Public West Stabilization Pond for Dry Pit Porous Population Item For Name of Region/ Soak Pit 5000 Populati 500 to 1000 to 2000 to Total District Population t0 on <200 999 1999 4999 200 to 499 9999 Cost/ Unit 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8 (Lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost 0.225 1.23 16.90 32.40 37.10 9.60 97 ( Lakhas) Tillari No.of 5 22 17 19 5 0 68 Villages Total Cost 0.375 2.09 11.05 22.80 13.25 0.00 50 ( Lakhas) Mahadayi N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Mumbai Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total No.of 985 2172 2478 1927 740 163 8465 Villages Total Cost 74 206 1611 2312 1961 783 6947 ( Lakhas) N.A: Not Available

Apart from above, operation and maintenance cost @ 7% will also be required. The cost of O & M for Rural Area will be Rs.16 Cr. per year.

17.2.4 Abstract of Domestic Waste Generation & Cost – To treat the waste water generation by 2030, capital and O & M cost of STPs required in these basins are as below.

Table 17.6 Domestic Waste Generation and Cost Waste Water Useful for sewage Capital Cost O & M Cost Generation Irrigatin Region

Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 ( Cr) ( Cr) ( Cr) ( Cr) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Entire 1885.00 231.00 1508.00 185.00 20658 70.00 1446 5 Konkan

17.2.4.1 Construction Programme of STP Total domestic waste water generation by 2030 is expected to be about 2116 Mm3. To treat this sewage and make it suitable for irrigation use, Rs 20728 Cr capital cost and Rs 1451 Cr O & M cost is required. Planning of this requires detail survey and investigation. It is proposed to finalise the planning of installation of all STPs up to 2020 and complete their installation during the next ten years, thereby completing the project in 2029-30. Proposed planning of construction of STPs and funds required is as below.

105 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 17 ‑7 Construction Programme of STP For Urban & Sewage Disposal For Rural Year Entire WFRB Capital Cost O & M Cost Total 1 2 3 4

2021-22 1036 72 1108 2022-23 1036 72 1108 2023-24 2073 145 2218 2024-25 2073 145 2218 2025-26 3107 218 3325 2026-27 4147 291 4438 2027-28 4147 291 4438 2028-29 1036 72 1108 2029-30 2073 145 2218 Total 20728 1451 22179

17.2.5 Irrigation from reuse of effluent

Waste water from industry is not considered for irrigation as Zero Effluent policy is planned to be implemented strictly by the year 2030 for industrial use of water. Effluent from domestic use of water which would be treated and available for use in irrigation up to 2030 is about 415.32 Mm³ per year (Excluding Mumbai Island). Considering the duty as 150 Ha/Mm³ for general cropping pattern of Medium Irrigation project, about 62298 Ha could be irrigated . Table 17 ‑8 Sewage Irrigation From Domestic Effluent

S.NO. Region Domestic Effluent Sewage Irrigation Available For Reuse(Mm3) (Ha) At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ambika 0 0 0 0 Auranga 0 0 0 0 NarPar 0 0 0 0 Damanganga 0 0 0 0 Vait arna 0 48.4864 0 7273 Stream between D & V 0 4.6976 0 705 Ulhas 0 224.2112 0 33632 Patalganga 0 117.7792 0 17667 Amba 0 0.9216 0 138 Kundalika 0 2.1248 0 319 Mhasala 0 0.896 0 134 Savitri 0 1.824 0 274 Bharja 0 0 0 0

106 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN S.NO. Region Domestic Effluent Sewage Irrigation Available For Reuse(Mm3) (Ha) At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vashishthi 0 3.456 0 518 Shastri 0 4.1856 0 628 Muchkundi 0 1.1008 0 165 Kajavi 0 1.1968 0 180 Kjodavali 0 0.7808 0 117 Wagothan 0 0 0 0 Devgad 0 0 0 0 Achara 0 0 0 0 Gad 0 0.8576 0 129 Karli 0 0.8128 0 122 Vengurla 0 1.0816 0 162 Ter ekhol 0 0.9024 0 135 Tillari 0 0 0 0 Mahadayi 0 0 0 0 Mumbai Island * 0 0 0 0 Total 0 415.3152 0 62298 * Effluent available from Mumbai Island can not be used for Irrigation as threr is no culturable land on Island. 17.3 Way forward The total quantity of effluent water in the basin is 2433.56 Mm3, currently and it is likely to rise to 3191.96 Mm3 in 2030. The basin which will contribute most to effluent will be Vaitarna, Ulhas & Patalganga. Construction of STP’s in these urbanised & estuarian basins & its use in nearby basins & its use in agriculture is less likely. However, in distant future this water can be used for municipal purposes other than drinking. It may also be used for recreational purpose within or outside of urban limits. These quantities are not considered in working out water balance for reasons as foretasted.

107 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

108 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 18 Prevention of Losses 18.1 Preamble Loss of water is an inevitable event in the process of storage and conveyance of water through any conductor system. It is not possible to eliminate the losses completely but it can be attempted to lessen them to increase the efficiency of system at a reasonable cost.

18.1.1 Losses can be classified in the following manner: 1) Lake losses/ Tank losses: These can be classified further as:

a) Leakage and seepage from storage.

b) Evaporation

2) Transit Losses: Once water is released from main or branch canals, it is gauged at various points along the system. The difference in gauges over and above purposive measured releases are termed as transit losses. There is no direct way to measure transit losses.

18.1.2 Factors affecting the losses: The factor that affect losses are location of reservoir, its altitude, geology of reservoir or canal bed, construction material. It is a necessary to pick the major factor so that effective measures can be employed to lessen the loss. The factors affecting the losses in basins depend upon the various characteristics and parameters of the basins and these are summarized in table 18.1 below:

Table 18-1 Basin Characteristics/Parameters and Losses Basin Characteristics / Losses Parameters 1 2 Basins near the equator have more losses and decrease towards the Latitude poles. Longitude It does not have effective correlation. Higher the altitude, lower the temperature and lesser the losses and Altitude vice versa. Geography Dense drainage network has more losses and vice versa. Alluvial soil and pervious strata terrain have more losses as against Geology deep black cotton soil with impervious terrain have less losses. Vegetation Dense the vegetation cover, higher the losses and vice versa. Water Bodies More the water bodies spread, higher the losses and vice versa.

The sub-basin losses are generally estimated and resolved through water balance studies of sub- basin

109 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 18.1.3 Estimation and Measurements of Losses 1) Evaporation Losses can be measured using evaporimeter placed on dam body or kept floating if reservoir area is large. The losses are worked out as a multiplication of reservoir area and periodic losses in depth.

2) Seepage are measured off toe drains or gallery drains. Leakages from dam body are collected and measured. Evaporation losses in WFR are discussed in Chapter No. 19. There are no measures taken for control of their natural losses in WFR so far.

3) Transit losses are measured as a difference between gauges at two different places after accounting for the purposive measured releases in distributaries etc. There are routinely recorded in water accounts.

Sometimes in special studies undertaken to measure rate of loss in particular project (generally by MERI or DIRD). Seepage/transit losses are measured in cusecs or cumecs/ M sq.m to compare them with the seepage losses adopted for design. The norms for losses to be adopted for lined and unlined canal are 0.95 & 0.85 respectively.The estimations and measurements of losses are described in following table 18.2:

Table 18-2 Estimation and Measurement of Losses

Sr. No. Process Element Estimation 1 2 3 4 1 Evaporation Mainly Reservoir and Field Water spread area and Evaporation depth 2 Seepages Cross drains and Longitudinal drains Integration Flow and Conveyance system Measurements 3 Leakages Dam body, Gallery, Canal Structures Integration Flow Measurements 4 Siltation - Hydrometric survey

18.2 Reservoir Losses 18.2.1 Major Factors The major factors contributing to the reservoir losses are summarized in following Table

Table 18-3 Major Factors and its Contribution to Reservoir Losses

Factors Reservoir Losses 1 2 Size – Water Spread and Depth Larger water spread with less weighted depth will have more reservoir losses and vice-versa. Geometry Fern shaped reservoirs with less water spread will have less losses and fan shaped reservoirs with wider water spread will have more losses. Yield Dependability Higher the dependabil ity, lesser the water spread causing less losses and vice versa.

110 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Factors Reservoir Losses 1 2 Actual Storages Lesser the actual yield mean higher losses and vice versa Cropping Pattern Kharif cropping has minimum losses. Rabi, hot weather, two seasonal, and perennial cropping patterns will have more losses in respectively increasing order. Consistency in Planning and Actual Higher the consistency, lower will be the losses and vice versa. Water Management Operation and Management Efficient and effective operation and manag ement policies and Practices practices have lesser losses and vice versa. Hydrological Status Surplus basins have less loss as against the deficit basins.

The estimation of reservoir losses that is primarily due to evaporation, is generally done using empirical methods such as Penman Method/Modified Penman Method by using recorded hydro- meteorological data (temperature, humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours etc). Field measurement of the same is done using average monthly/fortnightly/weekly Pan Evaporation readings processed appropriately, multiplied by average lake surface area exposed. These observations are either taken at the reservoir or at the climatological stations.

18.2.2 Evaporation Losses Table 18-4 Reservoir Evaporation

Sub Basin low(1% -35%) High (35% – Too High Abnormal 50%) (50% - 75%) (More than 75%) 1 2 3 4 Vaitarna Surya, Wandri, Usgaon, - - - Khand, Mhkhurd Ulhas Bhatsa, Musai, Jambhe, - - - Dolkhamb, Manivli Mhasa la Kal - - Vashishthi Natuwadi, Shelarwadi, - - - Pimpalwadi, Shastri Gadnadi, Gadgadi - - - Muchkundi Berdewadi, Muchkundi - - - Waghotan Arjuna - - - Devgad Korle Satandi - - - Gad Nardave, Tarandale - - - Tillari Tillari - - - The major reasons for such high, too high and abnormal evaporation losses could be one of the followings.

• Lesser availability of yield than the designed or overestimation of yield. • Lesser use for irrigation in Kharif season. • Unplanned use and drawl of water during hot weather season. • Reservation for drinking water supply and industrial use specifically in hot weather.

111 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN • Higher siltation rate than the anticipated. Genesis of the abnormally high losses needs to be investigated. Information gathered from structured monitoring is required be reconciled. This shall be aimed at arriving at the corrective management interventions that being the need of the time.

18.3 Conveyance and Distribution Systems In WFRB, the irrigated area are only a few percent (10-15%) of final potential of irrigation projects. Transit losses are not recorded as a routine in irrigation management. Hence, the issue of lessening the transit losses has not emerged as a central issue in WFRB.

Pipe Distribution network however was always deemed as a ‘panacea ’ for the ills of irrigation management in WFRB. In early 80’s a few pilot projects were taken up on minor projects in Sindhudurg district. In 2016, PDN is adopted as a policy for distribution systems. This is necessitated more by rising land costs and difficulties in land acquisition than the need to reduce transit losses.

Table 18-5 D.I.R.D. Studies Regarding Losses

Seepage Sr. No. Project/Location Taluka Strata Loss in Cumecs/Mm2

1 2 3 4 5 1 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Note: There is no any project Studied in WRFB by Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development (DIRD)

18.4 Seepage, Leakage and Siltation Seepage losses are attributed to presence of continuous voids forming continuous aquifers and is governed by groundwater hydraulics namely La-Plas Equation.

Leakage losses are through the connected conduits and are governed by hydraulic principals governed by Darcy’s Law.

Siltation losses are due to transport of silt from the catchment area of the reservoirs.

Description of losses:

The observations for the above losses from reservoirs, conveyance systems and field application in 28 basins in West Flowing Basin in Maharashtra have been compiled in following table:

112 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 18.6 - Description of losses

Sr. Basi n Siltation in Seepage Leakage Other Total Remark No.1 2 % live3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Ambika NA NA NA NA 2 Auranga NA NA NA NA 3 Narpar 0.14 0.34 0.21 0.69 4 Danman 1.79 4.48 2.69 8.96 5 Vaitrana 4.05 10.13 6.08 20.27 6 Direct 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 Ulhas 1.18 2.96 1.78 5.92 8 Patalganga 1.09 2.72 1.63 5.45 9 Amba 0.22 0.55 0.33 1.10 10 kundlika 0.11 0.27 0.16 0.54 11 Mhasala 0.21 0.53 0.32 1.06 12 Savitri 0.66 1.66 1.00 3.32 13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 Vashisti 1.41 3.53 2.12 7.07 15 Shastri 4.59 11.48 6.89 22.96 16 Muchkundi 1.63 4.08 2.45 8.15 17 Kajavi 0.58 1.46 0.87 2.91 18 Kodavali 0.07 0.18 0.11 0.35 19 Waghotan 0.14 0.35 0.21 0.69 20 Devagad 5.83 14.58 8.75 29. 16 21 Achara 0.28 0.70 0.42 1.39 22 Gad 1.04 2.61 1.57 5.22 23 Karli 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07 24 Vengurla 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.07 25 Terekhol NA NA NA NA 26 Tillari NA NA NA NA 27 Mahadayi NA NA NA NA 28 Mumbai Island NA NA NA NA

Table 18-7 Summary for Seepage Losses

Sub Basin High (35 to 50 % ) Very High (More than 50% )

1 2 3 Ambika - - Auranga - - NarPar - - Damanganga - - Vaitarna - - Stream between D&V - -

113 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Ulhas - - Patalganga - - Amb a - - Kundalika - - Mhasala - - Savitri - - Bharja - - Vashishthi - - Shastri - - Muchkundi - - Kajavi - - Kodavli - - Waghothan - - Devgad - - Achara - - Gad - - Karli - - Vegurla - - Terekhol - - Tillari - - Mahadayi - - Mumbai Islands - -

Note : In WFRB range of occurrence of the seepage losses from 0% to 10%.

18.5 Reduction and control losses: 18.5.1 Aspects To achieve prevention of water losses, consideration to following aspects is necessary.

a) Water and Irrigation Management Policies

b) System Maintenance

c) Conveyance and Application Systems

114 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN The tools, priorities and actions associated with above aspects are given in following table:

Table 18-8 Aspects, Tools, Priorities and Actions for Reduction and Control of Losses

Sr. Aspect Tool Priority Actions No. 1 2 3 4 5 1 Water and PIM and Volumetric I Implementation Irrigation Measurement Management Eight Monthly Irrigation I Adoption, Capacity Building Policies Dedicated Storages for NI use III Policy decision Conjunctive Use II Subvention for success of Eight Monthly Irrigation 2 System Evolving Maintenance Manual I Making Rules Maintenance Maintenance Through III Establishing Policy Professional Agency * Accountability and Transparency II Disseminating Information, Capacity Building Relating Cost to Value of water II Establishing Policy 3 Conveyance Selective Canal lining II Guidelines for Object ive Selection and application Close Conduit system II Guidelines for Objective Selection systems Land Preparation I Capacity Building Drip and sprinkler Systems III Subvention, Capacity Building • This has not been tried so far any were in the state though the suggestion is worth considering. This may be looked up as an exit policy.

18.5.2 Means for Prevention of Losses Losses like leakages through structures on a dams and canal can be controlled by periodic repairs or special treatments. Various chemical treatment to surfaces are also attempted along the traditional treatment like guniting, shotcreting, grouting, pressure grouting. All treatments have limitation and there efficiency is not from firmly established. On the contrary, quality control measures, at the time of construction is far more effective than special repairs thereafter.

In canals lining helps to reduce losses and also maintain shape of canal. It is generally established that the lining if done panels by providing construction joint results in better protection against losses.

Finding an optimal solution to reduce transit losses by seepage is a complicated issue. The seepage losses appear as groundwater in nearby areas. It also reappears as a return flows in streams. This is a tapped by farmer in wells in command. This use is called conjunctive use of canal water and it is measured by counting number of wells and or the area irrigated. Any measures adopted to lessen the seepage loss also affect this conjunctive use and disrupts irrigation practices in a well-balanced command.

GoM carried out various programme in the past to reduce overall losses and increasing irrigation efficiency in all basins. A synopsis of the same is & tabulated below:

115 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 18.9 - Suggestions for Prevention of Losses programmes:

Sr. Measures taken Basins No.

1 2 3

1 Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project All basins components (MWSIP)

2 Water Distribution through Close Conduit Policy adopted for all basins and Pipes

3 Conversion of Surface Irrigation into Micro - Krishna (Ujani) Irrigation

4 Participatory Irrigation Management All basins

5 Application of 8 Monthly Irrigation System Krishna, Godavari

6 Secondary Storages and Conjunctive Use of Krishna, Godavari Water

7 Use of En-route Reservoirs Mula (Godavari)

Note: Though the suggestions recorded above are project specific, most are applicable universally at certain stage.

a) Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project Components A large number of water resources projects in Godavari Basin in Maharashtra are quite old and the losses on account of seepage, leakage and wastage through the reservoirs, conveyance system, and distribution network are significant. These projects need renovation and rehabilitation. Specific suggestions in this context have been recorded in the reports for following basins:

Upper Godavari, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench, DudhanaVenna, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati

b) Water Distribution through Close Conduits and Pipes Water distribution system in irrigation projects i.e. the main canal, branches, distributaries and minors are primarily open channels in excavation, embankment or combination their off. They are prone to seepage and leakage resulting into wastages of precious water and low efficiency. Lining of such distribution systems can reduce the losses substantially and lead to increase in efficiency. Conversion of an open channel system into a close conduits/pipe system can also be considered as an alternative for achieving a higher efficiency. This may be tried where use of water is good but there are no wells in the

116 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN command. For new projects it should be made compulsory - at least for distributaries - for following reasons

1. No need of land acquisition 2. All falls and road bridges on ridge distributaries can be dispense with 3. Pipe diameter would be less due to high velocities in ridge distributaries and 4. Total reduction in seepage loss

The suggestions recorded in this context are described in following table:

Table 18-10 Typical Proposals for Pipe Distribution Network Components Proposed for Conversion into Sr. No. Sub Basin Distribution Pipe Line 1 2 3 1 Ulhas Pavale M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.580 Lacs for252 Ha 2 Bharja Tide M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.560 Lacs for 400 Ha Arjuna Tamhane Branch Canal Costing Rs. 2123 Lacs for 789 Ha 3 Kodavli Arjuna Left Bank From 16 Km to 38 Km for 789 Ha Arjuna Right Bank Canal From 17 to 58.3 Km for2594 Ha 4 Achara Otav M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.1210 Lacs for 505 Ha Dendonwadi M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.1225 Lacs for 5 Gad 595 Ha

c) Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) The irrigation water supply is made by Government machinery to the farmers on rotation basis in which co-ordination and beneficiary’s participation is difficult and thereby efficiency is low. Hence beneficiary’s participation is being made mandatory by forming Water Users Association. Water shall be supplied on volumetric basis. This will result into reduction in wastage and improved efficiency. The present scenario in transfer of irrigation management in two of the sub-basins is given in following table:

Table 18-11 Transfer of Irrigation Management to Farmers Sr.No. Sub Basin Scenario 1 2 3 Vaviharsh Adivasi WUA Vaaitarneshwar Adivasi WUA 1 Vaitarna Dongaste MI scheme WUA Usgaon MI scheme WUA Devkop WUA Awasare MI scheme WUA Kharade MI scheme WUA 2 Ulhas velholi MI scheme WUA Sidhgad WUA.jambhurde

117 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Kai pandurang smruti WUA,Thakurwadi Dev mauli WUA,amboli Bhilavle MI scheme WUA 3 Patalganga Usaran MI scheme WUA Shreegaon MI sheme WUA 4 Amba Unhere MI scheme WUA Trinayan WUA No.1,Khamb Sant dyaneshwar WUA No.2, devkanhe WUA No.3,pingalsai WUA No.4,kansai WUA No.5,ambewadi Shree ganesh kundalika WUA no.6,Killa WUA no.7,Talaghar Jai hanuman WUA no.8,vadhvan Somjai WUA No.9,Dakhane Shree vakdai WUA no.10, Jay Bajrangbali WUA no.11,dhalghar Kal bhairav WUA no.12,vave 5 Kundalika shre samarth WUA no.13,unegaon Sane guruji WUA no.14,repoli Shree Datta WUA no.15, Jay hanuman WUA no.16,devli Kal bhairav WUA no.17,Pahel Kal bhairav WUA no.18, Indapur Shiv krupa WUA no.19,koshibale Shree ganesh WUA no.20,Sale Shree samartha WUA no.21,umroli Kal Bhairav WUA no.22,suav WUA no.23,morba Kal bhairav WUA no.24,dahivali 6 Savitri Varandh MI Scheme WUA 7 Shastri Kondagaon MI sheme 8 Waghothan Shree dev gangeshvar WUA,Tithavli 9 Devgad Gangeshwar WUA,shirgaon Shree kamnadevi WUA,Oros 10 Karli Shree lingeshwar pavnadevi WUA,Nileli 11 Tillari Shree devi Harda sateri WUA,Dodamarg

118 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 18.5.3 Potential of Prevention of Losses Table 18-12 Potential of Prevention of Losses

Sr.No. Sub Basin Details

1 2 3 1 Ambika N.A 2 Auranga N.A 3 NarPar N.A 4 Damanganga N.A 5 Vaitarna N.A Stream between 6 N.A D&V 7 Ulhas N.A 8 Patalganga N.A 9 Amba N.A 10 Kundalika N.A 11 Mhasala N.A 12 Savitri N.A 13 Bharja N.A 14 Vashishthi N.A 15 Shastri N.A 16 Muchkundi N.A 17 Kajavi N.A 18 Kodavli N.A 19 Waghothan N.A 20 Devgad N.A 21 Achara N.A 22 Gad N.A 23 Karli N.A 24 Vegurla N.A 25 Terekhol N.A 26 Tillari N.A 27 Mahadayi N.A 28 Mumbai Islands N.A Note: The potential for prevention of losses by various measures have been not estimated for Sub basins in WFRB in Maharashtra

18.6 Recommendations of Study Group / Commissions / Committee Fact finding committee for drought prone area (Sukthakar committee), 1973 1. Promote use of micro irrigation. 2. On farm development works shall be carried out in the commands of all irrigation projects. 3. Establishment of organization for water audit.

119 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Eight Monthly water use committee, 1979 1. In water deficit sub-basins water to perennial crop shall not be given. 2. Norms for water supply to each farmer be fixed and freedom of crop pattern be given. High Power committee (Jain Committee), 1981 1. Monitoring and Evaluation cell be established at state level and non-official be included in that cell. 2. Officers trained in irrigation water management be posted as in charge of management. 3. Promote volumetric supply of water. 4. Unauthorized use of water for well irrigation be stopped by not sanctioning the water supply to well irrigated area on temporary basis. Kasabekar Samiti, 1984 1. Water which can be used in Rabi and Hot weather shall not be kept reserved for pre-sowing irrigation of Kharif crops. 2. Farmers be encouraged to carry out on farm development works in command areas. 1. Guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM be developed. White Paper, 1995 1. Surface water availability is also limited and hence it must be used very efficiently. National Irrigation commission, 1972 1. Canal system should be modernized after every 25 years to 30 years. National Water policy, 2002 1. Scientific water management, sprinkler and drip system of irrigation should be adopted wherever feasible. 2. PIM be promoted. 3. There should be a system to monitor and evaluate the performance of the project. 4. Adequate provision for maintenance of system be made. 5. Training, research and use of modern techniques be promoted. State water Policy, 2003 1. Farmers’ participation in IWM be promoted. 2. Benchmarking and water audit methods be adopted to increase efficiency. 3. Conservation consciousness shall be promoted. 4. Measures to control evaporation from water bodies be taken up. 5. Research, development and promotion of state-of-the-art technology. 6. Programme for human resources development be taken up. Maharashtra water and irrigation commission, 1999 1. Separate cell for monitoring canal system losses be established at MERI (sr.no. 97). 2. Revised monitoring and evaluation formats be developed for performance evaluation at the end of session and year (1998). 3. Piped distribution system to be resorted to in order to facilitate use of sprinkler and drip irrigation system so that evaporation and other losses will be minimized (103). 4. Irrigation scheduling for projects in different agro-climatic zones be decided by team of experts (106). 5. Scientific irrigation methods be adopted (107).

120 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 6. Massive programme of measurement of evaporation losses from reservoirs, canals, fields, rivers, be taken up (117). 7. Water distribution evaluation cell be established (121). 8. Introducing appropriate crop pattern and use of micro-irrigation (146). 9. Water supply for drinking purpose be metered (221). 10. NGOs be involved in the programme of reduction of water losses (230).

Important Recommendations

Reduction in losses can be achieved by controlling the evaporation, seepage and leakage. Unaccounted and unplanned use of water is also an important facet in this context.

Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project Components: Specific suggestions have been recorded for Upper Godavari, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench, DudhanaVenna, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati.

a) Water Distribution through Close Conduits and Pipes: This option offer many advantages viz. no need of land acquisition , all falls and road bridges on ridge distributaries can be dispense with, pipe diameter would be less due to high velocities in ridge distributaries and total reduction in seepage loss. b) Conversion of Surface Irrigation into Micro-Irrigation In this context two methods have finally been accepted worldwide as modern irrigation methods Drip irrigation method and Sprinkler irrigation method. The chapter describes various aspects in details. c) Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) with volumetric measurement (VM) This will result into reduction in wastage and improved efficiency. The overall picture is however very dismal. There are examples of transfer of irrigation management up to 35% of the command area. However in many cases they are nominal and ineffective. d) Implementation of Eight Monthly Irrigation Policy In draught prone and water short areas water shall not supplied to perennial or HW crops. This being an efficient way of irrigation water management and against the concept of equitable distribution. It will be appropriate to consider shifting of the water guzzling perennial crops like sugar cane and the sugar factories to water surplus basins. e) Secondary Storages and Conjunctive Use of Water Construction of a well and/ or a dug out farm pond shall be made mandatory for each irrigator in canal command for hot weather irrigation. This will help in reduction of evaporation loss as well as conveyance loss. f) The estimated Potential of Prevention of Losses Potential of Prevention of Losses in reservoirs and conveyance has been estimated as minimum 4% to maximum 40%. Other suggestions recorded by various committees include – Carrying on farm development works in the commands of all irrigation projects, Promoting volumetric supply of water, Stopping unauthorized water supply to well irrigated area on temporary basis. Developing guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM, Modernizing of canal system after every 25 years to 30 years, Piped distribution system along with sprinkler and drip irrigation system, metering of water supply for drinking purpose and involving NGOs in the program of reduction of water losses.

121 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

122 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

19 Evaporation Control

19.1 Preamble Increasing evaporation losses has become an issue of serious concern in the state. Evaporation losses have an adverse effect on effective utilization of water harnessed through expensive interventions. The loss of water on account of evaporation is a permanent loss to the system where as the seepage loss in the conveyance/ distribution network and on field, due to deep percolation recharge of groundwater and available for use of downstream users. The impact is unequivocally critical in the scarcity areas as made out in this Chapter .

19.2 Evaporation a) Phenomenon Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid to vapour. Evaporation is the primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapour. This is a complex phenomenon and its degree depends upon various factors like wind speed, ambient temperature, humidity, sunshine duration, water quality, altitude and geographical location of the water body. b) Estimation and Monitoring Various empirical methods suggested by scientists such as Penman and others are used for estimation of evaporation. Monitoring of various parameters for evaporation is done by various National and international organizations such as FAO/World Bank/Central Water Commission/IMD and State Department Water Resources Departments in conformity with the protocols established. c) Measurements of Evaporation The dimensions of measurement for evaporation losses are linear. The instrument used for the measurement is a Pan Evaporimeter or atmometer. It is used for facilitating measurement of evaporation from reservoirs and command area. The measurements are recorded on daily basis and expressed on monthly basis. Measurements of evaporation losses from conveyance system, distribution network, field and soil surfaces are done using indirect methods. Correlations are established between the evaporation losses from various water bodies estimated using the database generated through structured observations and empirical formulae. These correlations are used in Water Resources Development Planning and Management.

19.3 Evaporation Losses 19.3.1 Instrumentation in WFRB There are 23 evaporation measuring instruments have been installed in the WFRB. Maximum installations three are in Ullhas sub-basin and two measuring stations are installed in 8 sub-basins viz. Vasshisti, Shastri, Waghotan, Amba, Kpdawali, Vaitarana, Kajawi and Muchkundi. Only One measuring station is installed in four sub-basins viz. Gad, Vengurla, Karli and Tillari, whereas in Narpar, Daman, Ambika, Achara, Auranga, Terekhol, Bharaja, Kundalika, Mhasala, Patalganga, Devagad and Sawitri sub-basins are without a single evaporation Pan Installation. Meteorological data concerning the evaporation has

123 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN been acquired from Irrigation Project Investigation Divisions and used in the respective Reports. These existing stations are run and maintained by the organization under the Chief Engineer, Hydrology Project Nashik .The database generated is huge and has been incorporated in the reports of individual sub-basins. This report contains annual evaporation data.

Observations The average evaporation in WRFB is about 1437 mm (FCS stations Awalegaon from Sindhudurg district and Sukale from Thane district), indicating moderate evaporation of surface water in the storages .

Data Availability

The reports of 12 sub-basins (Vashisthi, Shastri, Waghotan, Amba, Kpdawali, Vaitarana, Kajawi, Muchkundi, Vengurla, Karli, Tillari and Ullhas) describe season wise evaporation data. The report of 2 sub-basins (Gad and Terekhol) describes only annual data. The season wise scenario in case of these two basins has been not described.

Annual Evaporation

The annual average evaporation in WFRB is 1437 mm.

Data Reconciliation

It is necessary that the data is reconciled with regards to the space, time, geographical and weather parameters so as to have a realistic and representative description of evaporation process in the sub-basins. However, such reconciliation of data is not available. It is absolutely essential that the data collected is analysed and corroborated with the field observations so that it serves as the reference for project planning and irrigation management. 19.3.2 Indirect Measurement of Evaporation Assessment of evaporation is also done using indirect methods. These methods of measurement and estimations are summarized in following table no. 19.3

Table 19-1 Indirect Methods for Measurements and Estimation of Evaporation

Sr. Water Body Measurements used for Estimation No. 1 2 3 i) Reservoirs Tank table and water balance data is used in conjunction with the evaporation depths obtained from pan evaporation data ii) Conveyance Season wise water balance for the water released and water System utilization as per measurements. The flow measurements are however not proper and the missing water is counted as “evaporation loss”. Therefore this practice is not reliable

Canal/Branch es/Distributaries/minors and sub minors up to outlets

124 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Sr. Water Body Measurements used for Estimation No. 1 2 3 iii) Field channels/ Water received into the system and estimation of its utilization turn out points in the field. The flooding method of water application leads to up to crop heavy evaporation losses. Adoption of mulching technique is roots advocated for very low density and high value crops.

The pan evaporation data is monitored by Chief Engineer, Hydrology Project, Nashik. Though the collection of database is in order, in general, there are no analysis reports. As the result neither the assumptions made in the project planning stage can be verified nor is the data used for irrigation management. 19.3.3 Reservoirs The Water Audit Reports bring out the evaporation losses from reservoirs of Major/Medium and Minor Projects in terms of the volume of water and involve many assumptions and approximations. The picture described is very sketchy. This needs to be reconciled with the pan evaporimeter data.

Analysis

Unit The assessment of reservoir evaporation losses is expressed in terms of percentage of live storages on annual basis in most Reports. In case of two sub-basins namely Manjra and Terna where it is for kharif, Rabi and hot weather season.

Assessment The assessment is generally done on the basis of working tables and water accounting of reservoirs in which various parameters such as inflow, releases and spills – as applicable – are considered. These parameters are equivocal as their measurements and quantities derived from wide range of variations. This leads to wide range of variation for the noted evaporation losses from the reservoirs. This prooves the necessity of installation of pan evaporimeter at every major and medium irrigation project for realistic assessment of evaporation losses. The measurement may facilitate district wise assessment for planning and management. In case of large variation taluka wise assessment may be more appropriate.

Kharif Season It has noticed that evaporation losses from reservoir in hot weather season are higher. The main reason for such high evaporation losses is due to higher temperature as compared to other seasons. Also in kharif season there is less evaporation causing heavy rainfall in this region. This situation is mostly in WFRB with humid climate.

125 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 19.3.4 Conveyance System The conveyance system for surface irrigation comprises main canal, branch canal, distributaries, sub distributaries, minors and sub minors up to outlets serving for a chak . The evaporation losses in convenience system are generally worked out through Annual Irrigation Performance Report prepared for various major/medium/minor projects. Such Annual Performance Reports have been prepared by Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra for various basins in WFRB in Maharashtra. However, identifying, extracting and presenting the evaporation losses from the conveyance system in various sub-basins in WFRB in Maharashtra is not available in the Reports, and therefore, it is difficult to comment on it. However, monitoring of such exercise is necessary and shall be dealt with it accordingly. The evaporation data for conveyance system is not available for any of the sub-basins and therefore difficult to comment on it, however, it shall be monitored and incorporated accordingly. 19.3.5 Field Application The field application in surface irrigation system comprises field channels from outlet to turn out points leading to fields. The evaporation losses from such field application are also vital and important. The field application evaporation losses are generally worked out through reconciliation of empirical methods, Annual Irrigation Performance Reports and some specific experiments conducted for it.

19.4 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control Evaporation results in effective loss of storage. If it is excessive it must be reduced by artificial techniques. The value of mean annual evaporation in Kokan is observed to be 1437 mm. This is not excessively large. Artificial techniques involve costs which may be prohibitory. The techniques for control of evaporation from large reservoirs are not time tested. Hence such measures are not further investigated in case of WFRB. Some techniques in use in Maharashtra are tabulated below.

126 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Table 19.2 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control of various Sub Basins

Sr. Remedial Measures Relevance Sub Basins No. 1 2 3 4 1 Implementation of Eight Reservoir Upper Godavari, Terna, Lendi, Manar, monthly irrigation policy* Conveyance System Dudhana, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla, Field Application Wardha, Venna, Kolar, Kanhan, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati 2 Creating dedicated/ new Reservoir Terna, Lendi, Manar storages Conveyance System Field Application 3 Resorting to chemical covers Reservoirs – mainly Upper Godavari, Mula, Pravara, Middle the smaller Godavari, Manjra, Terna, Lendi, Manar, secondary storages Dudhana, Purna, Kayadhu, Sudha-Swarna, like farm ponds Penganga, Pus, Arunavati, Bembla, Wardha, Venna, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench, Wainganga, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati 4 Conveyance/distribution Conveyance System Dudhana, Purna, Sudha -Swarna, Bembla, through pipes and closed Wardha, Venna, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, conduits Kanhan, Pench, Wainganga, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati

5 Adoption of modern irrigation Field Application Terna, Lendi, Manar, Sudha –Swarna,Venna, methods Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench, Wainganga, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati 6 Reducing evaporation from Field A pplication Mula, Pravara, Sudha -Swarna, Nag, Kolar, soil surface by mulching Kanhan , Pench, Wainganga 7 Increasing ground water Field Application Upper Godavari, Mula, Pravara, Manjara recharge in the catchment area.$ 8 Miscellaneous Field Application Wainganga Organic Farming practices Anti -transpirants Wind breaks and shelterbelts Weed control Spraying nutrient solution * The incidental advantage of this policy will be zero live storage by Rabi end leading to minimal evaporation losses and betterment in equitable distribution. This will facilitate some reduction in siltation though the yield may be affected adversely.

127 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 19.5 Recommendation of Study Group / Commissions / Committees a) Fact finding committee for drought prone area (Sukthakar committee), 1973 Promote use of micro irrigation. On farm development works shall be carried out in the commands of all irrigation projects. Establishment of organization for water audit. b) High Power committee (Jain Committee), 1981 Promote volumetric supply of water. c) Kasabekar Samiti, 1984 Water which can be used in Rabi and Hot weather shall not be kept reserved for pre-sowing irrigation of Kharif crops. Farmers be encouraged to carry out on farm development works in command areas. Guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM shall be developed. d) Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission Use of sprinkler and Drip irrigation to be promoted to reduce evaporation losses (103). Scientific Irrigation Methods be adopted (107). Massive programme of measurement of evaporation losses from reservoirs, field etc. shall be taken up. NGOs shall be involved in the programme of reduction of water losses (230). e) National Water Policy Scientific Water management, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation should be adopted wherever feasible. Water conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentive and disincentive strategies. Training, research and use of modern techniques shall be promoted. f) State Water Policy Benchmarking and Water Audit methods shall be adopted to increase efficiency. Measures to control evaporation from water bodies shall be taken up. Programme for R & D and HRD be taken up.

Important Recommendations

Implantation of Eight Monthly Irrigation Policy Evaporation losses in summer accounts for more than 40% of the annual evaporation. To reduce the evaporation losses, 8 monthly irrigation shall be preferred by resorting to maximum irrigation in Kharif and Rabi seasons. If the water is still available, HW crop may be planned. For Adhering to eight monthly utilization the releases from reservoir shall strictly be limited to eight months. No water should be released in to the canal system or river after 15th March (lift from reservoir included exception being seasonal Galper ). HW irrigation being practiced in all the medium projects for growing cash crops, shall be discontinued. The perennial crops shall be based upon conjunctive use. The incidental advantage of this policy will be zero live storage by Rabi end leading to minimal evaporation losses and betterment in equitable distribution.

128 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN Creating Dedicated/New Storages Water demands for non-irrigation use - for drinking and domestic water supply as well industrial use are comparatively meagre but its drawl from main reservoir, specifically during Hot- Weather season when evaporation rate is very high causes substantial evaporation losses. These excessive evaporation losses can be reduced by drawing non - irrigation use demand from the dedicated storages, specifically meant for it, rather than from the Primary (main) reservoir. The example of Aurangabad city is worth quoting here. The city draws about one Mm3 of water for domestic use in hot weather season. In many years the Jayakwadi reservoir storage is reserved for the city and is not available for irrigation. The average daily evaporation loss in this period is of the order of nine Mm3. A limited quantity of reservoir water may be made available for hot weather season provided that it is used for irrigating high value crops grown in poly houses. Micro irrigation and use of farm ponds shall be obligatory in this case.

Resorting to Chemical Covers Reduction in the rate of evaporation can be achieved by spreading of chemicals film on water surface. However looking to the experience thus far it is clear that this option is unviable, uneconomical and impractical for even minor irrigation tanks leave aside the reservoirs of major and medium projects. The fact is that larger the water surface higher is the cost of chemicals and restoration of broken film. This however offers a workable solution for the farm ponds supporting high value crops. In draught years the option may become viable for small tanks supporting the non- irrigation use since supplying tanker water is a very expensive proposition. The opportunity cost will be the ultimate consideration.

Conveyance/Distribution through Pipes and Closed Conduits Water conveyance and distribution through open channel system lead to substantial losses. Conveyance and distribution of water through closed conduits/pipes does not directly expose water surface to atmosphere. Evaporation losses can be averted that way.This solution is ideal for distributaries on LIS. Water under pressure can be delivered directly to drip/ sprinkler systems. This option is also very good for ridge distributaries on new projects.

Adoption of Modern Irrigation Methods Adoption of Modern Irrigation Method is the need of time. Drip Irrigation system is appropriate for high density and for horticulture. The achievable irrigation efficiency is much higher - to the extent of 90% in general. One of the reasons being reduction in evaporation due to reduced exposure. Sprinkler Irrigation system is appropriate for low density crops. The main reasons being less wastage in steeper sloping conditions and limited dose leading to lower evaporation. The common benefit in both these types is that not only water loss due to the deep percolation over the entire area occurring in conventional irrigation system is obviated but the evaporation and deep percolation losses are reduced noticeably. This considerable saving is attributed to reduction in evaporation from irrigated area. It may be mentioned here that MIS can be introduced only if a secondary storage is provided at the distributary/ minor head or the inlet for a WUA.

129 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Reducing Evaporation from Soil Surface Irrigation water is applied to crops by flooding the fields in which soil gets saturated and there by provide more opportunity for evaporation and almost water contents in saturation level and field capacity get evaporated. The evaporation shall be reduced by covering the soil surface instead of making it directly exposed to the atmosphere. Mulching using various materials has gained acceptance in irrigated agriculture. Low frequency deficit irrigation scheduling, applying measured quantity of water have similar effects.

Increasing Ground Water Recharge Surface flow through streams and rivers and/or stored in reservoirs are directly exposed to atmosphere results in substantial evaporation losses as against ground water flow which is not directly exposed to atmosphere causing minimum evaporation losses. Increasing ground water recharge through Watershed Development initiatives leads to reduction in evaporation losses.

Miscellaneous Wind breaks are any structures that obstruct wind flow and reduce wind speed while shelterbelts are rows of trees planted for protection of crops against wind.

Shelterbelts are planted across the direction of wind. They reduces wind velocity without causing turbulence. Due to reduction in wind speed, evaporation losses are reduced. The beneficial effect of shelterbelts is more pronounced in drought years and in case of smaller reservoirs. Weed Control Prompt weed control eliminates the competition of weeds with crops for limited soil moisture. Transpiration rate from weeds is more compared to crops. The ball park estimation in reduction of the evaporation losses with the intervention suggested above the evaporation can be of the order of 30%. This means increase in water availably of about 10%.

IV. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT

130 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

20 Land Acquisition for Irrigation Infrastructure Dams (Displacement of Project Affected Persons), Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R) 20.1 Introduction and Background Land is an essential resource, without which practically no water infrastructure project or service can come into existence. Even when government land is used it carries an opportunity cost. Characteristically land is finite, and due to the continuously growing demand for it, its price is proportionately rising, thereby increasing its absolute scarcity. In most states including Maharashtra almost 80% 1 of all land acquired for public-purpose so far has been for dams, canals, and ancillary infrastructure. The WFR basin is no exception. Till the year 2010, about 0.2279 lakh ha of land had been acquired by the Water Resources Department. For the currently on-going and proposed projects the total area of land that still needs to be acquired is approximately 0.1265 lakh ha (Say 55 % of the total area of WFR basin in Maharashtra.) Taking into account the magnanimous provisions contained in the newly promulgated National legislation on, ‘ Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013’; the acquisition of the required land is going to be an onerous and challenging proposition.

20.2 Historical antecedents While large dams have been constructed for over 400 years in Maharashtra, the acquisition of land for such purposes under statutory provisions was carried out only after 1894, with the promulgation of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 during the British rule. The cardinal principles of this act were followed until 2013 when the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, was recognised and the 1894 Land Acquisition Act Repealed.

The principle of ‘eminent domain’ ; states that the State as the final custodian of all natural resources has a near-axiomatic right to acquire land for discharging all its duties and democratic functions as a welfare state . The concept of ‘public-purpose’ implies that the state has the right to take decisions which are in public interest, and the government constituted by elected representatives has the power to decide what and how a particular decision or action is in public interest. The 1894 Act also stated that the household whose land is acquired must be compensated in such a manner that his economic wellbeing is maintained at least in its original state i.e. at the time of acquisition. ‘Welfare State Paradigm’ : the most progressive and socially responsible approach to R & R would be to use the inevitability of involuntary displacement as an opportunity for development. The recent

131 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN national act of 2013 precisely reflects this approach. Since development opportunities are to be provided for all citizens in principle, such schemes and amenities shall, on priority, be given to those households who have sacrificed their land and wherewithal, for development projects which serve national interest.

20.3 Guiding criteria’s for conducting Land acquisition of R&R: Project authority shall acquire the least or minimum possible area of land required for the project R & R shall be carried out in the shortest possible time and delays strictly avoided While giving the compensation to PAP’s, the objective of achieving Maximum Social Advantage, possible within the legal framework, must be followed R & R should comply with the principle of equity to the maximum extent possible, and authorities should be continuously reminded that the procedure is a humanitarian task. R & R should be treated as an opportunity for development with full public participation and “Prior-informed-consent” wherever and whenever possible be taken, so that fair-play and transparency is demonstrated.

20.4 Past Experiences As per the National Register on Large Dams (NRLD, CWC, GoI), the first large dam constructed in Maharashtra was at Dhamapur near Malvan City, District Sindhudurg in the year 1600. Later, other major dams within the Godavari Basin were Ambazari, Khindsi, and Navegaon Bandh (early 17 th century) which were constructed during the Gond period. Later, Bodalkasa, Asolamendha, Ramtek, Chandpur (Wainganga Basin) 2, and (Pravara, Godavari Basin), etc. were constructed during the British Rule. However no authentic data on R & R is available for these dams. However the local anecdotal history indicates that alternative land for land was provided, and gaothans created by the prevailing rulers. During the Gond period especially, the Malguzari tanks constructed by the Kohlis were a shining example of families / communities which were commissioned by Gond Rajas who simultaneously awarded them the ownership of agricultural land equivalent to the command area of the tanks. The local communities not only looked after the operation and maintenance but also organized the communities for optimally utilizing the water, and evolving a socially sustainable organizational structure which survived over centuries. The principle of using displacement as an opportunity for development was thus established several centuries ago. Some of the elements are worthy of emulation even in current times.

20.5 Administration, Law and Policy in Maharashtra The Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has passed first ever Act related to PAP’s in 1976. Later, in 1986 and 1999 a new Act was passed (as amended upto 12 th February 2016), which is currently in operation for all PAP’s who are notified under section 4 and 11 of this act, prior to September 2013. The new act entitled ‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement was passed by central government on 26 th Sep. 2013’ , and it is applicable to all states except the states of J & K. Prior to 1999, annual status report for Maharashtra were being prepared by the Additional Divisional Commissioners appointed

2 All dams which have a height exceeding 10 Meters from the River bed level

132 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN specifically for Land Acquisition and R & R, and these were then submitted to the Mantralay , Government of Maharashtra through the Revenue and Forest Departments, however this practice appears to have been abandoned since then.

As per the Chief Minister’s statement, the Government of Maharashtra has decided to reconstitute the defunct authority, in order to give relief to project affected people (The Indian Express, 23/06/2016). The press release stated that almost 30 lakh people have been displaced in the last six decades due to various public welfare projects across Maharashtra, and that supporting statistical data shows that almost 80 per cent of these PAPs are due to land acquired from the farmers or others for irrigation projects .

Further, it is stated that the Maharashtra Project Affected People’s Relief and Rehabilitation Authority (MPAPRRA) is chaired by the chief minister and has members including two representatives from the project affected persons across 36 districts. The PAP Relief and Rehabilitation Act has been in existence since 1986. The role of MPAPRRA is to facilitate alternative dwellings complete with civic infrastructure to the PAPs, whose land has been acquired for welfare projects. The Hon. CM has confirmed that, the government will reconstitute and set up a full- fledged MPAPRRA to expedite the R and R of the people who have been displaced due to projects. The objective of this is to provide more teeth to the authority to ensure justice to every individual who has been displaced because of the project, but not given justice for the last six decades.

20.6 Government of Maharashtra's Approach to R & R Prior to 1965, the government of Maharashtra did not play any role, vis-a-vis project affected persons (PAPs). Cash compensation was offered to the PAPs for land, house etc. Land compensation was based on the provision of Land Acquisition Act 1894. The multiplicity of the problems of the PAPs and pressures from various academics, activists groups, funding agencies and other Quarters made Maharashtra Government establish a Directorate of Resettlement in 1965. The Directorate was the first institutional arrangement provided to implement resettlement of the PAPs. No rules and regulations existed to protect the interest of the PAPs and also to provide legal framework of carrying out the work of resettlement. All the work was carried out through administrative orders. The Directorate was entrusted primarily with the work of identification of PAPs and distribution of compensation. Dissatisfaction with and compensation agitation among PAPs has become a regular phenomenon. Once they have spent the compensation money, the PAPs have to suffer a great deal of hardships and face an uncertain future .

20.6.1 The R & R Act, 1976 Maharashtra was the first state in the country to pass the R & R Act in 1976. Prior to 1976, GoM had issued Executive Orders for R & R from time to time as per necessity. Provision is made for the appointment of a Chief Controlling Authority for rehabilitation and the Rehabilitation Directorate. The task of coordinating and supervision of the Rehabilitation Director’s work is entrusted to the Divisional Commissioners. The District collectors and the Chief Executive Officers have also been designated as Deputy Directors (Land) and Deputy Directors (Development) respectively.

133 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN A committee to suggest Amendments:

The provisions of the Maharashtra Project Displaced Persons Rehabilitation Act 1976 were definitely progressive but they also had several shortcomings. For example, It was entirely left to the discretion of the government to decide, to which particular project the provisions of this Act were to be made applicable. Its definition of a “project affected person” was not wide enough to cover all the affected persons. Besides, it was necessary to change the law in view of the decision of the Bombay High Court. Therefore, in 1982 a committee was formed to examine adequacy of provisions of the Act of 1976 and recommend amendments, under the chairmanship of Mr. Anantrao Thopte and membership of several MLAs, district level politicians, persons of expertise and also some of the senior officials of the government in the departments concerned with the resettlement. The Terms of Reference of the committee were to examine the provisions of the Act of 1976 and suggest measures for improvement and amendments. The Government of Maharashtra instead of making amendments in the Act of 1976 came out with a new Act, with a new title.

The Thopte Committee’s recommendations: A major recommendation made by the committee was that the resettlement should form part of project planning and that efforts should be made for proper and systematic arrangements for resettlement of the PAPs. It recommended removal of sections 13, 14, 15, 19 and 20 and 21 from the Act. These sections concerned with public notification included publication of a draft scheme in the gazette. The committee thought that these articles would cause avoidable delay in the implementation of the resettlement project, and that they did not provide any particular advantage to the displaced persons. In the Act of 1976, civic amenities and other project works were carried out by the Zilla Parishad . Thopte Committee recommended that these may be carried out by project authorities. 20.6.2 Maharashtra Project affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986. Based on the recommendations submitted by Thopte Committee and also other experiences of the past, the Government of Maharashtra passed the Act of 1986, which came into force on 30 th September 1989. The changes made in this Act were not substantial. For example, the Act was re- titled as "Maharashtra Project Affected Rehabilitation Act 1986" as compared to the previous "Maharashtra Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons Act, 1976". The Act of 1986 has however, made a remarkable change in the definition of project affected persons. The scope has been widened to: An occupant whose land is in the affected zone as required under section 14 (Provisional Declaration of affected zone and benefited zone) for the purpose of a project. A person who is a tenant at the possession of land under the relevant tenancy law in the affected zone at the time of acquisition of land. Article Nos. 14, 15, 19 and 20 and 21 of the 1976 Act have been removed in this new Act. The new Act also shifted the work related to implementation of civic amenities and other works from Zilla Parishads to project authorities.

134 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 20.6.3 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 2013: Current status of Act and implementation procedure: Currently, the 2013 Act of the GoI is in force, and all acquisition carried out henceforth will be as per the provisions of this Act. Unfortunately, the bylaws and rules of this Act have not been promulgated as yet. Consequently, land for irrigation project has not yet been acquired by the Revenue Department under this Act. The old provisions of 1999 Act along with its amendments upto 2016 are currently in operation. Similarly, a Government Resolution notified and Gazetted on the 12 th May 2015 is being used for acquiring certain types of land. In the case of dams for which land was acquired prior to 1986, provisions under the 1894 Land Acquisition Act were used. In case of the Koyana and Ujani Dam specific GR’s were passed, stating that the R & R Act of 1999 would apply to the involuntary displaced PAP’s of Koyana and Ujani Dams. In the case of Wangmarathwadi dam and Venekhol Dam (Satara District, Patan Taluka), the 1999 Act was applied. The current practice enable the Revenue Department to create a land-pool consisting of land acquired under various statutory provisions under the 1894 Act and the subsequent legal instruments, during the post independent period. When land was acquired purely under the provisions of 1894 Act, and allocated to PAP’s was 1.5 times the value of land, as per the Ready Reckoner of the Revenue Department. No land for land has been given to PAP’s. After the enactment of the 1999 Act, the compensation paid for land acquired was approximately 4.5 times that of the Ready Reckoner . It is learnt from the authorities of the Revenue Department that, when the latest provisions of the 2013, the Right for Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act are applied, the compensation awarded amounts to about 8.5 times of the Ready Reckoner. The list of amenities to be provided has also been expanded. Similarly, the common amenities to be provided in the proposed resettled villages for rehabilitation (gaothan) have also been enlarged to respond current requirements. In a recent award granted by Revenue Department, GoM in district of Satara, the compensation for acquired land per hectare amounts to Rs. 8,90,351/- .

135 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

The current hierarchical structure for performing the procedure of R & R is indicated in the organogram given below:

20.6.4 IBRD policy on involuntary resettlement In 1980 the World Bank became the first international organization to establish guidelines on involuntary settlement in the projects it supports. The IBRD has been involved in supporting the Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Program (MWSIP) since 2008. As per its operation manual (OP 4.12, on involuntary resettlement), all projects partly or fully funded by it require compliance with certain policies like Environmental Impact Assessment, Involuntary Resettlement, Rehabilitation of cultural assets of National / state importance, loss due to submergence, etc. Since,

136 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN the WB has been a major partner in the water sector, and since the GoM may take financial assistance from WB or such other financial institutions, it is desirable that the major policy objectives of OP 4.12 be complied with in future. Fortunately, the new National umbrella act on LAQ and R & R passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013, fully complies with the revised policy objectives of the World Bank, dated April 2013. However there are two important elements which are probably more progressive than the national law, which are related to Public Participation and the procedure for calculating the value of assets lost by PAPs. In case of public participation the IBRD expects prior informed consent . This implies that the PAPs are informed about their options and rights pertaining to resettlement, offered choices regarding economically feasible resettlement alternatives, acceptable to them so that they are willing to give prior consent to being displaced. Effectively, such a consent tantamount to a ‘Veto’ option. However, the R & R package is expected to be attractive enough not only for the household but for the displaced community as a whole. Further, it safeguards the socio cultural values and the milieu at the proposed location of resettlement as well. The second important aspect is about compensation at full replacement cost . This implies that the amount compensated should be equal that required for purchasing the movable or immovable assets at market prices. It may be stressed here that compliance with the IBRD framework would be more expensive but it should be aimed at not only for procuring financial assistance, but more importantly because it improves the performances of our projects and their socio-economic value .

20.6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification and resettlement plan (Environment Protection Act, 1986): Status of Land Acquisition are in WFRB

137 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Table 20-1 Representing current status of R & R in WFR Basin:

Divis ion Total Area Land to be Surplus Submergence Number of Project Affected Families Acquired Acquired Land (In Area (In Lakh Displaced Rehabilitated Resettled Yet to be Affe cted For (In Lakh Lakh Ha) Ha) Resettled Irrigation Ha) Projects (In Lakh Hectares) 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Thane 0.1346 0.0248 0.0000 0.1017 1769 627 1142 0 1769

Raigad 0.0268 0.0223 0.000 0.023 1139 445 0 694 1139

Ratnagiri 0.0175 0.0095 0.0000135 0.0112309 1993 367 864 762 1993

Sindhudurg 0.0490 0.0699 0.0003 0.0626 6163 2195 135 3833 6163

Total 0.2279 0.1265 0.0005 0.1986 11064 3634 2141 5289 11064

Source: Data of all 28 sub-basins Current Status of R & R in WFR sub-basin:

Land acquired for the irrigation projects in WFR basin is about 22790 Ha 0.2279 lakh ha, with Aurangabad division at the highest of 13460 Ha 0.1346 lakh ha, at acquisition of land for irrigation projects. A total 11064 families i.e. about 55320 people were affected by all Major, Medium (Completed and Ongoing) projects. Note: By considering family size as 5 About 5289 families i.e. about 26445 people are to be resettled by land to be acquired in near future for irrigation projects. Total submergence area is about 0.1986 lakh ha.

138 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Table 20-2

Division No of No. of No. of Total Affected Affected New Gaothans Gaothans The work Rehabilitate Rehabilitate Affected Affected Projects completed incomplete Affected Gaothans Families Gaothans where where of d Villages d Families Villages Families requiring Projects Projects Villages (Only (Gaothans) which are Civic Civic providing out of the out of the where which Rehabilitati (Farms + Houses) to be Amenities Amenities Amenities Affected Affected Rehabilitati are Yet on Gaothan Rehabilita were were has not Villages Families on is to be ) ted Completely Partly been Remaining Resettle Provided Provided started d yet 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Thane 4 3 1 39 1325 1769 13 3 0 0 3 627 0 0

Raigad 7 0 7 17 14 1139 14 6 3 2 8 445 13 694

Ratnagiri 4 2 2 11 1993 1993 9 5 0 4 9 367 2 762

Sindhudurg 13 0 16 50 1138 6163 22 10 155 5 10 1932 14 4231

Total 28 5 26 117 4470 11064 58 24 158 11 30 3371 29 5687

Source: Circle wise data received from KIDC, Thane, 2018 33 % of the affected families are rehabilitated in WFRB 19 % of the affected families are resettled in WFRB 48 % families are yet to resettled in WFRB

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20.7 Conclusions: Total Number of projects in WFR Basin where R & R is applicable: 28 Total number of villages affected within the WFR basin is: 117 Total number of families affected or displaced: 11604 Total area affected: 0.2279 lakh ha. Enormous delay seen in implementation on R & R is observed Data on excess acquisition of land is not available officially with any Government agencies concerned with the LAQ and R&R Process or with the project authorities. In most cases even the requisite area of land has not been acquired. Therefore, it is not possible to make any assessment of excess land acquired by project authorities.

20.8 An overview of the difficulties, gaps, suggestions and recommendations Difficulties & gaps The R & R aspect is seen as an obstacle in the development process instead of being looked at as an opportunity for further development. Details of land acquired are not available for all projects. Compilation of data base i.e. awards, compensation paid, resettlement facilities given out etc. is not appropriately done. In the long run this may cause extreme inconvenience to the authorities. Demarcation of acquired lands is not carried out which leads to encroachment. The surveys conducted in the 30 sub-basins clearly show that all the amenities which existed in the old gaothans were not provided by the Government in the new gaothan s. While it is true that a larger number of amenities are listed in the new act, several of them are irrelevant for specific communities and locations. In such cases amenities which the villagers require, but are not listed in the package need to be appropriately substituted. If the supply of water for drinking and cattle cannot be adequately provided due to its physical scarcity, then providing them with drainage and sanitation facility would not be of great use. The list although ideal, assumes an overall and simultaneous upliftment of services and developmental activities. For example a bus-stop may be useless in hundreds of villages of Gadchiroli, if buses do not actually reach the area. In such cases it must be substituted with other amenities which the community requires. For example, all tribal villages may require a Gotul (and not a Samaj Mandir), which performs socio-cultural functions. Similarly, a fish landing and storage facility may be a location-specific demand, or the repair and maintenance of a dilapidated Malguzari tanks may be an urgent requirement, though not listed as an amenity. The DRO, irrespective of whether he belongs to Irrigation or Revenue Department should be given the discretion of substituting inappropriate amenities with those urgently required.

Suggestions and Recommendation: It must be ensured that in the case of completed and ongoing projects where land acquisition is already in progress the provisions of The Land Acquisition Act, 1894; ‘Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1999’ be applied. However, wherever the land acquisition process has been initiated after the promulgation of ‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 2013’, the new Act should be complied with, in ‘letter’ and ‘spirit’.

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The new act (2013) requires, that the responsibility of R & R be should be taken by the Revenue Department. However, since the WRD/ RBA will use its prerogative of getting the land acquired (through the Revenue Department) it must ensure that it discharges its responsibility of ensuring prompt and fair compensation and rehabilitation. For this purpose WRD/ RBA must appoint an officer who voluntarily agrees to perform this onerous task. Since there is a general perception amongst farmers that due to depressed prices farming is not a viable or attractive option, a good compensation package will encourage people to move out of agriculture sector to other sectors. With increasing employment opportunities and options available for individual enterprise outside the agriculture sector, especially in the service sector and industries which are auxiliary or ancillary agro-industrial units, marketing and trade, etc., such shift in employment is most likely. However, those families who continue to opt for agriculture in spite of the attractive compensation and R & R package, land for land (albeit a smaller but irrigated area) would be a justifiable option. There is a large number of cases pending in the courts at District, High court and Supreme Court for demand of enhanced land rate. Such cases should be closed by way of settlement of claims at the earliest by complying with the 2013 legislation. Existing Land Acquisition and R& R records need to be maintained properly, in order to avoid unnecessary litigation. The Revenue Department which is currently in the process of digitizing all such records must urgently complete the process. There is scope for utilization of surplus land / unutilized landward. There are many structures at the existing project sites, such as buildings, stores etc. which are currently not in use which can also be brought into use. Options of revenue generation from these can be explored.

Establishment of State Monitoring Committee for R & R) The State Government shall constitute a State Monitoring Committee for reviewing and monitoring the implementation of rehabilitation and resettlement schemes or plans The Committee may, besides having representatives of the concerned Ministries and Departments of the State Government, associate with it eminent experts from the relevant fields. The procedures to be followed by the Committee and the allowance payable to the experts shall be such as may be prescribed by the State. The State Government shall provide such officers and other employees to the Committee as may be necessary for its efficient functioning. The Rehabilitation and Resettlement Committee shall include, apart from officers of the appropriate Government, the following members, namely: A representative of women residing in the affected area A representative each of the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes residing in the affected area A representative of a voluntary organization in the area. A representative of a nationalized bank The Land Acquisition Officer of the project The Chairpersons of the panchayats or municipalities located in the affected area or their nominees The Chairperson of the District Planning Committee or his nominee The Member of Parliament and Member of the Legislative Assembly of the concerned area or their nominee A representative of the Requiring Body, and

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Administrator for R and R as the Member-Conveyor An expert committee consisting of Government and Non-Government personnel having the necessary social and analytical skills for compiling an annual report on Land acquisition, compensation and rehabilitation at the State level, be appointed. Currently, there is no system at the State level which is charged with responsibility of preparing such an annual report, and placing it before the State legislature. Such a report would provide a benchmark for assessing the overall progress of the R & R process, and its conclusions could be included in the annual Irrigation Status Reports (सचन सिथती अहवाल ).

References: Award given by Deputy Collector, for the Land acquired by Dhom-Balakawadi Right bank canal, Satara district, Maharashtra, 31 th March 2016

Reports of all 30 sub-basins of Godavari, as submitted for approval to the GoM, March / April 2015.

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Ordinance 2014: A Process Perspective, G. Raghuram and Simi Sunny, July 2015

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013

Report on Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation (Nagpur Division), Revenue and Forest Department, GoM, Dec. 2012

Government of Maharahstra OR no, LQN-18/2004/File No.162/A-2 dated 06.06.2006 Land acquisition Government. Circular (Marathi) No.LQN18/200APK162/A-2 dated 06.06.2006

State Water Policy, 2003

National Water Policy, 2002

The Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1999, as modified upto the 12 th February 2016, Law and Judiciary Department, GoM

Rehabilitation Policy and Law in India: A Right to Livelihood, Walter Fernandes and Vijay Paranjpye, 1997

Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986

Maharashtra Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons Act, 1976

Land Acquisition Act, GoI, 1894.

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21 Drought Mitigation 21.1 Introduction The State of Maharashtra has experienced many moderate as well as acute droughts with some of them being even successive for two to three years over the last few decades. Droughts are natural disasters caused by scanty rainfall, acute shortage of water required for human, cattle and agricultural activities, large-scale deforestation, excessive use of surface water-resources, uncontrolled withdrawal of groundwater from wells etc. The severity of the drought gets worsened on account of nurturing incompatible cropping pattern and industrial activities in water short sub-basins over years together, leading to desertification of the region.

21.2 Definitions Drought is a climatic disorder characterized by deficit of moisture. Drought is described as an insidious hazard of nature. It originates from deficiency of precipitation which results in water shortages. Drought is also defined as the prolonged scarcity of water and dry climate. It is the most complex of all natural hazards affecting the people. The scarcity may be due to unpredictable behaviour of rains. Inconsistent or no rains for a longer duration leads to dry and hot climate resulting in depletion of groundwater & scanty storage in surface water bodies. This culminates into crop failure and shortage of water for drinking and fodder for animal survival. Sometimes excessive rains also create a situation of wet-drought wherein all the crops, and irrigable lands are flooded and no food or water is available in potable form leading to famine like situation. Annual rainfall less than 15 to 20 % of average annual rainfall of the sub-basins located in rain shadow areas gives rise to drought situation. A small variation in rainfall can be met with by altering the demand of irrigation, industry and drinking water supply to tide over the situation. The consequences of severe droughts on agricultural production, hydropower generation and even on regional economy are disastrous. In the state of Maharashtra, consideration of drought prone areas point to the following symptoms. The rainfall is erratic and highly variable, arrival of monsoon is delayed, sometimes it stops abruptly and there are long dry spells of weeks together. It is again followed by early withdrawal of monsoon. The total rainfall is adequate i.e. more than the crop water requirement but duration of rainfall is less and intensity is more resulting into excessive surface run off and poor recharge to groundwater. The fertile land is subjected to severe erosion. The groundwater table is depleted due to meagre recharge and over extraction. There is acute shortage of drinking water. The crop production is limited to food grain crops alone. The crop yields are extremely poor. The National Commission on Agriculture 1976 has defined and classified drought as below.

Meteorological Drought

Meteorological drought may be defined as a situation when annual rainfall over the area or place is lower than 75% of normal precipitation. It is further classified as “moderate” drought if rainfall deficit occurs between 25% to 50 % and “severe” drought when it is more than 50%.

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Hydrological Drought

Hydrological drought may be defined as depletion of surface water and groundwater induced by prolonged meteorological drought to the extent that available water volumes are far lower than desired ones.

Agricultural Drought

Agricultural drought is defined as lack of moisture causing excessive loss of potential for agricultural production.

In short it could be summarized as, an agricultural drought is defined by soil moisture deficiencies, hydrological drought is defined by declining surface and groundwater supplies and meteorological drought is defined by precipitation deficiencies.

21.3 Climate change /global warming: Climate change is likely to increase the variability of water resources on account of occurrence of frequent incidences of heavy floods and severe droughts. There are more chances of delay in onset of monsoon annually followed by early withdrawals. The area is affected by recurrence of frequent cyclones and stormy weather .The heavy rains at the end of the monsoon period damages the harvesting season of the crops resulting into losses in crop production (Oct 2016). The occurrence of hail storms on multiple occasions annually in different parts of the rain shadow areas has posed another worrisome situation in farming sector. The hail storm of Feb, March of 2014 impacted very badly on the standing food grain and horticulture crops. Since then it is being experienced almost every year in different parts of the scarcity prone areas. There are cloud bursts also and they are very erratic and untimely as has been experienced in the monsoon of 2016. The climate change is causing the temperature to go up and there is a reduction in crop productivity. The effect of climate change / global warming invites the attack of altogether new type of diseases, pests, insects etc. which pushes the farming activity in problematic situation. The poor farmer cannot cope up with all such natural calamities. It is therefore necessary to give special impetus towards mitigation at micro level by enhancing the capabilities of community to adopt climate resilient technological options.

There are large numbers of references of droughts which are very much akin to the rain shadow areas of the Godavari basin in question. The period from 1396 to 1408 is known as Durgadevi’s drought. People in large numbers migrated towards north part of the India. The acute drought year of 1460 is known as Drought of Damaji Pant of Mangalwedha. The drought period of 1629 to 1631 is known as the drought of Sant Tukaram. There were series of drought years during 18th century. It was a period of great lady Ahilyadevi Holkar. The successive famines of the last quarter of 19th century made the British government in India to constitute famine commissions to seek advice for combating drought situation. After independence there has not been a single decade devoid of drought year. The years of 1970 – 72, 1986 - 1988, 1991- 92, 2001-2003, 2012 – 2013 and 2014-2016 have been recognized as severe drought years for the state of Maharashtra and Marathwada, a major part of Godavari basin in particular.

During the recent past the years of 2012, 2014 and 2015 were referred as years of low rainfall at national level. The rainfall was 7% less than the average rainfall during the monsoon of

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2012. It was 12 & 16% less than the average rainfall during the years 2014 and 2015 respectively. The year of 2015 was a scarcity year for the state of Maharashtra. Same was the case for 2014 and 2012. During these years rainfall in Marathwada (Godavari basin) was as low as 40% than the average in most parts. The Marathwada region faced acute shortage of water which resulted into steep fall in crop production and migration of the population in large numbers. This exceptional situation particularly of Godavari basin was related by IMD to the ‘El Nino’ effect of Pacific Ocean. Some people attributed the event to global warming as well. It was also opined that there was no precedence to such an event of extremely low rains during successively two years of 2014 and 2015. This issue was analysed by some experts in the field of climate change (Bhavatal of July- August 2017) with the help of a long series of rainfall of 145 years pertaining to the period 1871 to 2015 with a specific reference to Marathwada. The year of 2015 received 40% less than the average rainfall in Marathwada. The study showed that out of 145 years, there were 6 years when the rainfall was less than that of 2015. It was further seen that in Marathwada over last 145 years, there were 22 years of low rainfall i.e. of scarcity. The region experiences a year of acute scarcity once in every 6 to 7 years. Out of these scarcity years there were 5 instances of successive scarcity years and they were 1876-77, 1920-21, 1971-72. 1984-85 and 2014-15. This indicates that the year 2015 was not an exceptional year from the point of view of scarcity and the successive scarcity event of 2014-15 was not an exceptional one. For Marathwada region, the drought year of 1972 was the most severe of all the years. The annual rainfall was 46% less than the average. The year before this i.e. 1971 was also affected by low rains. From the above, it could be inferred that the drought of 2015 was not on account of global warming/ climate change. It was a normal occurrence which had a precedence, impacted by extreme ups and downs in the history of 145 years. The drought of 2015 was subjected to acute shortage of drinking water unlike the year 1972 which faced mainly shortage of food and fodder.

21.4 Agro climate Zones The agriculture department has divided the state of Maharashtra into nine different agro-climate zones depending upon the climate, topography, soil & cropping pattern. Ambika to Mhasala basins are covered under zone two (Non-Late (Laterite soil with heavy rainfall) rite soil with heavy rainfall) and from Bharja to Tilari basin are covered under zone one (Laterite soil with heavy rainfall).

21.5 Rainfall There is a great variation of rainfall in the WFR Basin ranging from 1864.22 mm in Ambika sub-basin to 4746.64 mm in Shastri sub-basin as given in table below. Rainfall in various sub-basins is tabulated as below.

Table No.21.1-Average Annual Rainfall in WFRB Sr. No. Sub basin Average annual Sr. Sub basin Average annual rainfall (mm) No. rainfall (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Ambika 1864.22 15 Shastri 4746.64 2 Auranga 1957.68 16 Muchkundi 2687.44 3 Narpar 2016.35 17 Kajavi 3756.52 4 Damanganga 2082.58 18 Kodavali 3841.83

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Sr. No. Sub basin Average annual Sr. Sub basin Average annual rainfall (mm) No. rainfall (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Draining in to Sea 2282.72 19 Vaghotan 3574.46 6 Vaitarana 2506.65 20 Davghad 3126.58 7 Ulhas 2911.59 21 Gad 3642.13 8 Patalganga 3070.78 22 Karli 3573.12 9 Amba 3035.67 23 Vengurla 3137.55 10 Kundalika 3132.53 24 Achara 3302.75 11 Savitri 3030.20 25 Terekhol 4227.19 12 Mhasala 3613.97 26 Tillari 4242.33 13 Bharja 3652.45 27 Mahadayi 4013.84 14 Vashishti 4112.55 28 Mumbai 2422.00

21.6 Various Commissions/Committees and their recommendations in respect of draught management/mitigation:

National Irrigation Commission -1972 The pertinent recommendations are given below: Availability of water in drought prone region be augmented by providing a carryover while planning an irrigation project. Percolation tanks, check dams be constructed in that part of the state where groundwater is deeper. There is no objection to relax B.C. ratio up to 1 in respect of major, medium irrigation projects in drought prone areas.

Fact Finding Committee for Drought Prone Area – 1973 On the background of severe drought during the period 1971-72 the government of Maharashtra appointed one Fact Finding Committee for the scarcity affected area. Some of the important recommendations offered are presented below. In drought prone area, irrigation projects be based on 50% dependable availability instead of 75%. By undertaking extension and modernization of old projects, protective irrigation facilities be extended to drought prone areas. All areas falling within the isohyets of 750 mm and shallow land areas falling between the isohyets of 750 and 800 mm be broadly included in drought area. Soil and water conservation works be carried out in an integrated manner with watershed area as a basis in drought prone area. Various biological and engineering measures of soil and water conservation in accordance with soil classification be resorted to. Public education be attached importance for soil and water conservation works taken up under the Watershed Area Development Programme. Afforestation programme be also implemented in catchment areas of minor irrigation and similar projects. Groundwater table be raised by releasing monsoon flood water in canals. Artificial groundwater recharge measures be implemented.

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Permission for practicing irrigation by lift from reservoirs be given to give benefits to drought prone area. Irrigation in drought prone area be promoted on modern irrigation methods.

National Agricultural Commission-1976 The water conservation works such as nalla bunding, farm ponds etc. be given importance along with soil conservation works.

Committee on Eight Monthly Water Use – 1979 The state government appointed a three member committee consisting of Shri. Deuskar, Shri. Datta Deshmukh and Shri. Dandekar on 6th July 1978 to provide irrigation benefits to extensive areas. A few important recommendations are given below. Irrigation Projects be designed for 50% dependability. If there is no provision of perennial crops in projects belonging to water short sub- basins, no water be provided to such crops. The government in irrigation department vide their order dated 12th Feb, 1987, issued following directives for implementing 8 monthly irrigation system in lieu of perennial irrigation system in water short basins of the state. The main objective was to extend the benefits of irrigation over a large area with a view to have equitable distribution of water amongst the users. The orders were made applicable for both the projects i.e. ongoing and to be taken up in future. The water surplus basins of the state (like Kokan etc) were excluded from such restrictions. In 8 monthly irrigation system irrigation canals will be operated mainly for growing seasonal crops from July to Feb of each year. After the completion of the rabbi season, if there is surplus water in large irrigation projects, same may be supplied only to seasonal summer crops like groundnut, fodder etc. No water supply be made to sugarcane crop.

Dr. Subramanyam Committee -1987 At least 50 per cent land out of the net cultivable one in drought prone talukas be provided enough water during the coming years to enable to cultivate at least one crop. An enactment to regulate the groundwater use be brought out by establishing a groundwater authority at State level. The industrial and commercial complexes be encouraged to make reuse of used water by subjecting it to proper and essential treatment. Reuse of treated sewage water should be made obligatory for domestic use other than drinking purposes.

White Paper on Drinking Water by Government of Maharashtra (1995) Employ long term measures to strengthen water sources and increase groundwater recharge. Population increase is the root cause of drinking water problem and therefore there is a need to bring control on the same. Both ground and surface waters being common property resources, their uses shall be made extremely efficient and economical. It is necessary to formulate district and taluka wise schemes for domestic water supply by taking into consideration total availability of water and its use for different purposes. Planning for irrigation should be carried out on the basis of remaining water i.e. after ascertaining demands for drinking water etc.

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Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission, 1999. The recommendations pertaining to drought mitigation are given below. The planning of irrigation projects in water scarce and deficient areas be done on eight monthly basis. No new sugar factories be undertaken in the area of deficit and highly deficit sub basins. Possibility of shifting sugar factories to areas where water is available in surplus and agro climatic conditions are conducive to the growth of sugarcane be thought of. Economically viable inter basin water transfer be implemented on priority. • Irrigation be practiced on modern irrigation methods (Drip, Sprinkler, etc.) with an emphasis on less water intensive crops. • Perennial crops (Borrowing horticulture one) be totally forbidden. • Less water intensive economic activities (Industries, Service Sectors, etc) be promoted. • Watershed development programmes be lent priority as an alternative irrigation system in an area devoid of conventional irrigation system owing to natural constraints. • Before taking up water conservation programmes, an in depth study of hydro- geology of watersheds be made obligatory. • In planning and implementation of the programme of watershed development involvement of geologist be made obligatory. • The water availability in watershed area be assessed on the basis of modern hydrological methods. A hydro-meteorological observatory be set of in every micro watershed/ village. • The construction of village tanks/ponds should not be undertaken unless a guarantee as to the scientific management is tendered by the village panchayat.

National Water Policy, 2012 Drought prone areas should be made less vulnerable to drought associated problems through soil moisture conservation measures, water harvesting practices, minimization of evaporation losses, development of groundwater potential including recharging and the transfer of water from surplus areas. Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought stricken population should preferably be for drought proofing. Land, soil, energy and water management with scientific inputs from local, research and scientific institutions should be used to evolve different agricultural strategies and improve soil and water productivity to manage droughts. Integrated farming systems and non-agricultural developments (industries, service sectors) may also be considered for livelihood support and poverty alleviation.

State Water Policy, 2003 Pastures, forestry and other modes of development (industries and service sectors) which are relatively less water demanding shall be promoted in drought prone areas for generating employment.

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Dependability of projects in drought prone areas be lowered subject to economic viability. Modern irrigation systems be promoted in scarcity areas. Eight monthly cropping pattern be adopted in planning and regulation of projects. The distress in water availability during deficit period shall be shared equitably amongst different sectors of water use and also amongst U/s and D/s users. Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought stricken populations shall preferably be for drought proofing. Water resources development works shall be given top priority. The water conservation works shall be taken up on top priority where groundwater table has considerably gone down and the area is declared as overexploited zone. Integrated watershed programmes be encouraged in drought prone areas. Summarizing the suggestions and recommendations offered by the various committees and commissions, it is clearly revealed that the issues confronting while fighting against the recurring droughts, had already been deeply deliberated upon even at different times earlier and through them a few recommendatory guidelines are also brought to the fore. Never the less any standing system supposed to transform the recommendations after a follow up into an action plan being wanting, most of the key recommendations have been relegated to the oblivion. Considering all such needs in light of new perceptive, setting up of a monitoring system appears necessary. This will be covered in the chapter of institutional arrangement in detail.

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22 Disaster Management: Risk Assessment and Aversion 22.1 Introduction Disasters are crisis situations which are either naturally caused, human induced or a complex of circumstances which exceed the human ability to evade, resist or to recover from them. Floods, drought, forest fires, earthquakes are natural calamities and they can cause heavy damage in terms of loss of lives and property. While not all the natural calamities can be predicted and prevented, it becomes essential to have emergency and preparedness plans and at the same time implement them effectively. Disaster management is an ex-post-facto procedure, carried out after the event has already taken place, and it is usually concerned with natural phenomena, which are to a great extent, or even completely outside human control. The objectives of the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) are to safeguard or minimize the loss of lives and property and restore normalcy at the time of a natural disaster. Another goal of the DMP is to enhance co-ordination among public-safety organizations, formulate action plans and periodically update them.

An important component of the Disaster Management Strategy for the West flowing Rivers basin is of risk assessment and management. A ‘risk’ may be defined as an event that has a probability of occurring, and could have a negative impact on a plan (or a specific project within it) if such an event does occur. This includes risks of not only disasters, but also of project failures. An important characteristic of any risk is the uncertainty of its occurrence during the period in question (say till 2030 in the case of the IWRDP for the West flowing Rivers basin). The negative impact of such events, if they are not mitigated or prevented in time, may be serious enough to defeat the purpose of planning itself. The impact may be experienced in the form of social-injustice, economic or financial losses, or losses due to environmental degradation or pollution. Hence it is important to identify and understand possibility of risks throughout the lifecycle of the Disaster Management Plan. 22.2 Legal Framework for Risk Assessment and Disaster Management 22.2.1 The Disaster Management Act, 2005 The Disaster Management Act of 2005 established the National Disaster Management Authority. The NDMA is entrusted with the responsibility of laying down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and monitoring their execution at national, state and district level. The Act has also called for the establishment of State Disaster Management Authorities [14(1)], a Disaster Management Plan for every state [23] and a National Plan for Disaster Management [11(3)] which is to include measures for the prevention and mitigation of disasters and their effects, as well as the integration of all such measures, and capacity building and community participation for their effectiveness.

22.2.2 National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans, 2007 The guidelines for the preparation of State Disaster Management Plans have set the following objectives –

Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness by ensuring that DM receives the highest priority at all levels.

Ensuring that community is the most important stakeholder in the DM process.

Encouraging mitigation measures based on state-of-the-art technology and environmental sustainability.

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Mainstreaming DM concerns into the developmental planning process.

Promoting a productive partnership with the media to create awareness and contributing towards capacity development.

Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the society.

Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and habitat.

Undertaking recovery to bring back the community to a better and safer level than the pre-disaster stage.

The guidelines recommend a participatory approach, asking states to “make all efforts to assist communities in understanding their vulnerabilities and the lead role that they can play in managing risks with less dependence on external entities” and that “arrangements for community based disaster preparedness should form the basis for preparation of plans” . They also specifically mention the inclusion of “identification of vulnerabilities and risks” in the preparation of the plans.

22.2.3 The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government. Of India 3 The 2001 report, in its Executive Summary, mentions risk assessment as a “critical need”. It inter alia proceeds to state that “a holistic approach to Disaster Management would [...] include growing environmental concerns and risk assessments towards a safer India.” The report has addressed all sorts of disasters ranging from earthquakes and cyclones to droughts and dam bursts, and in the context of each of them, it has stressed upon the need to include risk assessment as an integral part of every disaster management plan.

22.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006, MoEF, Government. of India The EIA Manual issued by the MoEF states Risk Assessment as a component of the EIA (Pt. 1.3) and reiterates its necessity in the checklist as well, through the inclusion of “alternative designs or techniques which might pose reduced ecological risks” and “primary and secondary impacts, temporary and long-term, unavoidable impacts and risks”. The twelfth principle of NEP, 2006 clearly mentions “risks to human health, risks to other environmental entities, technical feasibility, costs of compliance, and strategic considerations” which are to be considered while setting environmental standards, implying that risk assessments are inevitable. 22.3 Disaster Management Disaster Management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating among various officials and departments and the implementation of the planned measures. A typical DM structure (illustrated in Fig.1) involves 2 phases: a) Pre-Disaster Phase: Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness

3 Agriculture and the impact of drought and floods form the core of the WFRB Plan. The Disaster Plan on the other hand covers all sectors and does not refer specifically to the agriculture sector. The report of the High Powered Committee of the Department of Agriculture, GoI, on the other hand has elaborated upon Disasters as well as Risks pertaining to irrigation and agriculture in particular, which are not given in the bare act (DMA, 2005). 152 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN b) Post-Disaster Phase: Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.

Figure22- 1: A Typical DM Structure

22.3.1 Institutional Framework for the implementation of the DMP - At the central level, a ‘National Disaster Management Committee’ is established under the Ministry of Home Affairs. At State level, an ‘Advisory Committee’ works under the Home Ministry and the Chief Secretary. The Department of Relief and Rehabilitation through its division of Forests and Revenue Department (GoM) has prepared a State Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP). The main purpose of the DMAP is to assess the existing resources and facilities and ensure their timely availability, and identify requirements of the organization that helps to strengthen the technological support and data management.

Section 25 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, entitled ‘District Disaster Management Committee’ is made responsible for planning and monitoring of a Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan. The Collector is responsible for handling the emergency situations through the District Control Room (DCR). He is also responsible for coordinating with the Tehsildars, Talathis and various officers from other departments in order to formulate and execute DMAP. According to such plans, the Collectors have designated committees at district- levels, taluka-levels and village level.

The State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC) and the District Emergency Operation Centre (DEOC) coordinate the functioning of the DCR.

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Figure 22-2: Information Flow Chart of the State Control Room

Figure 22-3: Activity-wise Flow of Information

154 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Internet

Figure 22-4: Early Warning Dissemination

155 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure22-5: Emergency Response Structure

Further, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) have been devised for flood control at major storage projects, which have outlined communication procedures at different levels of flood. From the L 0 level (Preparedness Level) to L 4 level (Disaster Level), a communication chain right from the Sectional Engineer and Sub-Divisional Officer all the way up to the Central Government and the Armed Forces has been established. For further details, refer to the document “Standard Operating Procedure for Flood Control in case each Major/medium or minor project.

In keeping with the guiding principle of community participatory approach, individuals from local communities shall be roped in for gathering and disseminating information, maintenance of resources and facilities, and basic training of the communities in the event of a disaster. Through NGOs, CSOs and Area Water Partnerships, these individuals can be grouped

156 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN and trained for enabling communities to manage disasters better at the ground level immediately, during the time taken for the government machinery to set in motion. However, care has to be taken that the process of grouping and forming such local level ‘committees’, does not become expensive, time-consuming and cumbersome. More importantly, it should not lead to fragmentation in local water resources management. For this, an ideal and practical solution would be to form a single committee at village level which deals with not only disaster management, but also with other aspects of water, such as groundwater and surface water management, water quality management, fisheries, navigation and water-related tourism, WUAs etc. Such a committee, in fact, will be in a better position to obtain and disseminate information, handle disasters, and implement DM strategies more effectively due to its comprehensive understanding of the entire water sector at the village level. It will truly be able to integrate all water-related sectors and include disaster management, at the grass root level.

All such village committees should be grouped under Area Water Partnerships – one for each sub-basin – which then should regroup themselves under a basin-wide West flowing Rivers Water Partnership (WFR.WP). The WFR.WP will serve as a platform for stakeholders to interact with the governmental authorities at various levels of the water sector in the state. Given below is a schematic diagram of the institutional structure incorporating the WFRWP, sub-basin partnerships, and village-level committees into the water management sector at state level.

IDCs in WFRB in Maharshtra

WFRB water partnership – I Member from Each Basin Partnership

WFRB Basin Partnership

Integrated Water Management Committies at villegeLevel, looking after Disaster management

surface & Groundwater Use and Quality fisheries, Navigation, Tourism etc.

Figure 22-6: Community Level Institutional Structure

Effective disaster management can only happen when both, administration and civil society work together, in a holistic, integrated fashion. It is not the task or responsibility of the government alone, and local communities should also be made an active participant in the whole process. Further, the government machinery currently has a top-to-down approach which limits the speed of response to emergency situations; a multi-sectoral, multi-dimensional committee at the village level will speed up response and action. Understanding and management of other water-related sectors along with disaster management can greatly

157 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN contribute to handling disasters effectively at lowest rung, and minimise or even eliminate potential losses.

22.3.2 Incidences of Floods in the West flowing Rivers Basin In WFR basin, the rainfall intensity is highest in India excepting some parts of north eastern states. As the rivers are short and steeply sloping incidences of flood is a common occurrence in this basin.

In recent past, there have been many incidences in of flooding in the floods of 2006-07 were the most devastating and had a very severe impact. More than 2400 villages and people in that village in the basin have been affected by floods so far. The following incidences and losses caused due to flood.

During 2005 Maharashtra Flood, flooding took place in many parts of WFR basin.

1) Vaitarna Basin - The worst flood at Vaitarana River was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was substantial. 85 houses were affected in the floods of 2005 at Vaitarna river sub basin. The total compensation paid was Rs. 0.36 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. a)Loss of livestock- With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Vaitarna basin so that 5animalsare escaped by flood. b) Loss to agricultural production – As Vaitarna river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the Floodwater. Hence, near than 3620.02 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. c) Loss of Infrastructure –In Vaitarna sub basin part, most of the area is Urban. In this basin loss of infrastructure as follow, partially 122 houses and full 10 houses, 11 H.T Pole, 49 L.T Pole and 3 Fishery boat.

2) Kajvi Basin- The flood in Kajvi Valley was recorded in 2005. There was no loss of life at flood time. Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Kajvi Valley so that 437 animals are escaped by flood. a) Loss to agricultural production – In Kajvi Valley near by 255.0 Ha land was affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities . b) Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 47 houses were damaged. The total compensation (for road, houses, electricity, water supply etc.) paid was Rs. 0.59 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples .

3) Muchkundi Basin – It can be thus seen that the rivers in the district ultimately meet the Arabian Sea through creeks and therefore often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains. Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding ponds and as such often experience sustained inundation No damage has reported by Revenue department due to flood. Also no land of any village has been damaged till date due to Flood.

158 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

4) Vashishti Basin In the Nive and meets the Arabian Sea at the Dabhol as a Dabhol Creek. The important tributaries of the are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and Pimpali. The often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains. Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding ponds and as such often experience heavy flooding. a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Vashishti and Jagbudi River was recorded in 2005. 11loss of life in the floods of 2005-06 at Vashishti river valley. The total compensation paid for their rehabilitation was Rs. 60.79 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Vashishti valley so that 395 animals are escaped by flood. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Vashishti river valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in abetter position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. d) Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 282 houses are completely destroyed whereas 5749 houses have same structural damages. For this compensation was given to people.

5) Shastri Basin a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Shastri River was recorded in 2005. No loss of life in the floods of 2005-06 at Shastri river Valley. The total compensation paid for their rehabilitation was Rs. 0.6583 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Shastri Valley so that animals are escaped by flood. But no record available. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Shastri river sub Valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. d) Loss of Infrastructure - In2005-2006 flood 7 houses are completely destroyed whereas 29houses have same structural damages. For this compensation was given to people.

6) Ulhas Basin a) Loss of life –The worst flood at was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was Substantial. With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, the loss of life has become very large. 249 people were dead in the floods of 2005- 06 at Ulhas river sub basin. The total compensation paid was Rs. 102.00Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Ulhas sub basin so that 437animals are escaped by flood. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Ulhas river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 23188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.

159 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN d) Loss of Infrastructure –Ulhas River sub basins most part is covered with metropolitan city so the numbers of shops and houses are large. In 2005-2006 flood 1406 houses are completely destroyed where as1880 houses have same structural damages. Based on the previous history sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood followed by landslides and road accidents. This district receives high amount of rainfall during the rainy season. As a result most of the rivers get excess water and experience floods. The heavy rainfall also results in landslides in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes.

7) Vengurla Basin - The major rivers where flood comes at least once a year are: 1. Waghotan 2.Sukhnadi 3.Tillari 4.Karli 5.Gad nadi Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during cyclone and Tsunami. Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large.The estimated loss resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.

8) Waghotan Basin – a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Waghotan River was recorded in 2011. The loss of life was stantial. 1249 people were affected in the floods of 2011 at Waghotan river Valley. The total compensation paid was Rs. 0.25 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Waghotan Valley so that 437 animals are escaped by flood. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Waghotan river Valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 3188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Waghotan-Basin d) Loss of Infrastructure - Waghotan river Valley part is most of the metropolitan city so that numbers of shops and house are large. In this flood there are 575 houses are some part of structural failure.

9) Terekhol Basin- Based on the previous history, sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood followed by landslides and road accidents. This district receives high amount of rainfall during the rainy season. As a result most of the rivers get excess water and experience floods. The heavy rainfall also results in landslides in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes. The major rivers where flood comes at least once a year are: 1. Tillari 2.Karli Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during cyclone and Tsunami. Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large. The estimated loss resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.

10) Tilari Basin - a) Loss of life – No damage has been reported up till now by the Revenue Department. b) Loss of livestock – The construction of Main Earthen Dam was under construction flood warnings to the prone area, though rainfall intensity was high in the Tilari Basin there is no such loss of livestock recorded by Revenue Department.

160 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN c) Loss to agricultural production – As Tilari river Basin is in hilly region. No land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. d) Loss of Infrastructure – There is no urban area in Tilari river Basin most part is covered with vegetation and forest so the numbers of shops and houses are very rare and scattered. In 2005- 2006 flood there took place due to floods.

11) Amba Basin - a) Loss of life –The worst flood at Amba River was recorded in 1989. The loss of life was substantial. 13000 people were affected in the floods of 1989 at Amba river sub basin. The total compensation paid was Rs. 3.00 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock-- A) Jambulpada- 1) As per revenue record population of village was 2685 soles. 2) 92 Houses totally ruined & 46 Houses mostly damaged & 243 families were totally affected. 3) 85 persons of 29 families died in flood & 150 persons flowed away. 4) In Raigad district 1061 villages affected & 237 persons died whereas 264 soles absconded permanently. 5) In the periphery of Amba Sub-Basin all villages were immensely affected. 6) 1000 of cattles flowed away. All Agriculture land with crop were ruined. 7) Town Pali was inundated @ 50% and 5 to 6 died in the havoc B) Town Nagothane- 1) During the same time @ 4.00 am. (24th July morning) total Nagothane town wasmostly inundated. 2) First time In the history of Nagothane this biggest disastrous flood experienced by the residents of nagothane which ruined complete town and thrown it back for 25 year. 3) As per records available population of Nagothane town was 10 to 12 thousand and about 90% people were fully affected. 4) Flooding started @ 1.00 am. Night and grabbed total town upto 5.30 pm. By inundation raised water level up to 20 to 25 feet and town was submerged in water for 18 to 20 hours. 5) Market places, lanes were dumped with rotten food grains and house hold commodities. 6) National highway no.17 (Mumbai-Goa Highway) was totally washed out at three places. 7) In a length of 100 feet earthen embankment of railway track was washed away. 8) Total agriculture land with crop completely ruined. 9) 6 people died in flood havoc. 10) All houses, roads in town were damaged seriously. 11) 1000 of cattles flowed away & died. 12) Embankment behind the abutment of @ 250 year old Wakan Bridge was completely washed away. 13) In the periphery of Nagothane @ 35 villages are dependent on market of Nagothane.Because of this disastrous flood market suspended for 15 days & all 1989.But it was day light no serious injury to lives was noticed except damages to houses and about 28 boats flowed in the flood. This village had population @ 825 in the year 1989.In thehistory of floods this was so disastrous rather than the previously experienced. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Amba river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the flood water. Hence, near than 10000 Ha land was affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. d) Loss of Infrastructure - Amba river sub basin part is most of Village Jambhulpada, Town- Nagothane and (Pali) that numbers of shops and houseare large. In this flood about

161 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN more than 1000 houses were completely ruined and @700 houses and civil properties were mostly damaged.

12) Kundalika Basin- In the history of Maharashtra State Raigad district experienced disastrous floods during the year 1923,1961,1983 but the flood occurred on 23/24 July 1989 was highly disastrous that the people of Raigad district and especially can’t forget it so long. All over the Maharashtra heavy rainfall occurred by pouring 750 to 1000 mm rainwater in a short duration. Immense raining severely inundated

13) Mhasala Basin - a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Mhasala River was recorded in 2011. The loss of lifewas substantial. 1249 people were affected in the floods of 2011 at Mhasala river Valley. The total compensation paid was Rs. 0.25 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples. b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Mhasala Valley so that 437animals are escaped by flood. c) Loss to agricultural production – As Mhasala river Valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 3188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. d) Loss of Infrastructure - Mhasala river Valley part is most of the metropolitan city so that numbers of shops and house are large. In this flood there are 575 houses are some part of structural failure.

14) Patalganga Basin: The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban areas of Patalganga such as Panvel, Kalamboli,Belapur, Taloja, Uran,Pen and part of Navi Mumbai damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.

15) Savitri Basin: The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban areas of Mahad and poladpur and damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.

FLOOD DAMAGE IN THE YEAR 2005-06 Loss of life: - The worst flood at was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was substantial. With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the target area and 13 people were dead in the floods of 2005-06 at Savitri river sub basin.

16) Kodawali Basin: It can be thus seen that the rivers in the district ultimately meet the Arabian Sea through creeks and therefore often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains. Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding ponds and as such often experience sustained inundation The unprecedented rainfall on 11 th Sept 2011 had caused severe flooding in the Rajapur area and damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.

162 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

22.3.2.1 Flood Line Maps.

To tackle flood situations, flood maps indicating three zones should be drawn at multiple levels, for project areas, as well as for watersheds, sub-basins and finally, the entire basin. During the probable flood situation (1st June to 15th Oct every year) all the concerned departments work together round the clock. In order to control encroachments in Rivers, marking for prohibited zone (blue lines); restrictive zone (red lines) and caution level zone (green lines) should be done on priority for critical flood prone areas and remaining areas thereafter. Updating of marking should be carried out periodically once in 5 years.

Caution Zone (green colour): This zone shows the extent of water spread resulting from inundation, in case of a dam failure / dam break. This zone assumes the simultaneous occurrence of maximum recorded rainfall in the catchment as well as in the non- intercepted zone, and failure of the dam when the reservoir reached or cross the maximum water level, or a situation of ‘overtopping’ the dam.

Restrictive Zone (red colour): This zone indicates the flooding condition during maximum rainfall in the catchment area, or approximately equal to the area inundated by the maximum possible flood which returns / occurs once in 25 years. No permanent structures are to be built in this zone.

Prohibitive Zone (blue colour): This zone shows the observed floods. This zone should be completely prohibited from any settlements and structures. There is a need to rehabilitate the village settlements at the earliest to avoid any disastrous event in the near future.

In addition, a ‘dam break study’ should be carried out initially for all dams that have a height exceeding 15 meters and significant human population living downstream should be carried out by 2020-21, and for all those with a height between 10 and 15 metres, by 2022-23. A line or an envelope curve should be shown on the map of the impacted area downstream of the reservoir.

Priority should be given to potential hazard basis. If there is any town/village downstream where the houses are below flood line, then they should be given priority. Submergence of cultivated land is inevitable; little can be done about it beyond compensation and the establishment of a good drainage system, so that flood water gets evacuated instead of stagnated (as observed on the Krishna Rivers). A crop ‘wilting-point’ occurs, both when a drought spell continues beyond a limit and when waterlogging takes place for more than a few days.

163 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Figure 22-7: Map showing Prohibitive, Restrictive and Caution Zones

22.3.2.2 Flood Forecasting. Flood forecasting in the sub-basin is meant for –

Proper operation of reservoir for safety of dam and moderation of floods.

Warning the people likely to be affected by imminent floods.

Taking necessary safety steps in advance and keeping vigil on engineer’s works along with Rivers course and habitations.

The WRD has developed an adequate Flood Forecasting system for West flowing Rivers. In every monsoon season, control rooms and Wireless stations are established at the governing points for floods on the West flowing Rivers. The data about rainfall and water levels, Rivers discharges, spillway discharges is provided to Control Room at Thane, Palghar, Kolad, Ratnagiri and Oros as well as Flood Control Room at Mumbai. Chief Engineer (WRD) monitors the activities.

164 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Flood warnings are issued in advance to downstream stations and warnings about letting out water into Rivers are also issued for public in flood prone areas on banks of the Rivers. The probable flood levels are worked out at important towns on the bank of the Rivers. Caution levels and danger levels are worked out for different townships on the bank of Rivers and have been decided from floods observed in the past. Accordingly warnings are issued to the inhabitation on the banks to save life and properties. To ensure that the warnings are accurate and timed correctly, efficient equipment to make real time estimations of the flood and transmit them speedily is essential. Timely and accurate flood warnings are the most important and effective part of the whole process; indeed, forewarned is forearmed.

22.3.2.3 Gate Operation Schedule. The Gate Operation Schedule (GOS) is prepared and the flood is managed by WRD in co- ordination with the Revenue Department. The gate operation schedule must be prepared based on site conditions, the results of model studies and regulation schedules of the complete sequence of stage of operation of various gates corresponding to various lake levels and the flood situations. The releases from reservoir during floods are communicated to Revenue, Police and all concerned Departments and authorities involved in the flood management system to alert the people in the flood prone villages on the banks of Rivers.

22.3.2.4 Reservoir Operation Schedule (ROS). Normally storages/ projects are meant for water supply, irrigation, hydropower purposes and it is desirable to fill such reservoirs as early as possible during filling period. While doing so, it should also be seen that the reservoir level is not brought near the FRL too early in the monsoon, if the estimated runoff statistics show that even by prescribing limiting reservoir filling level the reservoir can be filled up after following such restrictions.

According to the Committee on Precise Determination of Reservoir Releases during Emergency Situations in the State of Maharashtra (Vadnere Committee - 2007) the reservoirs in Maharashtra are operated with rigid schedules and the change over should take place from rigid to semi-rigid schedules, especially with the advent of flood forecasting techniques together with weather and climate forecasts. In case of gated reservoirs, a part of the conservation storage space forms a part of the flood control storage space. Semi rigid or flexible ROS shall have to be evolved keeping both the requirements in view. The reservoir level is to be maintained as per ‘upper guide curve’ during normal inflows. During heavy floods, the normal reservoir operation schedule should be switched over to the ‘emergency flood moderation schedule’ . The criterion for switching over is the occurrence of heavy to very heavy rainfall in the catchment of the dam or the intimations of heavy to very heavy flows into the reservoir. This switching over process should be well studied and implemented in sub-basin/basin existing in the state. The reservoir level may go above FRL during emergency flood moderation for temporary period in exceptional situations, when a round-the-clock vigil is recommended. In WFRB the rivers form estuaries at their confluence with sea. In case of some rivers, such estuaries run for several kms upstream. In case of high tide occurrence, it is ensured in actual gate operation, that the flood waters do not strengthen tidal waves.

22.3.2.5 Guide Curve or Rule Curve. The guide curve/ Rule curve of gated reservoir shows the limits to which the reservoir levels should be normally raised at the end of the specific periods for achieving the normal planned storage of reservoir while availing the flood absorption capacity to the greater possible extent during the specified period. The guide curves should be prepared separately for filling periods and depletion periods. The guide curve/ rule curves are generally made up of upper guide curve and lower guide curve. The upper guide curve in conservation schedule is the upper limit of the level to which dam can be built up or maintained on respective data. The lower guide

165 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN curve in conservation schedule indicates the minimum level up to which the reservoir filling must be achieved from the various dates during the rainy season from the point of filling the reservoir.

There should be only one guide curve for depletion after attainment of FRL considering various water demands during the various periods of a year. As per guidelines of dam safety manual, the guide curve for 90% dependable storage levels and 75% dependable storage levels are designated as upper and lower guide curve respectively. This is appropriate for reservoirs planned for irrigation use at 75% dependable yields. The reservoirs are also planned for the purpose of utilization of the stored water for hydropower generation, water supply an industrial use on higher dependability as per Government policy. Upper and lower guide curves for reservoirs planned on higher dependability (more than 90%) should be developed for 100% and 90% dependable levels separately.

22.3.2.6 Flood Zoning. The commonly expected floods to be managed are 25 years return floods, 100 years return floods and dam break floods. The flood routing for these events should be carried out and probable flood lines for these three flood events should be marked all along the Rivers. Neither permanent nor temporary structures should be permitted below the 25 years return flood zone. Temporary structure at the cost and risk of user may be permitted between 25 years and 100 years return flood zones after a case by case scrutiny. Suitable locations higher than 100 year return flood zones may be identified and notified, in case shifting habitants at such locations becomes inevitable.

22.3.2.7 Flood Alarm System. It is essential to install flood alarm systems in flood prone villages. A hooter may be installed in the concerned Gram Panchayat office which can ring and alarm the villagers where ever situation arises. The information of expected floods, flood levels along with the photograph of the flood line marked structure with its location may also be displayed in the Gram Panchayat office. A display board showing the precautions to be followed “do’s and dont’s” may also be included.

Further, it is important that local communities are roped into the process. Real time information can be collected and disseminated with speed and ease by recruiting and training local individuals for Disaster Management. Maintenance of equipment, monitoring Rivers water levels and transmitting vital flood information to downstream villages via SMS or Internet, setting up and executing evacuation procedures and protocols, and spreading awareness among the communities regarding disaster management are activities in which locals can contribute significantly. Roping them in would not only make it easy for the administration to reach the grass root level, but it would also increase the efficiency level of managing the disaster.

22.3.3 Flood Management Strategies. Strategy 1 : Increasing preparedness against floods

Flood Anticipation Systems: A dense climate monitoring network which feeds data into a flood prediction and monitoring model should be developed and installed in the West flowing Rivers basin. Tools such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be used effectively for the purpose . There are several software and models developed at the international (UN, EU, etc.) and national levels (CWC, ISRO) for flood forecasting and monitoring. These should be installed by 2022 for the West flowing Rivers basin as a whole, i.e. in other riparian states as well. A regional approach which considers the natural sub-basin boundaries as the basis for flood forecasting and monitoring is recommended for such a system. Investments for installation of climate and flood monitoring systems should be made by the Water Resources Department at 166 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN locations both upstream and downstream of the major reservoirs of the basin. Also, investments need to be made to install rainfall prediction stations, Doppler, cloud burst assessment and analysis stations etc. Also, there is a need to develop effective communication between the stations at dam sites that include easy transmission of data.

Strategy 2 : Increase ability to resist the damages caused by disaster situations

Communication between riparian states: Rapid communication and decision making systems should be in place in order to prepare the States for disaster situations. As described earlier, the Special Task Force should be able to maintain free communication and a special communication protocol should be maintained during an unavoidable flooding disaster.

Formation of Integrated Disaster Management Organization (IDMO): The IDMO could be an integrating organization comprising all the districts in the basin area. Such an organization would help to coordinate and exchange information between the flood sections of all the districts.

Communication with vulnerable communities: Effective use of electronic media, and telecommunication devices should be made for providing accurate and timely information to vulnerable communities. Information regarding availability of boats, rescue operations, security systems, make-shift houses, hospitals and medical aid, should be provided via these devices. Communication with major industries like thermal power stations, mines, lift-irrigation units, paper mills, etc. should be maintained. Disaster response strategies should be premeditated for these units, and written SOPs should be agreed upon in advance. Similarly, community representatives should be appointed and trained to collect and disseminate information from their locations, to maintain and use/operate preventive and managing equipment, to help execute evacuation and other disaster management plans etc.

Rapid Action Forces: Control Rooms should be maintained at selected towns in order to monitor the Rapid Action Forces like relief and rescue teams of the Police, Fire Brigade, Home guards, Health Officers, Revenue Departments, NSS, NCC, etc. There should be adequate number and access to fire brigades, trucks, trolleys, drilling machines, excavators, jeeps, buses, ambulances, helicopters, etc. All dam sites (medium and major) must be provided with at least three boats per site, and should be made available in times of emergency. These equipments must be maintained in working condition at all times.

Assessment of damages and rehabilitation: Transparent, participatory and timely assessment of damages should be made and rehabilitation should be provided. The procedures and paper- work related to seeking of compensation should be made easy for the affected communities and administrative help and support should be provided.

Strategy 3 : Develop mechanisms for timely and long term recovery from disaster situations

Preparation and distribution of vulnerability maps.

Maintaining and timely updating the revenue and land records of persons in vulnerable areas.

Annual mock-drills for emergency actions in vulnerable villages in the months of April and May.

Maintenance of row boats, floats, ropes, disinfection kits and other simple immediate action implements at village level.

Relocation and rehabilitation of extremely vulnerable villages.

Planning and rebuilding of houses in vulnerable villages to allow water to rise without damaging property and maintaining storm water drains in good condition. Some methods were observed

167 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN in villages near MP during field visit. It must be ensured that sanitation facilities in flood-prone villages are well-maintained in order to avoid health problems and epidemics during and especially after floods.

Documentation of affected life and property due to floods, so that appropriate compensation and rehabilitation measures can be taken.

22.3.4 Recommendations related to Floods 22.3.4.1 The recommendation/guidelines have been issued by Dam Safety Organization, Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapters 7 and 8. Areas liable to flood should be well demarcated by identification marks or stones of distinct design and colour. High spots near each village should be determined so that people can be shifted immediately on receipt of the flood warning. Zones should be divided into three distinct categories to correspond to areas likely to be inundated with 25 years return period, 100 years return period and the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) respectively in case of Rivers without storage dams, or, 25 years return period flood, spillway design flood and the dam break flood respectively in case of Rivers with storage dams as the case may be. The three zones will correspond to prohibitive, restrictive and caution zones respectively.

The envelope curve resulting after conducting a dam-break analysis should also be demarcated on the map.

22.3.4.2 The National Water Policy, 2002 There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin.

Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some irrigation or power benefits.

While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to be useful, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.

There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.

The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended to other uncovered areas. Inflow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective regulation.

22.3.4.3 State Water Policy, 2003 provides for All the provisions included in National Water Policy, 2002. Watershed Management through extensive soil conservation, catchment area treatment, preservation of forests and increasing the forest cover and the construction of check dams shall be promoted to reduce intensity of floods. 22.3.5 Earthquake Management The West flowing Rivers basin falls largely in Zone III of the earthquake severity as per IS: 1893 (Part-II)-2002.

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Earthquakes in Maharashtra are showing major alignment along the west coast and Western Ghats region. Seismic activity can be seen near Ratnagiri, along the western coast, Koyna Nagar, Batas and Surry areas of Thane district.

The proximity of the Western Ghat Fault Scarp and evidences of neo tectonic activities in the Konkan area point to theearth movements in the recent past and the possibility of an earthquakecannot be ruled out. There is no history of earthquakes in this district earlier. Present Management Practices for Earthquake: Pre-intimation shall be received from Indian Metrological Department Pune/ Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute Nasik (Government of Maharahstra) to Collector of the district. Following Departments are directly associated for providing services- Revenue, Police, Fire Brigade, Health, Telecommunication, MSET/ MSEDCL, JeevanPradhikaran, PWD and Water Resources. The services needed are -

• Medical check up and treatments

• Electricity, drinking water supply

• Restoration and Rehabilitation of communication

• Rehabilitation of affected persons

• Economical Rehabilitation of affected family and

• Identification and handing over of properties to respective survival members.

22.3.6 Recommendations related to earthquakes After the Killari earthquake in September 1993, GoM appointed a Committee under Chairmanship of Shri. V. R. Deuskar, Retired Secretary, Irrigation Department to suggest various earthquake zones of the State. This zoning as per ISI was necessary to decide the earthquake coefficient applicable in the design of various irrigation structures. Recommendations of this Committee were accepted by Government of Maharashtra (1995). Recommendations of the committee were implemented by strengthening many dams in the State.

A Committee headed by Shri. Thatte, Retired Secretary, GOI was appointed to suggest the measures required for strengthening of major dams in Maharashtra.

For suggesting strengthening to minor and medium dams, a Committee headed by Shri. S. T. Deokule, Retired Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department was formed. Accordingly, strengthening of dams of minor and medium schemes was carried out in WFR. 22.4 The Role of Risk Aversion in Disaster Management A disaster management plan (DMP) is mainly related to physical risks. It is almost always brought into play after the event has occurred or at the best when it is actually happening. On the other hand “risk-management” is essentially an “ex-ante” process, and it plays itself out before the occurrence of phenomenon; particularly, in case of physical phenomena which have a large negative impact, “Disaster-Management” begins when (and where) ‘Risk-Management’ ends. The objectives of the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) are to safeguard or minimize the loss of lives and property and restore normalcy at the time of a natural disaster. Another goal of the DMP is to enhance co-ordination among government machinery, public-safety organizations and communities, formulate action plans, and periodically update them.

Both risk management and disaster management entail a cost. If Risk-Management costs are delayed or denied, then the cost of Disaster Management and rehabilitation are

169 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN exponentially higher. The classical proverb “a-stitch in time saves nine” distinguishes the difference between a Risk-Management plan (RMP) and Disaster-Management Plan (DMP). Further, both RMP and DMP are important and non substitutable, because a disaster can happen even if the RMP has been implemented.

22.4.1 Risk Management – Procedure and Plan 22.4.1.1 Introduction Risks and uncertainties are a reality of life, which cannot be neglected or denied. While the terms risks and uncertainties have different connotations in different disciplines like economics, engineering etc, for the Integrated Water Resources Development Plan (IWRDP) for West flowing Rivers basin, we will align our discussion of the concept with the national/international understanding of the term ‘risk management’. According to the current understanding, risks are classified into several categories like natural and physical risks, economic/financial risks, social risks, engineering risks, governance and institutional risks etc. However, non-professionals or sector experts like irrigation engineers, urban planners, geologists, agronomists, foresters etc. usually consider only the physical or natural risks to be relevant to planning. It is important that they also consider the risks and uncertainties affecting not only projects and physical structures, but also the success or failure of the plan as a whole. In reality the success or failure of specific projects or the plan as a whole, as viewed by beneficiaries and stakeholders depends equally on risks related to unplanned cost and time overruns, and ‘trust deficits’ on the part of government agencies, related to timely delivery of services, payment of compensation dues etc.

Risk-Management may be described as an ongoing process which continues right through the period of the procedure. It invariably forms an indispensable part of the development procedure. This procedure applies to individual projects and to the plan as a whole. This process constitutes the following steps-

22.4.1.2 Primary identification of risk categories:

Risks are not only of disasters, natural and manmade, but also of project-related failures, and need to be identified at all the stages of development. The nature, intensity and scope of the risks may differ at each stage of the development process. Besides the threats listed in earlier chapters of negative ‘risk-impacts’ which have already been experienced within the project area during the last few decades, have also been listed and described along with their possible impacts. If they re-occur during the next couple of decades (say till 2030) then the targets and objectives of the plan will not be achieved.

22.4.1.3 Risk Assessment After identification of possible risks it is important to assess the risks to understand the impact and scope of the risk. For this purpose, risks can be classified into A-B-C categories (A- Catastrophic, B- Critical, C- Moderate, D-Minor, and E- Negligible). They can be further elaborated by stating the impact of probable losses as High/Medium/Low, if the risk is not addressed adequately. Classifying risks in the Rivers basin in such a way would help to understand the most immediate risks that need to be taken care of. Also these categories need to be updated at various stages of the project to add newly observed risks or to reassess the intensity of the identified risks. A risk management committee should be set up which would be responsible for assessment of risks. The same team should be charged with the responsibility of reviewing large individual projects as well.

Investments for risk assessment procedures would depend on whether risk assessment is being done for the project or the plan as a whole. The duration of the West flowing Rivers

170 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN comprehensive plan is around 15 years. Hence in order to sustain yearly risk assessment procedures, it would be ideal to allocate 0.5% to 1% of the total project cost for the purpose of risk assessment and amelioration. The risk management committee set up for this purpose should comprise of experts from various fields like disaster management, engineering, economics and sociology. These should also be provided with secretarial assistance. In the context of IWRPD for West flowing Rivers basin, we have considered the following categories: i) Engineering and Physical Risks

Reliability, accuracy, quantity, transparent and timely availability of basic hydrological and seismic data. This determines, in turn, the design and parameters for structures like dams, canals, lifts, barrages, sewage treatment plants, water-supply and water-purification systems etc. Besides primary data, the “appropriateness” of the structures/design in terms of the stated objectives, and societal capacity to operate and manage the systems can be a significant risk. Failure of a technology (tested/untested) can and does pose a risk. ii) Natural Phenomena

Earthquakes, fires, geo-genic pollution, unprecedented rainfall/cloud burst, unknown epidemics affecting human-populations, crops, livestock etc. all carry varying degrees of risks. However these are uncertain risks with relatively lesser monetary losses that can be covered by compensation. iii) Economic and Financial Risks

While preparing the Detailed Project Report (DPR), the commonly observed practice is to account for anticipated inflation and time overrun . Therefore, it is the time or cost escalation over and above the estimated overrun which creates the risks. Further, the risk of conscious (or unconscious) overestimation of benefits and under estimation of costs; the degree of realism and validity about “assumptions” related to physical parameters, productivity parameters, availability of capital funds (budgetary allocations or market options, external aids, etc.) also need to be considered. This can cause relatively huge losses and seriously jeopardize the success of the project/plan. iv) Social risks and Risks related to ‘governance’, institutional decision-making

The relevant examples are: transparency, credibility regarding implementation/ enforcement of provisions/measures, legal and policy issues, notifications, conditionality’s, ‘NOCs’ flaws in ‘tender-and-bidding process’, ‘contract-drafting process’, non-justifiable political interference etc. Inefficiencies and failures in issues of government corruption are now recognised as matters to be recognised and resolved, as denial or non-recognition is very risky.

The following risks should be assessed in the West flowing Rivers Basin –

Cost and time overruns due to engineering decisions such as frequent and/or ad hoc changes in design while constructing barrages and weirs, and building water conservation structures without taking L sections and cross sections. In some cases, modifications done as per technical requirements are unavoidable, but changes that are politically and financially motivated but without adequate technical justification pose risks and should be assessed rigorously.

Substantial water losses due to poor maintenance of canal systems, construction of new tanks without giving importance to de-siltation, traditional construction techniques or the

171 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN system as a whole. Particularly, de-siltation is uneconomical for the reservoirs in the short run, but the de-weeding/ cleaning would eventually result into net gains.

Pollution of water sources while developing groundwater projects, industrial belts and agricultural land projects.

Collapse and or dilapidation of traditional water structures and devices in the absence of restoration, technological upgrading and maintenance.

Regional and inter-sectoral imbalance in water allocation, especially to weaker sections of society, caused by mega-scale thermal and engineering projects.

Climate change risks affecting water availability directly, as precipitation is predicted to increase in the western and eastern regions of the basin, and reduce in the central, drought- prone parts.

Insufficient resources for implementation of planned projects, underestimation of costs, and limited resources getting spread too thinly over an unnecessarily large number of projects due to absence of accurate and detailed financial plans. The latter issue is the most important and the root cause of all the water-related problems currently faced by the people in the basin.

Time and cost overruns, major drop in agricultural and economic productivity, and social and political instability due to delay in R&R process caused by factors such as delay in obtaining clearances/ NOCs, mandates or political interference.

Threat to public health, hygiene and economic productivity due to occurrence of disease vectors and neglect of provisions for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. 22.5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Disaster Affected Persons It may be noted that planning and execution of relief and rehabilitation (temporary or permanent) schemes for disasters is different from that for projects. While displacement occurs in both disasters and projects, it is temporary in the former. Resettlement of people in their original, pre-disaster location forms a vital part of the R&R schemes for disasters, whereas in case of projects, they have to be resettled at a different location altogether. R&R for disasters is specific and supportive, and although short term, is urgent and humanitarian; speed of response is key. In case of projects though, it is more long-term and does not demand quick reflexes; rather, it requires a steady, holistic and developmental component, as the affected people have been uprooted and need to be re-incorporated and absorbed into the local economy again. These distinguishing factors should be kept in mind while designing, executing and assessing R&R schemes for disasters and projects. 22.6 Recommendations 22.6.1 Recommendations related to disasters A large number of structures completed before independence in the West flowing Rivers Basin have now outlived their economic life. In addition there are several structures constructed prior to 1980, which need major repairs due to unsatisfactory quality of work during the time of construction. It is recommended that the RBA / WRD should appoint a Dam and Safety Panel which will examine all such dams and canals / infrastructure which have been identified by RBA/ Corporation / WRD, as potentially risky or disaster prone. In order to make such large scale repairs a special financial provision needs to be made which currently may not be a part of capital expenditure to be incurred for projects under construction. It may be noted that the Dam Safety Panel, GoI which is currently functioning is taking far too long to examine the large No. Of

172 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN projects in question. Therefore in order to enable optimal utilization of existing projects and their infrastructure it is recommended that the GoM should appoint a separate committee which can complete the task expeditiously.

Implement a comprehensive, advanced flood forecasting system covering entire West flowing Rivers basin for anticipating and/or avoiding flash floods in West flowing Rivers.

Pilot studies on preventing Rivers pollution should be taken up for replicating the measures more effectively.

Steps should be taken to get the inventory of major water bodies through MRSAC using satellite imageries.

To maintain the desired water quality, the municipalities and industries need to treat the wastewater before discharging into the Rivers.

Guidelines contained in Dam Safety Manual should be strictly followed and enforced if necessary.

The Disaster Management Plan which has been prepared by the authorities of Revenue and WRD for the emergency should be updated every year and followed strictly.

Flood zoning, Reservoir Operation Schedules, Guide / Rule Curve and flood forecasting should be prepared for efficient and effective flood management.

Increase flood preparedness and ability to resist the damages caused by disaster situations while developing mechanisms for timely and long term recovery from disaster situations.

Adopt a regional approach for flood forecasting and monitoring. Natural sub-basin boundaries may be considered as the basis for flood forecasting and monitoring.

Investments for installation of climate and flood monitoring systems should be made at locations both upstream and downstream of the West flowing Rivers.

Villages or settlements falling within the flood line need to be informed and trained for responding to disaster situations.

Formation of Integrated Disaster Management Organization (IDMO) which would help to coordinate and exchange information between the flood sections of all the districts.

Information regarding availability of boats, rescue operations, security systems, make- shift houses, hospitals and medical aid, should be provided by use of media.

Control Rooms should be maintained at selected towns in order to monitor the Rapid Action Forces Necessary equipment and vehicles must be made available and kept in running condition at all times.

Transparent and timely assessment of damages should be made and procedures and paper-work related to seeking of compensation should be made easy for the affected communities. Administrative help and support should be provided.

Preparation and distribution of vulnerability maps, updating the revenue and land records of persons in vulnerable areas, mock-drills for emergency actions, facilitating administrative matters, etc.

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Unlike Disaster management which comes into force after a disaster has occurred, risk assessment helps to identify likely risks involved in a project, thus increasing preparedness and at times mitigating the effect of the disasters. Hence it must be included in the Plan from the very beginning.

22.6.2 Recommendations related to risks related to financial and management efficiency Form the Joint Risk Monitoring and Management Committee (JRMMC) headed by the EE of the R&R Agency for assessing and managing risks of both disasters as well as project failures.

Create a small but separate cell within the Committee to monitor the project objectives at timely intervals and avoid/limit cost and time overruns and to keep a check on the allocation of funds and execution of only those projects which are necessary and prioritised.

The same committee should be charged with the responsibility of conducting an ex-post facto project evaluation study to enable en-route corrections.

The Committee should keep a check on the progress of implementation of R&R schemes and obtain all the clearances necessary for timely rehabilitation and resettlement.

Regular and comprehensive collection of data, along with inputs from local communities especially in disaster-prone and project areas.

Proper maintenance and/or supervision of canal systems and disaster management equipment.

Study, document, upgrade and maintain traditional water storage structures and systems.

Keep a check on withdrawals of water by different users and sectors, especially industries, and effluent generation and treatment. 22.7 Sources The Disaster Management Act, 2005

National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans, 2007

The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government. of India

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006, MoEF, Government of India

A Presentation on Disaster Management Plan, District – Nashik, District Disaster Management Authority, Collector Office, Nashik

28 Sub-basin plans of the West flowing Rivers basin.

Vadnere Committee Report on Precise Determination of Reservoir Releases during Emergency Situations in the State of Maharashtra, 2007

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West flowing Rivers Study Group Report on Formulation of Guiding Principles on Integrated Operation of Reservoirs for Conservation Uses in Upper West flowing Riversbasin, 2013

“West flowing Rivers”, The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/about/West flowing-Rivers/

“Heavy rainfall triggers flood in Nashik, West flowing Rivers crosses danger mark, couple washed away”. India. August 3, 2016. http://www.india.com/news/india/heavy-rainfall-triggers- flood-in-nashik-West flowing-Rivers-crosses-danger-mark-couple-washed-away-1379009/

“Nepal and India Earthquake Relief”. Asia’s Hope. April 2, 2015. http://asiashope.org/blog/2015/4/27/nepal-and-india-earthquake-relief

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176 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

23. Socio-Economic Impact 23.1 Introduction Conducting a Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA) is necessary in order to find out whether the objectives of the Plan/Project have been achieved after project completion, as anticipated at the time of project/plan formulation. It also helps to determine whether the impact of the Project conforms or responds to the objectives of the relevant national/state policies. Social and economic impacts go hand in hand. A planning process essentially should include a socio-economic impact analysis in order to get a clear understanding of the objectives and the final achievements of the plan.

The West Flowing River Basin is pre-dominantly characterised by agriculture as the primary occupation of most people followed by people working in industries and service sector. Hence, the provision of adequate water for irrigation and non-irrigation uses through inclusive integrated planning of available water resources would have a definite positive socio-economic impact on people living in and around the basin. Importantly, the findings of most of the surveys indicate that dams have played a pivotal role in creating centres of development and have acted as triggers for economic growth through a ripple effect.

The West Flowing River Basin comprises of 28 basins. Each basin is characterised by features that are unique to the area. The entire basin covers all districts in Konkan region. In addition to that some basins cover a tiny fraction of district like Nasik, Ahamdnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur. However it is not possible to measure the socio-economic indicators in such a manner for every district that falls partly in the West Flowing River Basin. Hence, except Nasik district all other peripheral districts are excluded. This would give an overview of the existing socio-economic condition of the WFRB.

Different socio-economic indicators like the Human Development Index, per capita income, and BPL families have been considered here. The HDI is considered to be one of the very critical indicators as it takes into consideration important factors like health, education and literacy. The HDI of a particular district gives an overview of the socio-economic condition of that district.

It is difficult to calculate the direct impact of these factors in the project areas at this stage as an adequate number of socio-economic surveys have not yet been carried out. Currently, it is customary for the WRD to prepare only detailed project reports. Completion reports are not being prepared, even though they are required as per regulations. Similarly, even when major changes occur in the key parameters of the projects, the original DPRs are not revised. As a consequence, “ex-post facto” evaluation of such projects is also not being carried out. This is a major shortcoming in the current planning procedure. It is crucial that all such reports, right from the inception stage to the ex-post facto evaluation stage, are completed in time. In future, such reports will enable a much better assessment of the socio-economic impact that takes place during the plan period, in relation to the revised updated project objectives. 23.2 Previous studies and their results While an exhaustive survey has not been conducted for the West Flowing River Basin as a whole until now, specific studies have been carried out for certain parts of the basin, when project reports for irrigation project were prepared. Also some assessments were done for environmental clearance of Mumari project. DPR for each major and medium project contains a chapter on socio economic impact on the project area.

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During census information about employment, industries, and incomes is compiled district wise. Significant lifestyle differences are observed between command and non-command areas. The proportion of consumer durables, brick/concrete houses, schools and vehicles in command areas is roughly double the proportion in non-command areas. The standard of living and economic status of about two-thirds of the population living in command areas has improved considerably. It has been observed that the benefits have percolated to SC/ST farmers and other weaker sections of society too.

After comparing the overall socio economic status of people living in command areas of Major and Medium irrigation projects with people from non-command/rain-fed areas it is observed that the facilities like roads, housing, education, electrification, drinking water supply, public health and personal health, sanitation, telecommunication, banks and financial institutions, marketing, agro services and agricultural extension etc. are significantly more in command areas compared to non-command areas. Agro based industries started in the nearby areas give additional employment opportunities. Non availability of labour for operations in irrigated agriculture is also observed. Rain-fed farming is mainly for subsistence while irrigated agriculture is for marketable surplus. This basic difference brings about the change in economic status of the farmers which results in to several social, organizational, cultural and life style changes.

It should be noted that irrigational facilities cannot be stated as the single most important factor leading to this difference. Other factors such as HYV seeds, fertilisers, energy, labour, land quality etc. are also significant contributors to the prosperity of command areas. However, it is not possible segregate the effects of all these factors for separate measurement and assessment. The exercise thus faces the ‘problem of indivisibility’, which can lead to inaccuracies or double-accounting of impacts of separate factors. This should be borne in mind while conducting the surveys and assessments. In such a case, it would be more pragmatic and useful to set clear objectives and specify the criteria for their attainment at the stage of project planning. After project completion, in the ex-post facto assessments, it should be verified whether these pre-determined objectives have been met, based on the fulfilment of the criteria specified for their attainment. Thus, the socio-economic surveys and assessments will be able to overcome the challenge of indivisibility and prove to be effective contributions for further decisions. 23.3 Socio-economic indicators of the WFR Basin Table23- 1: Population. Sex Ratio, Literacy, PCI, BPL Population and HDI of West Flowing River Basin Region Population Sex Ratio Literacy Net PCI BPL Population HDI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 In ‘000. Females per % Rs. (current % NA 1000 males prices) Mumbai 12442376 832 89.21 NA 20.00 0.846 Palghar 730828 907 80.69 NA NA NA Nashik 890597 934 88.98 NA NA NA Thane 8613000 886 84.53 NA NA NA Raigad 5467949 955 84.00 NA 55.17 0.636 Ratnagiri 1684065 1122 82.18 NA 59.96 0.732 Sindhudurg 719107 1036 85.60 78063 37.45 0.732 Source: Maharashtra State Data Bank Beta https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do ; and individual reports of 28 sub-basin plans.

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Table 23 -2: Statistics of Geographical Area, Net Sown Area, Towns, Municipal Corporations, Electrified Villages, Railways and Roads in the West Flowing River Basin

Basin Geographical Net Sown Towns Municipal Electrified Railway Roads[1] Area Area Corporations Villages

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sq. Km Ha Nos. Nos. Nos. Kms Kms Ambika 106.36 3207.00 0 0 33 46 Aurnga 167.64 4960.46 0 0 48 64 Nar-par 768.98 33400.37 3 0 187 316 Damanganga 1505.64 518 09.75 4 0 269 575 Vaitarna 3943.78 72025.21 3 2 728 1372 Stream 1127.6 19382.16 3 0 256 416 between D and V Ulhas 4332.69 91797.00 3 4 998 1503 Patalganga 1667.48 12551.00 5 2 497 75 645 Amba 1134.49 18278.01 0 0 334 309 Kundalika 1059.82 26698 .30 3 0 368 51 415 Mhasala 934.16 9314.15 2 0 289 413 Savitri 2263.68 39595.63 1 0 648 996 Bharja 279.45 8998.17 0 0 91 150 Vashishti 2671.01 19319.11 2 0 558 70 1184

Shastri 2697.37 13278.94 1 0 522 113 1188 Muchkundi 867.81 19382.16 0 0 186 45 368

Kajvi 548.94 13281.80 0 0 103 8 227 Kodavali 695.84 15340.76 1 0 165 32 291 Waghotan 996.21 19949.68 0 0 95 17 435 Devgad 731.42 11592.30 0 0 125 8 313. (Kharada) Achara 254.56 9654.55 1 0 57 4 122 Gad 1046.33 42032.00 1 0 192 65 400 Karli 812.65 25900.00 1 0 188 22 333 Terekhol 456.57 11291.32 1 0 88 42 211 Tillari 624.74 15740.52 0 0 74 45 188 Vengurla 641.61 18836.00 1 0 127 13 333 Mahadayi 77 N.A. N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. N.A. Mumbai 603.40 N.A. N.A. 1 N.A. 427.50 2000 Total 32413.83 627616.35 35 9 7226 1037.50 14813

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Region Geographical Net Sown Towns Municipal Electrified Railway Roads Area Area Corporations Villages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sq. Km Ha Nos. Nos. Nos. Kms Kms Nasik 2159.74 75420.90 1 0 268 0 45.65

Palghar 1127.59 19382.16 0 1 525 0 416 Mumbai 603.40 N.A. N.A. 1 N.A. 427.50 2000 Thane 8021.27 168009.34 5 6 1726 0 2874.54

Raigad 7176.22 120206.64 0 1 2136 125.93 2469.5 Ratnagiri 8287.74 97181.82 0 0 1625 268 4227.76

Sindhudurg 4920.30 147415.49 0 0 946 216 3107.87

Total 31692.82 627616.35 6 9 7226 610 12813

Source: MRSAC reports of 28 basin plans. Figures have been rounded off to the nearest integer. Note- Total District wise Geographical Area is - 32413.81 Sqkm out of which 720.99 Sqkm (2.22%) area is Covered through Ahamadnar, Pune,Satara, Sangli,Kolhapur Mahadayi and Karnatak State which is not included in the table.

Table 23-3: No. of Cooperative Societies, Educational Institutions, PHCs, Bank Branches and Newspapers and Magazines in the WFR Basin

Region Cooperative Educational Public Health Bank Newspapers and Societies Institutions Centres Branches Magazines 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nasik NA NA NA NA NA

Palghar NA NA NA NA NA

Mumbai

Thane 1222 7755 394 929 61

Raigad 486 4294 363 400 34

Ratnagiri 2888 3475 478 312 32 Sindhudurg 1256 1876 340 123 23

Total 5852 17400 1575 1764 150 Source: District Statistic report.

23.4 Features of West Flowing River Basin Ulhas basin in WFRB is highly urbanised of all the basins. Nearby basins like Patalganga, Amba and Kundalika have developed as industrial centres. Mumbai is an urban centre on the periphery of WFRB. In north eastern part of WFRB considerable trible population inhabits. Thus some part of Thane district a major part of Palghar and mountain areas in Raigad district are less developed or non developed. District Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg which have majority rural population depend up on agriculture food processing and tourism as their mean of livelihood. This difference in north middle and south parts of the WFRB must be considered in any planning exercised . 180 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

23.4.1 Migration Trends in the West Flowing River Basin .

The West Flowing River Basin can be divided into three distinct areas based on the migration trends experienced by them. On the one hand, the Middle region of the West Flowing River Basin is characterised by large, urban cities like Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, Mira Bhayndar and Kalyan Dombivali whose economies are growing rapidly. These cities have sizeable industrial and service sectors which generate employment opportunities. Further, these cities also have some of the best infrastructural, educational, health and recreational facilities. As a result, significant rural to urban migration trends are observed in these as well as their neighbouring districts. Similar conditions are observed in Kundalika basin. On the other hand, the Southern region is largely rural with some semi-urban pockets, and agrarian. Opportunities of employment in industry and service sector are possible only in the nearby Town of Kolhapur in Krishna basin and state of Goa in Mahadayi basin.

23.4.2 Naxalism in River Basins

Though a small part of the basin in Nasik district is under communist influence there is no evidence of activities which may be termed as Naxalism. 23.5 Recommendations Most sub-basin plans have recognised that there is a dire need to conduct periodic (say, every 10 years), systematic, comprehensive and uniform socio-economic impact surveys in all 28 basins. Covering all projects simultaneously will not be possible in a span of one year hence a representative sample of major, medium and minor projects should be selected in each basin for survey and assessment. It should be ensured that the samples are amenable to cross sub-basin comparison and convenient for collation and aggregation. These samples can be changed after every five years in order to cover all projects in the basin. Reselection of the same samples after a gap of, say, a decade, will enable comparison across time as well. Sample selection and outlining of such a schedule should be done on a scientific basis.

The data currently used has been collected district-wise and hence cannot give accurate figures of each indicator. It is recommended that data be collected and stored sub-basin-wise. Project reports too should be compiled and completed at all stages of execution, right from inception to ex-post facto evaluation.

Assessment of the data collected should be carried out project-wise. Impacts across a basin can be too complex and entangled to be isolated, i.e. the benefit is actually a composite output of multiple factors which cannot be apportioned or separated from each other. It is not possible to derive the exact degree of change brought about by each factor. For example, increase in crop productivity due to irrigation, agricultural extension services, pesticides and fertilisers, research in HYV seeds etc. In such a case, data can be analysed for each project. Once the projects start yielding full benefits, “ ex post-facto ” assessment should be conducted to ascertain whether (or not) the pre-stated objectives of the projects have been met. The overall assessment of the Plan too should be measured in this manner. This task can be taken up by the River Basin Agency (RBA) once it is formed.

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23.6 Conclusions The impacts assessed till now have predominantly been of industrial development. Irrigation projects have contributed to it only indirectly. The benefits of irrigation have not yet percolated on wide area. If migration to cities is to be curtailed local employment by way of sustainable Agriculture effected through utilisation of potential must be provided to rural youth in the valley. 23.7 References Eleventh Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, GoI (2007-08 to 2011-12).

Human Development Report, 2002, Government of India.

District Socio-Economic Reports of different years, Government of Maharashtra.

Maharashtra State Data Bank Beta https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do .

Report of the High Level Committee on Balanced Regional Development Issues in Maharashtra, Planning Department, GoM, October 2013.

Maharashtra Human Development Report, GoM, 2012.

Socio-Economic Surveys conducted by WALMI, Nagpur University, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, PWD, WRD and private agencies commissioned with the preparation of the Integrated Water Resources Development Plan of the West Flowing River Basin.

Leopold Matrix. International Institute for Sustainable Development. May, 2016. http://www.iisd.org/learning/eia/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Leopold-Matrix.pdf .

Droughts and Sugar Industry in Maharashtra – Are We Learning from History? Paranjpye, Vijay. India Water Partnership (under publication). December, 2016.

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24 Planning 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Early Experiences in Planning and Development of Water Resources

The earliest of the planned water-works using modern hydro-engineering techniques built in the Upper Godavari region date back to 1862, when the irrigation department was established by the British Government to serve the Bombay Presidency. For dams built in the late 19 th and early 20 th century, the revenue records were kept scrupulously, receipts maintained separately for irrigation charges and fishing rights which were sold annually to the highest bidders. Interestingly, the auctioning of fish rights for such lakes was discontinued 1874, as the bidders were from cities, and this deprived the local fishermen of cheap and wholesome food. That an imperial colonial government had granted Nistar rights to the local community in spite of the loss in revenue was quite commendable. It was an example of good governance which needs to be emulated today. Whatever be their imperial intentions, such an action was a good planning and management practice, which gave a sense of ownership to the local community, and consequently, also their support to the irrigation enterprise. Another interesting fact was that revenue was collected only from lands which were actually irrigated. This meant that during good rainfall years farmers did not take water and only 1/3 rd of the expected revenue was actually collected. This was again an example of need based irrigation planning, which was also observed in the case of the Ozar and Laakh canals emanating from the Maladevi Dam.

In the Eastern segment of Godavari the planning and construction of Malguzari tanks blossomed during the 16 th and 17 th century. Documentary evidence suggests that a total of 43381 small and large tanks were constructed under the patronage of Gond Rajas who had specially invited members of the Kohli community to identify appropriate locations and construct structures primarily suitable for irrigation. This was probably the most ubiquitous and sustainable irrigation system established within the Wainganga sub-basin, a major contributor to the . (Reference: Gazetteer of Central Provinces and Berar, GoI 1908) Of these 6274 Malguzari tanks are still in existence and they irrigate about 1.59 Lakh hectares of land even today.

Just as the Malguzars during the Gond period gave priority to storages and allowed utilization to follow in succession; in the case of western Godavari i.e. Nashik (Godavari basin) and Dhule (Tapi basin) districts the agrarian communities laid emphasis on equitable distribution of water and rationalization of cropping pattern. The traditional practice known as Phad system consisted of those diversions/weirs, along with their distributaries and minors which were constructed, funded and maintained by the farmers on their own initiative prior to Independence. The system entailed dividing the entire command in a number of blocks known as phads . The command area of each phad or block varied between 8 and 480 hectares. The system was entirely managed by farmers themselves for operation and maintenance of head work and sluice gate. The system was useful up to a point of time when reservoirs on the upstream of the rivulets were not constructed and constant flow in rivulets was maintained. The system which was in operation for more than 200 years gradually lost its importance and the system started declining due to upstream water storages and withdrawals by the government agencies as well as private users.

In the Middle reaches of Godavari remnants of masonry tanks still survive around , earlier known as Devgiri (1187). These are extant examples of small scale water management on and around defense fortresses. Daulatabad starting 1327, it famously remained the capital of Tughlaq dynasty under Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325- 1352). More interesting

183 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN however, was the urban water supply system for Aurangabad, which was based on springs and wells connected with small masonry pipes to link-up fourteen small water courses via a canal which still runs almost parallel to the River Harsul. Presumably built by Malik Ambar the system used techniques of conduits and siphons to distribute water to Aurangabad, which was perhaps a small town in the 17th century. The construction of three masonry dams on the Harsul River to support a new township was a good example of planning and execution of an urban water supply system, which used unglazed clay embedded in brick masonry and surrounded by lime and mortar workmanship. (Reference: Gazetteer of Nizams Dominium, Aurangabad District, 1884)

24.1.2 Recent Developments A review of the planning and development of water resources of Godavari, however brief it may be; cannot exclude the Arthur Cotton barrage (1845 - 1852), an engineering marvel planned and executed by Sir Arthur Cotton which had the capacity to irrigate practically all agricultural lands in Godavari delta (irrigation potential = 675000 hectares, plus drinking water supply and mitigation of floods and droughts). Records suggest that 1500 workers toiled round the clock to complete the 3641.75 meters long and 11.58 meters high barrage. Completed in an amazingly short period of seven years this barrage still stands testimony to the awesome scale and magnitude of the water resource development work in the Godavari delta (Andhra Pradesh).

During the 19th century, Upper Godavari saw the construction of Wilson dam, now popularly known as the Bhandardara dam, located in the uppermost catchments of the . The construction commenced in 1910 and was completed in 1926. This dam stands 82.35 meters high, and was the highest dam in Asia when it was built.

This brief review of planning and development leads us to infer that water works were planned, designed, and constructed with great care within the stipulated time and appear to have generated the expected benefits and outcomes, even though they were planned and executed as singular projects. Between 1900 and 1950, a total of nine (large) dams had been constructed. During the post-independence period the number shot up to 20 projects, during the first 10 years i.e. up to 1960 i.e. on an average about two dams per year were built.

The decades 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to 1980 were characterized by the National objective to achieve food security at all costs, and the option taken was the construction of mega dams, for increasing the area under irrigation and eventually the production of food grains (the proverbial, Nehruvian, ‘Commanding Heights’). While this planning option paid off in Northern India, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, it did not succeeded equally in Maharashtra, where the topography was much more undulating and the peninsular rivers not as suitable to large scale structures as those in the northern states. However by 1980, the problem of food security had been quantitatively solved. Therefore in retrospect, one may state that the early 1980s was the time when we should have stepped back and taken a look at the gap between planning and implementation, and problems which had consequently emerged. This need to consolidate irrigation development (rather than allowing a proliferation of their numbers) was clearly reiterated by the Planning Commission, GoI, 1992. 24.2 Integrated River Basin Planning Integrated River Basin Planning (IRBP) is essentially master planning of a river basin keeping in mind the inter-sector linkages of all activities in that basin, in a sustainable, economically efficient and socially equitable manner. IRBP is long term and flexible, and its integrative nature (across geography, society and economic sectors) is vital for creating synergy leading to holistic and sustainable development in the basin. Mainstream IRBP requires a legal

184 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN and institutional framework which enables regular multi-sector planning, stakeholder participation at all levels, bottom-up and transparent negotiation procedures and most important of all, prioritisation of projects based on socio-economic and ecological needs of the region.

24.2.1 Principles governing IRBP i. Planning is a multi-sector, multi-dimensional and integrative process. The river basin is the largest unit of planning, followed by predetermined sub-basins and discrete, well-defined watersheds. ii. Ecosystem integrity is critical and allocation of water for maintaining environmental flows is a mainstream activity. iii. Social, inter and intra sector and regional equity in water allocation and supply is crucial. iv. Economic efficiency in both, supply and use of water is imperative. v. Community/stakeholders’ participation is fundamental to IRBP as it ensures community ownership and smoother implementation of plans and programs. vi. All water must be treated as a ‘common pool resource’. 24.2.2 Assessment of Past Performance It is important to assess whether (or not) the planning and implementation process conducted until now has actually achieved the pre-determined objectives, to identify past flaws or errors, and to recommend ways in which such flaws and inadequacies could be avoided for the forthcoming plan period i.e. 2017-2030. Such an exercise should be carried out for planning periodically, and at all levels. Based on past experience in the Godavari basin, the following observations can be made regarding the planning process–

Absence of a “river basin” approach - All planning within the Godavari basin till 2008 has been ‘project based’, and as such a Master Plan for the basin as a whole has not been finalised or approved. However, the MWRRA had issued guidelines for preparing River Basin Plans in its early days, but the process of sub-basin planning in the case of the Godavari River started in 2008.

Absence of integrative area planning approach – Fragmentation of departments such as WRD, Water Conservation Department, local sector/ Zilla Parishad , Agriculture and Forest Departments, MPCB, GSDA etc. and isolated planning on a project-to-project basis has plagued the basin with problems that are entangled with each other, but with no solutions in the absence of a holistic and multi-sector approach. River pollution, irregularity and deficit in drinking water supply, falling groundwater levels, public health issues, irrigation deficits and inefficiencies etc. are all linked to each other. Any solution which is devised in a fragmented, isolated manner might be able to reach and cure the symptoms, but not the root causes, of these issues.

Inadequate financial planning - For all these years, the parameters for giving financial approval to river valley projects have included detailed and precise costing, precise calculation of benefits, and the technical viability of the project, both by the State Finance Dept. as well as the Planning Commission (GoI) for preparing the detailed project reports (DPRs). All projects which fulfil these parameters are given financial approval by the government. However, we also need to include the availability of financial resources as a crucial element for financial approval to projects in the Godavari basin. Further, prioritisation of projects, allocation of funds between sectors and regions, and a timeline for their completion also needs to be included in planning.

1) Delinking of R&R from the mainstream project implementation process – Despite the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act of 2013, R&R has largely been considered as a project formality to be met. The 185 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

consequence of this delinking is that the R&R process gets relegated as a residual activity and hence is inordinately delayed. In the past, this has often emerged as a major socio- political issue, and has often stalled the completion and implementation of the projects themselves. Therefore, R&R needs to be mainstreamed into the planning process, linked with the project in such a manner that they are not carried out separately and treated as an activity not for reconciliation, but for proactive economic growth and development. (These points have been elaborated upon in Chapter 20)

Neglect of environmental flows – Similarly, there needs to be an attitudinal shift in the position of environmental flows in planning, from a ‘burdensome obligation’ to a legitimate, mainstream water use benefitting the society and economy. Environmental impacts of individual projects might not appear as significant, but when taken together, the full cumulative impact emerges as a significant issue to be tackled as a part of the core activity of the plan as well as individual projects. (The statutory as well as analytical aspects of this issue have been given in Chapter 11.) 24.3 Planning 24.3.1 Mission Statement Planning for the optimal use of Water Resource in a River basin by deploying physical, financial and human resources to satisfy all basic human and environmental needs in an economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable manner

24.3.2 Objectives To bring about long term development of surface and groundwater resources of the basin in an integrative manner.

To promote water resource development projects in a prioritized manner, with special emphasis on removal of regional imbalances, employment generation and economic wellbeing.

To align short term and long term action plans with financial allocations and priorities of the State Government in the command areas by resorting to MIS and by mulching.

To promote water conservation, preservation and enhancement of water quality, and extensive evaporation control in the basin.

To manage irrigation services in such a manner that the agricultural productivity per hectare and the productivity per MCM of water is optimized.

To holistically manage irrigation, domestic water, industrial water, water for environment, pisciculture, water for forestry, water-related tourism, navigation and other allied uses in the basin in conformity with the State Water Policy and Acts promulgated by the State.

To develop hydropower and manage water needs for other energy sources in the basin.

To make long term arrangements for managing floods, droughts, water quality, Galper land, sewage irrigation, groundwater, and soil and water conservation.

To identify and correct past mistakes, and replicate and carry forward well-proven and beneficial practices and procedures.

To set up River Basin Agencies (RBAs) as per the provisions of the MWRRA Act, 2005, and having the mandate to implement the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management Plan for the Godavari basin.

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To take measures to ensure full treatment of the effluent generated after urban and industrial use of water, thereby preventing degradation of aquatic ecosystems and making reuse of the treated effluent for irrigated agriculture and other purposes.

The principal strategy for achieving the above mentioned objectives will be to substantially improve the water use efficiency, both at the system level and at the form level; minimizing the cost and time required for completing the projects; and enforcing strict time limits on decision making .

24.3.3 Conceptual Framework The planning of the Godavari river basin has been carried out within the framework of IWRM principles, in order to bring about better coordination between water management entities within the basin. The Global Water Partnership (GWP) defines IWRM as “a process, which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” . Another definition of IWRM provided in the training manual of Cap-Net (2008) is, “a systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social, economic, and environmental objectives” . The principles of IWRM, although meant for water resources as a whole, can be best applied at the river basin level. These principles operate through the application of the concept of IRBP.

The planning of the Godavari river basin has been done in the framework of IWRM principles, in order to bring about better coordination between water management entities within the basin. The Global Water Partnership (GWP) defines IWRM as “a process, which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”. Another definition of IWRM provided in the training manual of Cap-Net (2008) is, “a systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social, economic, and environmental objectives”. The principles of IWRM, although meant for water resources as a whole, can be best applied at the river basin level. These principles operate through the application of the concept of IRBP.

The following are the fundamental principles of IWRM –

Integration – When the planning, development or management process of any sector within a river basin simultaneously takes into consideration the parameters and important principles of all other relevant sectors into the analytical framework, and also looks for alternative options which can simultaneously optimise the objectives of all such sectors, then such a process can be described as integration. For integration to happen effectively, all individual sectors have to accept and appreciate the importance and value of other sectors and be willing to make individual ‘tradeoffs’ for achieving larger, broader goals.

Up-scaling – Generally, planning has taken a top-down approach: from the whole basin, down to micro watersheds at the grass root level. However, if integration and capacity building are to happen smoothly and effectively, a bottom-up approach is also essential for certain appropriate activities. This nuanced approach recognises the ‘subsidiarity- principle’ whereby both planning and implementation decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level.

Stakeholders’ participation – Involvement of stakeholders at all levels during the planning process is a crucial element. Through the planning process, stakeholders are encouraged to build their own institutional structures and devise their own management practices which are then

187 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN scaled up from the watersheds to the basin level. Stakeholders are also involved in negotiating and managing water-related affairs within their basin/sub-basin. Accordingly public hearings were conducted at different prominent places in WFRB in 2017 and 2018.

Use of appropriate technology – It is important to select and implement technology which is simultaneously advanced enough to meet the objectives, and simple and affordable enough for the handling, repair and maintenance by users etc. It should also be replicable in similar socio- economic regions and contexts across the basin.

The precautionary principle – This principle lays more emphasis on preventive steps rather than curative steps, with the intention of minimizing, if not eliminating, damage to human life, property and the environment. It is particularly more important in the case of disasters, both natural and manmade, and climate change. 24.4 Action Plan 24.4.1 Prioritisation – Conceptual Framework The investment priorities within the Godavari river basin and its 30 sub-basins align with the priorities mentioned in the Maharashtra State Water Policy 2003. Point 4.0 of the Maharashtra State Water Policy 2003 states clearly the general principles on which water allocation is to be based, in the order of decreasing priority, as follows –

Domestic use for drinking, cooling, hygiene and sanitation needs, including livestock.

Agriculture and hydropower.

Industrial, commercial use and agro-based industrial use.

Environment and recreation uses.

All other uses.

Specific directives have been given by Hon. Governor of Maharashtra vide Letter No. GS/JS(DB)/IRG-DIR/2009/506 , dated 27/05/2009 from Secretary to Governor to the State Government. Equitable distribution of allocation in the irrigation sector is a criterion considered in the directives according to which weights are considered for indicators like Backlog (55%), Population (10%), Net Sown Area (20%) and On-going Projects (15%).

Broad Policy Framework (2016): The current operative statutory provision regarding the water allocation policy has been elaborated in a recent Government Resolution dated 29/01/2016, according to which the State Cabinet headed by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra has transferred the rights of deciding non-irrigation water allocation, previously with the Cabinet, to the divisional level. The criteria for non-irrigation water allocation will be prepared by the MWRRA. The resultant pattern of water allocation will be reviewed every three years.

The Kelkar Committee Report of 2013 has outlined below the objectives for water resource development which provide further details about the procedure for achieving equitable allocation of water and bringing about balanced economic growth. Further, it may be noted that these objectives are in conformity with the broad policy framework mentioned in the previous paragraph. The objectives are -

To reach the level of irrigation in all divisions equal to the highest divisional level (i.e. Pune division) or to the level permissible by the Tribunal.

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To achieve these levels on priority basis in Amravati, Aurangabad, Nagpur, Nashik and Konkan divisions.

To solve the four area-specific problems identified (severely water stressed talukas , ' Bhustar Pratikul Talukas' , 'Khar Pan Patta' and 'Maji Malgujari Talav' ) in the next 5 years.

To overcome the limitations posed by the Forest Rights Act or the administrative/political will and to make complete utilization of water in the East Vidarbha and Konkan with the needs of the local population getting first preference.

Another important point of reference for setting the priorities for project selection is the CAG Report on ‘Management of Irrigation Projects’ in Maharashtra, 2014 . Its recommendations are –

“No new projects to be taken up; (till the currently ongoing projects are completed)

Projects on which expenditure incurred was 75 per cent or more of the project cost, were to be completed first ( category A );

Projects on which 50 to 75 per cent expenditure of the project cost was incurred (category B ) in areas with backlog in irrigation were to be taken up next; and

Projects on which expenditure incurred was less than 50 per cent were to be taken to a safe stage and further expenditure stopped ( category C ).”

Criteria (ii) and (iii) as laid down by the CAG report are based on the principle of low- hanging fruit i.e. quicker and easier results in the short term from projects which are nearly complete or past the half-completed mark. The financial resources which are not even half- completed (Category C) can be diverted to Categories A and B, and thus accelerate their completion. During this process, stoppage on sanctioning any new projects would reduce the thinning of funds over all the projects undertaken.

To this framework, another criterion, and a caveat may be added: projects which are only 10%, or less than 10% completed should be suspended and deferred till projects from Category A and B have been completed and, notwithstanding all these criteria, projects in regions which experience high water scarcity, recurrent droughts, and other water crises should get sanctioned and be completed on priority . The additional criterion is in line with the concern expressed by the Governor in his annual directive, in the CAG report, and the decisions taken by the Cabinet regarding thinning and consequent inadequateness of funds. The caveat upholds the principles of social equity, regional balance, and balanced focus on all water-related issues as followed by the KCR.

Further, there are certain ancillary and/or overarching projects which need to be taken up on priority. These projects do not deal with storage or distribution of water directly, but their execution will contribute to higher returns on the existing water resource projects, infuse more efficiency into water storage and distribution systems, and generate more benefits for the society and economy. They are as follows –

Regular data collection and updating, stored in a centralised manner in public domain for easy and widespread access.

Volumetric measurement of water supply from large and medium storages, and in urban areas.

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Training and capacity building in the case of technology used for water resource management; setting up of research institutes, colleges, online and/or correspondence options for relevant courses etc.

Network of go-downs, cold storages, processing centres etc. equipped with state-of-the- art technology and regular maintenance.

Last but not the least; environmental concerns should be taken up as high priority. Climate change and ensuring minimum/environmental flows and groundwater return flows in order to make communities resilient to climate change should be considered as high priority in all basin plans as well as the State Water Plan. In the short run, extensive data collection and analysis should be conducted in order to obtain moving averages and trend lines which would give a comprehensive picture of climate change, its pattern, and effects. The analysis, conclusion and solutions should be then included as a separate chapter with special focus in the next review of this plan after five years. Note that the above recommendations have been emphasised in the National Water Policy, 2012.

24.4.2 Prioritisation of Major and Medium Projects in the Godavari Basin Since this plan is fundamentally a perspective plan for setting priorities and not an investment plan per se, it will primarily address major and medium projects, as they cover a substantial portion of the aggregate investment and the completion of their construction should take not more than 13 years. It will also not set specific, annual or five-yearly targets for each water use but estimate approximate outcomes by the year 2030. It is not that the WRD has not been prioritising projects. However, despite the adoption of criteria for prioritisation and preparation of annual budgets accordingly, the final objective of prioritisation has not been fulfilled, which is to complete as many projects as possible, in the shortest period of time, given the absolute limitations of availability of finance.

24.4.2.1 Recommended methodology A methodology to complete irrigation project was formulated by GOI in the years 2014 and 2015. Accordingly projects completed up to 75% physically and financially were given top priority. Financial outlays were prepared and source of funding was determined. Based on the same principles and priorities the WFR Basin authorities have prepared a plan for all on-going and future projects in detailed. A summary indicating financial outlays for each year is given in the following tables.

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24.4.2.1 Project completion planning for SKIPC (Sindhudurg) (All figures in INR Crores)

No. of Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 years Upto Balance under Balanc SR date cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Month Execution Provisio e cost . Name of total remaini Remar & Year / n 2017- 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 after N project cost on ng in ks of A.A. completi 18 10 o March April on upto years 2017 2017 Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisio March e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n 2018

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Mejor Projects ` Tilari Hydro electric Sep- 1 350.13 7 345.62 0.01 345.61 0.01 345.6 50.00 295.6 25.00 270.6 50.00 220.6 50.00 170.6 50.00 120.6 50.00 70.60 70.60 ProjectStage II 2010

Tilari Mar- 2 Interstate 1667.21 39 544.19 170.43 544.19 170.43 373.76 358.62 15.14 15.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 Project Feb- 2265.2 2265.2 2265.1 2255.1 2205.1 2155.1 2105.1 1905.1 1705.1 1505.1 1205.1 3 Talamba 2417.39 37 2265.21 0.01 0.01 0.01 10.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 300.00 300.00 905.19 300.00 605.19 300.00 305.19 1981 1 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Medium

Projects Mar- 1 Deoghar 716.54 39 439.56 15.00 439.56 15.00 424.56 20.00 404.56 100.00 304.56 100.00 204.56 100.00 104.56 104.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 2 Naradave 1084.66 Jul-1989 28 698.63 36.10 698.63 36.10 662.53 228.27 434.26 434.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec- 1115.2 3 Aruna 1689.52 22 1115.24 167.87 167.87 947.37 463.16 484.21 484.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995 4 Oct- 4 Korle Satandi 512.10 19 340.26 15.00 340.26 15.00 325.26 1.00 324.26 20.00 304.26 100.00 204.26 100.00 104.26 104.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1998 Dec- 5 Sarambala 681.36 23 609.12 0.01 609.12 0.01 609.11 0.01 609.10 0.01 609.09 50.00 559.09 100.00 459.09 100.00 359.09 100.00 259.09 100.00 159.09 159.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995

Minor Projects

Dec- 1 Tarandale 115.62 21 30.30 0.01 30.30 0.01 30.29 5.00 25.29 25.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 Aug- 2 Shirashinge 402.14 34 301.72 0.01 301.72 0.01 301.71 0.01 301.70 0.01 301.69 50.00 251.69 50.00 201.69 50.00 151.69 100.00 51.69 51.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 Dec- 3 Nadhavade 112.04 32 63.37 2.00 63.37 2.00 61.37 1.00 60.37 5.00 55.37 55.37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1985 Oct- 4 Otav 79.79 40 39.10 20.00 39.10 20.00 19.10 5.00 14.10 14.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 Mar- 5 Talere 50.79 22 37.36 0.01 37.36 0.01 37.35 0.01 37.34 0.01 37.33 20.00 17.33 17.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 Sep- 6 Virdi 146.00 12 79.27 0.01 79.27 0.01 79.26 50 29.26 29.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2005 8 Dendonwadi 50.01 Sep-80 37 21.36 20.00 21.36 20.00 1.36 6.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oct- 9 Nirukhe 53.26 35 51.78 0.01 51.78 0.01 51.77 0.01 51.76 0.01 51.75 20.00 31.75 31.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982 10128.5 6982.0 6535.6 5352.1 4189.8 3694.4 3195.3 2736.5 2286.5 1864.2 1505.1 1205.1 Total 447.00 6982.09 446.480 446.480 1188.10 1162.3 495.37 499.08 458.820 450.00 422.29 359.09 300.000 300.00 905.19 300.000 605.19 300.00 305.19 6 8 0 4 4 7 9 7 7 8 9 9

191 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 24.4.2.2 Project completion planning for RIC (Ratnagiri) (All figures in INR Crores)

No. of Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Upto years Balance date Mont under Balanc cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 total h & Executio Provisio e cost SR. Name of remaini Remar cost Year n / n 2017- 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 after No project ng in ks on of complet 18 10 April March A.A. ion upto Balanc Provisio Provisio Balanc Provisi Provisi Provisi Balanc Provisi Provisi Balanc Provisi Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisi Balanc Balanc Provisi years 2017 Balance Balance Balance Balance Provision Balance Provision 2017 March e n n e on on on e on on e on e n e on e e on 2018

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Medium ` Projects Gadnadi 950.37 08/8 30 186.62 25.88 160.74 25.88 83.81 76.93 0 83.81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

Jamada 810.70 07/0 23 491.28 0.01 491.27 0.01 491.26 0.01 341.26 150.00 191.26 150 0 191.26 2 4

Arjuna 743.09 Dec- 22 199.83 70.53 199.83 70.53 129.30 100.00 29.30 29.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1995 Minor

Projects Ozar 40.81 11/1 12 24.91 3.65 21.26 3.65 10.26 11.00 0.00 10.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1/02 Hasol 51.72 03/0 12 34.57 3.03 31.54 3.03 21.54 10.00 0.00 21.54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6/04 Chavanwadi 71.62 27/0 17 49.03 0.01 49.02 0.01 48.52 0.50 23.52 25.00 0.00 23.52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7/95 Shelarwadi 121.21 11/1 12 33.10 10.00 23.1 10 13.10 10.00 0.00 13.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2/95 Talwat 65.87 09/0 22 36.56 10.00 26.56 10 26.06 0.50 0 26.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8/94 Poynar 137.36 06/1 17 70.62 8.00 62.62 8 60.62 2.00 30.62 30 0 30.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0/95 Kakyewadi 66.00 23/0 12 13.09 15.00 -1.91 15.00 0.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6/04 Gadgadi 144.50 12/1 34 22.02 0.01 22.01 0.01 21.91 0.10 0 21.91 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1/79 New Mandve 131.50 27/0 23 95.73 5.00 90.73 5.00 89.73 1.00 39.73 50 0 39.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9/94 Rangav 57.51 16/0 23 15 10.00 5.00 10.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 8/94 Awashi 29.33 09/0 23 3.81 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 8/94 Kudup 40.36 23/0 0 38.24 0.01 38.23 0.01 38.22 0.01 18.22 20 0 18.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 6/04 Pimpalwadi 87.48 11/0 36 3.78 0.00 3.78 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 3/81 Bholavali 25.50 31/0 22 1.43 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 8/94 Tangar 11.25 13/1 37 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 2/77 Sirsadi 26.00 04/0 17 9.27 0.00 9.27 0.00 0.00 9.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 8/94 Muchkundi 358.33 Aug- 13 199.09 11.67 199.09 11.67 187.42 100.00 87.42 87.42 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 2004 Chinchawadi 50.88 Oct- 12 12.33 0.00 12.33 6.00 6.33 6.33 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 2005 Tide 93.95 Sep- 12 34.40 18.56 34.40 18.56 15.84 15.84 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 2005 Berdewadi 132.36 Sep- 34 59.51 22.32 59.51 22.32 37.19 25.00 12.19 12.19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1983 Yelondwadi 190.46 Sep- 12 181.81 0.01 181.81 45.00 136.81 50.00 86.81 50.00 36.8 36.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2005

`

192 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN 24.4.2.3 Project completion planning for NKIPC (Raigad) (All figures in INR Crores) No. of Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 years Upto under Balanc date Mont 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Balanc SR Execut e cost total h & Provisio e cost . Name of ion / remain 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 cost Year n 2017- after Remarks N project compl ing in on of 18 10 o etion April Bal March A.A. Balanc Provisi Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisi Balanc Provisi Provisi Provisi Provisi Balanc Provisi Balanc Provisio Balanc Provisi Balanc Balanc Provisi years upto 2017 Balance Balance Provision anc Balance Provision 2017 e on e n e on e on on on on e on e n e on e e on March e 2018

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Mejor Projects `

1 ____ NIL ___ Medium Projects

1 Hetawane 453.35 Jun- 32/66 119.62 0.01 119.62 0.01 118.62 100.00 18.62 18.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level 08 % 2 Deharji 1068.4 Oct- -- 890.53 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Water supply 9 05 0 project which proposed under deposit contribution work 3 Sambarkun 369.50 Oct- -- 359.30 0.01 359.30 0.01 359.29 100.00 259.29 100.00 159.29 159.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level d 01

Minor Projects

1 Wagh 79.90 Sep- 21/90 21.31 14.00 21.31 14.00 7.31 7.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government 01 % 0 Level 2 Padale 93.92 2012 11/90 27.45 10.00 27.45 10.00 17.45 17.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government % 0 Level 3 Amboli 80.36 Oct- 11/70 27.34 5.00 27.34 5.00 22.34 10.00 12.34 12.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level 10 % 0 4 Pali- 111.44 Sep- 23/70 66.89 5.00 66.89 5.00 61.89 15.00 46.89 15.00 31.89 15.00 16.89 16.89 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level Bhutavli 05 % 0 5 Nageshwar 129.71 Mar- 21/30 71.31 25.00 71.31 25.00 46.31 25.00 21.31 21.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 The complaince of i 03 % 0 remarks raised by SLTAC is under progress at field level 6 Kotheri 118.60 Aug- 10/30 70.62 1.93 70.62 1.93 68.89 50.00 18.60 18.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 06 % 0 8 Lendi 187.04 Feb- 10/65 102.81 26.31 102.81 26.31 76.50 50.00 16.50 16.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government 15 % 0 Level 9 Kalvali- 50.39 Mar- 17/10 32.67 0.01 32.67 0.01 32.66 10.00 22.66 10.00 12.66 12.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 The complaince of Dharavli 00 % 0 remarks raised by SLTAC is under progress at field level 10 Kushivli 71.56 Jun- 13/20 50.88 2.62 50.88 2.62 48.26 25.00 23.26 23.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level 03 % 0 11 Kholsapada 146.37 Jun- Sep-00 144.28 0.01 144.28 0.01 144.27 50.00 94.27 50.00 44.27 44.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level -1 08 0 12 Chanera 128.90 Jun- NIL 128.16 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Project is held up 11 0 due to Public Interest Litigation 13 Vadshetvav 45.50 Jan- 12/20 23.31 0.00 23.31 0.00 23.31 5.00 18.31 5.00 15.31 5.00 10.31 5.00 5.31 5.31 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Suprama at Filed e 14 % 0 Level 14 Kalu 657.58 Jul- 6/15% 543.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1. Water supply 09 0 project which proposed under deposit contribution work. 2.Project is held up due to Public Interest Litigation 15 Shai 645.40 Aug- 7/0% 627.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1. Water supply 09 0 project which proposed under deposit contribution work. 2.Project is held up due to Public Interest Litigation 16 Shri 43.53 May- 7/40% 24.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Water supply Hariharesh 10 0 project which war proposed under deposit contribution work Total 4871.0 3720.6 89.92 1117.7 89.90 1027.1 464.76 552.05 290.72 263.42 236.22 27.20 21.89 5.31 5.31 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4871.0 3 5 9 0 0 3 193 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

24.4.2.4 Project completion planning for TIC (Thane) (All figures in INR Crores)

SR Name of Upto Month No. of Balance Provisi Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016 -17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016 -17 Balan Remar . project date & Year years cost on ce ks N total of A.A. under remaini 2017- cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 o cost Executio ng (As 18 after on n / per 2017 -18 2018 -19 2019 -20 2020 -21 2021 -22 2022 -23 2023 -24 2024 -25 2025 -26 2026 -27 2027 -28 2028 -29 2029 -30 10 Marc completi Revised years h on upto cost) in Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi Balan Provisi 2017 March April ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on ce on 2018 2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 TIC, Thane

A Major ` Projects (Ongoin g) 1 Surya 482. Jan - 43 288.47 3.00 288.4 3.00 285.4 100.00 185.4 100.00 85.47 85.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46 1974 7 7 7

2 Bhatsa 624. Mar - 48 745.60 50.00 745.6 50.00 695.6 100.00 595.6 100.00 495.6 100.00 395.6 100.00 295.6 100.00 195.6 100.00 95.60 95.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 91 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B Medium NIL NIL Projects (Ongoin g) C Minor Projects

1 Domihir 100. Oct - 22 31.53 0.47 31.53 0.47 31.06 12.00 19.06 12.00 7.06 5.00 2.06 2.06 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 a 05 1985

2 Pawale 17.3 Feb.20 12 3.51 5.00 3.51 5.00 -1.49 2.00 -3.49 2.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5. 49 0.00 0.00 9 05

3 Nampad 12.7 Dec.20 13 26.66 0.01 26.66 0.01 26.65 5.00 21.65 5.00 16.65 5.00 11.65 5.00 6.65 5.00 1.65 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 a 8 04

4 Kholsapa 31.0 Mar - 23 31.00 0.00 31.00 0.00 31.0 0 6.00 25.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Work da -2 0 1981 not yet starte d duet o forest 5 Nimbap 32.5 Jan - 22 32.50 0.00 32.50 0.00 32.50 0.00 32.50 10.00 22.50 10.00 12.50 10 .00 2.50 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Work ur 0 1984 not yet starte d due to forest 6 Shribhuv 5.78 May - 7 3.31 0.01 3.31 0.01 3.30 5.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 0.00 an 2011

D Lift Irrigatio n Scheme - Ongoing 1 15.4 Nov - 12 8.06 0 8.06 0 8.06 8.06 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 LIS 4 2005

194 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

25 Institutional & Legal Arrangements 25.1 Background Water Sector in Maharashtra is at crossroads. Water resources development has almost hit a plateau. Its future now critically depends upon Water Management, Governance & Regulation (WMGR). Improved & effective WMGR demands robust Institutional & Legal Arrangements (ILA). Before going into the details of ILA, it would be worthwhile to take note of some of the important developments in the discourse on WMGR in general & ILA in particular at international as well as national level.

Millennium Development Goals (2000) identify Environmental Sustainability as an important goal. Sustainable Development Goals (2015) lay emphasis on ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Targets fixed (Annex-1) to achieve these goals need to be reflected in ISWP.

Model Bill on National Water Framework Law attempts to develop a broad national consensus on certain principles like water as a scarce resource, heritage, public trust, a common pool resource.

Model Bill on Ground Water (Development & Management) envisages revisiting Legal Status of Groundwater & Prioritisation of its use.

The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (1966), though 5 decades old & about international waters, provide principles which can be applied to interstate & intra-state water conflicts.

An attempt has been made to address the above issues in ISWP in general & that in ILA in particular.

25.2 What is ILA? ILA simply means Institutions & Principles on the basis of which the Institutions function. Institutions, for example, include MOWR, CWC, CGWB, MOEF, etc at Central Government level & WRD, MWRRA, GSDA, WUAs, etc at State level. Principles comprise of Constitution of India, water & environment related National & State Policies, Acts, Rules, Notifications, and Agreements. A brief review of selected principles & institutions which are directly related to Maharashtra & ISWP is given below. It explains the scope & importance of ILA.

25.3 Water and Constitution of India: Water policies, water laws & ISWP should conform to the general principles in Constitution. Important provisions related to water in the Constitution are given in Annex- 2. Those are self- explanatory & don’t need any elaboration here. However, it is necessary to note following:

• The Supreme Court (SC) has recognised the fundamental right to water as integral to the right to life & has further specified variously the corresponding duties of the state.

195 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

• Water in its natural state is a common pool resource & the SC has applied the public trust doctrine to both surface & groundwater. Private property rights in groundwater, therefore, are now inappropriate.

• Some constitutional experts have pointed out following limitations in the Constitution regarding water.

o Entry (article?) 17 mentions only some specific uses of water o Irrigation looms large. Heavy influence of the engineering point of view. o There is no specific reference to groundwater. Only river water gets importance. o Many important issues are missing. For example, community managed systems, rainwater harvesting, water management, role of civil society in water sector, overt reference to water as a basic essential for life & therefore a basic human & animal right • It is quite likely that the whole logic of water resources development & management would change drastically when Panchayat Samitees & Nagrpalikas would start exercising their powers as per the 73 rd &74 th Amendments. 25.4 State Water Policy Maharashtra adopted State Water Policy (SWP) in 2003. In its first paragraph itself, SWP has made following critical observations

a. Optimum, economical, equitable & sustainable use of water has become a matter of utmost urgency b. Discrepancies of the last 50 years of the WRD & M brought about certain critical challenges requiring immediate attention c. Switching over from “Isolated & fragmented” to “Integrated” approach is necessary. SWP, in fact, not only clearly states that Integrated, Multi-sectoral, River basin Approach & State Water Plan are its objectives but even spells out a five-pronged strategy which comprises of following:

a. Enabling environment for better & more equitable & productive water management, b. Restructuring the fundamental roles & relationships of the State & the water users, c. Creating a new institutional arrangement for water governance, (iv)promoting new technology, & d. Enactment of appropriate legislation. Strategy for legislation reads as follows:

“The State will enact appropriate legislation and enabling rules to give effect to the above mentioned strategies in short time. To begin with, the State will adopt three critical items of legislation including an act to authorize farmers’ management of irrigation systems and an act to create a State water authority and river basin authorities”

SWP is, thus, the genesis of Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005 (MMISF) & Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Act, 2005 (MWRRA)

196 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

25.5 MWRRA Act, 2005: Theory 25.5.1 Provisions for Water Governance: The MWRRA Act, 2005 has made following very important & useful provisions for creating a solid & robust frame work for ILA & Water Governance in the State:

Table 25-1: Provisions for Water Governance

Sr.No. Section Provision Purpose 1 2 3 4 1 2 (1) (u) Definition of River basin Agency To establish RBAs to give the Water (RBAs) Entitlements 2 14 Permission of RBA To authorize the water use in the State 3 15 State Water Board To prep are a draft Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP) 4 16 State Water Council To approve the draft ISWP submitted by the State Water Board. 5 11 (f) (For MWRRA) to review & clear To develop & manage water resources in the water resources projects proposed State in systematic, systemic & river at the sub-basin & river basin level basinwise manner as per the State Water to ensure that a proposal is in Policy & MWRRA Act. conformity with Integrated State Water Plan..... 6 13 Powers of Authority & Dispute To resolve water conflicts Resolution Officer 7 22 Disputes & Appeals To resolve water conflicts 25.5.2 River Basin Agency Definition of River Basin Agency has been given in Section 2 (1) (u).It reads as given below:

“(u) “River Basin Agency” means any one of the following River Basin Development Corporations operating in the River Basin and includes the Government Authorities as specified by the Government, from time to time,-(list of Irrigation Development Corporations is not given here)

In view of above definition, existing Irrigation Development Corporations are `treated’ as the River Basin Agencies for all the purposes of the Act & as such, they are supposed to perform their duties & responsibilities as per the Act from the date on which this Act is made applicable in the State. In order to use any water from any water source, permission of River Basin Agency is required. Section 14 of the Act is important in this context.

25.5.3 State Water Board: In order to prepare a draft Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP), State Water Board has already been duly established under section 15 of MWRRA Act by the Government of Maharashtra through a notification in Official Gazette (Part 4 –B) on 22 nd Dec 2005.The State Water Board should submit its first draft Integrated State Water Plan to the Council for its approval within six months from the date on which this Act is made applicable in the State.

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25.5.4 State Water Council In order to approve a draft Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP), State Water Council has already been duly established under section 16 of MWRRA Act by the Government of Maharashtra through a notification in Official Gazette (Part 4 –B) on 22 nd Dec 2005.

The State Water Council should approve the draft Integrated State Water Plan within a period of six months from the date of submission of draft Integrated State Water Plan keeping in view the directives given by the Governor for removal of regional imbalance. The water plan so approved by the Committee shall become “Integrated State Water Plan”.

25.6 Sanctioning projects with particular reference to Integrated State Water Plan To develop & manage water resources in the State in systematic, systemic & river basinwise manner as per the State Water Policy, the MWRRA Act gives powers to MWRRA vide Section 11(f) to sanction projects with particular reference to Integrated State Water Plan as approved by State Water Council. It is clear that MWRRA Act not only gives tremendous importance to Integrated State Water Plan but also gives powers to MWRRA to sanction projects only & only if they are in conformity of Integrated State Water Plan. Integrated State Water Plan also has an important bearing on the role of River Basin Agencies & regional imbalance too.

Importance of River Basin Agencies & Integrated State Water Plan has also been recognized & highlighted by The Special Investigation Committee to Enquire about Irrigation related Issues (Chitale Committee) in its report published in Feb 2014. It discusses about Integrated State Water Plan (Para 2.4.1 (10) & 8.18) & River Basin Agencies (8.8) in Vol. – 1 of its report. Both have a pivotal role to play in future development of water sector.

25.7 Resolution of water conflicts Sec – 13 (Powers of Authority & Dispute Resolution Officer) & Sec – 22 (Disputes & Appeals) of the MWRRA Act provides for resolution of water conflicts. Government of Maharashtra has also issued a G.R.(No. Misc 1009/265/09/IM (P) dt 25 th Aug 2009) in respect of river basinwise appointment of Primary Dispute Resolution Officers .

25.8 MWRRA ACT, 2005: Practice 25.8.1 Constraints in implementing the ISWP: “Provisions in MWRRA Act, 2005 & their direct linkages with ISWP” and “Amendments to MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP” are given in Annexes – 3 & 4 respectively. From the perusal of these two self-explanatory Annexes, it is seen that are many constraints in implementing the ISWP. Gist of those constraints is given below.

Compliance to MWRRA Act Institutional & Legal Arrangements 1 2 1. No Rules. 1. No RBAs 2. Projects cleared without ISWP 3. Many provisions in the Act not yet used SWB & SWC – Not adequately 4. Adverse impacts of amendments in 2011 equipped. Not fully operationalized

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Compliance to MWRRA Act Institutional & Legal Arrangements 1 2 (a) Redistribution of water – not possible (b) Entitlements – process jeopardized. 3. Adverse impacts of 1 & 2 above on © Sec 14 (1) – Can’t be implemented. (a) Data validation (b) Involvement of all departments © Quality of ISWP 25.8.2 Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations into River Basin Agencies Sub-basin wise water plans are supposed to be prepared by the RBAs. However, there are no “true” RBAs. MWRRA Act has taken a short cut. As per Section 2 (2) (u) existing Irrigation Development Corporations (IDC) are only the RBAs. But IDCs cannot be the RBAs in the truest sense of the term. Conversion of IDCs into RBAs is a must because of the following difference between IDCs & RBAs.

IDCs RBAs 1 2 Mono-disciplinary (only Civil Engineers) Inter-disciplinary ( representation to all categories of Emphasis on water users) - Project-wise development (i.e. only Emphasis on construction), - Integrated river basin/ sub-basin- wise development & - Surface water, management - Irrigation & Hydropower - Surface & groundwater - Water Management with W R D) - Irrigation & Non-Irrigation - Permission to water use & issuance of water entitlements u/s 14

Actually, RBA is an accepted principle world over! State Water Policy envisages RBAs. MWRRA Act provides for RBAs. Mahrashtra Krisna River Basin agency (MKRBA) bill has already been prepared by WRD but the same is not being processed. GR on Restructuring of WRD laid emphasis on RBAs. SIT (Chitale committee) recommends RBAs. RBAs & ISWP together form the strategy of Reforms. Suresh Kumar Committee (31 Jan 2016) has also recommended conversion of IDCs into RBAs. On this background, it is suggested that GoM may take an early decision to formally convert IDCs into RBAs & remove the biggest hurdle in preparing ISWP.

25.9 Linkages of ISWP & MWRRA with other Water Laws 25.9.1 Acts in force: Following nine irrigation related Acts are in force simultaneously in the State.

ó Maharashtra Irrigation Act (MIA) 1976

ó Irrigation Development Corporations (IDC) Acts 1996 – 1998 [Total 5 Acts]

ó Maharashtra Management of Irrigation System by the Farmers (MMISF) Act 2005

ó Maharashtra Water resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act 2005

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ó Maharashtra Ground Water ( Development & Management) Act, 2009 (MGW)

Barring the exception of MGW Act, all other Acts are based on MIA & refer to the same as MIA is the Parent Act.

25.9.2 Why MIA is a Parent Act? It is MIA that provides for basic foundation & frame work of the Water Management, Governance & Regulation (WMGR) in the State through following provisions.

Section Provision Purpose 1 2 3 11 Notification when water supply to be applied for purposes of canal or for regulation, supply or To provide WRD locus standi for storage of water. WMGR 3 Lands under irrigable command of canal. 5 Division of State into irrigation areas To provide adm inistrative structure to WMGR 8 Appointment of Canal Officers. To appoint officers for implementation of the Act & fix their respective jurisdictions 80 Notice as to claims for compensation in certain To provide compensation to cases. farmers if water is not supplied as per declared program (conditions apply) 116 Application of certain provisions of Act to Lift To bring LIS under the purview of Irrigation Works of Co-operative Societies. the Act.

Role of MIA in water regulation has been recognised in Amendments to MWRRA Act in 2011. The preamble of MWRRA (Amendment & Continuance) Act 2011 reads as follows:

Whereas the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 regulates the supply of water for irrigation & non-irrigation purposes;

And Whereas the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 provides for the regulation of water resources & determination of tariff by the authorities thereunder;

MMISF Act has also saved (Sec 78) most of the provisions under MIA 76 barring certain sections which have been repealed (Sec 77).

25.9.3 Role of Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act: Since, MIA is a parent Act, the Canal Officers appointed & empowered under MIA is only supposed to implement IDC, MMISF & MWRRA Acts. In fact, they have been appointed & empowered under MMISF Act also (Notification–II dt. 18 Feb 2006 (No. CDA 1006/(35/2006)/Lakshevi(works). Role of Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act is made clear in a table below.

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MMISF Act MWRRA Act 1 2 Section Role of Canal Officer as Section Role of Canal Officer as Powers, As Regulators For all purposes For appeals Functions & Maj & Med Projects: SDEs Duties Minor Projects: AE II / 5,6,10, MLA, DLA & of Sectional Engineers 13,16,42 CLA: EEs MLA, DLA & CLA: Regulators* *Ref: MWRRA publication SEs As PDROs: CE to SDE PLA: SEs (as appointed by Government) PLA: CEs 13 & 22 Ref: MWRRA’s Technical Manual, 2015 38 As Competent Authority: AE I, SDE, EE, SE at MLA,DLA,CLA& PLA respectively

MLA, DLA, CLA & PLA mean respectively Minor, Distributory, Canal & Project Level Associations AE-I: Assistant Engineer –I, SDE: Sub Divisional Engineer, EE: Executive Engineer, SE: Superintending Engineering, PDRO: Primary Dispute Resolution Officer 25.9.4 Appointment & Empowerment of Canal Officers as per MIA 76 From foregoing discussions, it is clear that following basic issues need to be immediately addressed to have Institutional & Legal Arrangement (ILA)

• Division of State into Irrigation units (section 5) like River basin & Sub basins is very important from Water Governance point of view, because ILA should be administratively compatible to the River basin / sub-basinwise approach. Recent Acts like MMISF & MWRRA have accepted the River basin/sub- basinwise approach. RBAs are in the process of formation. WRD had issued Water Audit, Benchmarking & Irrigation Status Reports from 2002 to 2011 based on river basin/ sub-basinwise data.

• Issuing Notification of Section, Sub division, Division, Circle, Region as per revised division of irrigation areas u/s 8 is the next logical & legal step. That would legally define the jurisdiction of all Canal Officers at various levels. This is a necessary condition for the appointment of Canal Officer; but not a sufficient one.

• Issuing order as per as per Sec 2(4) & 6 is the sufficient condition. Sec 2(4) defines the term “Canal Officer”. The definition is given below

"Canal Officer" means any officer duly appointed by the State Government by an order in writing for all or any of the purposes of this Act specified in the order,

• Sec (6) gives a list of officers who could possibly be the Canal Officers. Sub section 6 (2), however, is a neglected provision. It is as follows

“For the purposes of Part XIII of this Act, the Canal Officer shall be a Revenue Officer not below the rank of a Tahsildar”.

• Part XIII (Sections 117 to 130) of the Act deals with Second Class Irrigation Works (SCIW) i.e. supposedly works under ZP & Water Conservation Dept. It needs to be implemented to bring SCIW under Water Governance which would facilitate its regular M & R, help introduce O & M & pave way for assessment & recovery of water charges. Tariff regimes, surprisingly, so far, have not included SCIW. Integration envisaged in ISWP demands serious & immediate inclusion of SCIW.

• Implementation of Sec 10 (Power to allot duties), Sec 110 (Delegation of powers) & scrupulous adherence to GR [No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31 st Aug 2004-copy attached] would further empower Canal Officers & help them perform their legal duties in a better manner.

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• A draft of the order proposed to be used for the Appointment of Canal Officers is given in Annex- 5. Set of pro forma which could be used for division of State into irrigation areas (u/s 5) now as per River basin & Sub basins is given in Annex-6.

An attempt was made to collect data & information in this set of pro forma. From available data it appears, prima facie, that most of the irrigation sections, sub divisions, divisions, circles & regions have not been duly notified under section 5 & 8 of MIA76. These notifications need to be issued immediately.

Appointment of Canal Officers, their suitable empowerment & notification of their jurisdiction would create an institutional framework. To make it smoothly operate, it is imperative to have Rules & Notifications.

25.10 Rules of the Acts It needs to be seriously noted that barring the exception of MMISF Act, all other Acts don’t have rules. Acts state general principles. Rules provide details required for implementation of the Act. Rules include empowerment of officials, prescribed procedures, time limits, forms to be used, etc. Rules are thus inseparable from the Act.

25.10.1 River & Command Notifications under MIA:

In addition to notification regarding Appointment of Canal Officers, notifications pertaining to rivers & command areas under MIA are also important as they provide

(1) Necessary legal locus standi to WRD for carrying out WMGR.

(2) Prior intimation to water users that provisions of MIA would henceforth be applied in the notified command areas & give them opportunity of being heard (This is the first step of the process of PIM)

(3) Assurance that water would be used for the purpose mentioned in the notification. This is the first step in the direction of issuing Water Use Entitlements.

Table below highlights the importance & necessity of both the notifications.

River Notification u/s 11 Command Notification u/s 3 • WRD gets locus standi in respect • WRD gets locus standi in respect of WMGR of WMGR

• Canal Officers get Power of Entry • Assessment & Recovery of Water on Land in the command u/s 12 Charges u/s 88 – 2 & 105 becomes • Collector can entertain demands regarding Award of legal Compensation u /s 75(1)-c & 80 • Handing over to WUAs [MMISF Rules Delineation, Annex -1] becomes legally valid

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25.10.2 Notification for Lift Irrigation Water Users Associations: Area & water use of Lift Irrigation Schemes is increasing at an alarming rate. But LIS remains virtually unregulated because necessary notifications u/s 116 of MIA and u/s 39 of MMISF Act have not been issued since 40 years & 11 years respectively.

25.11 Revisiting MWRRA: Foregoing discussions suggest that it is necessary to take a critical review of MWRRA which is the first ever Quasi Judicial Independent Regulatory Authority (IRA) in India’s water sector. It’s time to identify & remove weaknesses & further strengthen the IRA in the larger interests of the State in general & water sector in particular. MWRRA should become a custodian of water laws & ILA. This is, of course, easier said than done! An attempt is done here to revisit MWRRA.

25.11.1 Understanding the problem MWRRA is totally dependent on Water Resources Department (WRD) for its very existence for 3 reasons. First, WRD has a decisive role in the appointments of the Secretary, Members, and Chairman of MWRRA. Second, MWRRA gets its funds from WRD. Third, MWRRA has to perform all of its activities through WRD only. This 100% dependence on WRD has put many indirect restrictions on MWRRA.

MWRRA is working literally in vacuum; thanks to the absence of Rules, RBAs, fully operational SWB & SWC and ISWP

• Though MWRRA has “powers as are vested in a civil court, under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ”, it could hardly exercise its following powers as a quasi judicial authority.

1. Powers of Authority and Dispute Resolution Officer u/s 13: 2. Disputes & Appeals u/s 22: 3. Punishment for non-compliance of orders u/s 26 4. Offences by companies u/s 27 5. Compounding of offences u/s 28 6. Cognizance of offences u/s 29 .

• As a result, MWRRA could not do anything in respect of following in last 11 years

1. State Water Entitlement data base [11 (s)] 2. Hydro-meteorological information data base [11(t)] 3. Irrigation Status Report [11 (v)] 4. Preservation of water quality [12(5)] 5. Private LIS [12(6)(d), (e)] 6. Water to drought prone areas [12 (10) (a)] 7. Restrictions on digging wells [14(3)] 8. Drip / Sprinkler [14 (4)] 25.11.2 Restructuring of MWRRA Following measures are proposed for restructuring & strengthening of MWRRA

• MWRRA may be delinked from WRD from administrative point of view.

• Ways & means may be identified to make MWRRA truly independent by elevating its legal status & suitably empowering it.

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• MWRRA may be given some percentage of funds provided for in the State’s annual budget for all water related departments taken together. Such funds may specially be provided in the name of MWRRA directly & not through some particular department

• A corpus of substantial amount may specially be created for MWRRA

• MWRRA may have adequate technical & ministerial staff considering its increased workload due to added responsibility of aspects related to Ground Water

• MWRRA may be restructured to ensure that it would be an interdisciplinary authority comprising of national / international level young (age group 40 to 50) techno savvy experts of proven track record

• From all disciplines directly related to regulation & governance of water. Post-graduation in water management, regulation & governance related subject from a reputed institution should be the minimum educational qualification. Persons from various renowned Indian Institutions like IIT, NIT, IIM, IIS, WRDTC, Agricultural Universities, Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics, etc may be preferred.

• Chairman, MWRRA may be selected strictly on the merit basis through a national / international level selection process. Selection committee may accordingly be restructured.

• MWRRA (Amendments & Continuance) Act 2011 may be repealed to restore MWRRA’s original powers

• Role of SWB & SWC, at present, is limited to preparation of ISWP only. In view of ever changing context of water related issues & increasing number, magnitude & complexities of water conflicts it is suggested to convert SWC into Water Policy, Governance & Regulation Forum. The forum may, in dynamic manner, review water policy & water laws and amend the same as & when required. Role of SWB may also be correspondingly enhanced significantly to monitor the implementation of SWP & Water Laws – particularly the operative part (i.e. Rules, Notifications, Government resolutions & Circulars, Agreements, etc) 25.12 Conclusion 1) Continuation of IDCs & absence of RBAs is the biggest constraint in implementing ISWP & restructuring of ILA 2) The process of preparing ISWP & ILA has been adversely affected because SWB & SWC have not become fully operational 3) MWRRA is not functioning like an Independent Quasi-Judicial Authority. It has not exercised its powers 4) Non-implementation of Water Laws has taken its toll & has weakened the present ILA. 5) Maharashtra’s Water Sector may, in near future, have to face many serious legal challenges if ILA remains weak.

25.13 Recommendations (1) Water sector should give due thought to Millennium & Sustainable Development Goals, Model Bills on Water Framework Law & Groundwater, Helsinki Rules, water related provisions in the Constitution & State Water Policy (2) IDCs should be converted into RBAs at the earliest. (3) SWB & SWC should pro-actively perform their duties as per MWRRA Act. (4) MWRRA may be restructured & strengthened 204 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

(5) SWC may be converted into Water Policy, Governance & Regulation Forum. (6) Role of SWB may be enhanced significantly to monitor the implementation of SWP & Water Laws (7 ) Task Force may be constituted as per directives given by Hon. Chief Minister in the first meeting of State Water Council on 17 Jan 2015 to complete operative part of all water & irrigation related Acts & do following:

• Propose new sections & sub divisions with adequate management staff, appropriate workload & corresponding areas of their jurisdiction. Revise jurisdiction of all sections, sub divisions, divisions, circles & regions considering the practical difficulties, felt needs of WMGR & additional workload due to MMISF & MWRRA Acts • Notify new & revised sections, sub divisions, divisions, circles & regions u/s 8 • Appoint Canal Officers for both First Class Irrigation (Sec 1 to 116) & Second Class Irrigation (Sec 117 to 130) giving due thought to Sections 2 (4), 6, 10, 110 & GR [No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31 st Aug 2004] • Complete the remaining work of issuing notifications in respect of rivers, command areas, lift irrigation schemes & award of compensation u/s 11,3,116 & 80 of MIA respectively & u/s 39 of MMISF Act • Prepare list of duties u/s 10, • Prepare list of powers to be delegated u/s 110 • Execute, renew & implement Irrigation-Agreements with WUAs & Non Irrigation – Agreements with different utilities. • Prepare Rules of eight irrigation related enactments immediately.

25.14 References 1. Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 2. Irrigation Development Corporation Acts, 1996-98 3. WRD, GoM(1999): “Report of Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission” 4. WRD, Government of Maharahstra, “Maharashtra’s State Water Policy”, July 2003 5. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005 6. Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005 7. Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Rules, 2006 8. Maharashtra basin Act Bill 9. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment & Continuance) Act, 2011 10. MWRRA (Allocation & Monitoring of Entitlements, Disputes & Appeals & other Matters) Rules, 2013 11. Purandare Pradeep, “Irrigation Laws in Maharashtra: Politics of Non-Implementation”, International Conference on Political Economy of Water: A Social Response, 19-21 Dec 2013 12. WRD, Government of Maharahstra,”Report of Special Investigation Team (SIT) constituted by Government for Enquiry of Irrigation related issues, Feb 2014.

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25.15 Annexures Annexure 25.1 Sustainable Development Goals (2015) / Goal – 6

“To ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”

Targets

1) By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

2) By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

3) By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

4) By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

5) By 2030, implement integrated water resources management (IWRM) at all levels, including through trans boundary cooperation as appropriate

6) By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

7) By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

8) Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

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Annexure 25.2

Water & the Constitution of India

(1) Entry 17 in the State List: “Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation & canals, drainage & embankments, water storage & water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I” (Union List)

Entry 17 provides legislative competence to States, implies executive powers to States & enables them to plan & implement dam projects but it is not an unqualified entry. It is subject to Entry 56 in the Union List.

(2) Entry 56 in the Union List “Regulation & development of inter-State rivers & river valleys to the extent to which such regulation & development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.”

Water is, thus potentially as much a Central subject as a State subject, particularly as most of the country’s important rivers are inter-State. The River Boards Act 1956 has been passed under Entry 56.

(3) Entry 20 in the Concurrent List: “Economic & social planning”

By this Entry, major & medium irrigation, hydropower, flood control & multipurpose projects have been subjected to the requirement of Central clearances* for inclusion in the national plan

*The Forest Conservation Act 1980, The Environment Protection Act 1986, The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972, The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1978

(4) Article 262: “Adjudication of disputes relating to water of inter-State rivers or river valleys

(1) The Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley

(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may by law provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause (1)”

The Inter-State Water Dispute Act 1956 has been enacted under Article 262.

(5) 42 nd Amendment (1976):

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References to the protection of the environment, forests & wild life were introduced via Articles 48A & 51A [& two entries related to forests & wild life were added to the Concurrent List]

(6) 73 rd & 74 th Amendment (1993) The 11 th & 12 th schedules to the constitution lay down lists of subjects to be devolved to the panchayats & nagarpalikas . The lists include, inter alia , drinking water, water management, watershed development & sanitation

(7) ISWD Act 1956 This Act a bearing on dam projects. The allocation of waters & the restrictions imposed by a Tribunal Award needs to be honoured. Tribunal may even specify certain features in some particular projects (e.g. Narmada, Krishna) Award may lead to formulation or acceleration of projects with a view to making sure of retaining the State’s share of the waters (e.g. Planning of Krishna waters in Maharashtra) Post-award disputes relating to certain projects (e.g. Telgu Ganga, Alamatti)

(8) The River Boards Act 1956: This Act has been passed by Parliament under Entry 56 of the Union List. It provides only for the establishment of advisory boards.

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Annexure 25.3 MWRRA Act, 2005 and ISWP

(To be read along with MWRRA Act 2005)

Sr. Provisions in Linkages with ISWP Remarks No. MWRRA Act, 2005 (As originally envisaged) (For details of Amendments pl ( Before see Annex -2) amendments to the Act) 1 2 3 4 1 Sec 2: Definitions Definition of ISWP. 1 Definition is vague. Irrigation Development Corporations are only 2. Absence of RBAs is a major treated as River Basin lacuna / bottle neck Agencies 2 Sec 11: 1.Entitlements( Priority of 1. Amended. Scope drastically categories of use, criteria, reduced Powers, functions & monitoring, modification, trading, Duties of Authority transfer, regulatory system) 2. Review & clearance of water resources projects, 2. Projects cleared even in absence of ISWP 3. Development of Data Bases (Entitlement, hydro- 3.Data bases not developed meteorological information)

4.Ensuring publication of Irrigation Status Report every year 4. Irrigation Status Reports not published since 2011-12 3 Sec 12: Implementation of State No implementation Water Policy General policies of Preservation of quality of Efforts not seen water the Authority Fixing quota Absence of conceptual clarity Sharing the distress in river Controversies & basin litigations

Ground Water Regulation Notification issued. No effect. Drought management Efforts not seen. 4 Sec 13: Powers of Civil Court under the Powers of Authority Code of Civil Procedure1908 Powers not used & Dispute Resolution

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Sr. Provisions in Linkages with ISWP Remarks No. MWRRA Act, 2005 (As originally envisaged) (For details of Amendments pl ( Before see Annex -2) amendments to the Act) 1 2 3 4 Officer 5 Sec 14: 14. (1) From the date of Amended. Permission of River commencement of this Act, no Basin Agency person shall use any water from any water source without obtaining the

Entitlement from the respective

River Basin Agency

(2) Use of the water for the purposes of agriculture, through any existing well, bore well, tube Not yet notified well in the command area of a project on the date of

commencement of this Act, shall be

allowed to continue till such date as may be notified by the Authority. (3) There shall not be any restriction on digging of any well , bore well or tube well in the command area of a Not yet notified project, till such date as may be notified by the Authority. (4) Water shall not be made available from the canal for perennial crops in such area and from such date as may be notified by the Authority, unless the Notification issued for pilot projects.. No cultivator adopts drip irrigation or concrete plan for up sprinkled irrigation or such other scaling water saving technology approved by the Authority. The quantity of water so saved, after satisfying the further increased demand of drinking water, shall be distributed equitably in the command area and the adjoining area .

6 Sec 15: State Water The Board shall submit its first draft No separate Off ice. 210 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN

Sr. Provisions in Linkages with ISWP Remarks No. MWRRA Act, 2005 (As originally envisaged) (For details of Amendments pl ( Before see Annex -2) amendments to the Act) 1 2 3 4 Board Integrated State Water Plan to the No Conduct of Business Rules. Council for its approval within six No regular periodic meetings. months from the date on which No mechanism to monitor. this Act is made applicable in the State.

7 Sec 16: State Water The Council shall approve, with such No separate Office. Council modifications as deemed necessary, the draft of the Integrated State No Conduct of Business Rules. Water Plan submitted by the Board within a period of six months from No mechanism to monitor the date of submission of draft whether its decisions are being Integrated State Water Plan implemented. keeping in view the directives given by the Governor for removal of However, periodic meetings regional imbalance. The water plan are being held since Jan 2015. so approved by the Committee shall become “Integrated State Water Plan”.

9 Sec 21: 21 (1) The Authority shall carry out Deficit of development exists Special responsibility a special responsibility in regard to as per Kelkar Samitee of Authority the Districts and Regions, affected by backlog , in irrigation sector as per Governor's directives.

10 Sec 22: 22 (1) The Government shall by Effects of amendments - not general or special order issued in clear Disputes & Appeal this behalf authorize any competent officer or officers for each River Basin Agency as Primary Dispute Resolution Officer , to resolve the disputes with regard to the issuance or delivery of water Entitlement, under the Act. 11 Sec 23: 23. (1) The Government may issue

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Sr. Provisions in Linkages with ISWP Remarks No. MWRRA Act, 2005 (As originally envisaged) (For details of Amendments pl ( Before see Annex -2) amendments to the Act) 1 2 3 4 to the Authority such general or Directions by special directions in writing in the Not yet used . Government matters of policy involving public interest and the Authority shall be bound to follow and act upon such direction.

12 Sec 26: 26. Whoever fails to comply with any order or direction given under Punishment for non- this Act, within such time as may be compliance of orders specified in the said order or under this Act direction or contravenes or attempts to contravene or abets the Not yet used contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine, which may extend to ten times of the annual water charges or, with both in respect of each offence

13 Sec 30: 30 (1) The State Government may, Rules prepared after High by notification in the Official Court directives found to be Powers of Gazette, and subject to the contradictory to the Act. Had to Government to condition of previous publication, withdraw. make Rules make rules to carry out the No Rules purposes of this Act Annex-3: MWRRA Act, 2005 and ISWP

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Annexure 25.4 Amendments to MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP (To be read along with original & amended Acts)

Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP 1 2 3 A MWRRA (Amendment & Continuance) Act,2011

Sec 1(2): This section shall be deemed to have Sectoral allocation was a part of powers, functions 1 come into force on the 17 th Sept 2010 & & duties of MWRRA as per section 11 of MWRRA sections 2 to 6 shall be deemed to have come Act, 2005. But High Power Committee (HPC) into force on the 8 th June 2005. illegally continued to take decisions regarding sectoral allocation even after the MWRRA Act came in force. This happened from 2005 to 2011 & 2 Sec 2: Definitions of following two terms MWRRA did not take any objection. Amendment added done in 2011 formally withdrew MWRRA’s powers of sectoral allocation & gave the same to the (k-1) High Power Committee Government. The amendment legalized all the decisions of HPC with retrospective effect. (u-1) Sectoral allocation

3 Sec 3: Substituted following for clause (a) of Sec 16A gives powers to Government (i.e. Cabinet section 11 of Ministers instead of HPC) to do the sectoral allocation.

“(a) to determine the criteria for the MWRRA can now only determine criteria ‘as may distribution of Entitlements by the RBAs, be prescribed’. This prescription is possible only within each Category of Use, on such terms & through Rules. And Government (read WRD) has conditions as may be prescribed, after sectoral not prepared the Rules. So, nothing has been allocation is made under 16A prescribed. MWRRA thus cannot even determine the criteria. The end result is Government continues to do sectoral allocation & MWRRA has no role to play & no duty to perform in respect of Entitlement – it’s main stay! 4 Clause (n) of section 11 is deleted MWRRA - an Independent Quasi Judicial Regulatory Authority - now can not establish a Regulatory System.

(n) to establish regulatory system for the water “Primary Dispute Resolution Officers (PDROs)” resources of the State, including surface and have been appointed & empowered as a part of sub-surface waters, to regulate the use of regulatory system u/s 13 & 22 of MWRRA Act these waters, apportion the Entitlement to the established before the amendment in 2011. use of the water of the State between water There is no definition of the term “Regulator” in using categories.; original as well as the amended Act. Nor there is any provision in respect of Regulators. But regulators have been appointed since long & they

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Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP 1 2 3 are directly answerable to MWRRA. It is not clear what happens to the existing system of regulation & what will be the fate of Regulators & PDROs. If the existing system is to be discontinued, then what is the alternative arrangement? The amended Act is silent about it. 5 Clause (o) of section 11 is amended. It now Original Clause (o) of section 11 was as follows: reads as follows: (o) to establish a system of enforcement, (o) to establish a system of enforcement of monitoring and measurement of the Entitlements the Entitlements issued by the concerned for the use of water that will ensure that the actual River Basin Agency to various Categories of use of water, both in quantity and type of use are Use and its regulation, through in compliance with the Entitlements as issued by measurement and monitoring, with a view to the Authority; ensure that the actual use of water, both in quantity and type of use, are in compliance The amended clause mentions RBAs instead of with the Entitlements issued;". MWRRA which, prima facie, appears to be an appropriate correction. MWRRA is supposed to lay down the criteria of entitlements & RBAs are supposed to issue the entitlements as per the criteria.

6 A proviso shown in bold letters has now been As already pointed out at Sr.No. 3 , MWRRA can added now only determine criteria ‘as may be 14. (1) From the date of commencement of prescribed’. This prescription is possible only this Act, no person shall use any water from through Rules. And Government (read WRD) has any water source without obtaining the not prepared the Rules. So, nothing has been Entitlement from the respective River Basin prescribed. MWRRA thus cannot even determine Agency : the criteria. And since the criteria for issuance of Provided that, no Entitlement shall be required Entitlement has not been laid under section 11, it in case of,- is not possible to implement sec14 (1).

(a) any bore well, tube well or other wells which are being used for domestic purposes; and

(b) tanks, small reservoirs or catchments of rainwater harvesting with an annual yield capacity as may be decided by the Authority

Explanation:- For the purposes of this section, the expression "person" shall includes individual, group of individuals, all local authorities, association, societies, companies, etc. " Provided further that, the Entitlement under this section shall be required only

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Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP 1 2 3 after the distribution of Entitlement has been determined and the criteria for issuance of Entitlement has been laid under section 11.".

7 16 A: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Pl see comments already made at Sr. No. 3 & 6 section 11 or any other provisions of this Act or in any other law for the time being in force, the State Government shall determine the sectoral allocation: Provided that, sectoral allocation so determined shall ordinarily be reviewed at such intervals of not less than three years : Provided further that, after publication of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment and Continuance) Act, 2011, in the Official Gazette, the State Cabinet shall determine the sectoral allocation.

(2) After the sectoral allocation, as provided in sub-section (1) is determined, the Authority shall determine the criteria for the distribution of Entitlements under clause (a) of section 11." 8 31A. Notwithstanding anything contained in MMISF Act has been made applicable to only those this Act or any other law for the time being in 286 projects which have been selected under force, the term "Entitlement" shall apply Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Program only to such areas where compliance of (MWSIP). The said Act is also applicable to the all relevant provisions including ongoing projects by default. As a result of this delineation under the Maharashtra amendment the area under Entitlement has been Management of Irrigation Systems by drastically reduced. Farmers Act, 2005 is made. Moreover, the amendment considers entitlement Explanation.—In respect of the areas for agriculture / irrigation only. It is silent about where the Maharashtra Management of entitlement for domestic & industrial purposes. Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005, has

not become applicable, section 78 of that Act Annex -1 of the MMISF Rules, 2006 deals with the shall apply and be effective. delineation of the WUAs (Pl note delineation of WUAs & not that of project). It says that delineation of the WUA may be done only if there is guaranty of availability of water.

Applying MMISF Act to a project through a notification of the said Act, issuing notification of command area u/s 3 of Maharashtra Irrigation Act 1976 & delineation of WUAs as mentioned above

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Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP 1 2 3 are three different issues which are unnecessarily being mixed up. 9 31B. Notwithstanding anything contained in The process of preparing ISWP has revealed that in this Act or in any other law for the time most of the river sub-basins there is an over being in force, or in any order, judgment or commitment i.e. the storage capacity of decree of any court, tribunal or authority, sanctioned projects is significantly more than the any person or Water User Entity to whom a availability of water. That means now there is no permission, allocation, sanction, water available for the “new entrants”- people & authorization or Entitlement of water has areas which aspire, & rightly so, to get water. been granted by the High Power Committee or Secondly, the demand for water has been the River Basin Agency or the State increasing rapidly due to urbanization, Government, prior to the 17th September 2b industrialization & changes in standard of living. 10, being the date of commencement of The way out can be of two types. First, to improve section 1 of the water use efficiencies and reuse & recycle water. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Second, to revise water use standards & Authority Amendment and Continuance) Act, redistribute available water equitably & judicially 2011 , shall be deemed to have been in all sectors. The first solution has obvious granted, in accordance with the provisions of limitations & would address only a part of the this Act and accordingly the same shall problem. It is the second solution which has got continue and no such person or Water tremendous potential. But the amendments 31A, User Entity shall be required to obtain fresh 31B & 31C virtually declare that redistribution of permission, allocation, sanction, water is a closed chapter . authorization or Entitlement to draw water.

ISWP is required as a reference frame for Clearance of new projects / projects 10 31C. Notwithstanding anything contained in with significant changes in the scope this Act or in any other law for the time being Conflict resolution in force, a permission, allocation, sanction, Both (a) & (b) would need redistribution of water. authorization or Entitlement of water, granted by the High Power Committee or For the ISWP Committee, it’s a catch 22 situation. the River Basin Agency or the State It needs to be addressed upfront. Otherwise, Government prior to the 17th September preparing ISWP would be an exercise in futility. 2010, being the date of commencement of section 1 of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment and Continuance) Act, 2011 , shall be valid and shall be deemed always to have been valid and accordingly no suit, prosecution or any other legal proceedings shall lie, challenging such permission, allocation, sanction, authorization or Entitlement to draw water, before any court, tribunal or other authority and no such suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie or continue on the ground that any permission, allocation, sanction, authorization or Entitlement, as required

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Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP 1 2 3 under this Act, has not been obtained. ".

B Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016.

3A. Notwithstanding anything contained in 1 The proposed temporary arrangement virtually this Act, when the Authority cannot be means that those who are supposed to be reconstituted under sub-section (5) of section 3, regulated by the Authority will themselves be the for whatsoever reason , the powers, functions Authority whatever may be the period. and duties of the Authority

may be exercised, performed and discharged Moreover, Secretary (W R M and CAD), Water by a Committee, to be appointed by the Resources Department is an interested party. Government, by notification in the Official

Gazette, consisting of persons holding the post This provision raises serious questions about of the Additional Chief Secretary or equivalent the very credibility of the Authority. thereto, who shall act as a Chairperson and the

Secretary (Water Resources Management and Command Area Development), Water Resources Department and Principal Secretary/Secretary, Finance Department, who shall act as Members thereof; and the said Committee shall cease to exercise the powers, perform the functions and discharge the duties of the Authority after expiry of a period of six months or when the Authority is duly reconstituted, whichever is earlier.”. 2 Remaining amendments are related to restructuring of Authority. Those have not been discussed here. Annex – 4: Amendments to MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP (To be read along with original & amended Act)

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Annexure 25.5 Institutional & Legal Arrangements

Order of Appointment of Canal Officers

With reference to Sec 2 (4) & 6 of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976,

Shri / Shrimati (Name ) , (Designation ) is, hereby, appointed as Canal Officer in respect of First Class Irrigation / Second Class Irrigation at (office ), ( place ) on ( date ) for the purposes of the said Act.

Person so appointed shall perform all duties as specified in following by virtue of post

GR No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31 st Aug 2004. Duties allotted u/s 10 (Allotment of Duties).

Person so appointed shall exercise all powers as delegated to the person by virtue of post u/s 110 (Delegation of powers) of the said Act.

Person so appointed shall be a Public Servant & as such, provisions u/s 113 of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 shall be applicable to the said person.

Order issued on behalf of & in the name of Chief Controlling Authority (u/s 7) in irrigation matters

Date:

Signature Name Designation Office Address Details of the Officer who issued the order

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Annexure 25.6 Revised Division of State into irrigation areas u/s and Appointment of Canal Officers u/s 8 of MIA76 Pro forma-1: Irrigation Sections – Basic Unit of Irrigation Management

KIIDC Number of Type of Sections Sections Centralised General Scattered Total Required as per Norm Sanctioned by 75 75 Government

Actually 51 51 established Notified Nil Not –Notified 51

Additional Demand * * As per field experience / project specific conditions Pro forma-2: Irrigation Offices

Number of Offices KIDC Sub Div Division Circle Region Required as per Norm

Sanctioned by 76 15 4 1 Government Actually established 76 15 4 1 Notified Not –No tified Additional Demand *

* As per field experience / project specific conditions Pro forma-3: “River Sub Basinwise Revision” of Sections & Sub Divisions Sections Sub Divisions Remarks Falling Sp anning Falling Spanning Sr. River within across within across Sections Sub No. sub- sub- different sub- different Divisions basins basin sub- basin sub-basins basins 1 . . 30 Note: Remarks about possibility of “River Sub Basin wise Revision” of sections & sub divisions may be given with reasoned explanation. The idea is to make, as far as possible, administrative units coterminous with hydraulic units. The purpose is to actually implement river basin / sub-basin wise Water Management, Governance & Regulation (WMGR) & reduce number of complexities.

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Suggestions for ISWP - WFRB 1 In WFRB there are steep sloping areas covered with trees and such land are privately owned. The Culturable area is decided by simply adding the lands as per Revenue records .Some areas with slopes more than 1:10 should actually be classified as 'Pot Kharaba' land unless they are under actual cultivation. Secondly there should be a plan to bring all Culturable area under Irrigation under one or another form of Irrigation viz. Major, Medium, Minor State ,M.I. Local, Local self-Government bodies agriculture Dept. etc. such a plan can be prepared without thorough investigation in next two to three years and included in the First Revision of ISWP.

2 A vast data regarding water availability and its use is collected by various agencies inside and outside of WRD. However in case of minor projects, the data is not carefully maintained. in case of WFRB ,some medium projects also need to maintain the data periodically.

3 In case of data of natural events, continuity is important for its further statistical treatment .

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Copy Printed in September 2018 222 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT