DOCSLIB.ORG

Beagle Channel Marine Resources Prior to the Industrial Exploitation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beagle Channel Marine Resources Prior to the Industrial Exploitation BEAGLE CHANNEL MARINE RESOURCES PRIOR TO THE INDUSTRIAL EXPLOITATION: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION C11*-CT93-0015 INFORME 1994 This report will follow the task sequence as it was submited. As signed in the Contract, the work was started a year later (1994) than scheduled in the first project submission. 1) Survey of the Beagle Channel Argentinean coast. Project presentation: "Systematic search for archaeological sites on a fringe of around 1 km. wide all along the Argentinean coast. Due to topographic characteristics, only few places can be reached by vehicle and most of them are to be reached by inflatable boat or walking. "Objectives: a) determine localities with sites suitable for sampling charcoal and shell to be used for paleotemperature and Reservoir Effect researches; and b) locating the site to be excavated in task 12. "Date: January-March 1994. "Team: E. Piana and the CADIC team "Requirements: Rent inflatable boat and steersman. Founds for field work and land mobility." Done in the period and comments: Both objectives were achieved. This task had to be done during the southern summer and it was unavoidable for the development of the rest of the project. So the work started just after the contract was signed in January by the Argentina partners. Since the total cost of the field work was higher than the founds that had to be given by Argentina, field work expenses were covered with both research founds from CONICET and a loan form CADIC. This enabled to obtain the data on time. Should the EEC founds had to be waited for, the total project would had been postponed for a year. The surveyed area may be seen in Annex 1. Since there are not roads, the localities were acceded by rubber boat, horse or walking. Positioning and mapping was done on GPS and aerial photography basis. More than two hundred archeological sites were located and three localities were chosen to focalize the research: a) Lancha Packewaia Tônel (see Annex 2, a) b) Remolino (see Annex 2, b & c) c) Gable Is. Cambaceres bay (see Annex 2, d) Annex 2, e, (aerial photograph xerox copies (1:40.000) of this surveyed area with most important detected sites pinpointed) also gives a general idea of the density of archaeological sites detected.Nevertheless, since field work for this task lasted up to march, still not all the collected data is plotted. To accomplish task 12 an archaeological site at Varela bay was selected (see Annex 2, d and Annex 3, 54º 52,96' S. and 67º 17,21' W form). Nowadays out of use, the yamana name of the inlet were the archaeological site is was Alasawaia. As stated in the project presentation the objective was to find a site to compare with Tunel VII site. So it had to have: a maximum antiquity of 300 y.b.p, being the optimum to be as recent as to match the ethnohistorical information; one discrete occupational unit had to be obvious on surface. If possible, such discrete unit had to be a round structure. a good extension though not to deep for it should yield information on the occupational pattern and be dug within two field seasons; a location were general conditions from access to marine resources to wind exposure were quite different from that of Tunel VII, so location variables could be kept under control. If possible it should not be placed near Tunel Lancha Packewaia nor Shamakush localities. Different reasons joined to make such selection: 1) is placed on a pebble beach that could have only be occupied by men the last 300500 years at the maximum; 2) 14C analysis on charcoal taken from a layer of the middle of the exposed shellmidden profile proved to be so recent to be out of the radiocarbon; analysis range. A date of 60 + 105 y.b.p (AC 1271) was informed by the INGEIS; 3) is an extremely well preserved discrete ocupation unit; 4) though some 60 to 80 cm deep a little more than the optimum desired as it was seen in the test profile, shells are very well preserved so enabling to excavate the target layers of the site within two field seasons; 5) it is placed away from all the other already studied localities and microenviromental conditions are different enough; 6) it is placed very near the oldest ranch of Tierra del Fuego namely Harbertonso european influence is expected to be similar to Tunel VII for the last is near to the first missionary settlement. 2) Intensive sampling of absolutely synchronic charcoal-Mytilus shells samples. Project presentation:"Collect near a hundred samples of absolutely synchronic "charcoal-Mytilus shells samples. Test pits and straightening of profiles "must be done in the sites selected in task 1) and in sites previously "excavated. "Objectives: Obtain samples of charcoal and shell suitable for 14C and 16O/18O analysis to build the Beagle Channel paleotemperature curve and complete Reservoir Effect. "Team: E. Piana and CADIC technicians. "Date: January-March 1994. This task can only be carried out during the southern summer and it is a must to carry on with the project. "Requirements: Rent inflatable boat and steersman. Founds for field-work and land mobility are shared with task 1, so both are estimated together. "A specific field-sampling methodology was developed by the Argentinean proposer; it was used in several opportunities with excellent results. Samples to be taken from sites already studied (see Table I) will enable to obtain, initially, paleotemperatures for all of those moments." Done in the period and comments The work was done on microestratigraphic basis using the methodology developed by the Proyecto Arqueológico Canal Beagle. Samples of charcoal and associated Mytilus shells were taken from subshellmiddens (sensu Orquera and Piana 1992) avoiding upper traces of fire pits or any thermal alteration either on shells or matrix. Test pits were done as small as possible in order to respect both the archaeological sites and the argentinean regulations. Care was taken in refilling them up with different materials so as to left behind clear traces of removal. Also special marks were placed to find back the exact spot. Samples collected were restricted to charcoal and hinges of Mytilus, tough any bone or lithic material removed while sampling was also kept. Copies of some of the forms used for the archaeological sites and testpit register are attached (Annex 3) to enable the evaluation of this task. Up to the moment, some of them are already processed in the computers, some are still hand written as they come from field work. Both examples with pictures of the sites are given in Annex 3. From the 92 test pits done and samples taken up to now, the following were selected to conduct initial radiocarbon analysis on them. Test pits Samples Charcoal Shell Bone Lithic 54º 52,20½ 67º 20,34½ X X 54º 52,96½ 67º 17,21½ X X 54º 52,59` 67º 14,36½ X X 54º 52,59½ 67º 19,40½ X X 54º 52,76½ 67º 98,73½ X 54º 53,94½ 67º 25,26½ X X 54º 53,91½ 67º 25,34½ X X X 54º 54,01½ 67º 25,03½ X X X 54º 54,29½ 67º 27,85½ X X X 54º 52,21½ 67º 27,91½ X X X 54º 54,22½ 67º 27,89½ X X X 54º 52,90½ 67º 30,62½ X X X 54º 52,93½ 67º 30,63½ X X X 54º 52,58½ 67º 26,43½ X X X 54º 52,92½ 67º 26,75½ X 54º 52,88½ 67º 26,76½ X X X X 54º 52,93½ 67º 26,74½ X 54º 52,95½ 67º 26,74½ X X X 54º 52,93½ 67º 26,75½ X 54º 53,52½ 67º 25,10½ X X X 54º 53,56½ 67º 26,21½ X X X Pta. Redonda Este X X Pta. Redonda 4 hoyadas (site 1) X X Pta. Redonda 4 hoyadas (site 2) X Tunel I, layer D. X X Tunel XIV X Tunel XV X X Tunel XXI X X Tunel XXIV X X Tunel Alto, layer C ashes Tunel Alto, layer B X X Encajonado, 30/55 X X Encajonado,105 a palaeo. X X Lancha Packewaia, layer B X X Lancha Packewaia, layer D X X Isla Becasses X 3) Emplacement of river flow scales. Project presentation: "Sea-water isotopic conditions are modified near river mouths (see Albero, Angiolini and Piana, 1987) so these localitieswill be avoided. In the event that any of them could not be disregarded, river flow scales and fresh-water chemical analysis will be used to determine such incidence and adjust the results. "Objectives: obtain a year-round register of fresh-water drained to the sea as well as fresh-water solid and organic contents. "Dates: April 1994. "Team: E. Piana and C. Schroeder. "Requirements: Rent inflatable boat and steersman. "Feasibility: ordinary work for the Servicio de Hidrometeorología of the CADIC directed by C. Schroeder". Done in the period and comments Chemical analysis conducted on sea water samples (Amin, 1994) taken from the two spots from where the 1993 nowadays samples were taken showed a depleted salinity compared to that of the open channel (Annex 4). Also some of the archaeological samples had to be taken from spots where palaeofresh water is to be suspected and their use is, up to now, unavoidable. So, control on fresh water income to sea water gained importance and this task had to be enlarged (see Task 4). River flow scales were placed at Lapataia, Encajonado, Larshifashaj and Varela rivers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Circulation in the Beagle Channel, a Modeling Study
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-2617-1, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Water Circulation in the Beagle Channel, a modeling study Andrea Cucco (1), Jacobo Martin (2), Giovanni Quattrocchi (1), Daniel Fernandez (2,3) (1) CNR - National Reasearch Council, IAS - . Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in the marine environment, Oristano, Italy ([email protected]), (2) CADIC-CONICET, Houssay 200, CP 9410, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, (3) Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (ICPA-UNTDF), CP 9410, Ushuaia, Argentina The Beagle Channel is a strait in the “Tierra del Fuego” on the extreme southern tip of South America. This narrow and long channel is one of the three navigable passages connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and it is shared between Chile and Argentina. Within the framework of the ERANET Lac Project CLIMAR (http://climar.cnr.it/index.php/contact/) a modeling study was conducted to investigate the water circulation inside this Channel and in the surrounding areas in order to evaluate the effects of atmospheric forcing on the channel fluxes and main hydrodynamics. A high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic model based on the finite elements method was implemented to an extended domain covering the whole Patagonian Shelf, part of the Drake Channel and part of the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean. The model horizontal spatial resolution was varying between several km for open oceans up to 100 m for Ushuaya Bay inside the Channel. A full year simulation run was carried out to repro- duce the circulation inside the channel as generated by tides, atmospheric and thermohaline forcing.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Dynamics in Ushuaia Bay (Tierra Del Fuego)-Potential Effect on Dissolved Oxygen Depletion
    water Article Particle Dynamics in Ushuaia Bay (Tierra del Fuego)-Potential Effect on Dissolved Oxygen Depletion Ximena Flores Melo 1,*, Jacobo Martín 1, Lounes Kerdel 2, François Bourrin 2 , Cristina Beatriz Colloca 3, Christophe Menniti 2 and Xavier Durrieu de Madron 2,* 1 Laboratorio de Oceanografía, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB Ushuaia, Argentina; [email protected] 2 CEFREM, CNRS, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; [email protected] (L.K.); [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (C.M.) 3 Institute of Polar Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Argentina; [email protected] * Correspondence: ximenafl[email protected] (X.F.M.); [email protected] (X.D.d.M.) Received: 21 December 2019; Accepted: 19 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: This study examines the distribution and seasonal evolution of hydrographic, hydrodynamic, and nepheloid layers in Ushuaia Bay and the submerged glacial valley that connects it to the Beagle Channel. The hydrographic structure is highly seasonal, with a total mixing of the water column in winter and the appearance of a pycnocline between 50 and 70 m deep from spring to late autumn, mainly due to desalination. A counter-clockwise current sweeps the entire bay regardless of the season or phase of the tide. This current is at its maximum in the surface layer, allowing the rapid renewal of the bay’s waters, while deep currents are weak and imply a slow renewal of the valley’s waters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beagle Channel Arbitration D
    The Beagle Channel Arbitration D. W. Greig Professor of Law, Australian National University The dispute between Argentina and Chile with respect to sovereignty over a number of islands in the Beagle Channel has been simmering for more than sixty years. Three protocols were signed between 1915 and 1960 with a view to settling the matter by adjudication but none of them was ratified. Eventually, in 1967 the Chilean Government, invoking the 1902 Arbitration Treaty between the two countries, invited the British Government to intervene as arbitrator in the dispute and a compromis was signed by Argentina and Chile whereby they agreed to the Court of Arbitration appointed by the British Government. Its membership was Dillard (USA), Fitzmaurice (UK), Gros (France), Onyeama (Nigeria) and Petren (Sweden). The central issue of the dispute was expressed in somewhat different terms in Article I of the compromis. According to paragraph (1): 'The Argentine Republic requests the Arbitrator to determine what is the boundary-line between the respective maritime jurisdiction of the Argentine Republic and of the Republic of Chile from meridian 68O36'38.S"'. , within the region referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article, and in consequence to declare that Picton, Nueva and Lennox Islands and adjacent islands and islets belong to the Argen- tine Republic. ' Whereas, according to paragraph (2): 'The Republic of Chile requests the Arbitrator to decide, to the extent that they relate to the region referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article, the questions referred
    [Show full text]
  • SY Polarwind
    SY Polarwind The sailing trip Cape Horn and the Glaciers of Tierra del Fuego (12 days) Description: This unique sailing trip starts and ends in Puerto Williams, Chile’s southernmost town, located on the island of Navarino. SY Polarwind has its berth here at the Micalvi Yacht Club, which also happens to be the world’s southernmost yacht club. Osvaldo E. Escobar Torres is the ship’s owner, and is present on all tours as skipper. He is Chilean, and besides Spanish speaks fluent German as well as English and Portuguese. The fact that Osvaldo is Chilean and has spent more than 15 years living in this region means that he can offer his crew a truly unique sailing experience. Apart from his sailing skills and knowledge of the region, Osvaldo is committed to bringing the flora and fauna, as well as the history and the people of Tierra del Fuego closer to his guests. Day 1 By 11.00 am on the first day, all crew members (the maximum is five) should be present on SY Polarwind. The skipper, Osvaldo, greets the crew and provides a thorough introduction to the boat. There’s plenty of time for the crew members to unpack and settle in. Once all are settled, Osvaldo goes through the safety instructions which are of course for this sailing region particularly important. The group studies the maps and the skipper describes the route. The forecast for the following days is also taken into account since more than anything it is the weather that will dictate the route.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beagle Channel Arbitration D
    The Beagle Channel Arbitration D. W. Greig Professor of Law, Australian National University The dispute between Argentina and Chile with respect to sovereignty over a number of islands in the Beagle Channel has been simmering for more than sixty years. Three protocols were signed between 1915 and 1960 with a view to settling the matter by adjudication but none of them was ratified. EventuaHy, in 1967 the Chilean Govemment, invoking the 1902 Arbitration Treaty between the two countries, invited the British Govemment to intervene as arbitrator in the dispute and a compromis was signed by Argentina and Chile whereby they agreed to the Court of Arbitration appointed by the British Govemment. Its membership was Dillard (USA), Fitzmaurice (UK), Gros (France), Onyeama (Nigeria) and Petren (Sweden). The central issue of the dispute was expressed in somewhat different terms in Article I of the compromis. According to paragraph (1): 'The Argentine Republic requests the Arbitrator to determine what is the boundary-line between the respective maritime jurisdiction of the Argentine Republic and of the Republic of Chile from meridian 68°36'38.5"W., within the region referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article, and in consequence to declare that Picton, Nueva and Lennox Islands and adjacent islands and islets belong to the Argen­ tine Republic. ' Whereas, according to paragraph (2): 'The Republic of Chile requests the Arbitrator to decide, to the extent that they relate to the region referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article, the questions referred to in her Notes of 11th December 1967 to Her Britannic Majesty's Govemment and to the Govemment of the Argentine Republic and to declare that Picton, Lennox and Nueva Islands, the adjacent islands and islets, as weH as the other islands and islets whose entire land surface is situated whoHy within the region referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article, belong to the Republic of Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Subantarctic Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) in and Off the Beagle Channel
    POLISH POLAR RESEARCH 22 3-4 213-226 2001 Anja SCHMIDT and Angelika BRANDT Zoological Institute and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] Diversity of Subantarctic Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) in and off the Beagle Channel ABSTRACT: In November 1994 a first inventory of Tanaidacea from the Beagle Channel and at some stations of the Atlantic continental shelfwas obtained using epibenthic sledge samples. In total, 2175 specimens from 27 species of eight families of Tanaidomorpha and two families of Apseudomorpha were collected. Two species, Allotanais hirstutus (Beddard, 1886) and Apseudes heroae Sieg, 1986, strongly dominated this area. Generally low diversity and abun­ dances were recorded for the western area of the Beagle Channel, while substantially higher val­ ues were reported at the eastern entrance on the Atlantic side of the Beagle Channel. Abundances slightly varied with depths, but not significantly. Key words: Beagle Channel, Tanaidacea, Peracarida, species numbers, abundances. Introduction The Beagle Channel is the southernmost South American fjord and belongs to the Magellanic area. Due to its relative proximity to the Antarctic Peninsula and the geological history of Tierra del Fuego, the Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Penin­ sula, the Beagle Channel is an interesting geographic area for faunistic compari­ sons of South America and Antarctica. Tanaidacea are an almost exclusively marine order with increasing diversity in the deep sea. The small size of these animals (2-3 mm length) is probably one rea­ son why this taxon was often neglected or overlooked in the past; other sources of error might have been due to too large mesh sizes of trawled gear used.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispute Between Argentina and Chile Concerning the Beagle Channel
    REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel 18 February 1977 VOLUME XXI pp.53-264 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 PART II Case concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel Affaire concernant un litige entre la République argentine et la République du Chili relatif au canal de Beagle CASE CONCERNING A DISPUTE BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND CHILE CONCERNING THE BEAGLE CHANNEL [Editorial note A dispute having arisen between Argentina and Chile concerning the territorial and maritime boundaries between them and the title to certain islands, islets and rocks near the extreme end of the South American continent (the region of the eastern Beagle Channel), an Arbi- tration Tribunal was established pursuant to a compromise signed on 22 July 1971 (see p. 64 below). On 18 February 1977, the Tribunal ren- dered its award (see p. 77 below). In an exchange of diplomatic notes dated 25 and 26 January 1978 (see p. 226 below), Argentina declared the award insuperably null and void in accordance with international law and Chile rejected this "decla- ration of invalidity". On 20 February 1978, Argentina and Chile signed an agreement in Puerto Montt, Chile, to resolve through negotiations issues pertaining to the relations between the two countries, particularly those stemming from the situation in the southern region (see p. 237 below). On 8 Janu- ary 1979, the two States signed the Act of Montevideo by which they requested the Holy See to act as a mediator with regard to their dispute over the southern region (see p.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates in the Beagle Channel, Argentina
    Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2009. 37(2):29-40 29 DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN THE BEAGLE CHANNEL, ARGENTINA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE INVERTEBRADOS BENTÓNICOS EN EL CANAL BEAGLE, ARGENTINA Mariano J. Diez1,3, M. Carolina Romero1,3, Sandra Obenat2, Mariano J. Albano1,2 & Federico Tapella1,3 ABSTRACT Bathymetric and spatio-temporal distributions of both abundance and biomass as well as secondary production of benthic invertebrates in the Beagle Channel were determined. The sampling stations were seasonally placed in three different areas in the Beagle Channel at two depth ranges, 15-40 m and 70- 259 m. A total of 32,686 specimens distributed in 30 taxonomic groups were identified. In addition, 4 taxa were quantified only in terms of biomass. The invertebrate abundance and biomass were different with depth. Secondary production at this range was 0.59 ±0.51 kJ·m-2year-1 whereas it decreased to 0.09 ±0.08 kJ·m-2year-1 at 70-259 m. In contrast to secondary production, P/B ratio showed a positive increment with depth. Furthermore, seasonal variations were not observed in secondary production of the macrozoobenthos. Parameters directly associated with depth could be involved in structuring the macrobenthic assemblages in the Beagle Channel. Key words: Zoobenthos, Subantarctic waters, abundance, biomass, P/B ratio RESUMEN Se determinó la distribución batimétrica, espacial y temporal de la abundancia y biomasa de in- vertebratrados bentónicos del Canal Beagle, como también su producción secundaria. Las muestras se tomaron estacionalmente en tres lugares diferentes del Canal Beagle y en dos estratos de profundidad, 15-40 m y 70-259 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of Crustacea and Mollusca of the Subantarctic and Antarctic Regions*
    SCI. MAR., 63 (Supl. 1): 383-389 SCIENTIA MARINA 1999 MAGELLAN-ANTARCTIC: ECOSYSTEMS THAT DRIFTED APART. W.E. ARNTZ and C. RÍOS (eds.) Biogeography of Crustacea and Mollusca of the Subantarctic and Antarctic regions* ANGELIKA BRANDT, KATRIN LINSE and UTE MÜHLENHARDT-SIEGEL Zoological Institute and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. SUMMARY: The Joint Magellan “Victor Hensen” Campaign in 1994 focused on the biogeographic relationships of the Antarctic and Magellan fauna. The Peracarida and Mollusca sampled at 18 stations in the Beagle Channel by means of an epibenthic sledge were compared with the knowledge about the distribution of species data from the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Antarctica and the Kerguelen. Peracarida were an important fraction of the macrobenthos and sampled in high num- bers. About 105,000 individuals were collected with the epibenthic sledge. Until now about 40 species of Amphipoda, about 42 species of Isopoda, 24 species of Cumacea, eight species of Mysidacea, and 16 species of Tanaidacea were found. 118 mol- lusc taxa were identified, nine species of Aplacophora, 52 of Gastropoda, five of Scaphopoda and 52 of Bivalvia. Although the species present different distribution trends, the zoogeographic comparison for six larger taxa (four Mollusca and two Per- acarida) showed that the species similarities decreased from the Magellan region towards the Falkland Islands and from South Georgia to Antarctica. The Magellanic Gastropoda showed similarities with
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biodiversity at the End of the World: Cape Horn and Diego Ramı´Rez Islands
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Marine biodiversity at the end of the world: Cape Horn and Diego RamõÂrez islands Alan M. Friedlander1,2*, Enric Ballesteros3, Tom W. Bell4, Jonatha Giddens2, Brad Henning5, Mathias HuÈne6, Alex Muñoz1, Pelayo Salinas-de-LeoÂn1,7, Enric Sala1 1 Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington DC, United States of America, 2 Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai`i, Honolulu, Hawai`i, United States of America, 3 Centre d0Estudis AvancËats (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain, 4 Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 5 Remote Imaging Team, National Geographic Society, Washington DC, United States of America, 6 FundacioÂn IctioloÂgica, Santiago, Chile, 7 Charles a1111111111 Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, GalaÂpagos Islands, Ecuador a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract The vast and complex coast of the Magellan Region of extreme southern Chile possesses a diversity of habitats including fjords, deep channels, and extensive kelp forests, with a OPEN ACCESS unique mix of temperate and sub-Antarctic species. The Cape Horn and Diego RamõÂrez Citation: Friedlander AM, Ballesteros E, Bell TW, archipelagos are the most southerly locations in the Americas, with the southernmost kelp Giddens J, Henning B, HuÈne M, et al. (2018) Marine biodiversity at the end of the world: Cape forests, and some of the least explored places on earth. The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera Horn and Diego RamõÂrez islands. PLoS ONE 13(1): plays a key role in structuring the ecological communities of the entire region, with the large e0189930. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. brown seaweed Lessonia spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Patagonia's Chilean Fjords
    CRUISING PATAGONIA’S CHILEAN FJORDS E S TABLISHED 1984 Torres del Paine Iguazú National Park Easter Falls SMALL EXPEDITION SHIP Island 4 BUENOS SANTIAGO AIRES M.V. VENTUS AUSTRALIS PUNTA ARENAS n S a t l r l a e i CHILE t o g f M a Tucker Islet Torres CHILE ARGENTINA del Paine ARGENTINA PUERTO Ainsworth Bay NATALES PUNTA USHUAIA USHUAIA Pacific Pia Glacier ARENAS Ocean Glacier Wulaia Alley Bay Beagle Channel UNESCO World Heritage Site Cruise Itinerary Atlantic Air Routing Ocean Drake Passage Land Routing Cape Horn SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018 ◆◆ Launching in 2017 ITINERARY* ◆◆ Australis named Travel + Leisure’s 2016 World’s Best: #1 Small Ship Cruise Line 1 Depart the U.S. ◆◆ Only 100 all ocean-view cabins 2 Santiago, Chile 3 Santiago ◆◆ The ship of Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego 4 Santiago/Fly to Punta Arenas 5 Punta Arenas/Puerto Natales ◆◆ Friendly Chilean service and sophisticated dining 6 Torres del Paine National Park ◆◆ Team of expert naturalists on board 7 Puerto Natales/Punta Arenas/ ◆◆ Excellent lounges for nightly Embark M.V. VENTUS AUSTRALIS educational presentations 8 Ainsworth Bay/Tucker Islet ◆◆ Follows in the wake of Magellan and Darwin 9 Beagle Channel/Pia Glacier/Glacier Alley ◆◆ Opportunity to marvel at whales, penguins, Wulaia Bay/Cape Horn 10 cormorants and magnificent Glacier Alley 11 Ushuaia, Argentina/Disembark ship/ Fly to Buenos Aires/Depart for the U.S. 12 Arrive in the U.S. rom the legendary Tierra del Fuego to magnificent FGlacier Alley, experience the extremes and contrasts of Patagonia on this unique, 12-day land and sea journey through the virtually untouched landscapes of southern Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Marine Food Webs Different?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.12.439560; this version posted April 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Are Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine food webs different? Iara Diamela Rodriguez1,2, Tomás Ignacio Marina2,3, Leonardo Ariel Saravia*1 (1) Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), Los Polvorines, Argentina. (2) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina (3) Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC- CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina. ABSTRACT Aim: Food web structure plays an important role in determining ecosystem stability to perturbations. High latitude marine ecosystems are being affected by environmental stressors and ecological shifts. In the West Antarctic Peninsula these transformations are driven by climate change, and in the sub-Antarctic region by anthropogenic activities. Understanding the differences between these areas is necessary to monitor the changes that are expected to occur in the upcoming decades. Here, we compared the structure and stability of Antarctic and sub- Antarctic marine food webs. Location: Antarctic (Potter Cove, 25 de Mayo/King George Island, West Antarctic Peninsula) and sub-Antarctic (Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, South America) regions. Time period: 1965 - 2019 Major taxa studied: from phytoplankton to fish Methods: We compiled species trophic (predator-prey) interactions and calculated complexity (number of species and interactions, connectance), structure (mean trophic level, omnivory, degree distribution, modularity, species roles and traits) and stability (QSS) metrics.
    [Show full text]