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Critical for Food and Nutrition Security, but Controversial

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Critical for Food and Nutrition Security, but Controversial PELUM Zambia Networking for a Greener Africa Farmer Managed Seed System: - Critical for Food and Nutrition Security, but Controversial Farmer Field School – A “School Without Walls” Reducing Rural Poverty through Farmer-To-Farmer Exchange Youths in Agriculture and Agro Ecol- ogy, a Solution to Climate Change in Zambia Road to 2030: Rural Women’s Agro- Ecology Empowerment in the Driver’s Seat Effects of Climate Change on Food Security in Zambia December, 2019 - Issue 2, Volume 1 2 Farmer Managed Seed System - Critical for Food and Nutrition Security, but Controversial By Misheck Nyirongo in Chilanga Chilanga Member of Parliament Honourable, Maria Langa admiring some forestry based products at the farmers’ exhibition stands during the Zambian Traditional Seed and Food Festival in Chilanga, organised by PELUM -Zambia SEED is a foundation of plant life. It is a These small-scale farmers produce mainly hope of regeneration and development maize and other staple food crops such as of controlled and uncontrolled vegeta- cassava, sorghum, millet, groundnuts, tion. In agriculture farmers, especially beans, cowpeas and traditional vegetables. those mainly engaged in crop production, And selecting, saving and developing seed, value and conserve seed for continuity of a they look for features such as early maturing, particular crop. drought tolerance, good tasting, and others that serve cultural purposes. African farming systems are based on small- holder farmers re-planting and exchanging To meet our food and livelihood needs of the seeds saved from the previous harvest. This future, our governments need to farmer-managed seed system is an age old acknowledge, support and protect farmer practice dating back to the time when our an- managed seed systems. cestors first began farming. In this context, Participatory Ecology and It provides more than 80 percent of the seed Land Use Management (PELUM) Zambia used in producing food for hundreds of millions held the first ever Zambian Traditional seed of Africans on the continent. In Southern Afri- and food festival recently, where farmers ca, for example, small-scale farmers obtain from around the country exhibited their differ- only about 10 percent of the seed that they ent traditional cuisine as well as seeds, in use from the formal/commercial sector. line with the theme: ‘Celebrating Tradition- al Seed and Food for Good Health.’ Sharing, exchanging and enhancing seed by smallholder farmers has resulted in a huge di- The participating organisations, small-scale versity of seed and crops. Diversity is very im- farmers and individuals brought along the portant to help farmers adapt to changes in the traditional seeds and foods that they con- climate, such as prolonged droughts. It also sume in their respective areas in order to provides balanced nutrition for people and ani- raise awareness on the contribution seed mals and feeds the soil. Smallholder farmers and food make towards national food and are the largest group of seed breeders through nutrition security aligned to Sustainable De- the ages. velopment Goals (SDGs). 3 The small-scale farmers, during the first ever Zambian Traditional Seed and Food Festival, organ- ised by PELUM Zambia held at Munda - Wanga Wildlife and Botanical Garden, in Chilanga, Zambia. Agricultural experts, small-scale farmers and “The young generation can’t even eat what researchers during the dialogue meeting ar- we ate in the past which was nutritious. gue that, diverse and resilient seed systems They are now moving to already processed are necessary for food security, climate food,” Mr. Justify Shava, the Head for change adaptation and boosting income for SADC – PGRC observed. smallholder farmers, as opposed to the cur- rent system in which many crop varieties are The Climate change poses new challenges patented by large agribusiness companies, to the management of the world’s plant ge- thus decreasing farmers’ autonomy to se- netic resources for food and agriculture. Cli- lect, breed and exchange their own seed va- mate change is expected to make the task rieties. of achieving food security even more chal- lenging, especially in the most vulnerable The first ever Zambian Traditional Seed and parts of the developing world, such as in the Food festival stakeholders’ dialogue focused SADC Region. on the need to improve access to seeds for resource-poor farmers by making them “The issue of climate change is contributing ‘open source’ and therefore easily accessi- to the loss of plant genetic resources for ble. food and agriculture. We lost a lot of seeds and crops during the recently cyclone Idai Mr. Justify Shava, the Head for Southern Af- due to climate change which affected the rica Development Community Plant Genetic farmers in Malawi and Mozambique. Resources Centre (SADC - PGRC) said that the mandate of SPGRC has been to conserve In such cases, our job is ‘to mobilise, con- the plant genetic resources of the region serve and make available plant genetic re- through a network of National Plant Genetic sources using appropriate technologies and Resources Centres (NPGRCs) thereby contrib- standards, thereby contributing to sustaina- uting to the well being of people of the region. ble development, environment and food se- SADC - PGRC is conscious of the accelerated curity for the well being of the people in the rate of disappearance of plant genetic re- SADC region”, Mr. Justify Shava, the sources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) and Head for SADC – PGRC said. associated indigenous knowledge. 3 Mr. Justify Shava, the Head for SADC - Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC) making a presentation during the first ever Zambian Traditional Seed and Food Festival . This is achieved by implementing projects such as community seed banks; where farmers are “We should not look down at our local taught how conserve their own local seeds and food, as inferior,” Honourable Maria Langa foods - “On-farm conservation,” which is the advised. continued cultivation and management of a di- verse set of crop populations by farmers in the agro-ecosystems where a crop has evolved or in secondary centres of diversity. “These seeds are not ours, but for the farmers, the seeds remain a property of the farmers,” Mr. Justify Shava, the Head for SADC – PGRC guaranteed. Chilanga Member of Parliament Honourable, Maria Langa assured to share to the respon- sible minister in order to consider creating a specific department in the Ministry of Agri- culture that shall be dealing with small-scale farmers and the local seeds only. Honourable Maria Langa urged the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) to start preserving and packaging the local seeds Chilanga Member of Parliament Honourable such as Chikanda and Munkoyo to be sold in Maria Langa urged, “Just as we need to pre- supermarkets, as the indigenous foods are serve our local languages, so should we pre- more nutritious and serve as medicinal. serve the local seed and food.” 5 Women in communities are often responsible for seed management including selection, storage and exchange. The agricultural biodiversity is critical for food In local varieties, farmers practice conscious security in Zambia, where in the rural areas it seed selection. Selecting seed from maize is is based on small-scale agricultural produc- done by selecting cobs that look healthy and tion, utilising both improved crop varieties as do not show any insect attack. “When select- well as local varieties. ing pumpkin seed,” Timale Mtonga started to explain, “This is based on the taste of the To date, most of Africa’s farmers still rely on pumpkin. For example, if the pumkin is sweet traditional seeds as it is the case of a 65 when cooked and consumed, seed is kept for years old woman at Mulida village in Chief planting in the next season.” Magodi, Lundazi district, Eastern Province, about 900 kilometres away from Lusaka, the “For groundnuts, we select the big nuts for capital city of Zambia. planting while the small nuts are used for cooking. Bambara nut are left unshelled to “As you can see, I’m selecting the local prevent pest attack and shelled when it’s time groundnuts seeds varieties saved from the to plant,” Timale Mtonga shared the wisdom. previous harvest. Access to local varieties is also limited due to inadequate local seed The traditional knowledge has also estab- availability. As a result, many of our communi- lished that, different parts of the maize cob ties are faced with constraints of accessing are used for different purposes. The seed both types of seed,” Timale Mtonga be- form the tip of the maize cob is used for early moaned. maturity, the middle part is used on the medi- um maturity and the bottom is used for the “This is made worse because very few farm- late maturity. ers access improved seed varieties from gov- ernment through Farmers Input Support Pro- Although the farmers’ rights consist of the gramme (FISP), and buying, it’s expensive.” customary rights of farmers to save, use, ex- change and sell farm-saved seed and propa- “I use the traditional seed preservation meth- gating material, their rights are not recog- ods such as ash or cow dung, are still preva- nized, rewarded and supported for their con- lent among farmers of my age. But knowledge tribution to the global pool of genetic re- about these techniques is dying out slowly - sources as well as to the development of particularly given that more young people are commercial varieties of plants, and to partici- migrating to urban centers,” she said. pate in decision making on issues related to crop genetic resources. 6 Zambia Alliance for Agro-ecology and Biodiversity (ZAAB), Project Manager Francisca Davis said, “We really need our local seeds to be recognized.” The Zambia Alliance for Agro-ecology and “Hybrid seeds cannot be replanted from year to Biodiversity (ZAAB), Project Manager year like traditional seed because they lose Francisca Davis noted, “There is no need their vigour.
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