DOCSLIB.ORG

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Vol INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Vol. 20, No. 4 October 1970 pp. 435-443 Copyright 1970, Iowa State University Press CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AS A CRITERION IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES Mary P. Lechevalier and Hubert Lechevalier Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey ABSTRACT. The information concerning the main compo- nents found in cell wall preparations and whole-cell hydrolysates of some 600 strains of aerobic actinomy- cetes is reviewed. The results show that whole-cell sugar patterns can usually be used to predict cell wall composition and that the combination of both criteria permit separation of aerobic actinomycetes into 10 taxonomically useful groups. Eight years ago, mainly due to the interesting results published by Dr. Cummins, we started to consider cell wall composition as a criterion in the taxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes. We were at that time spending a year at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and it was in the congenial atmosphere generated by our French colleagues, their food and their wines, that our cell wall project was launched. The National Institutes of Health (Grant A1 05489) and the National Science Foundation (Grants G-9694, GB-511, GB-3397, GB-5810) have permitted us to study the morphology and chemical composition of some 600 strains of aerobic actinomycetes, It is thus some eight years and 600 strains later that we have the pleasure, through the initiative of the same Dr. Cummins, of reviewing our results. Cummins himself (1962) summarized, in the language of Pasteur, what Gas known at the time of the beginning of our studies. The present quote has been translated into that of Lister: "One can distinguish two types of aerobic actinomycetes that one may call, in a simplified fashion, the Streptomyces-type and the Nocardia-type. The cell walls of strains belonging to the Nocardia-type contain arabinose, galactose, alanine, glutamic acid and DL-diaminopimelic acid, whereas those belonging to the Streptomyces-type often do not harbor any sugar and contain alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, and LL-diaminopimelic acid or a mixture of the forms LL and DL of this acid." It seemed to us that, to be of value as a criterion in classification, cell wall composition would have to be estimated by simple and rapid methods. In other terms, we felt, and still feel, that the examination of whole cell hydrolysates would have to yield valuable information since one could not and still cannot expect cell wall preparations to be made by those working in diagnostic laboratories. In order to be able to learn how to use the information obtained in the analyses of whole cell hydrolysates, one had however to make and analyze cell watt preparations from a number of different aerobic actinomycetes. 436 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL In these studies we believed that the sampling should be large and the identification of the organisms involved should be reasonably secure. One of the first things that attracted our attention, as we proceeded with analyses of cell wall preparations made from representatives of the various genera of actinomycetes, was that strains of Micromono- spora did not contain appreciable quantities of LL-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid (LL-DAP). From the published information that we were aware of, we were expecting either an equal amount of meso and LL-forms of DAP (Hoare and Work, 1957) or mainly LL-DAP with some of the meso form (Cummins and Harris, 1958). We were not aware, at that time, of the work of Jaugstetter (1961) who had found meso-DAP in the cell wall hydrolysates of 5 strains of Micromonospora. Exchange of letters with Dr. Cummins revealed that a clerical error was responsible for the Cummins and Harris report of high con- centrations of LL-DAP in cell wall preparations of strains of Micro- monospora. It then became obvious that streptomycetes were almost unique among gram-positive bacteria with a well developed branching mycelium due to their high content of LL-DAP. Since most of the DAP found in cells is present in their cell wall and since this diamino acid moves slowly during paper chromatography and gives a characteristic olive - green ninhydrin reaction fading to yellow, it was possible to propose a rapid method of differentiation between the streptomycetes and most other actinomycetes by paper chromatography of whole cell hydrolv- sates (Becker g g. 1964). This method is especially valuable, of course, in the identification of streptomycetes which have lost their ability io produce a characteristic, sporulating aerial mycelium. Inversely, the method is useful in differentiating from streptomycetes those strains of Nocardia, such as many strains of g.asteriodes, which have a well developed and sporulating aerial mycelium. As analyses of cell wall preparations of aerobic actinomycetes accumulated, it was noted that they fell into four main groups (Becker --et at., 1965; Yamaguchi, 1965). Looking at actinomycetes and their relatives, aerobic and anaerobic, one can, at present, recognize 9 cell watt types (Table I). These do not correspond readily to any of the 9 types reported by Robinson (1968) for coryneform bacteria. For one thing, Robinson does not consider the presence of sugars; another difficulty is that he never reports the presence of more than one basic amino acid per cell wall type. Using the whole cell sugar analysis method of Lechevalier (1968), one can recognize four types of whole cell sugar patterns in aerobic actinomycetes which contain the meso-form of DAP (M. P. Lechevalier and Lechevalier, 1969 (Table 11). As a rule, it is possible to predict the cell wall type of a ms- DAP-containing aerobic actinomycete on the basis of its whole cell sugar group. Strains with a Type A whole cell sugar pattern have a cell watt of Type IV, those with sugar patterns of Types B and G have a cell wallaf Type 111 and, finally those with a Type D whole cell sugar pattern have a type I1 cell wall. This information is summarized in Table 111. It is not our intention to review critically all the generic names listed in Table 111. This has already been done by a number of authors Table I Major constituents of cell walls of actinomycetes and relatives differentiation made between meso-DAP and DD-DAP. No --_-_ Cell wall aspartic DAB lysine ornithine acid glycine E- arabinose galactose tYQe DAP DAPLL reaction I Ii t t t + ** II1 t IV t t + * V t VI t t VII + t t VIII t lY+ t l- * Glycine is variably resent in these groups; many amino acids present; ** hydroxy DAP may afso be present. DAB = 2,4-diaminobutyric acid DAP = 2,6 diaminopimelic acid A 11 preparations contained major amounts of alanine, glutamic acid, glucosamine, and muramic acid. 438 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Table 11 Whole-cell sugar patterns af aerobic actinomycetes with meso -diaminopimelic acid -- Diagnostic Type sugars A galactose, arabinose, no xylose maduros e B no arabinose or xylose C none D xylose, arabinose (Lechevalier and Lechevalier, 1967; Kiister, 1968, Williams gal. , 1968; H. A. Lechevalier and Lechevalier, 1970; Prauser, 1970). Let us discuss only some specific problems of classification, The only doctrine we would advance in classification is that of practicality. One should be able to locate an unknown entity in the spectrum of known organisms with the minimum amount of fuss and bother. This explains the popularity of morphology in taxonomy. How- ever, all that glitters is not gold and in the same way some very different organisms may look alike. For example, there is no basic morphologi- cal difference between some members of the genus Streptomyces and sporulating strains of Actinomadura. In addition, typical morphology is not always exhibited by all strains of a given genus. It is particularly true of strains isolated from clinical materials that the capacity to form characteristic morphological structures has been lost. Non- morphological criteria have to be used to help us place such strains in a proper niche. To help answer these questions, whole cell sugar patterns and cell wall composition are of great value and can be corre- lated with other criteria such as phage sensitivity (Prauser and Falta, 1968). Another problem is how to draw a line in cases where the morpho- logies meet. As we mentioned, there is no morphological difference between a Streptomyces species forming short chains of spores and Actinomadura madurae. Likewise, should an actinomycete forming longitudinal pairs of conidia both on the substrate and on the aerial mycelia be placed in the genus Microbispora or in the genus Micropoly- spora? Taking morphology and chemical composition into consideration, one can thus arrange some of the genera listed into Table I11 as indicated in Table IV. The word "euactinomycetes" refers to the morphologically most advanced actinomycetes. SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 439 Table I11 Distribution of cell wall types and whole cell sugar patterns in actinomycetes and relatives* Cell wall Sugar I 1 Organisms type pattern Stre tomyces (Stre toverticillium, Chainia, Actino- I N. c. pyc:dium, ActinoGorangium, Elytrosporangiumj; 1 1 Microellobosporia; Sporichthya; Intrasporangium. A ctinoplanes ; A mor phosporangium; Ampulla riella; Dactylos porangium; Micr omonos pora. Actinomadura (madurae-type); Microbispora; Strepto- sporangium; Spirillospora; Pla_no-monospora; Dermato- B philus; 111 A ctinomadura (dass onvi.llei -type) ; T hermoactinomyces ; Actinobifida; Geodermatophilus. I I IcI I I M cobacterium; Nocardia; some corynebacteria; IV I A I MTcropolyspora; Pseudonocardia; Thermomonospora. Actinom ces (israeli-type); some corynebacteria; some N' 1 celluloAnads. Actinomyces (bovis-type); Rothia; Oerskovia~ Arthrobacter. Erysipelothrix; some corynebacteria. Cellulomonas Myc o plana vlllIx I N.C. = No characteristic sugar pattern. * Based on data published in Becker et al., 1965; Cummins, 1965; Lechevalier, --et al., 1966; Lechevalier, 1968; Luedemann, 1968; M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human and Animal Dermatophilosis. an Unusual Case Report and Review of the Literature
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES Human and animal dermatophilosis. An unusual case report and review of the literature Cinthia Dickson1, María Rosa I. de Elías-Costa2 ABSTRACT Dermatophilosis is an acute, subacute or chronic skin disease affecting a wide range of species of Keywords: animals and man. It is caused by a Gram (+) bacteria of the order of the Actinomycetales named Dermatophilus congolensis. Presenting as an acute, subacute or chronic dermatosis affecting Dermatophilus primarily cattle, but a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, and humans, as well. It is congolensis, distributed worldwide but more prevalent in the humid tropical and subtropic areas. It is essential dermatophilosis. to emphasize the importance of this disease in livestock industry and leather production. The disease is reviewed and an unusual case is reported (Dermatol Argent 2010;16(5):349-353). Date Received: 27/7/2010 | Date Accepted: 27/05/2011 Introduction The disease was first described in 1910 by Van Saceghem1 in the Belgian Congo as "contagious derma- titis" (dermatose contagieuse) in cattle. In 1926 the term nodular disease estreptotricosis or lumpy wool disease to refer to the disorder observed in sheep, a name that was later abandoned to avoid etiological confusion.2 Since then, there have been numerous reports on a wide range of animals, including terres- trial and aquatic mammals and repiles as well. The most affected animals are cows, sheep and horses, but it is also observed in goats and pigs. The disease is rarely found in dogs and cats.3 In humans very few cases have been reported.4-9 The disease has worldwide distribution but is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with high levels of humidity.
    [Show full text]
  • The BK Bioreactor a Mobile Research Library for the Unseen the Bionetwork
    The BK BioReactor A Mobile Research Library for the Unseen THE BioNETWORK Microbiology of the Gowanus Canal Nucleus - The BK BioReactor N: Bio’reac’tor; an engineered device or system that supports a biologically active environment, esp. Nodes - Smart Docks to synthesize useful substances or to break down harmful ones. Nodes - Analog Docks The Gowanus Canal is scheduled to undergo dredging and sub-aquatic capping as part of the Horizontal Surfaces - Event Spaces USEPA Superfund Cleanup plan beginning in 2016. Alternatively microbiologists are drawing Vertical Surfaces - Projection Walls attention to polluted urban environments as they discover new communities of microorganisms capable of biologically processing pollutants. In reaction to the announcements to cap the canal, the study team commenced a microbiome analysis of sediment samples to ensure the taxonomy and potentially unique cellular functions of microbial communities in the Gowanus Canal are catalogued and studied before dredging operations eliminate access. The BK BioReactor is an infrastructural BioNetwork designed to support and propel these investigations into the future and generate an active space for the community to inquire, investigate and project findings back to the community. Akin to the canoes in which our D.I.Y. investigations occurred and central to the BK BioReactor is a roving watercraft, which is capable of docking at The BK BioReactor specific locations along the canal for sampling events and to showcase research findings through the activation of vestigial spaces. As an open platform to support individual study, community - Mobile Watercraft Original Sampling Site engagement, and synthetic biology, the mobile research station aspires to embody the public library - Research Library - Roll-Out Program Venue MAPPING MODES Sewers of the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivation-Based Quantification and Identification of Bacteria at Two
    microorganisms Communication Cultivation-Based Quantification and Identification of Bacteria at Two Hygienic Key Sides of Domestic Washing Machines Susanne Jacksch 1,2 , Huzefa Zohra 1, Mirko Weide 3, Sylvia Schnell 2 and Markus Egert 1,* 1 Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 2 Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; [email protected] 3 International Research & Development–Laundry & Home Care, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40191 Düsseldorf, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(7720)-307-4554; Fax: +49-(7720)-307-4207 Abstract: Detergent drawer and door seal represent important sites for microbial life in domes- tic washing machines. Interestingly, quantitative data on the microbial contamination of these sites is scarce. Here, 10 domestic washing machines were swab-sampled for subsequent bacte- rial cultivation at four different sampling sites: detergent drawer and detergent drawer chamber, as well as the top and bottom part of the rubber door seal. The average bacterial load over all washing machines and sites was 2.1 ± 1.0 × 104 CFU cm−2 (average number of colony forming units ± standard error of the mean (SEM)). The top part of the door seal showed the lowest contami- 1 −2 nation (11.1 ± 9.2 × 10 CFU cm ), probably due to less humidity. Out of 212 isolates, 178 (84%) were identified on the genus level, and 118 (56%) on the species level using matrix-assisted laser Citation: Jacksch, S.; Zohra, H.; desorption/ionization (MALDI) Biotyping, resulting in 29 genera and 40 identified species across all Weide, M.; Schnell, S.; Egert, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-Binding Superoxide Dismutase 2 Kevin M
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.12.426412; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Inter-domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-binding Superoxide Dismutase 2 Kevin M. Sutherland1,*, Lewis M. Ward1, Chloé-Rose Colombero1, David T. Johnston1 3 4 1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 5 *Correspondence to KMS: [email protected] 6 7 Abstract 8 The ability of aerobic microorganisms to regulate internal and external concentrations of the 9 reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide directly influences the health and viability of cells. 10 Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the primary regulatory enzymes that are used by 11 microorganisms to degrade superoxide. SOD is not one, but three separate, non-homologous 12 enzymes that perform the same function. Thus, the evolutionary history of genes encoding for 13 different SOD enzymes is one of convergent evolution, which reflects environmental selection 14 brought about by an oxygenated atmosphere, changes in metal availability, and opportunistic 15 horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this study we examine the phylogenetic history of the protein 16 sequence encoding for the nickel-binding metalloform of the SOD enzyme (SodN). A comparison 17 of organismal and SodN protein phylogenetic trees reveals several instances of HGT, including 18 multiple inter-domain transfers of the sodN gene from the bacterial domain to the archaeal domain.
    [Show full text]
  • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl Für Mikrobielle Ökologie Analyse Der Bakteriellen Biodiversität Von Boviner Rohmil
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie Analyse der bakteriellen Biodiversität von boviner Rohmilch mittels kultureller und kulturunabhängiger Verfahren Franziska Thekla Breitenwieser Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kulozik Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Siegfried Scherer 2. Prof. Dr. Rudi F. Vogel Die Dissertation wurde am 23.03.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 04.07.2018 angenommen. Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................................... I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ...................................................................................................... V SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... VII ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ......................................................................................... IX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................. XI ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................... XIII 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the NCBI Database
    marine drugs Article Isolation, Phylogenetic and Gephyromycin Metabolites Characterization of New Exopolysaccharides-Bearing Antarctic Actinobacterium from Feces of Emperor Penguin Hui-Min Gao 1, Peng-Fei Xie 1,2, Xiao-Ling Zhang 1,2,* and Qiao Yang 1,2,3,* 1 College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; [email protected] (H.-M.G.); [email protected] (P.-F.X.) 2 ABI Group, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China 3 Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.-L.Z.); [email protected] (Q.Y.) Abstract: A new versatile actinobacterium designated as strain NJES-13 was isolated from the feces of the Antarctic emperor penguin. This new isolate was found to produce two active gephyromycin analogues and bioflocculanting exopolysaccharides (EPS) metabolites. Phylogenetic analysis based on pairwise comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NJES-13 was closely related to Mobilicoccus pelagius Aji5-31T with a gene similarity of 95.9%, which was lower than the threshold value (98.65%) for novel species delineation. Additional phylogenomic calculations of the average Citation: Gao, H.-M.; Xie, P.-F.; nucleotide identity (ANI, 75.9–79.1%), average amino acid identity (AAI, 52.4–66.9%) and digital Zhang, X.-L.; Yang, Q. Isolation, DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH, 18.6–21.9%), along with the constructed phylogenomic tree based Phylogenetic and Gephyromycin on the up-to-date bacterial core gene (UBCG) set from the bacterial genomes, unequivocally separated Metabolites Characterization of New strain NJES-13 from its close relatives within the family Dermatophilaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of Taxa of the Order Actinomycetales (Schizomycetes) Erwin Francis Lessel Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1961 Nomenclature of taxa of the order Actinomycetales (Schizomycetes) Erwin Francis Lessel Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Lessel, Erwin Francis, "Nomenclature of taxa of the order Actinomycetales (Schizomycetes) " (1961). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2440. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2440 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been (J 1-3042 microfilmed exactly as received LESSEL, Jr., iJrxvin Francis, 1U3U- NOMENCLATURE OF TAXA OF THE ORUEIR AC TINO M YC E TA LE S (SCIIIZO M YC ETES). Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1001 Bacteriology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mic hi g NOMENCLATURE OF TAXA OF THE ORDKR ACTINOMYCETALES (SCHIZOMYCETES) oy Erwin Francis Lessel, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ma-'or Subject: Bacteriology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatophilus Dermatitis (Streptotrichosis) in Ontario. 1
    DERMATOPHILUS DERMATITIS (STREPTOTRICHOSIS) IN ONTARIO. 1. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS* G. P. Searcyt and T. J. Hullandt INTRODUCTION lesced, and (iii) accumulation of cuta- neuos keratinized masses or cornified A DERMATITIS affecting cattle in the Bel- material forming "wart-like, bark-like gian Congo was described in 1915 by Van lesions" or "horn-like projections". Saceghem (46). The lesions were small Bovine streptotrichosis has also been but confluent, raised circumscribed crusts reported in Australia (1, 11, 26, 28), the on the skin composed of epidermal cells United States (6, 21, 30, 45), Canada (4) and coagulated serous exudate with em- and England (36). bedded hairs. He applied the name "Der- Streptotrichosis in horses has been matose Contagieuse" to the disease. The reported in Africa (16, 25), England (12, causative agent was said to be a bacterium 37, 42), and in the United States (4, 20). which could appear in two forms: (i) Kaplan and Johnston (20) described the Straight or curved filaments sometimes early lesions on horses as irregular patches branching and containing fine granules, of matted hair or as raised crusted areas, or (ii) Isolated cocci. with hairs protruding through the crusts. Van Saceghem named the organism Lesions in more advanced stages of de- Dermatophilus congolensis. In 1920, velopment were separated from the under- another report described a "Contagious lying epithelium. Removal of the crusts Impetigo" of cattle in Northern Rhodesia left a pink moist area or a soft smooth (20). Early lesions, usually noticed first skin. Branched hyphae divided in trans- on the back, resembled paint brushes due verse and longitudinal planes were demon- to matting of a few hairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptomyces Hokutonensis Sp. Nov., a Novel Actinomycete Isolated from the Strawberry Root Rhizosphere
    The Journal of Antibiotics (2014) 67, 465–470 & 2014 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved 0021-8820/14 www.nature.com/ja ORIGINAL ARTICLE Streptomyces hokutonensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the strawberry root rhizosphere Hideki Yamamura1, Haruna Ashizawa1, Moriyuki Hamada2, Akira Hosoyama2, Hisayuki Komaki2, Misa Otoguro2, Tomohiko Tamura2, Yukikazu Hayashi1, Youji Nakagawa1, Takashi Ohtsuki1, Nobuyuki Fujita2, Sadaharu Ui1 and Masayuki Hayakawa1 A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomic position of actinomycete strain R1-NS-10T, which was isolated from a sample of strawberry root rhizosphere obtained from Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan. Strain R1-NS-10T was Gram-staining-positive and aerobic, and formed brownish-white aerial mycelia and grayish-brown substrate mycelia on ISP-2 medium. The strain grew in the presence of 0–5% (w/v) NaCl and optimally grew without NaCl. The strain grew at pH 5–8, and the optimum for growth was pH 7. The optimal growth temperature was 30 1C, but the strain grew at 5–37 1C. Whole-cell T hydrolysates of strain R1-NS-10 contained A2pm, galactose, mannose and rhamnose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain R1-NS-10T was most closely related to Streptomyces prunicolor NBRC 13075T (99.4%). The draft genome sequences of both strains were determined for characterization of genome sequence-related parameters such as average nucleotide identity (ANI) and the diversity of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Actinobacteria
    Chapter 1 An Introduction to Actinobacteria Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath Ponnusamy Manogaran Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62329 Abstract Actinobacteria, which share the characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are widely dis‐ tributed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, mainly in soil, where they play an es‐ sential role in recycling refractory biomaterials by decomposing complex mixtures of polymers in dead plants and animals and fungal materials. They are considered as the bi‐ otechnologically valuable bacteria that are exploited for its secondary metabolite produc‐ tion. Approximately, 10,000 bioactive metabolites are produced by Actinobacteria, which is 45% of all bioactive microbial metabolites discovered. Especially Streptomyces species produce industrially important microorganisms as they are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products with potential applications. Though it has various applica‐ tions, some Actinobacteria have its own negative effect against plants, animals, and hu‐ mans. On this context, this chapter summarizes the general characteristics of Actinobacteria, its habitat, systematic classification, various biotechnological applications, and negative impact on plants and animals. Keywords: Actinobacteria, Characteristics, Habitat, Types, Secondary metabolites, Appli‐ cations, Pathogens 1. Introduction Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA, which can be terrestrial or aquatic. Though they are unicellular like bacteria, they do not have distinct cell wall, but they produce a mycelium that is nonseptate and more slender. Actinobacteria include some of the most common soil, freshwater, and marine type, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin, thereby playing a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle, replenishing the supply of nutrients in the soil, and is an important part of humus formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonsilliphilus Suis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., Causing Tonsil Infections in Pigs
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 2545–2552 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.045237-0 Tonsilliphilus suis gen. nov., sp. nov., causing tonsil infections in pigs Ryozo Azuma,1 Bak Ung-Bok,2 Satoshi Murakami,3 Hiroyuki Ishiwata,4 Makoto Osaki,5 Nobuaki Shimada,5 Yasuichiro Ito,6 Eichi Miyagawa,7 Takashi Makino,8 Takuji Kudo,9 Yoko Takahashi,10 Ikuya Yano,11 Ryo Murata3 and Eiji Yokoyama12 Correspondence 12-7-33 Higashi-tokura, Kokubunji-city, Tokyo 185-0002, Japan Satoshi Murakami 21002, 808-dong Suri-Apt, Sanbon-dong, Gunpo-city, Kyong-gi-do, Republic of Korea [email protected] 3Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako Atugi-city, 243-0034, Japan 4Technical Research Institute, Nishimatu Construction Co. Ltd Nakatu, Aikawa-machi Kanagawa-Pref., 243-0303, Japan 5Safety Research team, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba-city 305-0856, Japan 61-3 Bangai, Tamiya, Ushiku-city, 300-1236, Japan 7Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai, Midorimachi, Ebetu, 069-8501, Japan 8Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-city, 186-8650, Japan 9Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 10Kitasato Life Science Institute, Kitasato University. 5-9-1 Shirogane, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan 11Japan BCG Laboratory, 3-1-5 Matuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-0303, Japan 12Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8715 Japan A micro-organism resembling members of the genus Dermatophilus, strain W254T, which was isolated from the submandibular lymph node of a pig, and an additional 16 strains isolated from swine tonsils, were studied to establish their taxonomic status.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatiotemporal Variation in Bacterial Community Composition on Field-Grown Lettuce
    The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1812–1822 & 2012 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/12 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Leaf microbiota in an agroecosystem: spatiotemporal variation in bacterial community composition on field-grown lettuce Gurdeep Rastogi1, Adrian Sbodio2, Jan J Tech1, Trevor V Suslow2, Gitta L Coaker1 and Johan HJ Leveau1 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA and 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA The presence, size and importance of bacterial communities on plant leaf surfaces are widely appreciated. However, information is scarce regarding their composition and how it changes along geographical and seasonal scales. We collected 106 samples of field-grown Romaine lettuce from commercial production regions in California and Arizona during the 2009–2010 crop cycle. Total bacterial populations averaged between 105 and 106 per gram of tissue, whereas counts of culturable bacteria were on average one (summer season) or two (winter season) orders of magnitude lower. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from 88 samples revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundantly represented phyla. At the genus level, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Massilia, Arthrobacter and Pantoea were the most consistently found across samples, suggesting that they form the bacterial ‘core’ phyllosphere microbiota on lettuce. The foliar presence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, which is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, correlated positively with the relative representation of bacteria from the genus Alkanindiges, but negatively with Bacillus, Erwinia and Pantoea. Summer samples showed an overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae sequences and culturable coliforms compared with winter samples.
    [Show full text]