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Escuela Técnica Superior De Arquitectura De Madrid ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID . UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 P A T R I C I A D E D I E G O R U I Z __ ARQUITECTA DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID . UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Tesis Doctoral PATRICIA DE DIEGO RUIZ, Arquitecta 2015 Directores JOSÉ MARÍA MERCÉ HOSPITAL, Doctor Arquitecto FRANCISCO ARQUÉS SOLER, Doctor Arquitecto DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS D.12 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de Tesis el día en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Calificación: EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A mi madre. Mi aliento y mi inspiración A mi familia por esperarme, ayudarme y arroparme incondicionalmente durante estos años. A mis Directores de tesis. A José María Mercé por su tenaz confianza en mi persona, su guía y su constancia. A Francisco Arqués por su último soplo de impulso. A María Teresa Muñoz por su apoyo y consejo en la primera larga fase de la investigación. Al Consejo Social de la U.P.M. por financiarme la estancia de investigación en Gran Bretaña. A Kenneth Frampton por su atención y refuerzo intelectual. A Robert Maxwell y Celia Scott por su cariñosa acogida y su testimonio. A Pedro Moleón por señalarme la importancia de detectar flecos sueltos que permiten rastrearlos para conducir a una nueva configuración de la madeja del conocimiento. Al Tribunal de Prelectura por sus sugerencias. A Mark Crinson y Hitomi Tsujikawa por su revisión. A Antonio Juárez, por la generosidad con la que comparte su conocimiento y el estímulo de su ejemplo docente. A Aurora Fernández por sus intensas conversaciones informales. A Andrea Cuevas por su ayuda con algunos dibujos. A Ben y Simon por su incondicional amor a la arquitectura. Al personal de todas las bibliotecas y fondos de documentación consultados por su ayuda silenciosa. Y a todos aquellos que se me acumulan y no cabe reflejar, pero que contribuyeron a mi formación como investigadora, docente y persona. 329TRANSICIÓN INDICE 1. INTRODUCCION 1.1 ANTECEDENTES Y ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN 24 1.1.1. Perspectiva actual del Nuevo Brutalismo 1.2.1. El contexto global del Nuevo Brutalismo 1.2 HIPÓTESIS 30 1.2.1. El supuesto de trabajo 1.2.2. Objetivos y contribuciones PARTE I 2. REVISIÓN HISTORICA DEL NUEVO BRUTALISMO 2.1 EL MARCO COETANEO DEL NUEVO BRUTALISM 36 2.2 LA VISION CANONICA DEL NUEVO BRUTALISMO. REYNER BANHAM 41 2.2.1. Origen y primera Fase 2.2.2. El Manifiesto Definitivo 2.3 ANALISIS DEL RECORRIDO HISTORIOGRAFICO 53 2.3.1. JOHN JACOBUS. Aguda crítica y temprana interpretación del Nuevo Brutalismo 2.3.2. ROYSTON LANDAU. Complemento y marco aportado por otra versión inglesa. 2.3.3. JÜRGEN JOEDICKE. Brutalismo inglés versus Brutalismo Internacional. 2.3.4. CHARLES JENCKS. Atención preferente a los orígenes comunes del Nuevo Brutalismo. 2.3.5. RENATO DE FUSCO. Cuestionamiento del Nuevo Brutalismo y detección de coherencia británica. 2.3.6. LEONARDO BENÉVOLO. Detrimento del Nuevo Brutalismo a favor del Team X. 2.3.7. BRUNO ZEVI. Encumbramiento del liderazgo ideológico del Nuevo Brutalismo. 2.3.8. MANFREDO TAFURI. La identificación del Brutalismo con el lenguaje lecorbuseriano. 2.3.9. KENNETH FRAMPTON. Estructuración por etapas y empatía inglesa con el Brutalismo. 2.4 BREVE SUMARIO Y CONCLUSIONES 78 2.4.1. Nuevo Brutalismo vs Brutalismo. ¿Cuestión Nacional o Movimiento de escala mundial? 2.4.2. Heterogeneidad de influencias para la concreción de unos intereses generales. 2.4.3. 1964 ¿Muerte del Nuevo Brutalismo? PARTE II 3. UNA NUEVA PERSPECTIVA 3.1 EL NUEVO BRUTALISMO COMO UN CONJUNTO DE IDEAS CONSCIENTEMENTE DIFUSO Y PLURAL 98 3.1.1. Imprecisión en las características. 3.1.2. La no adhesión voluntaria 3.1.3. Conscientemente no dogmático y liberador 3.2 REVISIÓN CRÍTICA DE LA VERSIÓN DE BANHAM. UNA INTERPRETACIÓN PARCIAL E INCOMPLETA 109 3.3 ‘ARQUITECTURA ILIMITADA’. UNA CUESTIÓN ESCASAMENTE ADVERTIDA 112 3.4 EL ORIGEN DE LA NOCION DE ‘ARQUITECTURA ILIMITADA’ EN EL DEBATE ARQUITECTONICO INGLES 115 3.4.1. Kallmann y la reformulación de lo inglés a través de la mirada americana 3.4.2. Llewelyn-Davies. De la valoración estética a la derivación funcionalista. 3.4.3. Dos textos seminales 3.4.4. Conclusiones 4. LA OTRA ARQUITECTURA ILIMITADA 4.1- LA OTRA ARQUITECTURA ILIMITADA. DOS SENSIBILIDADES ENFRENTADAS 142 4.2- DE LA ARQUITECTURA ILIMITADA A LA ARQUITECTURA ADAPTATIVA. DEL FACTOR ESTÉTICO A LA CUESTIÓN VITAL 147 4.2.1. LA INFLUENCIA DEL DISCURSO ORGÁNICO. ARQUITECTURA COMO ENTIDAD VITAL 150 Wright, Zevi y la Arquitectura Orgánica Las Ciencias Naturales: The Growth and Form 4.2.2.- INFLUENCIA DE LA PRAXIS DE POSGUERRA. UNA FILOSOFÍA DERIVADA DEL ‘THE FOUND’. 167 Conciencia del Realismo Crítico El parámetro de la eficiacia y el corsé de lo normativo Tiempos de incertidumbre - activador del parámetro temporal y del factor de coexistencia 4.2.3.- NUEVO PARADIGMA SOCIO-TECNOLÓGICO 176 El rol de la tecnología Arquitectura de la integración: arte + ciencia Contra reduccionismo Del ‘Funcionalismo’ al ‘funcionalismo’ PARTE III. 5. ASPECTOS DE LA ARQUITECTURA ADAPTATIVA. UNA ARQUITECTURA ‘EN PROCESO’ 5.1 PROCESO ENDÓGENO 195 Estrategias de atomización Patrones generativos Principio de identidad y rutas estructurantes 5.2 ESTRUCTURAS FORMALES DE RESILIENCIA 235 5.2.1. ESENCIAL O CONTINGENTE 235 Estandarización y orientación del diseño industrial Ética de lo necesario y responsabilidad social 5.2.2. EL DILEMA DE LA PERMANENCIA 239 Durabilidad, construcción y mantenimiento El factor de estilo 5.2.3. DE LA ESTÉTICA DE LO DESECHABLE A LA ESTÉTICA DE LO TRANSITORIO 249 Prescindencia y mutación Evolución (continuidad) vs revolución (novedad) Lo simbólico 5.2.4. PERMANENCIAS EN TRANSICIÓN 253 Gradientes de permanencia Agrupación por paquetes de temporalidad Sistemas de crecimiento 5.3 MORFOLOGÍAS DE SIGNIFICADO COLABORATIVO 319 5.3.1. ARQUITECTURA DE LA IMPLICACIÓN 319 Principio de colaboración al inicio o la importancia del diseño específico Contra la tecnofilia incondicional y el ‘expresionismo tecnológico’ 5.3.2. LA FORMA CÓMPLICE 330 Alianza creativa en un proceso de vida arquitectónica colaborativo Relativismo adaptativo en la arquitectura de lo apropiado Necesaria comunicabilidad 5.3.3. ARQUITECTURA SEMINAL 340 Estrategias de relación urbana y empatía social Acupuntura de reactivación urbana Protoarquitectura. Germen y crecimiento Fachada colaborativa Arquetipos en evolución CONCLUSIONES 376 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 329TRANSICIÓN CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 ANTECEDENTS AND STATUS OF THE ISSUE 1.1.1. Current perspective on the New Brutalism 24 1.2.1. The contex of the New Brutalism 1.2 HYPOTHESIS 30 1.2.1. The assumption of work 1.2.2. Objectives and contributions PART I 2. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE NEW BRUTALISM 2.1 COETANEOUS FRAME OF THE NEW BRUTALISM 36 2.2 THE CANONICAL VIEW OF THE NEW BRUTALISM. REYNER BANHAM 41 2.2.1. Origin and first phase 2.2.2. The definitive Manifesto 2.3 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL PATH 53 2.3.1. JOHN JACOBUS. Sharp critic and early interpretation of the New Brutalism 2.3.2. ROYSTON LANDAU. Complement and frame provided by another English version. 2.3.3. JÜRGEN JOEDICKE. English Brutalism versus International Brutalism. 2.3.4. CHARLES JENCKS. Preferential attention to the common origins of the New Brutalism. 2.3.5. RENATO DE FUSCO. Questioning of the New Brutalism and detection of a British coherence. 2.3.6. LEONARDO BENÉVOLO. Detriment to the New Brutalism in favour on the Team X. 2.3.7. BRUNO ZEVI. Praising of the ideological leadership of the New Brutalism. 2.3.8. MANFREDO TAFURI. Identification of the Brutalism with the corbuserian language. 2.3.9. KENNETH FRAMPTON. Structuring by stages and English empathy with Brutalism. 2.4 BRIEF SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 78 2.4.1. New Brutalism vs. Brutalism. National issue or global scale Movement? 2.4.2. Heterogeneity of influences for the summarizing of some general interests. 2.4.3. 1964. Dead of the New Brutalism? PARTE II 3. A NEW PERSPECTIVE 3.1 THE NEW BRUTALISM AS A GROUP OF IDEAS CONSCIOUSLY DIFFUSSED AND PLURAL 98 3.1.1. Vagueness in its characteristics. 3.1.2. Voluntary absence in joining. 3.1.3. Consciously non dogmatic and liberating. 3.2 CRITIC REVIEW OF BANHAM’S INTERPRETATION. A PARCIAL AND INCOMPLETE READING 109 3.3 ‘ENDLESS ARCHITECTURE’. A QUESTION SCANTILY NOTICED 112 3.4 ORIGIN OF THE NOTION ‘ENDLESS ARCHITECTURE’ IN THE ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL DEBATE 115 3.4.1. Kallmann and the quest for English reformulation through the American perspective. 3.4.2. Llewelyn-Davies. From aesthetic assessment to functionalist derivation. 3.4.3. Two seminal texts 3.4.4. Conclusions 4. THE OTHER ‘ENDLESS ARCHITECTURE’ 4.1- THE OTHER ENDLESS ARCHITECTURE. TWO CONFRONTED SENSIBILITIES 142 4.2- FROM ‘ENDLESS ARCHITECTURE’ TO ARCHITECTURE ‘IN PROCESS’. FROM THE AESTHETIC FACTOR TO THE VITALIST QUESTION 147 4.2.1. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIC DISCOURSE. ARCHITECTURE AS A VITAL ENTITY 150 Wright, zevi and the organic architecture Natural sciences: the growth and form 4.2.2. - INFLUENCE OF POST-WAR PRAXIS. A PHILOSOPHY DERIVED FROM ‘THE FOUND’ 167 Conscience of critic realism Efficiency parameter and the constraint of the normative Uncertain times- activator of temporal parameter and factor of coexistence 4.2.3. - NEW PARADIGM SOCIO-TECHNOLOGICAL 176 The role of technology Architecture of the integration: art + cience Against reductionism From ‘Funcionalism’ to’ funcionalism’ PART III. 5. ASPECTS OF THE ARCHITECTURE ‘IN PROCESS’ 5.1 ENDOGENEOUS PROCESS 195 Strategies of fragmentation Patterns of generation Principle of identity and structuring routes 5.2 FORMAL STRUCTURES OF RESILIENCE 235 5.2.1.
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