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The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: a Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944
The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: A Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944 ARGYRIOS MAMARELIS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy The European Institute London School of Economics and Political Science 2003 i UMI Number: U613346 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613346 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 9995 / 0/ -hoZ2 d X Abstract This thesis addresses a neglected dimension of Greece under German and Italian occupation and on the eve of civil war. Its contribution to the historiography of the period stems from the fact that it constitutes the first academic study of the third largest resistance organisation in Greece, the 5/42 regiment of evzones. The study of this national resistance organisation can thus extend our knowledge of the Greek resistance effort, the political relations between the main resistance groups, the conditions that led to the civil war and the domestic relevance of British policies. -
Phoenician Ships: Types, Trends, Trade and Treacherous Trade Routes
PHOENICIAN SHIPS: TYPES, TRENDS, TRADE AND TREACHEROUS TRADE ROUTES by ANNE MARIE SMITH Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. CL vW SCHEEPERS November 2012 Student number: 31063543 I declare that PHOENICIAN SHIPS: TYPES, TRENDS, TRADE AND TREACHEROUS TRADE ROUTES is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _________________________ ___________________________ SIGNATURE DATE (Mrs) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................. xi SUMMARY .................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................... 1 1.3 HYPOTHESIS................................................................................................ 2 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................... 2 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................ -
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan: How this symbiotic alliance established the legitimacy and political longevity of the regime in the process of state-formation, 1914-1946 An Honors Thesis for the Department of Middle Eastern Studies Julie Murray Tufts University, 2018 Acknowledgements The writing of this thesis was not a unilateral effort, and I would be remiss not to acknowledge those who have helped me along the way. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Thomas Abowd, for his encouragement of my academic curiosity this past year, and for all his help in first, making this project a reality, and second, shaping it into (what I hope is) a coherent and meaningful project. His class provided me with a new lens through which to examine political history, and gave me with the impetus to start this paper. I must also acknowledge the role my abroad experience played in shaping this thesis. It was a research project conducted with CET that sparked my interest in political stability in Jordan, so thank you to Ines and Dr. Saif, and of course, my classmates, Lensa, Matthew, and Jackie, for first empowering me to explore this topic. I would also like to thank my parents and my brother, Jonathan, for their continuous support. I feel so lucky to have such a caring family that has given me the opportunity to pursue my passions. Finally, a shout-out to the gals that have been my emotional bedrock and inspiration through this process: Annie, Maya, Miranda, Rachel – I love y’all; thanks for listening to me rant about this all year. -
Constantinople Agreement”, 1915: Between Britain, France and Russia - Initiated by Russia to Assure Rights to Constantinople, Straits of Dardanelles
Studying the Ottomans: Section 2: Ottomans in the Modern World (19th -early 20th C.) WWI and Aftermath. End of Empire, Birth of Modern Turkey (2:) politics of dismemberment -- ‘Secret Agreements’ Nov. 19-23 World War I Pledges to Arabs: - Britain encouraged Sherif of Mecca to organize Arab revolt, undermine Ottoman attempts unity 1915-16 “Hussayn-McMahon” correspondence: - outlined agreement: -Hussayn would rally Arabs in exchange for Arab independence, British alliance (political, economic) [see ‘Additional Readings’] World War I Correspondence ‘Secret’: took place between 14 July – 10 March, 1915 Hussayn made it clear: this was about recogniztion of ‘Arab Caliphate of Islam’ – nation defined by ‘Arabness’ Initially: - claimed Basra, Baghdad as ‘ancient Arab homeland’ - subsequently agreed to ‘temporary’ British authority, as long as Arab interests respected World War I - also wanted Adana and northern region including Alexandretta; wilayets Damascus, Aleppo (approximately) - AND, most significantly: wilayet of Beirut - relinquished claims to former in face of Britain’s response that these areas were ‘not purely Arab’ in population World War I - effectively, British attempted NOT to engage in detailed discussion of boundaries: at first ‘deferred’, then left ambiguities - ultimately: Hussayn agreed to terms - But Which Boundaries? Never Clear…. Map A: interpretation EXCLUDING Beirut Ambiguity of McMahon-Hussayn Correspondence as reflected in conflicting Interpretations, conflicting ‘agreements’ …. Map B: interpretation INCLUDING Beirut I Ambiguity of McMahon-Hussayn Correspondence as reflected in conflicting Interpretations, conflicting ‘agreements’ …. World War I Text on Map A: ---Line west of which Britain said ‘should be exluded from the proposed limits and boundaries of any future independent Arab State (McMahon 25 oct. -
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the UNIVERSITY of OKLAHOMA
This dissertation has been 64-126 microfilmed exactly as received SOH, Jin ChuU, 1930- SOME CAUSES OF THE KOREAN WAR OF 1950; A CASE STUDY OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY IN KOREA (1945-1950), WITH EMPHASIS ON SINO- SOVIET COLLABORATION. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1963 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA. GRADUATE COLLEGE SOME CAUSES OF THE KOREAN WAR OF 1950: A CASE STUDY OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY IN KOREA (1945-1950), WITH EMPHASIS ON SING-SOVIET COLLABORATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JIN CHULL SOH Norman, Oklahoma 1963 SOME CAUSES OF THE KOREAN WAR OF I95 O: A CASE STUDY OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY IN KOREA (1945-1950), WITH EMPHASIS ON SINO-SOVIET COLLABORATION APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer chose this subject because the Commuaist strategy in Korea is a valuable case study of an instance in which the "cold war" became exceedingly hot. Many men died and many more were wounded in a conflict which could have been avoided if the free world had not been ignorant of the ways of the Communists. Today, many years after the armored spearhead of Communism first drove across the 38th parallel, 350 ,0 0 0 men are still standing ready to repell that same enemy. It is hoped that this study will throw light on the errors which grew to war so that they might not be repeated at another time in a different place. -
![Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/9192/cilician-armenia-in-the-thirteenth-century-3-marco-polo-for-example-set-out-on-his-journey-to-china-from-ayas-in-1271-1709192.webp)
Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia; not to be confused with the Arme- nian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located on the Gulf of Alexandretta of the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The kingdom remained independent from around 1078 to 1375. The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign oc- cupation at the time. King Levon I of Armenia helped cultivate Cilicia's economy and commerce as its interaction with European traders grew. Major cities and castles of the kingdom included the port of Korikos, Lam- pron, Partzerpert, Vahka (modern Feke), Hromkla, Tarsus, Anazarbe, Til Hamdoun, Mamistra (modern Misis: the classical Mopsuestia), Adana and the port of Ayas (Aias) which served as a Western terminal to the East. The Pisans, Genoese and Venetians established colonies in Ayas through treaties with Cilician Armenia in the thirteenth century.[3] Marco Polo, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271. For a short time in the 1st century BCE the powerful kingdom of Armenia was able to conquer a vast region in the Levant, including the area of Cilicia. -
Turkey Bird Report 2002–06
Sandgrouse-080723:Sandgrouse 7/23/2008 12:51 PM Page 166 Turkey Bird Report 2002–06 GUY M KIRWAN, METEHAN ÖZEN & BARBAROS DEMIRCI (COMPILERS) This report, covering the years 2002–06, has been produced jointly by GMK, MÖ and BD, and is the second such to be co- edited by an Anglo- Turkish team, following the last report (Sandgrouse 25: 8–31). The increase in the number of in- country birdwatchers submitting records to the report, first noted in the last compilation, encouragingly has been main- tained, as has the number of records of rarities being documented photographically. In contrast, reports from visiting foreign birdwatchers, although frequently posted on the internet, are now rarely submitted. These latter are still welcome, as some areas of the country (and seasons) are still arguably better covered by visiting, rather than resident, observers. Highlights of the present report include the first records in Turkey of the following 12 species: Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor, Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos, Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes (one unconfirmed previous record), Namaqua Dove Oena capen- sis, Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella, Blackstart Cercomela melanura, Black- throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis atrogularis, Plain Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus neglectus (apparently breeding in extreme eastern Turkey), Arctic Warbler P. borealis (one unconfirmed previous record), Iraq Babbler Turdoides altirostris (one unconfirmed previous record), Fan- tailed Raven Corvus rhipidurus and Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus (one unconfirmed pre- vious record). The first reports of the following species— Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis, Cotton Pygmy Goose Nettapus coromandelianus and Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum— were also received, but insufficient documentation is available to advocate their acceptance onto Turkey’s bird list. -
Crimea PLAYBOOK PLAYBOOK
Crimea PLAYBOOK PLAYBOOK Game Design by Vance von Borries Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .................................................... 2 10.3 Scenario 3: Crimea: The Road to Sevastopol .. 25 2.0 Game Basics ................................................... 2 10.4 Scenario 4: Sevastopol: First Assault ............... 27 3.0 Special Rules .................................................. 4 10.5 Scenario 5: Crimean Campaign ....................... 29 4.0 Special Movement Situations ......................... 5 10.6 Scenario 6: Kerch: The Party Boss Attacks ..... 32 5.0 The Sevastopol Inset Map .............................. 6 10.7 Scenario 7: Kerch: Operation Trappenjagd ...... 33 6.0 Air Units ......................................................... 9 10.8 Scenario 8: Sevastopol: Operation Storfang .... 36 7.0 Special Units and Situations ........................... 11 10.9 Scenario 9: The Kerch-Feodosiya Operation ... 38 8.0 Naval Operations ............................................ 13 11.0 Detailed Examples of Play ............................... 43 9.0 How to Set Up a Scenario .............................. 20 12.0 Designer’s Section ........................................... 46 10.0 SCENARIOS .................................................. 20 Credits ...................................................................... 49 10.1 Scenario 1: The Tartar Ditch........................... 20 Counter scans ........................................................... 50 10.2 Scenario 2: Odessa: Hero City ...................... -
On the Lichen Gonidia Question
302 NATURE At last it occurrecl to me why they came, and on placing the Remarkable Form of Lightning cage on the floor the onslaught on the contents was a convincing DURING a thunderstorm on Sunday afternoon, August 24, p,-;:iof that A. panthera would _never be naturnlised 3:t St. Pedro. 1873, I saw a flash of lightnino- here exactly answering to Mr. I CJnlcl adduce many other rnstan~es of the _smellm; and the Joule's description of "punctu;tion." The note of the storm in "perception of sound" (to phrase It), but wil~ not mtmde on my diary says:-" Lightning and thunder very frequent but not yom space. E. L_. LAYARD violent. One flash, very nmr, !tad the appeam11ce of a chain of British Consulate, Noumea, -µew Caledorna, April 26 alternate links, and remained visible, I should think, for half a p. S. Since writing the above I named the subject to Pere second, gradually fading out." This persistence was, no doubt, Montrnusier, the celel,rated French naturalist so long. resident in mainly an optical illusion, but it shows the definiteness of the this c.:ilony. He detailed the following experiment that he had form. The flash was from cloud to cloud, anrl followed a very made. He immersed a long-snouted weevil (Octhorinus cru sinuous line, as described by Mr. Lawrence. Is not this whnt ciatus) so as to cover it, all but the tip of the antenrn:e, with a old books describe as " chain lightning?" · coatinJ of wax. On presenting to it oil of turpentine it became B. -
The Forgotten Regional Landscape of the Sykes-Picot Agreement
LOEVY MACRO (DO NOT DELETE) 4/2/2018 10:42 AM RAILWAYS, PORTS, AND IRRIGATION: THE FORGOTTEN REGIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT Karin Loevy ABSTRACT What was the geo-political scale of the Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 1916? What did the British and French mid-level officials who drew lines on its maps imagine as the territorial scope of their negotiations? This Article claims that the Sykes-Picot Agreement cannot be understood strictly as the beginning of a story about territorial division in the Middle East, but also as an end to a story of perceived regional potency. Rather than a blueprint for what would later become the post-war division of the region into artificially created independent states, the Sykes-Picot Agreement was still based on a powerful vision of a broad region that is open for a range of developmental possibilities. Part II of this Article outlines the prewar regional landscape of the agreement in ideas and practices of colonial development in Ottoman territories. Part III outlines the agreement’s war-time regional landscape in inter-imperial negotiations and in the more intimate drafting context, and locates the Sykes-Picot Agreement within a “missed” moment of regional development. I. INTRODUCTION: OPENING TERRITORIAL SPACE ............................ 288 A. Preface: December 1915, at 10 Downing Street .................... 288 B. A Forgotten Regional Landscape ........................................... 290 C. The Sykes-Picot Agreement: A Region Opening-Up for Development ........................................................................... 291 II. PRE-WAR HISTORY OF THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT ................. 296 A. The Context of the Agreement in Pre-war Colonial JSD Program Manager, IILJ Visiting Scholar New York University School of Law; 22 Washington Square North, New York, NY 10001, [email protected]. -
What the Neighbor to the West Says Greek–Turkish Relations
6 What the neighbor to the west says Greek–Turkish relations It is only in a foreign Land that you can understand that Greeks are your long lost brothers.1 There is nothing quite like a good quarrel with the United States or a crisis with Turkey, The Economist once commented, to persuade the Greeks to support their government;2 something the violent demonstrations during President Clinton’s visit to Athens in November 1999 certainly confirmed. There is a seeming unanimity in Greece over their country’s policies towards Washington and Ankara. However, unlike their uneasy, volatile relations with the United States, which tend to flare up at times of crisis, the Greeks are preoccupied with Turkey to the point of obsession. Their age-old conflict with their neighbor to the east absorbs them more than any other foreign policy issue. Considered a priority, Greek newspapers devote more column space to Turkey and related issues than to any of their European counterparts. Not so the Turkish press, which ranks the Greek–Turkish conflict only sixteenth in order of importance.3 It is a telling difference, representative of other spheres where the two coun- tries differ in terms of their perception and response to events. Take, for example, the 1919–22 war. In Turkey, the war, which replaced the old Ottoman-Islamic loyalties with a new national consciousness, is seen as a war of liberation and patriotic resurgence.4 In Greece, it is regarded as the greatest tragedy of modern times, a disaster, which wiped out 2000 years of Greek presence in Asia Minor. -
The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75
THE LESSONS OF HISTORY: THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY AT 75 Edited by Laurie Burkitt Andrew Scobell Larry M. Wortzel July 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/index.html ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail news- letter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also pro- vides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-126-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword Ambassador James R. Lilley . v Part I: Overview. 1 1. Introduction: The Lesson Learned by China’s Soldiers Laurie Burkitt, Andrew Scobell, and Larry M.