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LDEO NE Pacific IHA Final EA 14 June 2019

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LDEO NE Pacific IHA Final EA 14 June 2019 Final Environmental Analysis of a Marine Geophysical Survey by R/V Marcus G. Langseth in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Summer 2019 Prepared for Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 and National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725 Arlington, VA 22230 by LGL Ltd., environmental research associates 22 Fisher St., POB 280 King City, ON L7B 1A6 13 June 2019 LGL Report FA0169-03 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. viii I PURPOSE AND NEED .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Mission of NSF ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of and Need for the Proposed Action .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Background of NSF-funded Marine Seismic Research ................................................................. 2 1.4 Regulatory Setting....................................................................................................................... 2 II ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING PROPOSED ACTION ................................................................................... 2 2.1 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................................... 2 Project Objectives and Context .................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Proposed Activities ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Monitoring and Mitigation Measures .............................................................................. 6 2.2 Alternative 1: No Action Alternative ........................................................................................... 9 2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Further Analysis .................................................... 9 2.3.1 Alternative E1: Alternative Location ............................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Alternative E2: Use of Alternative Technologies ............................................................. 9 III AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Oceanography ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Protected Areas ......................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Marine Mammals ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Mysticetes .................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2 Odontocetes .................................................................................................................. 20 3.3.3 Pinnipeds ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Sea Turtles ................................................................................................................................ 32 3.4.1 Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) .................................................................. 32 3.5 Seabirds .................................................................................................................................... 33 3.5.1 Short-tailed Albatross ................................................................................................... 34 3.5.2 Hawaii Petrel ................................................................................................................ 34 3.6 ESA-listed Fish, Essential Fish Habitat, and Habitat Areas of Particular Concern ...................... 35 3.7 Fisheries.................................................................................................................................... 37 IV ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Proposed Action ........................................................................................................................ 37 Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Northeast Pacific Ocean, Summer 2019 Page ii Table of Contents 4.1.1 Direct Effects on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles and Their Significance .................. 37 4.1.2 Direct Effects on Marine Invertebrates, Fish, and Fisheries, and Their Significance....... 59 4.1.3 Direct Effects on Seabirds and Their Significance ......................................................... 66 4.1.4 Indirect Effects on Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Seabirds and Fish and Their Significance .................................................................................................................. 66 4.1.5 Cumulative Effects ....................................................................................................... 67 4.1.6 Unavoidable Impacts .................................................................................................... 70 4.1.7 Coordination with Other Agencies and Processes .......................................................... 70 4.2 No Action Alternative ............................................................................................................... 71 V LIST OF PREPARERS ........................................................................................................................... 72 VI LITERATURE CITED .......................................................................................................................... 73 LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 114 APPENDIX A: DETERMINATION OF MITIGATION ZONES APPENDIX B: MARINE MAMMAL TAKE CALCULATIONS APPENDIX C: ENSONIFIED AREAS FOR MARINE MAMMAL TAKE CALCULATIONS Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Northeast Pacific Ocean, Summer 2019 Page iii List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1. Location of the proposed seismic surveys in International Waters of the Northeast Pacific Ocean.................................................................................................................. 3 Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Northeast Pacific Ocean, Summer 2019 Page iv List of Tables LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1. Level B. Predicted distances to which sound levels ³160-dB re 1 µParms could be received during the proposed surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. ............................. 7 TABLE 2. Level A threshold distances for different marine mammal hearing groups. ...................... 7 TABLE 3. Sea turtle thresholds recommended by NMFS. ................................................................ 8 TABLE 4. Summary of Proposed Action, Alternative Considered, and Alternatives Eliminated. ....... 10 TABLE 5. The habitat, abundance, and conservation status of marine mammals that could occur in or near the proposed seismic survey area in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. ......... 15 TABLE 6. Fish “species” listed under the ESA off the coasts of Washington and Oregon (NOAA 2018b) ............................................................................................................. 36 TABLE 7. Densities of marine mammals off Oregon/Washington based on USN (2018).. .............. 56 TABLE 8. Densities and estimates of the possible numbers of individual marine mammals that could be exposed to Level B and Level A thresholds for various hearing groups during the proposed seismic surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer 2019... .......................................................................................................................... 57 TABLE 9. ESA determination for marine mammal species expected to be encountered during the proposed surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer 2019. ................... 59 TABLE 10. ESA determination for sea turtle species expected to be encountered during the proposed surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer 2019. ......................... 59 TABLE 11. ESA determination for DPSs or ESUs of fish species expected to be encountered during the proposed surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer 2019. ........ 66 TABLE 12. ESA determination for seabird species expected to be encountered during the proposed surveys in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer 2019. ......................... 67 Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Northeast Pacific Ocean, Summer 2019 Page v Abstract ABSTRACT Researchers
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