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Future Directions in Research on Beaked Whales 25th Meeting of the Advisory Committee ASCOBANS/AC25/Inf.5.1 Stralsund, Germany, 17-19 September 2019 Dist.16 August 2019 Agenda Item 5.1 Special Species Sessions Beaked Whales Information Document 5.1 Future Directions in Research on Beaked Whales Action Requested Take Note Submitted by Hooker et al. Note: Delegates are kindly reminded to bring their own document copies to the meeting, if needed. fmars-05-00514 January 23, 2019 Time: 17:10 # 1 REVIEW published: 25 January 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00514 Future Directions in Research on Beaked Whales Sascha K. Hooker1*, Natacha Aguilar De Soto2, Robin W. Baird3, Emma L. Carroll1,4, Diane Claridge1,5, Laura Feyrer6, Patrick J. O. Miller1, Aubrie Onoufriou1,2, Greg Schorr7, Eilidh Siegal1 and Hal Whitehead6 1 Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom, 2 BIOECOMAC Department of Animal Biology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain, 3 Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA, United States, 4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 5 Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Abaco, Bahamas, 6 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, 7 Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research, Seabeck, WA, United States Until the 1990s, beaked whales were one of the least understood groups of large mammals. Information on northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) and Baird’s beaked whales (Berardius bairdii) was available from data collected during Edited by: Lars Bejder, whaling, however, little information existed on the smaller species other than occasional University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, data gleaned from beach-cast animals. Recent research advances have been plentiful. United States Increasing global survey effort, together with morphometric and genetic analyses have Reviewed by: Whitlow W. L. Au, shown at least 22 species in this group. Longitudinal field studies of at least four species University of Hawai‘i, United States (H. ampullatus, B. bairdii, Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon densirostris) have become Elizabeth McHuron, established over the last three decades. Several long-term studies support photo- University of California, Santa Cruz, United States identification catalogs providing insights into life history, social structure and population *Correspondence: size. Tag-based efforts looking at diving, movements and acoustics have provided detail Sascha K. Hooker on individual behavior as well as population structure and ranges. Passive acoustic [email protected] monitoring has allowed long-term and seasonal monitoring of populations. Genetic Specialty section: studies have uncovered cryptic species and revealed contrasting patterns of genetic This article was submitted to diversity and connectivity amongst the few species examined. Conservation concern for Marine Megafauna, a section of the journal these species was sparked by mass strandings coincident with military mid-frequency Frontiers in Marine Science sonar use. Fat and gas emboli have been symptomatic indicators of mortalities related to Received: 16 August 2018 sonar exposure, suggesting that their vulnerability stems from the physiological exertion Accepted: 21 December 2018 of extreme diving for medium-sized whales. Behavioral response experiments have Published: 25 January 2019 now shown that beaked whales appear to cease foraging and delay their return to Citation: Hooker SK, De Soto NA, foraging and/or leave the area in association with exposure to mid-frequency signals Baird RW, Carroll EL, Claridge D, at low acoustic levels. Future priorities for these species will be to (1) continue field- Feyrer L, Miller PJO, Onoufriou A, Schorr G, Siegal E and Whitehead H studies to better understand smaller-scale habitat use, vital rates and social structure; (2) (2019) Future Directions in Research develop better detection methods for larger-scale survey work; (3) improve methodology on Beaked Whales. for monitoring energetics, individual body condition and health; (4) develop tools to Front. Mar. Sci. 5:514. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00514 better understand physiology; (5) use recent genetic advances with improved sample Frontiers in Marine Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2019| Volume 5| Article 514 fmars-05-00514 January 23, 2019 Time: 17:10 # 2 Hooker et al. Beaked Whale Future Directions databanks to re-examine global and local beaked whale relationships; (6) further quantify anthropogenic impacts (both sonar and other noise) and their population consequences (7) apply acquired data for realistic mitigation of sonar and other anthropogenic impacts for beaked whale conservation. Keywords: beaked whale, Hyperoodon, Mesoplodon, Ziphius, Berardius INTRODUCTION bairdii) were the targets of whaling operations. The northern bottlenose whale was hunted across the Northern Atlantic Beaked whales (Ziphiidae) are a family of odontocete cetaceans (e.g., Benjaminsen, 1972; Gray, 1882), while the Baird’s beaked (toothed whales) containing at least 22 species in 6 genera. whale continues to be hunted in Japan (e.g., Kasuya, 1977, Species range in size from 3 m and a few 100 kg to more 1986). Scientific research programs associated with the whaling than 10 m and 12 tones. All beaked whale species tend to live operations provided reproductive and demographic information in deep, typically offshore, waters and, for those species for for these two species but information for most other beaked which dive data are available, all perform long, deep dives in whales was sparse, often gleaned only occasionally from search of their prey. Many species of beaked whales (particularly necropsies of stranded animals (Mead, 1984). the genus Mesoplodon, which is the most numerous cetacean genus) have superficially similar external morphology, and so are Field Studies often difficult to identify to species level in the wild, hampering Long-term, non-lethal studies of wild populations began in the field observations. Difficulties are enhanced by the variability 1980s, with the study of northern bottlenose whales in the Gully, of coloration of several species, with new patterns still being off the coast of eastern Canada (Table 1). Since then, several discovered (Aguilar de Soto et al., 2017). Therefore, while some factors have led to a dramatic increase in research into beaked species have detailed distribution records, many others have only whale biology and ecology (Figure 1). An increase in number a handful of scattered reports (MacLeod et al., 2006). The study of and diversity of studies has been partly driven by technological many of these species has therefore often relied on examination advances (Baird et al., 2006; Tyack et al., 2006; Schorr et al., of beachcast animals (Ridgway and Harrison, 1989). 2009). However, there has also been an increased focus on Several species have yet to be knowingly seen alive at sea, beaked whales following evidence of a relationship between mid- including six different species from the genus Mesoplodon and low-frequency sound production and mass strandings of at (Dalebout et al., 2002). As a result, we still know comparatively least some species (Frantzis, 1998; Cox et al., 2006), confirmed little about many of these large mammal species. This scarcity by common veterinary pathological findings (Fernandez et al., of knowledge is a concern because beaked whales have been 2005). Today non-lethal long-term studies include research on identified as particularly sensitive to some human activities, in single populations of northern bottlenose whales and Baird’s particular those that generate high levels of underwater noise. beaked whales, and multiple populations of Blainville’s beaked Data are needed on physiology and behavior to understand the whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) and Cuvier’s beaked whales mechanisms of noise impacts, and how to mitigate them in order (Ziphius cavirostris)(Table 1). to guarantee beaked whale conservation. The lack of baseline Additional studies have also been more recently instigated. data on distribution, population size and structure, and life Some of these are currently becoming or have the potential to history impedes assessment of potential population level impacts. be extended into long-term studies1. Cuvier’s beaked whales have Likewise, it is difficult to predict the consequences of climate been regularly studied in the Mediterranean where there may be change given the paucity of knowledge of prey or likely shifts in several key areas of whale abundance (MacLeod and Mitchell, prey distribution, and the energetic and physiological impacts of 2006), with photo-identification studies in both the Genoa these changes. Canyon and the Ionian Sea (Canadas, 2012; Podesta et al., 2016). The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge, Cuvier’s beaked whales have also been the subject of intensive recent advances and outline future directions in research for this investigation for the last 6 years off North Carolina (Forney diverse group of marine mammals. It is intended as a roadmap et al., 2017), an area with very high whale density (McLellan for future research on beaked whales, identifying pitfalls and et al., 2018). Another Cuvier’s beaked whale population has been shortcuts and accelerating progress toward key goals: a better studied off Guadalupe Island, Mexico (Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., understanding of their biology and ecology and the application 2015). A reliable population of northern bottlenose whales has of data
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