THE CAUSES AND REPERCUSSIONS OF WETLANDS RECLAMATION IN . A CASE STUDY OF NSAMBYA KIROMBE KAMPALA CITY

BY

KASULE SIMON REG NO: BAE/17155/71/DU

A RESEARH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SEPTEMBER, 2010.

I DECLARATION

I KASULE SIMON do solemnly declare to the best of my knowledge that this research report is my origin al work and it has never been submitted to any University or any other institution of higher for the a ward of my qualification.

Signa tu re: ... ~ -...... Date: .. .-1-:~~1 .. J- ~ -. J.?: ~ -~.. APPROVAL

I here by certify that this work has done under my supervision and I have approved it for submission to the university

n Signature~ ...... Name.b .eJ?..<1~~..... \f1\~oo~ Date... aa ...... S'?.-~.~. A-2.\~.... .

Supervisor

11 DEDICATION

It is traditional for authors to dedicate their work to their mentors, colleagues and especially the family members and loved ones who have endured daily scarifies while the author is dallying on the key board. Well I done all the above and I certainly appreciate the support of my family and loved ones but this time there ,is a special group I want to appreciate.

Specifically I owe a special debt of thanks to my parents especially my Father Mr. Kal(ande Ibrahim, who have managed to supply me with both moral and financial support tirelessly and cheerfully.

Finally am indebted to Mrs Twaise Moses, Lule Dickson, who has recommended sources, and cheerfully tolerated a never ending series of arcane and some times inane questions. Of course whatever error and

Ill ACKNOWLDGEMENT

Producing such work for public reading is not easy. Therefore it is a pleasure to thank the showing people for their contribution in having this work sees the lights of the day.

I thank the Almighty God for wisdom comes from him.

Great thanks go to my parents who have provided all the financial requirements for the publication of this material.

Aclmowledgement also, goes to my lecturer Twaise Mosses whose experience supervision and guidance, gave me the ability and capacity to come out with this work.

May you all live to enjoy the pleasures of the world.

!V ABSTRACT

This paper set out to investigate people's views and attitudes towards wetland reclamation, the factors that tend to predate wetland reclamation as well as the immediate impacts of this scourage to Kampala district in particular and in general. Field research was carried out among the residents of Kinawattaka as the area under investigation. Popular environmentalists were also approached. Respondents of ages between 18 to 60 years were interviewed in due course of the investigation. The objectives of this study were set to; find out the factors which pretended wetland reclamation and effects to both man and the environment, establish relationship between wetland reclamation and human economic activities, establish whether the government is directly or indirectly involved in the wetland reclamation, find out what the government has done to control wetland reclamation. The research found out that wetlands around Kirombe have been reclaimed at the expense of the following; need for agriculture land, need for settlement, climatic change, garbage damping among others. Also research has indicated that a number of effects have emanated from the degradation of wetlands. These include; generalization of species, extinction of species, changes in local climate, and flooding. However, despite the fact that wetlands are of great value to both man and the Environment, man has continuously reclaimed the wetlands and therefore, the Government has a very big challenge ofprotecting the remaining wetlands. Following the published on Friday April, 20, 2010, wetlands of Kampala were being encroached on the big personalities in the government who are even a ware of the environmental laws but muscle their way into the wetlands. Thus this has made wetlands reclamation more very possible, thus justifying the need to dig more deep into the causes and repercussions of wetlands reclamation.

V TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii DEDICATION ...... iii ACKNOWLDGEMENT ...... iv ABSTRACT ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1 .0 Background of the study ...... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ...... 2 1.3 Purpose of the study...... 2 1.4 Objectives of the study ...... 2 1.5 Research questions ...... 3 1.6 Scope of the study...... 3 1. 7 Significance of the study ...... 3 1.8 Definition of terms ...... 4 CHAPTER TWO ...... 6 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 6 2.0: Introduction ...... 6 2. 1 Classification of wetlands ...... 8 2.2 Values ofwetlands ...... 9 2.3 Advanced causes of wetland reclamation ...... 10 2.4 Effects of wetlands reclamation: ...... 10 CHAPTER THREE ...... 13 RESEARH METHODOLOGY ...... 13 3.0 Introduction ...... 13 3. 1 Research design ...... 13 3.2 Area and population of studs ...... 13 3.3 Sample selection techniques ...... 13 3.4 Procedure of data collection ...... 13 3 .5 Data collection instruments ...... 14 3.6 Types Of Data Gathered ...... 14 3. 7 Data analysis ...... 14 3.8 Limitations ...... 15 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 16 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND ...... 16 DISCUSSION ...... 16 4.0: Introduction ...... 16 4.1: Socio-Economic characteristics of the respondents ...... 16 4.2 Factors that predate wetlands reclamation ...... 24 4.2.1 Factors that account for wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe •...... 24 4.4 Repercussions of wetlands reclamation to the people of Nsambya Kirombe and its vicinity in particular and Kampala in general ...... 30 4.5 Challenges faced as a result of settling on the Nsambya Kirombe Wetlands ...... 29

VI 4.3 An essay on factors that have predated wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe and the surrounding areas .... Error! Bookmark not 1eflned.

CHAPTER FIVE...... 37 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 37 5.0 Introduction ...... 37 5.1 Summary of findings ...... 37 5.2 Conclusion ...... 37 5.3 Recommendations ...... 38 5.3.1 To the local people...... 38 5.3.2. To Kampala City Council...... 39 5.3.3. To the central government ...... 39 5.3.4. To NEMA ...... 40 5.3.5 General recommendations ...... 40 REFERECES ...... 43 APPENDICIES ...... 44 APPENDIX A ...... 44 Questionnaire for the ordinary people ...... 44 APPENDIX B ...... 4 7 (Questionnaire for the environments) ...... 47

Vil CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1 .0 Background of the study Wetlands reclamation is increasingly and significantly catching the world's attention, and Uganda is no exception of this advancing environment scourge. However, despite the fact that he World over is trying to protect the remaining wetlands, wetlands are continuously being reclaimed.

As already seen, one of the outstanding challenges facing the World today is wetland reclamation Wetlands throu2h out the world support a wide variety of plants and animals. The kinds of animals that inhabit wetlands include a wide variety of birds, amphibians, such as frogs, salamanders, and reptiles such as snakes, musk, rats and others. wetlands play an important rote in nature in addition to being habitat for many animals and help to control floods because the' retain large volumes of water, wetlands act as a source of replenishment for underground water supplies In addition, wetlands are used by people for fishing, hunting and nature study.

However, despite their importance, wetlands throughout the world have been degraded in favour of human activities such as settlement Industrialization, farming among others.

Almost half of the wetlands in the world have been degraded consequently, since 1970s awareness of the ecological and economic value of wetlands has steadily increased. For example in Uganda, the constitution review also saw the enactment of wetlands laws. In the United States, various states and federal programs have been designed to preserve the remaining wetlands. And despite all the above wetlands continue to he destroyed especially in the developing countries.

1.2 Statement of the problem Wetlands reclamation in Uganda has been intensive in the urban centers particularly Kampala city and its fringes This is due to the number various factors experienced by urban centers In some instances however, swamps have been reclaimed for agriculture, settlement, industry as well as the creation of washing bays The increasing population in the urban centers like Kampala exerts a lot of pressure on land which is inelastic thus leading to encroachment on wetlands.

However, this is dangerous to both man and the environment in a manner that floods have become rampant in the cit of Kampala and its fringes, extinction of some ecological species, out break of hygienic diseases such as cholera and others. Therefore following this fact I found it important to dig deep into the causes and effects of wetlands reclamation, and highlight the values of wetlands.

1.3 Purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to investigate causes and immediate repercussions of wetlands reclamation to both man and the environment (climate, drainage and ecology) in Kampala city in particular and Uganda in general.

1.4 Objectives of the study The objectives of this study were:

• To find out the factors which have predated wetlands reclamation, effects both to man and environment.

2 • To establish the relationship between wetlands and human­ economic activities.

1.5 Research questions

• This research study was guided h the following questions.

• What are the causes and the immediate effects of wetland reclamation?

• What is the relationship between vet lands and human economic activities?

1.6 Scope of the study This research study was designed to investigate the factors that predated wetlands reclamation and the immediate and long term outcomes. It was carried out in Nsambya Kirombe wetlands area, division. Kampala District was carried out between February and May 2010.

1. 7 Significance of the study The research study will be useful to the following stake holders;

The environmentalists (people conserving the environment) as it will give an insight on the causes of wetlands reclamation which is a very hit component of the environment.

The geography, environment and resource management students both at higher Secondary and tertiary institutions of learnt rig respectively.

3 The government of Uganda as it will give an insight on the harsh repercussion likely to emanate from wetlands reclamation and of course some control measures have been suggested.

1.8 Definition of terms Wetlands: The term wetlands means "marshes" and "peat lands" and the connecting water courses between these wetlands. Wetlands can also he defined as areas of land where water levels remain near or above the surface of the ground for most of the year.

Wetlands reclamation; This refers to the draining of water logged catchment areas for human activities such as agriculture, settlement arid industry Ecology: This refers to the relationship living things have to each other and their surrounds (environment).

Repercussions: These are the outcomes or effects impacts or shortcomings.

Endangered species, These are animals and plant species that might get extinct due to the continuous encroachment on wetlands.

Ecosystem: This simply refers to the environment of plants and animals.

Green house: This refers to the connection of gases such carbon dioxide and other pollutants such as smoke, dust in the atmosphere preventing log wave radiation from escaping hack to upper levels of the atmosphere leading to increased temperatures.

4 Degradation: Ibis is a process by which the environment (wetlands) is being damaged or made worse off.

Extinction: This is a situation by which life some species (e g plant and animals) stops to exist on earth. In other wards it is the total dieing out of some species.

Evolution: This is the emerging of new life on earth It is a process where new animal, plant species among others get into existence. Environment: The word environment is derived from a French term environer' to mean encircle or surround. Geographers have defined environment as the sum total conditions and forces that surround man at any one point on the earth.

Replenishment This is a process of making some thing full again by replacing what has been used up.

5 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0: Introduction Wetlands are an integral part of the nature landscape and will be an integral part of the reclaimed landscapes. Wetlands are an important component of the nature landscape of the world.

Bogs, fens and marshes occur through nut the world. Reviewed literature indicated that as recently as the mid I 990s, considerable parts of wetlands in Kampala constituted bustling wetlands that were fed by streams and command a vast catchment's area stretching form Lake Victoria shores areas of Nsambya Kirombe, . Kalerwe, and Nakulabye and many others.

According to A B Mawejje: 2004 page 182 Wetlands are of seasonal flooded grassland, swamps forest, permanently flooded papyrus grass swamp arid upland bog. Wetlands have intrinsic value, perform functions and produce goods and services some of these are primarily of local interest Together they present considerable ecological, social and economic value. Wetlands in Uganda cover almost 30000km2 or about 13% of the total country area.

Wetlands in Uganda have undergone constant degradation mainly because of the general belief that they were undesirable wetlands which could only be made useful by converting them to something else. They have therefore suffered greatly from agricultural conversions, drainage activities, industrial pollution as well as excessive harvest of natural products.

6 For quite sometime, ownership of wetlands remained undefined In colonial period, the wetlands like any other national resource were designated as reserves and places under the control of the central government up to the present day However, in reality the people who border wetlands or posses land titles with land encroaching them assume outright ownership They subsequently reclaim them for agricultural or housing Construction.

Many people in Uganda venture daily into swamp places to extract a variety of raw materials, which they use for making useful and profitable products Various stores have featured occasionally in some Ugandan news papers of people who have made fortunes by exploiting wetlands resources.

The human activities based on natural wetlands resources generate a wide range of products that are for both social and economic significance. Many people living in communities neighbouring wetlands are to a significant extent depend for their well-being on wetlands products Basket and mat weaving, brick making, bee keeping, care-furniture makers fishermen, cattle keepers and traditional healers all depend to a smaller or larger extent, on wetlands for their income Every one else in Uganda also benefits from wetlands for building houses, drinking water or eating rice, all of which are produced by communities bordering wetlands.

Reviewed literature indicated that NEMA ha tried to prevent encroachment on the wetlands but with little success For instance, on March 2008. Police and a team of environmentalists were reportedly attacked by more that 100 encroachers armed with stones An inspector in Wetlands Management Department of \EM \. Joseph Ogwal, addressed journalists that the residents resisted eviction because they had been told not to vacate by the Resident District Commissioner for Nakawa, Mr Fred Bamwine

7 According to the published on 11 November 2008, Kampala has a total land area 195km2 about 160% of which was originally wetland However, today according to NEMA, at least I 8% of the wetland in the city has been lost to human activities.

According to C. Ntabadde et al (2003) wetlands reclamation has been noticed in other parts of the world For example in Bangladesh wetlands along River Bringing have been destroyed, and also the northern district of Kishoreganj [his scenario however, impacted serious flooding of the regions in 2003.

2.1 Classification of wetlands There are basically three elements for identifying wetlands.

(a) Hydrophytic vegetation, hydrophytic vegetation is defined as macrophytic plant life growing in water soil or sub state that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content.

(b) Hydric soils, Hydric soils are defined as soils that are saturated, flooded hydric soils are defined as soils that are saturated, flooded ponded or saturated for one week or where during the period when soil temperatures are above biological zero (5° C) and usually support hydrophytes vegetation.

(c) Wetland hydrology, Wetland hydrology refers to conditions of permanent or periodic inundation or soil saturation to the surface at least seasonally, hydroid conditions that are the driving forces behind wetlands formation numerous factors influence the wetlands of the area, including precipitation stratigraphy, topography, soil permeability and plant covers All wetlands typically have at least a seasonal abundance of water (ho> that may come from direct precipitation, over bank flooding surface water discharge or total flooding.

8 CATEGORY OF VALUES OF WETLAND RESOURCE I Direct values I Indirect values Option values Non use values I

Production and Ecosystem Premium placed on Intrinsic value consumption of functions and possible future significance. goods and services uses and services application

Fish fuel wood Water quality Pharmaceutical Culture value Building poles Water flow Agricultural Aesthetic value Sand, gravel/ Water storage Industrial Aldridge value clay Water Leisure Banquet value Thatch purification Water use Water Water recharge Medicine Flood control Agriculture Storm cultivation protection Pasture/ Nutrient grazing retention Transport Micro climate Recreation Regulation Shore stabilization

2.2 Values of wetlands Wetlands enhance environmental quality by increasing landscape bio diversity, provide habitat for a variety of fish, and world life species protecting and improving the quality of surface water and ground water, controlling soil erosion and providing flood control.

9 Literature reviewed indicated that the value of the world's wetlands systems has gained increased recognition Wetlands contribute to a healthy environment in many ways. They act to retain water during dry periods, thus keeping the water table high and relatively stable. During periods of flooding, they act to reduce flood level and trap suspended solids and attachment nutrients. Thus streams flowing into lakes by way of wetlands area will transport fewer suspended solids into the lake water quality to worsen.

2.3 Causes of wetland reclamation According to National environment Management Authority (NEMA). the wetlands all over Kampala are threatened by the expansion of illegal settlement, heavy biomass harvesting for charcoal making, dumping of solids waste as well as conversion of the wetlands for cultivation. Some of the wetlands under great threat include the wetlands of Bugolobi, Nabweru, and others.

According to the Daily Momtor, November 2008, sections of wetlands lying below the hill are facing the heaviest encroachment, with two satellites villages expanding into the come of the wetlands A recent inventory to this area by the wetlands management authority NEMA) found about 87 families having settled in the first satellite village. In the second village, north of the first, there were 121 semi­ permanent houses inhabited by about 180 people while some parts of the wetlands adjacent to the second village were being used for growing sugar cane.

2.4 Effects of wetlands reclamation: The ripples of wetlands reclamation have been felt through out the country, which the state Minister for environment Mr Jessica Erivo recently said, is losing 90,000 hectares of forest cover per year Presenting a statement to the parliament in October 2008, Ms Jessica Eriyo said, "the situation is getting serious and worrying we have so far lost forest cover equivalent to 28%". 10 According to the Daily Monitor November 2008, the country's capital Kampala is becoming the brunt of the wetlands reclamation, as many individuals and business people have constructed concrete structures on them. According to Mr. Ogwal, inspector in the wetlands Management department of the National Environment Authority (NEMA), many of the floods that have destroyed property in Kampala is the effects of encroachment on wetlands since the wetlands where the rain water drains have been dwindled. Mr. Ogwal was reported saving "We have a concrete jungle which does not allow water infiltrate into the soil and most of the water runs above the ground' Thus because of this, the water has no where to go so it floods ii' people's homes Such floods have been experienced in areas of Bwaise, , Kawempe Kasubi, Nsambya Kirombe, , Nakulabye and other lying outskirts of Kampala city.

The other serious negative effect of the encroachment, according to Mr. Ogwal. is that wetlands reclamation has reduced on the quality of water from the city that is flowing into the Lake Victoria The situation has been worsened h the regular discharge of untreated effluents by factories near wetlands as well as oil spillage from the washing bays, mushrooming up in most of the country's wetlands In a recent report by NEMA entitled, the situation of Kampala wetlands. It revealed that the water quality' analysis results for 2006 shown that the Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water in the City wetlands were 57 milligrams per liter and 110 mg/ 1 respectively far greater than the acceptable standards of waste water The high BOD levels indicated an increasing organic matter content of the water, which in turn implies that the ability of the wetlands to break down organic matter content of the wetland to break down organic materials has greatly declined over time.

11 The poor quality of the Lake has translated into high treatment costs at water works which supplies the water consumed in the country It has been estimated that the National Water and Sewerage Co-operation (NWS( currently spends shs 400 million per month than 100 millions it used to spend before.

However, accompanying the increased interest in wetlands has been an increased emphasis on inventorying The design of am particular wetland inventory is dependant on the objectives to be met by that inventors Thus a clearly defined purpose must he established before inventory is even completed Wetlands inventories are designed to meet general needs of a broad range of users to meet a very specific purpose for a particular application.

According to the World book 2001 volume 21, many wetlands through out the world have been destroyed by human activities. Almost halt' of the wetlands in existence at the time the United States was first settled have been destroyed Since the early I 971s however, awareness of the ecological and economical value of wetlands steadily increases However, despite the various federal and states programs designed to conserve the remaining wetlands in the United States, a significant number of wetlands continue to he destroyed For the case of Uganda in 1995 the government enacted an article about the conservation of the environment during the review of the constitution.

12 CHAPTER THREE RESEARH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter involves the methods that were used to collect, analyze and interpret data. Interviewing, direct observation by the researcher and use of questionnaires, tabulating were respectively used.

3.1 Research design. This research study was qualitative, quantitative, and descriptional using the cross section survey.

3.2 Area and population of studs The research study was carried out in Nsambya Kirombe village and the swamps in the surrounding areas in particular Kampala city/ district.

3.3 Sample selection techniques Individuals were randomly chosen selected from the population of Nsambya Kirombe village and the swamps in the surrounding areas A total number of fifty people were interviewed taking sample of twenty people from Nsambya Kirombe and the surrounding swampy areas. Also a total number of twenty people were selected from the study areas and these were given questionnaires.

3.4 Procedure of data collection. The permission to do research was obtained from the University The researcher went around the geographical areas under investigation interviewing the resident population as some people did not know how to write and to as well observe directly what was on ground for photography Questionnaires were given to the concerned people The first type of questionnaires was given to people at homes and the second type of questionnaires was given to popular environmentalists such as John Kenny Lukyamuzi former Member of Parliament for

13 Rubaga South, workers in NEMA, among others the respondents were given enough time to till in the questionnaires depending on their conveniences but at least a maximum of one week was given.

3.5 Data collection instruments The instruments used in collecting of data were:

Two types of questionnaires, one type of questionnaires (appendix) was used to collect data from home people and the second one (appendix) 'as used to collect data from the prominent environmentalists.

A camera was used to take photographs of some activities being carried out on wetlands. Others included papers and pens for recording of data gathered.

3.6 Types Of Data Gathered. Both primary and secondary data ere collected Primary data was collected through interviews, observations and use of questionnaire. Yet secondary data was gathered form reviewing of the related literature written by different scholars.

3.7 Data analysis In data analysis both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Methods for analysing data were as follows.

For the factors influencing wetlands reclamation pie chart was drawn to represent the percentage each factor constitutes This was followed h the Bar graph that represented the analysis made on the effects of wetlands reclamation n the short run and the long run periods. However, a descriptive essay was written on the factors underlying the reclamation of wetlands in the areas under investigation Also an essay on the effects of wetlands was represented.

14 3.8 Limitations A number of problems were faced during this research study and these include financial constraints to facilitate movements, typing and printing, language barriers, false information as well as the unfavourable weather conditions such as much sun shine, and heavy down pours.

15 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

4.0: Introduction This chapter examines the empirical data collected, processed and analysed in the previous chapters in a bid to establish the factors that predate wetland reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe and surrounding areas as well as the short and long term effects of wetlands reclamation to Kampala district in particular and Uganda in general The discussion of these factors has been organized under the heading of socio - economic factors of the sample population.

4.1: Socio-Economic characteristics of the respondents. Under this section, the researcher has analysed, tested and assessed and tabulated the findings of the study in relation to the characteristics of the sample population.

4.1.1 Gender of respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage Males 20 33 Females 40 67 Total 60 100

From the table above, majority of the respondents were females with a frequency of 40 (67%) and the rest were men with a frequency of 20 (.33°0) This implies that women are occupied with triples they do at homes such as caring for their kids and other house work which keep them around homes thus their availability for interviews.

16 4.1.11 A Bar graph Showing the Gender of Respondents.

o Frequency ii Percentage

Males Females Total

Source: Primary data 2010

4.1.2 Age of Respondents

Age group Frequency Percentage Below 24 4 8 25-34 33 53 35-44 16 25 45-60+ 8 13 Total 60 100 Source: primary data 2010.

As shown by the table above, most of the respondents were between the ages of 25 and 34 (53%), followed by those between he ages of 35 and 44 (25%). Those between 45 and 60 + (13%) emerged second below by those below 24 (8%).

17 4.1.2.1 A bar graph showing age respondents.

o Frequency 111 Percentage

Below24 25-34 35-44 45-60+

Source: Primary data 2010.

4.1.3 Marital status of respondents Marital status Frequency Percentage Marital 30 50 Single 29 48 Divorced 1 2 Widow 0 0 Widower 0 0 Separated 0 0 Total 60 100 Source: Primary 2010

18 -~----=----_ --=- _---- -_-____ - __-_ --_ ~---=------=-=---=---~------~---=------==---

4.1.3.1 A bar graph showing the marital status respondents

o Frequency 11 Percentage

Source: Primary data 2010

From the above table and diagram (graph), majority of respondents were married with a highest frequency of 30 (50%). These were followed by those living a single life with a frequency of 19 (32%). Lastly there was only one individual who divorced. That is 1% as represented by the lowest frequency (1).

4.1.4 Education levels of respondents Level of education Frequency Percentage Not educated 10 17 Primary 12 20 Secondary 18 30 Diploma 15 25 Graduate 5 8 Total 60 100 Source: Primary data 2010.

From the above table most of the respondents were secondary drop outs with a percentage of 30%. This was attributed to the fact these tend to flock to the city (Kampala) in search for employment opportunities. Thus as time goes on such people find them settling in 19 the swampy areas which are sold cheaply. These were followed by primary level with a frequency of 12 (20%) respectively. A least number (5) of graduates was interviewed. This was so because highly educated people tend ignore such cheap places that are even under developed with and poor hygiene.

4.1.4.1 Graphical representation of the average educational levels of respondents.

□ Frequency Iii Percenatge

Not Primary Secondary Diploma Graduate educated

Source: Primary data 2010.

4.1.5 Socio-economic activities of respondents Activities Frequency Percentage Business man 18 30 Shop attendant 13 22 Civil servant 26 43 Not employed 3 5 Total 60 100 Source: Primary data 2010.

From the table above, most of the respondents were civil servants with meagre incomes and thus not afford the expensive dry lands in Kampala thus resorting to wetlands.

20 4.1.5.1 A bar graph showing the socio-economic activities of respondents.

50 ~ ------~ 45 -+------=------i 40 --1------J 35 -l---~ ------30 +-- --, □ Frequency 25 +---- 11 Percentage 20 +---- 15 10 5 0 -I--..,___ Business Shop Ci"11 servant Not employed man attendant

Source: Primary data 2010.

4.1.6 Response on whether it is advisable to settle on wetlands Response Frequency Percentage Yes 00 00 No 60 100 Total 60 100 Source: Primary source 2010.

21 4.1.6.1 Graphical representation of the information in table (4.1.61) above.

Frequency Percentage

Source: Primary source 2010

From the above, the research found out that the occupants of wetlands knew it very well that settling on wetlands is not advisable. This is because of the number of challenges they have encountered as a result of settling on wetlands. A number of challenges were advanced by the different respondents but the following were considered to be the most pressing.

Continuos flooding whenever it rans heavily, a problem of biting insects such as mosquitoes, diseases like diarrhea, malaria, among others, poor drainage systems and many others as we shall see later on.

However, despite the fact that the occupants of knew that is not wise to settle on wetlands, showed no attempt of relocating to other non wet areas. They excused themselves being poor and thus not able to buy dry land.

22 4.1.7 Response on whether the government is involved in wetlands reclamation. Response Frequency Percentage Yes 40 67 Not 8 13 Not sure 12 20 Total 60 100 Source: Primary data 2010

4.1.7.1 A bar graph showing the response on whether the government is involved in wetlands reclamation.

80

70 60 50 □ Frequency 40 Iii Percenatge 30

20 10 0 Yes Not Not sure

Source: Primary data 2010.

The table and graph above analyses the response of interviewees on whether it is the government is having an upper hand in reclamation of the wetlands along Nsambya Kirombe. Majority of the respondents had thinking that the government has a hand in wetlands reclamation both visible and invisible. This is shown by the highest frequency of 40 (67%). These were followed by those who were not sure, represented by a frequency 12(20). A few respondents said no as represented by the low frequency 8 and percentage 13%.

23 4.2 Factors that predate wetlands reclamation. There are a number of factors that have influenced the destruction of wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe. As advanced by different respondents, these factors have been analysed, quantified and presented both in tabular (Table 4 .2 .1) form and graphically (4.2.11, line graph). However, the researcher went on with a discussion and an explanation of these factors as indicated in the essay that follows shortly after the table and the graph as here under;

4.2.1 Factors that account for wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe.

Factors Frequency Percentage Need for cultivation land 23 23 Industrial developmen t 20 13.1 Settlement 52 35 Climatic changes 10 7 Dumping 18 12 Others 15 10 Total 150 100 Source: Primary data 2010.

24 60 50 40 □ Frequency 30 Iii Percentage 20 10 0

Source: Primary data 2010.

4.3 Repercussions of wetlands reclamation to the people of Nsambya Kirombe and its vicinity in particular and Kampala in general. As already seen, despite the fact that the value of the world wetland system has gained increasing recognition, they are continuously being reclaimed and this has posed a number of effects to the areas where they have been destroyed the destruction of Nsambya Kirombe wetlands has caused the following effects on the people of Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Kampala in general. These effects have been classified into three viz, are;

(a) Environmental costs (effects). (b,) Social costs and, (c) Economic costs.

All these effects have been discussed and explained as her under (a) Environmental effects. These are negative externalities that have been posed to the environment as a result of wetlands reclamation. They include:

25 Loss of the ecosystem, Ecosystem means a group of animals and plants living in one environment Wetlands inhabit a number of animals and plant species. Some of the plant species include papyrus reeds, hogs and tens among others. The animals on the other hand include all the aquatic animals such as mud fish, mud fish, amphibians, frogs, reptiles, such as geckos, snakes, crocodiles, and other world animals which find their habitat in swamps However, these species have been lost as a result of wetlands reclamation.

Related to the above, the reclamation of wetlands along Nsambya Kirombe has led to the generalization of the ecosystem. This is because as wetlands are destroyed the plant and animal species that previously inhabited the area have disappeared and the plant and animal species that can survive in the new created environment have emerged.

The reclamation or Nsambya Kirombe wetlands has resulted into changes in the local climate It should be noted that wetlands modify the climate of the adjacent areas trough the formation of convectional rain fall The removal of wetlands vegetation has reduced the rate of evapotranspiration thus leading to a reduction in the amount of rain received. Dry spells have instead emerged hence changing the climate of the area. It is however, important to note that it may take along period of time for the climate to change Therefore reclamation of wetlands has a long term effect on the climate of the area in question.

Also the reclamation or wetlands across Nsambya Kirombe and through out Kampala has enhanced the pollution of atmosphere. Wetlands serve as a natural sink; a process through the environment cleanses itself naturally. Wetlands are comprised of plant vegetation that absorbs the carbondioxide (co2) from the atmosphere Therefore as the wetlands are being reclaimed the natural sink is lost leading to the concentration of carbon oxides and other pollutants in the 26 atmosphere thereby enhancing atmospheric pollution and its etYects such as green house as the long wave radiation can not escape back to the upper atmosphere due to the concentration of pollutants. This particularly accounts for the higher temperatures experienced all over the city of Kampala.

Related to the above the reclamation of Nsambya Kirombe wetlands in conjunction with other wetlands in Kampala has reduced the quality of water from the city flowing into Lake Victoria. The Nsambya Kirombe wetlands command a vast catchments stretching from the shores of Lake Victoria The continuous and regular discharge of un treated effluents by factories near the wetlands and the spillage of oils from the washing bays that have mushroomed along the wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe and others through out Kampala city.

According to NEMA recent report entitled, The situation of Kampala Wetlands, indicates that water quality analysis for 2006 shown that the Biological Oxygen Demand (ROD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of water in the city wetlands of which Nsambya Kirombe wetlands are inclusive, were 57 milligrams per a liter and 110 mg/I respectively This far greater than the acceptable standards for waste water.

More to that, wetlands reclamation has resulted into changes in the hydrogical cycle Changes in the natural vegetation through direct removal of wetlands vegetation greatly influence the water cycle This is because wetlands influence the water cycle through retaining water and alternation of the evapotranspiration rate The removal of wetlands has resulted into a reduction in the amount of precipitation received hence leading to instability in the water cycle.

Related to the above the reclamation of wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe has resulted into loss of the water table (ground storage). Wetlands retain water during the dry season thus keeping the water table high 27 and relatively stable Their reclamation minimizes the retention of water and consequently lead to the loss of the under ground storage. Poor drainage has also been experienced in the area as a result of wetlands reclamation See the picture on page 4 7.

4.3.1 The social effects of wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe anti the fringes.

These are effects that the residents have encountered as result of wetlands reclamation, they include;

Diseases, Diseases such as malaria, Bilharzia, among others are commonly suffered by the people of Nsambya Kirombe. This is because the vectors that spread these diseases find habitat in swamps. The removal of swamps therefore has forced such vectors to find habitat in the houses. Epidemics such as cholera have been as a result of poor drainage that denies the area a suitable hygiene and sanitation.

Flooding, this is yet another social hazard caused by the reclamation of wetlands around Nsambya Kirombe Kampala city has experienced a vast number of floods emanating from the reclamation of wetlands in its fringes The residents of Nsambya Kirombe and those in adjacent areas too have face flooding whenever it rains heavily For example in 2004, April the residents of Kireka, Bbanda, and Kyambogo faced serious flooding This flooding was attributed to the reclamation of the Nsambya Kirombe Wetlands This is because the wetlands formerly these areas by retaining the rain waters from the Mbuya hill. Related to the above is loss of property and lives as a result of wetlands reclamation. This has been as a result of flooding. Floods have always destroyed people's property worth millions of shillings and many people have lost their lives during flooding 28 (c) Economic effects. There is actually on Economic repercussion that has emerged from wetlands reclamation and this high water treatment costs at Ggaba water forks which supplies water used through out Kampala city. According to the report by NEMA, it is estimated that National Water and Sewerage Corporation currently spends 400 millions to treat water every month, up from the 100 millions that it used to spend before.

4.3.2 Challenges faced as a result of settling on the Nsambya Kirombe Wetlands. Below is the outline of the challenges faced h the occupants of wetlands.

Stagnant water, since the water table is near the surface, removal of the vegetation leaves the surface exposed which leads to stagnation of water in the area.

There is also a challenge of biting insects such as mosquitoes. and some times tsetse flies. These cause diseases such as malaria among others. Also construction of latrines is costly This also applies to the construction of houses as well This is because the water table is near to the surface such that digging deep under ground creates a pond instead The residents also pointed out floods as another major challenge being faced. This is basically because of poor drainage due to reduction in absorption capacity of the swampy soils.

They also face a problem of noise pollution from the frogs especially during the nights through out the year.

29 Wetlands also tend to harbour some dangerous reptiles such as snakes, crocodiles among others. All these put people's lives at risk.

Another challenge that was raised is the continuous disturbances from Kampala City Council (KCC) and the National environmental management Authority (NEMA). These bodies tend to evict encroachers on wetlands as they demolish the houses.

4.4 The relationship between wetland reclamation and Human activities. There are a number of factors advanced h' different respondent to account for the destruction of the wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe and it's out skirts These factors are broadly discussed here under;

To begin with, is the increased need of settlement land.

It was found out that the increased reclamation of wetlands along Nsambya Kirombe is as a result of increased need for settlement land as witnessed by the researcher, a number of resident houses have been established in the wetlands around Nsambya Kirombe Also reviewed literature indicated that about 87 families 'here having their bases in the first satellite village. And that there were at least 12 1 semi-permanent houses inhabited by over 180 people. However, most of these houses are dilapidated and unfavourable for human life. This is because the occupants of the wetlands are in most cases poor people who flock the city seeking for better life in the city centre. Thus this has always resulted in increased population growth which accelerates the need for more settlement land. However, land is inelastic in supply hence people end up resorting to wetlands thus degrading them.

30 Need for cultivatable land: the population of Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Kampala in general is comprised by a variety of workers including the subsistence farmers who tend to carry on their subsistence characteristics to the city Therefore such people have taken the advantage of wetlands to practice cultivation For example the research found out that the Nsambya Kirombe wetlands have been depleted h sugar cane growing especially the wetlands adjacent to second satellite village part from sugar cane, y3.1ns have also been grown on the wetlands in the area This is basically because wetlands have high moisture content, and also the soil texture and structure of et lands do favour the growth of sugar canes and yams since there is a constant supply of water on the surface Some farmers are in search of new virgin land and therefore drain wetlands However, if swamps are drained they may be lost forever This result into,

a) A Loss of an important source of drinking water for both man and domestic animals.

b) Water wells around swamps often dry up.

c) A natural habitat for wild life is lost as many birds and animals lose their homes. (Ssekirevu Lutaaya, 2000).

d) Pollution; Pollution was noted as one of the factors affecting wetlands around the Nsambya Kirombe and the nearby swamps say the swamp near Companies.

e) Pollution the damaging of the ecosystem, and thus impurifying their natural functions The research found out that pollution occurs in several ways and these include:

(a) Industrial discharge. b) Release of sewage into swamps

31 occupants of the wetlands around Nsa1nbya Kirombe claimed that the land belongs to the kingdom of Buganda. Therefore it upon the king's will that they settled there hence opposing eviction by the central government.

In addition to that it was found out that the change in climate has also caused an impact on the wetland under study. Following the changes in climate the world over, Uganda's climate has also drastically changed. This change has led to decreased aITiount of precipitation experienced. This has however, led to changes in soil moisture content and aITiount of under ground water (water table) The out standing impact of this phenomenon has been changes in the vegetation zones where by the once equatorial vegetation has changed to savannah. It is upon this that wetlands of NsaITibya Kirombe have been lost as they are gradually being transformed into savannah vegetation as a result of a reduction in the under ground water due to the reduction in the aITiount of precipitation due to changes in the world's climate Besides precipitation, temperature is yet another component of climate that depicts the changes in the climate. The excessive high temperatures have been as a result of the green house effect (Global worming). The high temperatures experienced hake resulted into long dry spells thus transforming the existing wetlands into dry lands.

Another important factor accounting for the reclaITiation of wetlands around NsaITibya Kirombe is brick making. Brick making has rendered wetlands of the area ineffective through the mining of clay and removal of vegetation. Besides that wetlands are fond of abundant water readily available thus providing a cheap and reliable source of water lr brick making. This also proves to us that the aspect of human survival has rendered the existence of wetlands in NsaITibya Kirombe in particular and KaITipala in general worthless.

33 Therefore wetlands have been reclaimed because they are not as costly as the non wet lands (dry lands).

Another outstanding factor behind the reclamation of wetlands around Nsambya Kirombe is excessive harvesting of the swamp vegetation especially the papyrus reeds It should be noted that part of the wetlands of Nsambya Kirombe are dominated by papyrus reeds Therefore the art crafts men have advantage of this natural gift The end result of this has been excessive exploitation leading to the depletion of and consequently extinction of wetlands.

Industrial development is yet another cause of the wetlands reclrunation across Nsambya Kirombe. The research found out that wetlands across Kampala have been reclaimed as a result of increasing levels of industrial development in the city. The prominent examples include Mukwano Group of Companies located just a few kilometres from the area under study, also the industries that have been established on the Namanve wetlands which are a continuation of the Nsambya Kirombe wetlands. As earlier noted, the wastes from these industries have been dumped in the wetlands hence leading to their extinction. Also another notable variable behind the reclamation of wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe is increasing population growth. During the study it found out that population of Kampala is increasingly growing day and night ru1d this has been a result of increased rural-urban migration. That is many people vacating villages to city in anticipation tor better jobs and soft life. This has been coupled with increasing birth rates as a result of limited use of contraceptives among others. All these have combined to bring about a very big population that is even above the carrying capacity of Kampala city. It should he noted that land is inelastic in supply. Therefore wetlands of Nsambya Kirombe have encroached on to meet the increased demand for land to embed the various social and economic activities carried out by the city population.

35 In a nut shell, Lack of land far expansion has also accelerated the reclamation of the Nsambya Kirombe Kampala has a total land area of 195 kilometres, approximately of which 16% was originally wetlands Today according to NEMA at least 18% of wetlands in the city has been lost to human activities especially settlement It should also be noted that whole of Kampala is nearly wetland and all its fringes are swamps However, with the steadily increasing population there's need to expand the city hence leading to the degradation of the city wetlands of which those of Nsambya Kirombe are not exceptional.

36 CHAPTER FIVE. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction This chapter includes summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations to the different stakeholders.

5.1 Summary of findings In summary, this research study found out that the wetlands across Nsambya Kirombe have been reclaimed on an account of v various factors such as need for settlement land, need for cultivatable land, industrial development, poor government policy, poor land tenure system, damping of garbage, mushrooming washing ha\ S among others However, the desire to meet these human economic activities have resulted into a number of effects. These includes flooding, lowering the quality of water flowing into Lake Victoria, extinction of flora and fauna, generalization of species changes in the local climate and many others as discussed in chapter four.

Lastly, this research paper has also established that the government could he having an invisible hand in the reclamation of wetlands. This is because 67% of the respondent had a belief that the government could he partially involved in the reclamation of wetlands.

5.2 Conclusion. In conclusion the research findings have revealed that the increased reclamation of Nsambya Kirombe wetlands is function of combined factors as analysed in chapter four. It has also shown that a number of problems have been experienced as a result of reclaiming the wetlands in the area. The research also found out that the main factor affecting wetlands management is that of land ownership.

37 The research also revealed that there's less government involvement in wetlands conservation and management This is because some government of officials have constructed houses on wetlands despite the fact that they are aware of the repercussions of this. The government has also often stopped the eviction programs by NEMA and KCC.

However, despite the fact that the government is not effectively implementing the law, it does not refine the fact that during the 1995 constitution review, an article for the protection of the environment under which wetlands follow was included it is therefore a matter of ensuring the article is followed and implemented by the authorities.

Also the National Environment Management authority has tried to conserve the wetlands through the Convention on Wetlands of International importance (RAMSAR CONVENTION). This highlights the importance of wetlands, problems affecting Uganda's wetlands, list of wetlands, among others. (NEMA 2002).

The research also found out that there is an inverse relationship between socio-economic activities in wetlands. This is because on many occasion the wetlands like Nsambya Kirombe and all over Kampala have been reclaimed for Human economic activities For example settlement, agriculture, art and craft, industrial development among others.

5.3 Recommendations. 5.3.1 To the local people. Accordingly there is need for local people through their local committees' to ensure proper utilization and management of wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe and the surrounding areas. With regard to this the local people too need to be rational enough to avoid unnecessary encroachment on the wetlands. 38 Also the local people should monitor one another and report an individual whose activities may lead to the extinction of wetlands or disrupt the proper functioning and management of wetlands around Nsambya Kirombe and all over Kampala city. That's the local people should ensure that who ever puts up a building has got a license from KCC and NEMA.

5.3.2. To Kampala City Council.

Here I would like to suggest that KCC should maintain continuous surveillance and monitoring of the Nsambya Kirombe wetlands in particular and Kampala city m general. Kampala City Council should also always ensure that whoever undertakes a building or any other economic activity is not doing so on wetlands. This will save the wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Kampala in general from being degraded.

5.3.3. To the central government. Since the 1995 constitutional review saw the enactment of an article concerning the protection of the environment, I would like to recommend that there's need for the central government to rise up and take serious action against any social economic activities that lead to the degradation of the wetlands around Nsambya Kirombe and Kampala generally.

More so, I recommend the central government to encourage excess population to migrate to the relatively still sparsely populated areas out side Kampala cit which is densely populated.

39 I would also like to recommend that the government imposes a fine on those found unnecessarily settling on wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe through NEMA and KCC. The last recommendation to the central government is that of encouraging vertical expansion rather than horizontal expansion.

5.3.4. To NEMA. As a body concerned with the protection of the environment. I would like to recommend that it carries out continuous monitoring and surveillance or the wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe and all over Kampala It should also keep in touch with the central government and KCC.

In a nut shell I would like to recommend that NEMA in conjunction with the central government should carry out intensive adverts through the media to sensitize the masses about the values, conditions that may lead to the extinction or wetlands effects, and the measures that can be adopted to curb down the degradation of wetlands across Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Kampala in general.

5.3.5 General recommendations Public awareness. To ensure the efficient utilization of Uganda's wetlands, both pubic servants responsible for their management and users of wetlands need to he aware and kept informed of the range of values. All government sectors particularly those at the district level need to be provided technical guidance to assist them in regulating the development of wetlands.

40 The public including user communities, developers, opinion readers, and environmental groups should all be provided with information concerning wise use of wetlands. Such information can he availed in form of posters radio and television adverts among others.

Research The realization of the role wetlands play and the increased focus on their wise use is relatively new for Uganda. Apparently wetlands are seen as areas to be reclaimed for agricultural production and other economic activities. Hence there is little data on the extent, functions, diversity and economic values of wetlands.

Although research has been carried out since early 1950s more of is still needed in order to determine:

(a,) The functions of wetlands values (b) Resource counting to determine wetlands values (c) Social-economic impact of wetlands use (d,) The size, distribution and ecological diversity of wetlands

Set out guidelines. The use of wetlands requires well formulated guidelines of environmentally sound management which will result into the suitable use of wetlands.

Legislation. Through appropriate laws enacted by parliament, the wetlands of Uganda can be managed wisely to provide a suitable utilization. Inappropriate policies have led to deterioration of wetlands thus limiting their abilities to the range of goods demanded h the society of Nsambya Kirombe and Kampala in particular and Uganda in general.

41 Monitoring and surveillance. This can he adopted to monitor and measure changes in the ecological character of wetlands over a period of time say every after six months. If properly carried out the health and social values of wetlands can he ensured and maintained.

42 REFERECES.

A.B Vlawejje (2004) Uganda, Human and Economic (Geography for A level. Kampala-Uganda.

Byamugisha C. Bweebare (1994) A Geography of Uganda A Level Geography of Approach with field work, revised edition by M.K Publishers Kampala-Uganda

C. Ntabadde and et al (2000) New Vision Publication. Kampala­ Uganda

Henrie M. Kichodo( 1998) Regional Geography of Uganda and field work Kampala-Uganda.

NEMA (2002) Localizing Global Environmental Conventions. A Simple guide for Uganda, vol. 1.

Google serach:http/ /www.gov.ab.ca/ ew /pretenf/landrec/index.html.

Ssekirevu Lutaaya (2000) Geography for O'level. Fountain publishers. Kampala.

The world Book Encyclopaedia (1971) E viol 6 Child Craft International, Inc Chicago.

43 APPENDICIES. APPENDIX A

Questionnaire for the ordinary people

Dear respondent. I am carrying out a research on the topic, causes and repercussions of wetlands reclamation in Kampala. A case study of Nsambya Kirombe. nakawa division. Kampala city, the purpose of this study is to gather data on the factors predating wetlands reclamation as well as the repercussions of wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Krunpala in general. Your response will be treated with confidentiality and the data obtained is strictly for educational purposes.

Part I Circle the lll(lSt appropriate alternative of your choice. 1 .Age. a) Below 25 yrs b) 25-34yrs (c) 45-44yrs. (d) 45-60+ yrs

2. Gender (a) Male (b) Female

3. Marital status (a) Single (b) mruTied (c) widow

(d) Widower

4. Education level (a) Primary level (b) Secondary level (c) Diploma (d) Graduate

44 What is your occupation? (a) Civil servant (b) Business man (c) Shop attendant (d) "Not employed

6. Do you own land? (a) Yes (b) No

7. How did you get to own the land? If yes

8. Why did you settle here?

9. Are you comfortable with settling on wetlands?

···································································································

10. What challenges have you encountered as a result of settling on wetlands?

······································································································

......

45 11. Why those challenges? ·································································································· ......

12. Is it wise to settle on wetlands?

13. Of what benefits are wetlands to you and your environment?

·································································································

14. Do you think the government is involved in wetlands reclamation?

15. What has your govern1nent done to protect wetlands?

································································································· 16. What are the challenges facing wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe and Kampala city?

46 APPENDIXB

(Questionnaire for the environments).

Dear respondent, Am carrying out a research on the topic, causes and repercussions of wetlands reclamation in Kampala. A case study of Nsambya Kirombe, Nakawa Division The purpose of this study is to collect data on the factors predating wetlands reclamation in Kampala as well as the repercussions of wetlands reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe in particular and Kampala in general.

Response will be treated with confidentiality and the data obtained is strictly for educational purposes.

Partl Circle the most appropriate alternative.

1. Age (a) Below 25 yrs (b) 25 34 yrs (c) 35 44 yrs (d) 45 60 yrs

2. Gender a) Male (b) Female

3. Marital status (a) Single (b) Married (c) Widow (d) Widower

4. Educational Level (a) Primary level (b) Secondary level (c) Diploma (d) Graduate

47 5 What is attitude on wetlands reclamation?' (a) Positive (b) Negative

Part 2

6. What has led to the continuous reclamation of wetlands in Nsambya Kirombe in Particular and other wetlands of Kampala in general?

......

·······································································································

7. How does wetland reclamation affect the environment?

···································································································· ·····································································································

8 Which other effects have emanated from the reclamation in Nsambya Kirombe and across Kampala?

9. What is the relation ship between Wetlands and human economic activities?

·······································································································

10. Of what benefits are wetlands?

48 11. What is your view on wetlands conservation?

......

12. What challenges have you faced in a bid to conserve the environment? ......

13. Do you think the government has done any thing to protect wetlands?

......

49