Of Morphogenetic Images. Five Notes Between Science, Art And

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Of Morphogenetic Images. Five Notes Between Science, Art And Of morphogenetic images. Five notes between science, art Delle immagini morfogenetiche. Cinque note tra scienza, arte and architecture e architettura Alessandro Luigini Alessandro Luigini The repertoire of images derived from the formation of morphogenetic processes has been Il repertorio delle immagini che derivano da processi di formazione morfogenetica è ampiamen- widely investigated in any scientific and humanistic study sector: from the pioneering kinetic te studiato in ogni settore scientifico e umanistico: dalle pionieristiche esperienze dell’arte degli art experiences, programmed art and generative art of the 60s and 70s, to digital spatiality and anni ’60 e ’70 alle note spazialità digitali utopiche e ai progetti architettonici morfogenetici negli digital utopian architecture projects or morphogenetic architecture, to the 90s or recent expe- anni ’80 e’90, alle esperienze più recenti, è possibile guardare a queste correnti con uno sguardo rience, you can have a look at these currents with a critical eye which is in part appropriately critico in parte adeguatamente distaccato, vista la distanza temporale che si è venuta a sviluppa- detached given the temporal distance that has come to develop. Kinetic Art, Programmed Art, re. Arte Cinetica, Programmata, Generativa, Architettura de–formativa, e altre denominazioni1 Generative Art, de–formative Architecture, and other names1 to indicate the processes and per indicare processi ed esperienze applicative in diversi ambiti ma che derivano da una matrice application experiences in different fields but which are derived from a common intellectual intellettiva comune: generare forme, figure, spazi o immagini da processi informativi automatiz- matrix: to generate forms, shapes, images or spaces from automated IT processes that do not zati che non si delineino come figurazione deterministica dell’autore ma come interazione tra delineate as a deterministic figuration from the hands of the author but as interaction between l’autore stesso e un pensiero computazionale declinato nei modi più disparati. the author himself or herself and a computational thinking declined in various ways. Parole chiave: architettura morfogenetica, arte generativa, morfogenesi. Keywords: Generative Art, Morphogenesis, Morphogenetic Architecture. «The harmony of the world is manifested Figure 1 Figura 1 «L’armonia del mondo si manifesta nella for- Henry e Noll non sono poi così distanti dal in form and number, and the heart and soul Board with regular polyhedra Tavola con elaborazione di ma e nel numero, e il cuore e l’anima e tutta punto di vista procedurale e la loro sostanziale and all the poetry of Natural Philosophy are processing by the Treaty poliedri regolari dal trattato la poesia della filosofia naturale si incarnano ripetibilità consentirà a molti altri artisti, dalle embodied in the concept of mathematical be- Perspectiva Corporum Perspectiva Corporum nel concetto della bellezza matematica. Tale è più disparate estrazioni culturali, di avviarsi Regularium, Wenzel Jamnitzer Regularium di Wenzel la perfezione della bellezza matematica che ciò all’Arte Generativa negli anni subito successi- auty. Such is the perfection of mathematical (Norimberg 1568). Jamnitzer (Norimberga 1568). beauty that the more graceful and smooth is che più è aggraziato e regolare, insieme è più vi (Fig. 3). the more useful and perfect»2. utile e perfetto»2. Ma in architettura? Cosa accadde dal punto di vista delle applicazioni algoritmiche in quegli 1. Algorism 1. Algorismi stessi anni? It was the early 60s of the twentieth century Erano i primi anni ’60 del Novecento e in più Al di là degli studi di Stiny e Mitchell del 1978 and at several points of the globe the timing punti del globo i tempi per la realizzazione di sulla ripetibilità, e quindi sulla possibilità di for the realization of artworks through au- 1. Sarebbe possibile elencare opere d’arte tramite procedimenti informatici produrre un algoritmo, di opere Palladiane3 tomatic data–processing techniques, namely una infinità di denominazioni automatici, ossia lo sviluppo di una procedura o quelli di Koning e Eizenberg del 1981 sul- the development of an algorithmic process riguardanti esperienze algoritmica tramite l’applicazione del calcolo le Prairie Houses di F. L. Wright4 – quindi artistiche di applicazione through the application of computer calcu- 1. It would be possible to list del calcolo informatico, ma informatico, erano pienamente maturi. In In- una algoritmicità postuma, potremmo dire – lations, were fully mature. In England, for a multitude of denominations di questa abbiamo citato ghilterra, ad esempio, Desmond Paul Henry, presumibilmente gli studi di Frei Otto o Felix example, Desmond Paul Henry, Professor of concerning artistic solo tre casi per ragioni professore di filosofia all’Università di Man- Candela negli anni ’60 (Fig. 4) sono da rin- Philosophy at Manchester University, desig- experience with the computer non tanto di brevità quanto chester, realizzò la Drawing Machine I (Fig. 2), tracciare come prodromi di un atteggiamen- ned the Drawing Machine I (Fig. 2), a machi- calculations, but of this we di approfondimento di un una macchina in grado di pilotare uno o più to ontologicamente separato dalle dinamiche have cited only three cases, momento storico preciso ne capable of driving one or more drawing not so much for reasons of in cui queste tre esperienze pennini da disegno su di una superficie piana progettuali precedenti. In particolare in questi pen nibs on a flat surface so as to produce brevity but to study in depth hanno rappresentato i in modo da produrre percorsi geometrici deri- autori (e per dovere di cronaca anche in altri, geometric paths resulting from the configu- a precise historical moment prodromi, gli albori e la piena vanti dalla configurazione o posizione recipro- come ad esempio Buckminster Fuller o gli ita- ration or reciprocal position of some electro– when these three experiences maturità di un processo a ca di alcune parti elettro–meccaniche. Sostan- liani Nervi e Musmeci) la dimensione proget- 1 mechanical parts. Basically it involved acting represented premonitory tutt’oggi in piena evoluzione. zialmente si agiva su alcune manopole o viti tuale è ancora parzialmente deterministica, ma signs, beginnings and full In campo architettonico, on some knobs or screws that modified the fully artistic expression. The works of Henry maturity of a process still in invece, la questione della che modificavano il meccanismo e la risultante l’uso che propongono del sistema informatico mechanism and the resulting geometry on the and Noll are not so far apart from the pro- full evolution. In architecture, denominazione della corrente geometria sul supporto, in modo sostanzial- algoritmico consente loro di realizzare opere support, in a substantially unforeseeable but cedural point of view and their substantial however, the question of the sviluppata attorno alle mente imprevedibile ma di grande efficacia. altrimenti inimmaginabili. highly effective way. repeatability allows many other artists, from name of current developed possibilità di determinazione Negli States Michael Noll programmò nei la- Il vero salto ontologico, però, avviene molto In the States, Michael Noll programmed at many different cultural backgrounds, to start around the possibility of morfologica automatica è stata boratori Bell nel New Jersey un software ca- più tardi, con la diffusione di strumenti har- automatic morphological trattata in Luigini 2004 e 2001. Bell Labs in New Jersey software capable of Generative Art in the years immediately fol- pace di generare immagini derivanti da regole dware e software di tipo personale e i primi determination was treated 2. Thompson 2006, p. 350. generating images derived from accurate ge- lowing (Fig. 3). Luigini 2004 and 2001. 3. Cfr. Stiny, Mitchell 1978. geometriche esatte, ma con l’intento di una esperimenti di spazialità digitali. Era la se- ometrical parameters, but with the intent of a But in architecture? What happened in terms 2. Thompson 2006, p. 350. 4. Cfr. Koning, Eizenberg 1981. espressione pienamente artistica. Le opere di conda metà degli anni ’80, i sistemi operativi 110 111 of algorithmic applications during those same years, are part of the History of Architecture. Lontani da una visione integralmente olistica, years? But to understand this story you must take l’introduzione di aspetti generati da alcune Beyond the studies – conducted throu- two steps back. scoperte scientifiche a cavallo tra Otto e No- gh computer programming – by Stiny and 2. Morphogens vecento e fino a tutta la prima metà del secolo Mitchell in 1978 on repeatability, and thus The twentieth–century crisis of the positi- scorso, come ad esempio la Teoria del Caos on the possibility of producing an algorithm, vist–deterministic model and the onset of a di Poincaré (1889) o la Teoria della Relatività of Palladian works3 or those of Koning and complex and systemic model of the world di Einstein (1915), ha portato alla maturazione Eizenberg in 1981 on Prairie Houses of F. L. have brought a reassessment of many basic di cospicui stimoli creativi in campo artistico Wright4 – then a posthumous algorithm, we aspects of scientific and humanistic knowled- e architettonico. La determinatezza del pro- could say – presumably the studies by Frei ge. Far from an integrally holistic vision, the cesso di realizzazione di un’opera, come già Otto and Felix Candela in the 60s (Fig. 4) are introduction of effects that were produced by anticipato,
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