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Weltformel Ohne Quanten- Gravitation 8.19 8.19 8.19 Weltformel ohne Quanten- gravitation Sind Quantenmechanik und Schwerkraft unvereinbar? Dinosaurier · Gentherapie · Supervulkan · Venus · Künstliche Intelligenz · Keltengold · Mathematische Kunst · Quantengravitation · Mathematische Kunst Intelligenz · Keltengold · Künstliche Dinosaurier · Gentherapie Supervulkan Venus (D/A/L) D6179E sFr. · 14,– 8,90 € Deutsche Ausgabe des SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN VENUS Der Exoplanet nebenan SUPERVULKAN Unter Chile braut sich etwas zusammen KELTEN Krieger mit filigranem Goldschmuck 1-1_SdW_08_2019 1 01.07.19 11:05 Jetzt für nur € 5,90 bei Ihrem Zeitschriften- händler! Diese und mehr als 200 weitere Ausgaben unter : www.spektrum.de/kompakt ROYALFIVE GETTY/ IMAGES ISTOCK/ (SYMBOLBILD MITFOTOMODELL) 1_1_Kompakt_EntstehungLeben.indd 2 01.07.19 13:16 EDITORIAL IN DIESER AUSGABE WIDER DIE INTUITION Carsten Könneker, Chefredakteur [email protected] Als ich in den 1990er Jahren Physik studierte, galt die Angelegenheit als ausgemacht. Unisono prognostizierten unsere Professoren, dass alle vier bekannten Fundamentalkräfte der Natur – die elektromagnetische, die starke und die schwache Kernkraft sowie die Gravitation – in einer übergreifenden Theorie zusammengefasst werden könnten. Bereits in der Einführungsvorlesung ANTOINE TILLOY wurden uns zwei Gründe für diese Annahme kredenzt: Zum einen verlange Der Physiker interessiert sich für dies schlicht die »physikalische Intuition«. Und zum anderen habe man auf dem alle Aspekte der Quantenphysik. Ab Weg der Vereinigung ja schon fast alles erreicht; allein die Schwerkraft ziere S. 12 erklärt er, wie eine ihrer Deu­ sich noch. tungen einen neuen Ansatz für die Tatsächlich ist die Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Erfolgsgeschichte der »Weltformel« liefern könnte. Vereinheitlichung. Nachdem James Clerk Maxwell bereits zuvor Magnetismus und Elektrizität als zwei Phänomene gemeinsamen Ursprungs verstanden hatte, entwickelten Sheldon Lee Glashow, Steven Weinberg und Abdus Salam Ende der 1960er Jahre ein Modell, das die schwache und die elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung elegant zur »elektroschwachen Kraft« zusammenschließt. LISA QUINONES Diese wiederum konnte in den nachfolgenden Jahrzehnten mit der starken Kernkraft zum umjubelten und experimentell sehr gut erhärteten Standard­ modell der Elementarteilchen erweitert werden. Allein die vierte der grundle­ genden Wechselwirkungen, die Gravitation – für sich genommen durch Ein­ steins allgemeine Relativitätstheorie beschrieben –, war noch außen vor. Eine DARBY DYAR, SUZANNE ganze Physikergeneration später ist das weiterhin der Fall. Alle Versuche, eine SMREKAR, STEPHEN KANE ultimative »Weltformel« aufzustellen, scheiterten trotz immensen Aufwands Die Astrophysiker suchen nach krachend. Ist die Schwerkraft womöglich gar nicht auf Spur zu bringen? Ent­ Faktoren, die Leben auf Planeten puppt sich die »physikalische Intuition« am Ende als Wunschdenken? begünstigen, und glauben, die Noch muss niemand ein solches Urteil fällen. Vielleicht haben die Theoreti­ Venus könnte Antworten liefern ker, von den Erfolgen der Vergangenheit beflügelt, schlicht den falschen Weg (S. 52). eingeschlagen, als sie versuchten, auch die Gravitation zu quantisieren, nach­ dem dies bei sämtlichen anderen Grundkräften geglückt war. Unser Autor Antoine Tilloy verfolgt daher einen anderen Ansatz. Der Forscher vom Max­ Planck ­Institut für Quantenoptik in Garching bei München stellt ab S. 12 eine neue Theorie vor, die Relativitätstheorie und Quantenphysik so miteinander verbindet, dass die Schwerkraft ihren klassischen Charakter behält. Eine inspirierende Lektüre wünscht Ihr BARBARA ARMBRUSTER, ROLAND SCHWAB Warum trugen die als brutal ver­ schrienen Keltenkrieger filigranen Goldschmuck? Eine Goldschmiedin und Archäologin sowie ein Archäo­ metallurg sind dem Rätsel auf der Spur (S. 72). NEU AM KIOSK! Unser Spektrum SPEZIAL Archäologie – Geschichte – Kultur 2.19 liefert einen Überblick über die faszinierende Welt der mittelalterlichen Medizin. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8.19 3 INHALT 3 EDITORIAL 12 QUANTENGRAVITATION FÜR IMMER UNVEREINBAR? Bisher sind alle Versuche gescheitert, die Schwerkraft mit der Quantenphysik zu 6 SPEKTROGRAMM verschmelzen. Aber vielleicht geht es ja auch anders! Von Antoine Tilloy 20 FORSCHUNG AKTUELL Sonderbare Strahlung von der Sonne Unerklärlicher Überschuss 30 EVOLUTION DER TRIUMPH DER DINOSAURIER energiereicher Teilchen Erst eine Reihe von Zufällen ermöglichte schließlich ihren Siegeszug. Von Stephen Brusatte Abkürzung zu komplexen Molekülen Neue Reaktion kann Stoffe Serie: Gentherapie (Teil 2) vielseitig erweitern Von Aids geheilt? 38 MEDIZIN EINE NEUE HAUT Erneut gelang es, einen Wenn das größte Organ unseres Körpers schwer erkrankt, hat das oft fatale Patienten offenbar komplett Folgen. Verblüffende Heilungschancen bietet nun die Gentherapie. von HIV zu befreien Von Kat Arney 29 SPRINGERS EINWÜRFE 42 IMMUNOLOGIE ANLEITUNG ZUM SELBSTSCHUTZ Bilanz der Den genetischen Bauplan für Antikörper in menschliche Zellen einzuschleusen, Energie gewinnung könnte vor verschiedenen Krankheiten schützen. Die Kosten fossiler Quellen Von Amanda Keener werden unterschätzt. 58 SCHLICHTING! Physik am 46 SUPERVULKAN INFERNO AUS DER TIEFE Flugzeug fenster Unter einem Bergsee in Chile könnte ein riesiger Vulkankomplex entstehen. Druck- und Temperaturdiffe- Von Shannon Hall renzen schlagen sich nieder. 52 ASTRONOMIE DER EXOPLANET NEBENAN 84 ZEITREISE Die Venus begann unter ähnlich lebensfreundlichen Bedingungen wie die Erde. Was sind die Gründe für die unterschied liche Entwicklung? 85 FREISTETTERS FORMELWELT Von M. Darby Dyar, Suzanne E. Smrekar und Stephen R. Kane Nach Ihnen! In der Mathematik wie im echten Leben kommt es auf 60 INFORMATIK MASCHINEN MIT MENSCHLICHEN ZÜGEN die Reihenfolge an. Neue KIs sind kreativ, fassen Dinge schnell auf und verstehen ihre Umgebung. Von George Musser 86 REZENSIONEN 68 CHEMISCHE UNTERHALTUNGEN 93 IMPRESSUM DIE LANGE JAGD NACH DEN VERBORGENEN METALLEN Um die Alkalimetalle zu entdecken, bedurfte es einiger Anstrengungen. 94 LESERBRIEFE Von Matthias Ducci und Marco Oetken 96 FUTUR III – KURZGESCHICHTE 72 KELTEN KRIEGER MIT GOLDSCHMUCK 98 VORSCHAU Serie: Gold und Macht (Teil 1) Mit beeindruckenden Goldschmiedearbeiten bewiesen die gefürchteten »Barbaren« einen überraschenden Sinn für Ästhetik. Von Barbara Armbruster und Roland Schwab 78 ÄSTHETIK MATHEMATISCHE KUNST Mathematische Bilder und Skulpturen entfalten atemberaubende Schönheit. TITELBILD: SHULZ / GETTY IMAGES / ISTOCK; Von Stephen Ornes BEARBEITUNG: SPEKTRUM DER WISSENSCHAFT 4 Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8.19 12 TITELTHEMA QUANTENGRAVITATION SHULZ / GETTY IMAGES ISTOCK 30 EVOLUTION TRIUMPH DER DINOSAURIER 60 INFORMATIK MASCHINEN MIT MENSCHLICHEN ZÜGEN JAMES GURNEY / SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MAI 2018 GURNEY / SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JAMES IMAGINIMA / GETTY IMAGES ISTOCK 78 72 ÄSTHETIK ARCHÄOLOGIE MATHEMATISCHE DAS GOLD DER KUNST KELTEN Alle Artikel auch digital auf Spektrum.de BARBARA ARMBRUSTER / MUSEUM FÜR VOR- UND FRÜHGESCHICHTE SAARBRÜCKEN ARMBRUSTER / MUSEUM FÜR VOR- BARBARA Auf Spektrum.de berichten unsere Redakteure täglich ROMAN VEROSTKO aus der Wissenschaft: fundiert, aktuell, exklusiv. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8.19 5 SPEKTROGRAMM EIN KUNSTWERK AUS RÖNTGENSTRAHLUNG Eigentlich soll der Neutron Star binnen 93 Minuten einmal um die Erde Himmels panoramen wie dieses entste- Interior Composition Explorer bewegt, kann es solche Quellen immer hen. Es basiert auf Messungen aus (NICER) an Bord der Internationalen nur für kurze Zeit im Blick behalten – 22 Monaten und zeigt einerseits mehrere Raumstation die Röntgenstrahlung anschließend müssen die Forscher klar identifizierbare Röntgenquellen am weit entfernter Neutronensterne NICER in Richtung eines anderen Ziels Firmament. Links oben ist beispielsweise auffangen. Da sich das Messinstru- schwenken. Dabei zeichnet das Gerät der so genannte Cygnusbogen als heller ment jedoch zusammen mit der ISS weiterhin Daten auf, wodurch Punkt zu sehen, der als Überrest einer 6 Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8.19 NASA / NICER (SVS.GSFC.NASA.GOV/13214) Supernova große Mengen Strahlung eng fokussierte Sichtfeld des Detek- den Detektor treffen. Bahnen, die auf abgibt. Markant ist auch der Pulsar tors von Quelle zu Quelle gewandert dem Bild besonders hell sind, hat das PSR J1231-1411 links der Bildmitte – bei ist. Dass NICER auch hier ausschlägt, Instrument oft abgefahren – oder es ihm handelt es sich um einen rasant liegt entweder an Röntgenstrahlen, die verbirgt sich in ihrer Nähe eine noch rotierenden Neutronenstern. abseits der auffälligen Regionen auf nicht katalogisierte Strahlungsquelle. Die geschwungenen Bögen stellen den Weg geschickt wurden, oder an hingegen die Wege dar, auf denen das versprengten kosmischen Teilchen, die NASA-Mitteilung, Mai 2019 Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8.19 7 NASA / NICER (SVS.GSFC.NASA.GOV/13214) SPEKTROGRAMM TECHNIK NEUES SYSTEM FÜR MASSEINHEITEN Seit dem 20. Mai haben mehrere wichtige Maßeinheiten eine neue Basis. Das Kilo- gramm, das Ampere, das Kelvin und das Mol sind nun durch Naturkonstanten defi- niert. Die genauen Werte der vier Größen sind damit für alle Zeiten festgezurrt, sie lassen sich künftig durch Präzisionsmessun- gen in gut ausgestatteten Laboren ermitteln. Aus Sicht von Metrologen ist beides ein großer Fortschritt: Insbesondere das Kilo- gramm hat den Messexperten in der Ver- gangenheit Sorgen bereitet, da sein exakter Wert von der Masse eines 130 Jahre alten Platin-Iridium-Zylinders in einem Pariser Tresor abhing. Dieses Urkilogramm schien im Lauf der Zeit langsam an Masse
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