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Recreational Water Illnesses Recreational Water Illnesses Edited by Erica Leoni Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Recreational Water Illnesses Recreational Water Illnesses Special Issue Editor Erica Leoni MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Erica Leoni University of Bologna Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special issues/Recreational Water Illnesses) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-578-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-579-3 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Recreational Water Illnesses” ................................ ix Athena Mavridou, Olga Pappa, Olga Papatzitze, Chrysa Dioli, Anastasia Maria Kefala, Panagiotis Drossos and Apostolos Beloukas Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2730, doi:10.3390/ijerph15122730 ................. 1 Lucia Bonadonna and Giuseppina La Rosa A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools Reprinted from: IJERPH 2019, 16, 166, doi:10.3390/ijerph16020166 .................. 21 Erica Leoni, Federica Catalani, Sofia Marini and Laura Dallolio Legionellosis Associated with Recreational Waters: A Systematic Review of Cases and Outbreaks in Swimming Pools, Spa Pools, and Similar Environments Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 1612, doi:10.3390/ijerph15081612 ................. 32 Franciska M. Schets, Harold H. J. L. van den Berg, Harry Vennema, Manon T. M. Pelgrim, Cees Coll´e, Saskia A. Rutjes and Willemijn J. Lodder Norovirus Outbreak Associated with Swimming in a Recreational Lake Not Influenced by External Human Fecal Sources in The Netherlands, August 2012 Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2550, doi:10.3390/ijerph15112550 ................. 51 Xiaohong Wei, Juntao Li, Shuiping Hou, Conghui Xu, Hao Zhang, Edward Robert Atwill, Xunde Li, Zhicong Yang and Shouyi Chen Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Water in Public Swimming Pools in Guangzhou, China Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 1416, doi:10.3390/ijerph15071416 ................. 60 Antonios Papadakis, Dimosthenis Chochlakis, Vassilios Sandalakis, Maria Keramarou, Yannis Tselentis and Anna Psaroulaki Legionella spp. Risk Assessment in Recreational and Garden Areas of Hotels Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 598, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040598 .................. 72 Anthony C. Otigbu, Anna M. Clarke, Justine Fri, Emmanuel O. Akanbi and Henry A. Njom Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiling and Virulence Potential of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Estuarine Water in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 925, doi:10.3390/ijerph15050925 .................. 87 Daniela E. Koeck, Stefanie Huber, Nadera Hanifi, Manfred K¨oster, Martina B. Schierling and Christiane H¨oller Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Therapy Pools and Surrounding Surfaces Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2666, doi:10.3390/ijerph15122666 .................102 Mahbubul H. Siddiqee, Rebekah Henry, Rebecca Coulthard, Christelle Schang, Richard Williamson, Rhys Coleman, Graham Rooney, Ana Deletic and David McCarthy Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli Survival in Estuarine Bank Sediments Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2597, doi:10.3390/ijerph15112597 .................120 v Asja Korajkic, Brian R. McMinn and Valerie J. Harwood Relationships between Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Recreational Water Settings Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2842, doi:10.3390/ijerph15122842 .................133 Laura M. Suppes, Kacey C. Ernst, Leif Abrell and Kelly A. Reynolds Validation of Questionnaire Methods to Quantify Recreational Water Ingestion Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2435, doi:10.3390/ijerph15112435 .................172 Federica Valeriani, Lory Marika Margarucci and Vincenzo Romano Spica Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments Reprinted from: IJERPH 2018, 15, 2675, doi:10.3390/ijerph15122675 .................178 vi About the Special Issue Editor Erica Leoni is Full Professor of Hygiene and Public Health at the Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna (Italy). She is the academic referent of the Unit of Hygiene, Public Health, and Medical Statistics of the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences of Bologna University. She obtained her degree in Biological Sciences and her degree in Medicine and Surgery from the University of Bologna, and her PhD in Microbiology at the University of Parma (Italy). She participated in continuative didactic activity in the fields of general and applied hygiene in different Bachelor, Master, and PhD courses at the University of Bologna. She was President and Coordinator of the Degree Course on Movement Sciences 2007–08 and 2012–13, and a member of the College of Professors of the Doctorate in “Health, Safety, and Urban Greening”. She has supervised numerous PhD and post-doctoral students. Her research work focuses on public health, epidemiology, environmental health, and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. She is a member of the scientific board of the work group in ”Motor Sciences for Health” of the National Scientific Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. As part of this role, she is actively involved in the development of Italian multi-centre studies concerning the safety of recreational environments and the promotion of healthy lifestyles, in particular, concerning the promotion of physical activity for primary and tertiary prevention. With reference to the last, she participates in a European multi-centre study funded by the European Community concerning Adapted Physical Activity (APA) administered for the tertiary prevention of osteoporosis. In the 2016–2018 biennium, she has been part of the National Committee for the assignment of the National Scientific Qualification of the Full/Associate University Professors for the subjects of Public Health, Nursing, and Medical Statistics. vii Preface to ”Recreational Water Illnesses” Swimming and other water-based exercises are excellent ways to practice physical activity and to gain health and social benefits. However, recreational water use may expose people to different health risks due to exposure to chemicals or pathogens. The safety of recreational aquatic environments is affected by numerous variables such as water quality, the health conditions of users, and the correct functioning of the technological systems used for water treatment. This Special Issue aims to provide new knowledge on health risks related to recreational waters, together with the need to update prevention strategies. Such an approach will be essential for addressing the challenges posed by the increasing use of recreational waters by people with different age and health conditions. The editor wishes to thank all the contributors and the support of the IJERPH editorial staff, whose professionalism and dedication have made this Issue possible. Erica Leoni Special Issue Editor ix International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review Athena Mavridou 1,*, Olga Pappa 1,2, Olga Papatzitze 1,3, Chrysa Dioli 1, Anastasia Maria Kefala 1, Panagiotis Drossos 1 and Apostolos Beloukas 1,4 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (A.M.K.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Central Public Health Laboratory, Hellenic Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, 15123 Maroussi, Greece 3 West Attica General Hospital, “Santa Barbara”, 12351 Santa Barbara, Greece 4 Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 October 2018; Accepted: 29 November 2018; Published: 3 December 2018 Abstract: A growing number of people undertake international travel, and yet faster growth of such travel is expected in the tropics. Information on the hazards presented by pool and hot spring waters in tropical countries is very limited. This review aims to collate available information on pool water quality, alongside data on cases and outbreaks associated with swimming in pools in tropical regions affecting both local populations and travellers. Bacteria species commonly causing cases and outbreaks
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