DOCSLIB.ORG

Pyrosequencing Demonstrated Complex Microbial Communities in a Membrane

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pyrosequencing Demonstrated Complex Microbial Communities in a Membrane M&E Papers in Press. Published online on March 18, 2011 doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME10205 1 2 3 Revised ME10205 4 5 6 Pyrosequencing Demonstrated Complex Microbial Communities in a Membrane 7 Filtration System for a Drinking Water Treatment Plant 8 1 1 1 1 9 SOONDONG KWON , EUNJEONG MOON , TAEK-SEUNG KIM , SEUNGKWAN HONG , and HEE- 1* 10 DEUNG PARK 11 12 1School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering,Proofs Korea University, Anam- 13 Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea 14 15 (Received December 1, 2010 － Accepted ViewFebruary 17, 2011) 16 17 * Corresponding author. 18 E-mail: [email protected];Advance Tel: +82-2-3290-4861; Fax: +82-2-928-7656. 19 20 Running headline: Microbial Communities in a Filtration System 1 Copyright 2011 by the Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / the Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology 1 Abstract 2 Microbial community composition in a pilot-scale microfiltration plant for drinking water 3 treatment was investigated using high-throughput pyrosequencing technology. Sequences of 4 16S rRNA gene fragments were recovered from raw water, membrane tank particulate matter, 5 and membrane biofilm, and used for taxonomic assignments, estimations of diversity, and the 6 identification of potential pathogens. Greater bacterial diversity was observed in each sample 7 (1,133 – 1,731 operational taxonomic units) than studies using conventional methods, 8 primarily due to the large number (8,164 – 22,275) of sequences available for analysis and 9 the identification of rare species. Betaproteobacteria predominated in the raw water (61.1%), 10 while Alphaproteobacteria were predominant in the membrane tank particulate matter 11 (42.4%) and membrane biofilm (32.8%). The bacterial communityProofs structure clearly differed 12 for each sample at both the genus and species levels, suggesting that different environmental 13 and growth conditions were generated duringView membrane filtration. Moreover, signatures of 14 potential pathogens including Legionella, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Chromobacterium 15 were identified, and the proportions of Legionella and Chromobacterium were elevated in the 16 membrane tank particulate matter, suggesting a potential threat to drinking water treated by 17 membraneAdvance filtration. 18 19 Key words: membrane, drinking water, pathogen, pyrosequencing, microbial community 20 2 Copyright 2011 by the Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / the Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology 1 One main objective of drinking water treatment is to remove pathogenic microorganisms (14). 2 Drinking water contaminated by pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and viruses can cause 3 diseases (14, 15, 25, 26). Statistics indicate that 126 drinking water-related disease outbreaks, 4 429,000 cases of illness, 653 hospitalizations, and 58 deaths occurred in the United States 5 during the years 1991 - 1998 (4). 6 7 Sand filtration and disinfection are commonly used to purify drinking water. Sand filtration 8 removes particulate matter including microorganisms at the surface or in the middle of the 9 sand bed. Direct collisions, van der Waals force, surface charge attraction, and diffusion are 10 known to be involved in the capture of particulate matter by sand filters (12). Generally, the 11 filtration process is affected by several operational parameters (e.g.Proofs, linear velocity, backwash 12 rate, etc.) (12) and design conditions (e.g., grains size, depth of sand bed, etc.) (7). Current 13 increased water quality requirements make Viewit more difficult to design and utilize sand filters 14 for drinking water treatment (26). 15 16 Microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) with membranes is an attractive alternative to 17 sand filtrationAdvance for drinking water production mainly due to an excellent ability to remove 18 microorganisms as well as suspended solids and colloids, without the need for high 19 concentrations of disinfectants. Because the membranes used to purify drinking water have 20 pores that are smaller (typically 0.04 – 0.2 m) than microorganisms (typically 0.5 – 5.0 m), 21 microorganisms are effectively rejected through a sieving mechanism (30), although some 22 microorganisms (e.g., ultramicrobacteria (28)) can pass through the membranes. However, 23 defects on a membrane’s surface can decrease sieving efficiency, allow pathogens to pass 24 through the membrane, and affect public health, and it is important to test the integrity of 3 Copyright 2011 by the Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / the Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology 1 membranes during the filtration process (1, 9, 10). A membrane integrity test is frequently 2 conducted by counting particles in filtered water and/or checking pressure-induced decay by 3 applying high pressure to the membranes. In addition, it is also important to know which 4 pathogens can persist in membrane systems to prepare for a possible entering of pathogens 5 into the public water supply. Pathogens are usually detected by culture and colony counting 6 methods (13), microscopic observation (35), and PCR (13). 7 8 In submersed membrane filtration operated in a dead-end mode for drinking water treatment, 9 membrane modules are installed in a tank (the membrane tank), and particulate matter is 10 concentrated in the membrane tank by filtration through the membrane. In addition, aeration 11 is frequently applied from the bottom of the membrane tank to minimizeProofs the accumulation of 12 foulants on the surface of the membrane during backwash and/or filtration periods (5, 29). 13 This operation can result in the concentrationView of particulate organic matter while oxygen is 14 dissolved in the tank, resulting in an environment suitable for the growth of aerobic 15 microorganisms, although biocidal treatment affects the growth of microorganisms in the 16 membrane system. The membrane tank therefore can behave like a bioreactor that facilitates 17 the growthAdvance of diverse microorganisms, including some pathogens. If the membrane tank 18 promotes the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and the membrane surface has some 19 defects, it would result in a potential threat to people who consume the water. 20 21 Although the potential exists for the growth of microorganisms in a membrane tank, such 22 growth has not been well reported or characterized. Thus, the objectives of this study were 1) 23 to investigate bacterial community composition and diversity and 2) to identify potential 24 pathogenic bacteria in membrane tanks. To this end, we collected biomass samples from a 4 Copyright 2011 by the Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / the Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology 1 pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant that operates a low pressure submersible MF 2 system, and characterized bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences using a high-throughput 3 pyrosequencing technique, and then analyzed the sequences using bioinformatics tools. 4 5 Materials and Methods 6 The pilot plant and its operating conditions 7 A pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant was set up at the Kuei municipal drinking water 3 -1 8 treatment plant (Seoul, South Korea) which produces 650,000 m d and provides treated 9 water to residents of northern Seoul. The Kuei treatment plant takes water from the Paldang 10 reservoir located in the upper parts of the Han River and treats the water by alum coagulation, 11 flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and chlorination. AsProofs shown in Fig. 1, the pilot 3 12 plant primarily consisted of a membrane tank (working volume = 1.2 m ) and a produced 3 3 13 water tank (0.1 m ). Raw water was pumpedView to the membrane tank at a rate of 5.1 m /h. The 14 water was filtered through submersed hollow-fiber membranes by a suction pump at a rate of 3 -1 15 4.8 m h , and the filtered water was delivered to the produced water tank. At the bottom of 3 -1 16 the membrane tank, the concentrate was withdrawn at a rate of 0.3 m h . The pilot plant was -2 -1 17 operated Advanceat a flux of 60 LMH (L m h ). A daily total of 91 cycles of suction (15 min), 18 backwashing (0.5 min), and relaxation (0.17 min) were processed, followed by one cycle of 19 maintenance cleaning (2 min) and relaxation (15 min). During backwash, treated water from 20 the produced water tank was back-flowed across the membrane to the membrane tank at a 3 -1 21 rate of 7.2 m h , without addition of a chemical. Maintenance cleaning was practiced similar -1 22 to the backwash operation except for providing 15 mg L of NaOCl. A total of four ® 23 horizontal-type membrane modules were installed in the membrane tank (Cleanfil -S20H, 24 KOLON Industry, South Korea), and air was continuously supplied at the bottom of the 5 Copyright 2011 by the Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / the Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology -1 1 membrane modules at a rate of 200 L min during filtration and backwash periods. The 2 module consisted of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow-fiber membranes with a nominal pore 2 3 size of 0.07 m. The overall membrane surface area of the four modules was 80 m . The pilot 4 plant had been operated since April, 2006 and had consistently produced water with low 5 levels of turbidity (0.04 0.01 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)) irrespective of highly 6 variable raw water quality (turbidity = 10.4 15.9 NTU). 7 8 Sampling, DNA extraction, and PCR amplification 9 After the pilot plant was operated for 30 months, during August 2009, particulate matter was 10 collected from the membrane tank using a bucket-type sampler. An attached biofilm sample 11 was also harvested by scraping the biofilm formed on the middleProofs of hollow-fiber membranes, 12 using a sterilized spatula after lifting the membrane modules. For a comparison of bacterial 13 communities, raw water was also sampled Viewfrom the source water equalization basin using a 14 bucket-type sampler.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BD-CS-057, REV 0 | AUGUST 2017 | Page 1
    EXPLIFY RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING Limitations Negative results do not rule out viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Targeted, PCR-based tests are generally more sensitive and are preferred when specific pathogens are suspected, especially for DNA viruses (Adenovirus, CMV, HHV6, HSV, and VZV), mycobacteria, and fungi. The analytical sensitivity of this test depends on the cellularity of the sample and the concentration of all microbes present. Analytical sensitivity is assessed using Internal Controls that are added to each sample. Sequencing data for Internal Controls is quantified. Samples with Internal Control values below the validated minimum may have reduced analytical sensitivity or contain inhibitors and are reported as ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Additional respiratory pathogens to those reported cannot be excluded in samples with ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Due to the complexity of next generation sequencing methodologies, there may be a risk of false-positive results. Contamination with organisms from the upper respiratory tract during specimen collection can also occur. The detection of viral, bacterial, and fungal nucleic acid does not imply organisms causing invasive infection. Results from this test need to be interpreted in conjunction with the clinical history, results of other laboratory tests, epidemiologic information, and other available data. Confirmation of positive results by an alternate method may be indicated in select cases. Validated Organisms BACTERIA Achromobacter
    [Show full text]
  • NCTC) Bacterial Strain Equivalents to American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Bacterial Strains
    This list shows National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) bacterial strain equivalents to American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacterial strains. NCTC Number CurrentName ATCC Number NCTC 7212 Acetobacter pasteurianus ATCC 23761 NCTC 10138 Acholeplasma axanthum ATCC 25176 NCTC 10171 Acholeplasma equifetale ATCC 29724 NCTC 10128 Acholeplasma granularum ATCC 19168 NCTC 10172 Acholeplasma hippikon ATCC 29725 NCTC 10116 Acholeplasma laidlawii ATCC 23206 NCTC 10134 Acholeplasma modicum ATCC 29102 NCTC 10188 Acholeplasma morum ATCC 33211 NCTC 10150 Acholeplasma oculi ATCC 27350 NCTC 10198 Acholeplasma parvum ATCC 29892 NCTC 8582 Achromobacter denitrificans ATCC 15173 NCTC 10309 Achromobacter metalcaligenes ATCC 17910 NCTC 10807 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 27061 NCTC 10808 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 17062 NCTC 10809 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 27063 NCTC 12156 Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 NCTC 10303 Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17904 NCTC 7844 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 15308 NCTC 12983 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055 NCTC 8102 acinetobacter dna group 13 ATCC 17903 NCTC 10304 Acinetobacter genospecies 13 ATCC 17905 NCTC 10306 Acinetobacter haemolyticus ATCC 17907 NCTC 10305 Acinetobacter haemolyticus subsp haemolyticus ATCC 17906 NCTC 10308 Acinetobacter johnsonii ATCC 17909 NCTC 10307 Acinetobacter junii ATCC 17908 NCTC 5866 Acinetobacter lwoffii ATCC 15309 NCTC 12870 Actinobacillus delphinicola ATCC 700179 NCTC 8529 Actinobacillus equuli ATCC 19392
    [Show full text]
  • Legionella Shows a Diverse Secondary Metabolism Dependent on a Broad Spectrum Sfp-Type Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase
    Legionella shows a diverse secondary metabolism dependent on a broad spectrum Sfp-type phosphopantetheinyl transferase Nicholas J. Tobias1, Tilman Ahrendt1, Ursula Schell2, Melissa Miltenberger1, Hubert Hilbi2,3 and Helge B. Bode1,4 1 Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur fu¨r Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universita¨t, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Munich, Germany 3 Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland 4 Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universita¨t, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ABSTRACT Several members of the genus Legionella cause Legionnaires’ disease, a potentially debilitating form of pneumonia. Studies frequently focus on the abundant number of virulence factors present in this genus. However, what is often overlooked is the role of secondary metabolites from Legionella. Following whole genome sequencing, we assembled and annotated the Legionella parisiensis DSM 19216 genome. Together with 14 other members of the Legionella, we performed comparative genomics and analysed the secondary metabolite potential of each strain. We found that Legionella contains a huge variety of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that are potentially making a significant number of novel natural products with undefined function. Surprisingly, only a single Sfp-like phosphopantetheinyl transferase is found in all Legionella strains analyzed that might be responsible for the activation of all carrier proteins in primary (fatty acid biosynthesis) and secondary metabolism (polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthesis). Using conserved active site motifs, we predict Submitted 29 June 2016 some novel compounds that are probably involved in cell-cell communication, Accepted 25 October 2016 Published 24 November 2016 differing to known communication systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Organisms Are Used for Anti-Biofouling Studies
    Table S1. Semi-systematic review raw data answering: Which organisms are used for anti-biofouling studies? Antifoulant Method Organism(s) Model Bacteria Type of Biofilm Source (Y if mentioned) Detection Method composite membranes E. coli ATCC25922 Y LIVE/DEAD baclight [1] stain S. aureus ATCC255923 composite membranes E. coli ATCC25922 Y colony counting [2] S. aureus RSKK 1009 graphene oxide Saccharomycetes colony counting [3] methyl p-hydroxybenzoate L. monocytogenes [4] potassium sorbate P. putida Y. enterocolitica A. hydrophila composite membranes E. coli Y FESEM [5] (unspecified/unique sample type) S. aureus (unspecified/unique sample type) K. pneumonia ATCC13883 P. aeruginosa BAA-1744 composite membranes E. coli Y SEM [6] (unspecified/unique sample type) S. aureus (unspecified/unique sample type) graphene oxide E. coli ATCC25922 Y colony counting [7] S. aureus ATCC9144 P. aeruginosa ATCCPAO1 composite membranes E. coli Y measuring flux [8] (unspecified/unique sample type) graphene oxide E. coli Y colony counting [9] (unspecified/unique SEM sample type) LIVE/DEAD baclight S. aureus stain (unspecified/unique sample type) modified membrane P. aeruginosa P60 Y DAPI [10] Bacillus sp. G-84 LIVE/DEAD baclight stain bacteriophages E. coli (K12) Y measuring flux [11] ATCC11303-B4 quorum quenching P. aeruginosa KCTC LIVE/DEAD baclight [12] 2513 stain modified membrane E. coli colony counting [13] (unspecified/unique colony counting sample type) measuring flux S. aureus (unspecified/unique sample type) modified membrane E. coli BW26437 Y measuring flux [14] graphene oxide Klebsiella colony counting [15] (unspecified/unique sample type) P. aeruginosa (unspecified/unique sample type) graphene oxide P. aeruginosa measuring flux [16] (unspecified/unique sample type) composite membranes E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Risk to Human Health from Free-Living Amoebae Interaction with Legionella in Drinking and Recycled Water Systems
    THE RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH FROM FREE-LIVING AMOEBAE INTERACTION WITH LEGIONELLA IN DRINKING AND RECYCLED WATER SYSTEMS Dissertation submitted by JACQUELINE MARIE THOMAS BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) AND BACHELOR OF ARTS, UNSW In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MAY 2012 SUPERVISORS Professor Nicholas Ashbolt Office of Research and Development United States Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio USA and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Professor Richard Stuetz School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Doctor Torsten Thomas School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia ORIGINALITY STATEMENT '1 hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom 1 have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' Signed ~ ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Host-Adaptation in Legionellales Is 2.4 Ga, Coincident with Eukaryogenesis
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/852004; this version posted February 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Host-adaptation in Legionellales is 2.4 Ga, 2 coincident with eukaryogenesis 3 4 5 Eric Hugoson1,2, Tea Ammunét1 †, and Lionel Guy1* 6 7 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratories, 8 Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden 9 2 Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary 10 Biology, D-24306 Plön, Germany 11 † current address: Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Turku Bioscience, University of Turku, 12 Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland 13 * corresponding author 14 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/852004; this version posted February 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 15 Abstract 16 Bacteria adapting to living in a host cell caused the most salient events in the evolution of 17 eukaryotes, namely the seminal fusion with an archaeon 1, and the emergence of both the 18 mitochondrion and the chloroplast 2. A bacterial clade that may hold the key to understanding 19 these events is the deep-branching gammaproteobacterial order Legionellales – containing 20 among others Coxiella and Legionella – of which all known members grow inside eukaryotic 21 cells 3.
    [Show full text]
  • List of the Pathogens Intended to Be Controlled Under Section 18 B.E
    (Unofficial Translation) NOTIFICATION OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH RE: LIST OF THE PATHOGENS INTENDED TO BE CONTROLLED UNDER SECTION 18 B.E. 2561 (2018) By virtue of the provision pursuant to Section 5 paragraph one, Section 6 (1) and Section 18 of Pathogens and Animal Toxins Act, B.E. 2558 (2015), the Minister of Public Health, with the advice of the Pathogens and Animal Toxins Committee, has therefore issued this notification as follows: Clause 1 This notification is called “Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Re: list of the pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, B.E. 2561 (2018).” Clause 2 This Notification shall come into force as from the following date of its publication in the Government Gazette. Clause 3 The Notification of Ministry of Public Health Re: list of the pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, B.E. 2560 (2017) shall be cancelled. Clause 4 Define the pathogens codes and such codes shall have the following sequences: (1) English alphabets that used for indicating the type of pathogens are as follows: B stands for Bacteria F stands for fungus V stands for Virus P stands for Parasites T stands for Biological substances that are not Prion R stands for Prion (2) Pathogen risk group (3) Number indicating the sequence of each type of pathogens Clause 5 Pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, shall proceed as follows: (1) In the case of being the pathogens that are utilized and subjected to other law, such law shall be complied. (2) Apart from (1), the law on pathogens and animal toxin shall be complied.
    [Show full text]
  • Subcellular Location of Piscirickettsia Salmonis Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) Chaperone by Using Immunogold Labeling and Proteomic Analysis
    microorganisms Article Subcellular Location of Piscirickettsia salmonis Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) Chaperone by Using Immunogold Labeling and Proteomic Analysis 1, 2,3, 4 5 Cristian Oliver y, Patricio Sánchez y , Karla Valenzuela , Mauricio Hernández , Juan Pablo Pontigo 3, Maria C. Rauch 3, Rafael A. Garduño 4,6 , Ruben Avendaño-Herrera 2,7,* and Alejandro J. Yáñez 2,8,* 1 Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; [email protected] 2 Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; [email protected] 3 Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; [email protected] (J.P.P.); [email protected] (M.C.R.) 4 Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; [email protected] (K.V.); [email protected] (R.A.G.) 5 Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; [email protected] 6 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada 7 Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile 8 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.-H.); [email protected] (A.J.Y.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 31 December 2019; Published: 15 January 2020 Abstract: Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative bacterial agent of piscirickettsiosis, a systemic fish disease that significantly impacts the Chilean salmon industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Legionnaires' Disease at an Automobile and Scrap Metal Shredding Facility, New York
    Workplace Safety and Health Legionnaires’ Disease at an Automobile and Scrap Metal Shredding Facility, New York Randy Boylstein, MS, REHS Rachel Bailey, DO, MPH Chris Piacitelli, MS, CIH Christine Schuler, PhD Jean Cox-Ganser, PhD Kathleen Kreiss, MD Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 2011-0109-3162 New York August 2012 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health The employer shall post a copy of this report for a period of 30 calendar days at or near the workplace(s) of affected employees. The employer shall take steps to insure that the posted determinations are not altered, defaced, or covered by other material during such period. [37 FR 23640, November 7, 1972, as amended at 45 FR 2653, January 14, 1980]. CON T EN T S REPO rt Abbreviations .......................................................................2 Highlights of the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation.............3 Summary.............................................................................. 6 Introduction ..........................................................................8 Background.......................................................................... 8 Assessment .......................................................................14 Results...............................................................................17 Discussion .........................................................................25 Conclusions .......................................................................29
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Functional Studies of the Mip Protein of Legionella
    t1.ì. Genetic and Functional Studies of the Mip Protein of Legionella Rodney Mark Ratcliff, BSc (Hons)' MASM Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science and Department of Microbiology and Immunology UniversitY of Adelaide. Adelaide, South Australia A thesis submitted to the University of Adelaide for the degree of I)octor of Philosophy 15'h March 2000 amended 14th June 2000 Colonies of several Legionella strains on charcoal yeast extract agar (CYE) after 4 days incubation at 37"C in air. Various magnifications show typical ground-glass opalescent appearance. Some pure strains exhibit pleomorphic growth or colour. The top two photographs demonstrate typical red (LH) and blue-white (RH) fluorescence exhibited by some species when illuminated by a Woods (IJV) Lamp. * t Table of Contents .1 Chapter One: Introduction .1 Background .............'. .2 Morphology and TaxonomY J Legionellosis ............. 5 Mode of transmission "..'....'. 7 Environmental habitat 8 Interactions between Legionella and phagocytic hosts 9 Attachment 11 Engulfment and internalisation.'.. 13 Intracellular processing 13 Intracellular replication of legionellae .. " "' " "' 15 Host cell death and bacterial release 18 Virulence (the Genetic factors involved with intracellular multiplication and host cell killing .20 icm/dot system) Legiolysin .25 Msp (Znn* metaloprotease) ...'..... .25 .28 Lipopolysaccharide .29 The association of flagella with disease.. .30 Type IV fimbriae.... .31 Major outer membrane proteins....'.......'. JJ Heat shock proteins'.'. .34 Macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein Virulenceiraits of Legionella species other than L. pneumophila..........' .39 phylogeny .41 Chapter One (continued): Introduction to bacterial classification and .41 Identificati on of Legionella...'.,..'.. .46 Phylogeny .52 Methods of phylogenetic analysis' .53 Parsimony methods.'.. .55 Distance methods UPGMA cluster analYsis.'.'...
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Laboratory Reporting Use Case January 2011
    ILLINOIS HEALTH INFORMATION EXCHANGE Electronic Laboratory Reporting Use Case Electronic Laboratory Reporting and Health Information Exchange Illinois Health Information Exchange Public Health Work Group January 2011 Electronic Laboratory Reporting Use Case January 2011 Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………….3 2.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...……………..5 3.0 Scope……………………………………..………………………………………………………5 4.0 Use Case Stakeholders…………………………………………………………….….....6 5.0 Issues and Obstacles……………………………………………………………………...8 6.0 Use Case Pre-Conditions .………………….…………………………………………...8 7.0 Use Case Post-Conditions.……………………………………………………………...9 8.0 Detailed Scenarios/Technical Specifications.………………………………10 9.0 Validation and Certification………………………………………………………...12 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………………….....13 Page 2 Electronic Laboratory Reporting Use Case January 2011 1.0 Executive Summary This Use Case is a product of the Public Health Work Group (PHWG) of the Illinois Health Information Exchange (HIE) Advisory Committee. The Illinois HIE Advisory Committee was constituted as the diverse public healthcare stakeholder body providing input and recommendations on the creation of the Illinois Health Information Exchange Authority (“the Authority”) as the Illinois vehicle for designing and implementing electronic health information exchange in Illinois. The establishment of the Authority marks the formal transition of the work of the HIE Advisory Committee and the Work Groups into alignment with the provisions of Illinois
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Intensive Care Unit Environment in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
    The Role of the Intensive Care Unit Environment in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Christopher J Crnich MD MSc, Nasia Safdar MD MSc, and Dennis G Maki MD Introduction Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Aerodigestive Colonization Direct Inoculation of the Lower Airway Importance of Endogenous Versus Exogenous Colonization Environmental Sources of Colonization Animate Environment Inanimate Environment The Need for a More Comprehensive Approach to the Prevention of VAP That Acknowledges the Important Role of the Hospital Environment Organizational Structure Interventions at the Interface Between the Health Care Worker and the Patient or Inanimate Environment Prevention of Infections Caused by Respiratory Devices Prevention of Infections Caused by Legionella Species Prevention of Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi Summary Ventilator-associated pneumonia is preceded by lower-respiratory-tract colonization by pathogenic microorganisms that derive from endogenous or exogenous sources. Most ventilator-associated pneumonias are the result of exogenous nosocomial colonization, especially, pneumonias caused by resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-resistant Acineto- bacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,orbyLegionella species or filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus. Exogenous colonization originates from a very wide variety of animate and inani- mate sources in the intensive care unit environment. As a result, a strategic approach that combines measures to prevent cross-colonization with those that focus on oral hygiene and prevention of microaspiration of colonized oropharyngeal secretions should bring the greatest reduction in the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. This review examines strategies to prevent transmission of environmental pathogens to the vulnerable mechanically-ventilated patient. Key words: ventilator- associated pneumonia. [Respir Care 2005;50(6):813–836.
    [Show full text]