, -

and ) as (UM (UM

, hosted

organized a

Elise Woodard Elise FALL 2017 Nishi Shah

Karen Karen Bennett Kevin Craven

, Dan Dan Jacobson (UM PhD ’72; Rutgers).

(UM PhD ’11; Toronto), Course Report

Icelandic Internship King National National Review Online Ian Fishback Alumni Report — - Research Report — Graduate Report

— — Bicentennial Commemoration — Undergraduate Report —

— Contributions Holly Holly Smith

Recent Graduates Department Faculty 

INSIDE THIS ISSUE: THIS INSIDE

Nate Nate Charlow   Eleni Eleni Manis Zoë Johnson Sarah Moss (UM PhD ’89; Arizona), commenting.

Tad Schmaltz

Sarah Aronowitz ,

 David David Baker

   Zainab Bhindarwala

Croix  -

 Richard McDonough

the the inaugural Freedom and Flourishing lecturer. We held conference of a our alumni which included PhD ’00; Cornell), Connie Rosati PhD ’01; Amherst) and It was towonderful welcome them back. Our graduate students organized several important events. The Spring Colloquium was on Contemporary Theory, Experience Practice and of the Mikkola Gender. (Humboldt), It Dembroff (Princeton), WittCharlotte (U Hampshire),New and featured Elizabeth Mari Barnes Ásta Sveinsdóttir (San Francisco State), with (UVA), Caroline Perry Robin Cat Saint positions at the UN and in Sri Lanka. As one of the world’s leading human rights advocates, she argued that humanistic traditions recognizing human rights existed across the world, predating the Enlightenment. David Kennedy Moyn, both of Harvard Law School, and and Steven Ratner (UM Samuel Law) commented on the Tanner Symposium the The next day. Program in Charles Ancient (Yale) and Julia Annas (Arizona). brought sponsored visits by Alison Philosophy Wylie and out Sharyn Clough co with the David Institute for Research on Women and Gender, as part of the Feminist Science Studies series. Charles C. W. Cooke (editor of

is

(UM

.

retired at the Sonya Özbey Sonya

Neil Neil Mehta

Laura Ruetsche Laura

Larry Larry Sklar , one of the world’s experts

won won a Michigan Humanities

Reconstructing J. MillS.

provided that the name refers to Collegiate Professor. One of the great won won an ACLS Fellowship for his project,

—

CHAIR’S CHAIR’S LETTER Anderson Elizabeth Donald Munro Donald . He is also Labex TransferS professeur

was appointed Benjamin Meaker Visiting NUS). Our Tanner Lecturer was Radhika - 17 academic17 year. - Dan Dan Jacobson

Louis Loeb Louis Tad Tad Schmaltz

Coomaraswamy, haswho served in several leadership PhD ’12; Yale (Columbia), Rüdiger Bittner (U (Stanford), Carol Bielefeld), Rovane (Columbia), Rachel and Briggs included Luvell Anderson (U Memphis), Akeel Bilgrami Department last year. Our regular colloquium speakers Many events contributed to the intellectual life of the SPECIAL EVENTS Award Award completeto book,his Professor at the University. Institute of Advanced Study, Bristol Gordon Belot invité at Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris) for this project. Early Early Modern and the Material World: Suárez, Descartes, Spinoza way. way. someone who once taught at . We are delighted that Laura chose to commemorate Louis in this choose one’s title now now the things about becoming a Collegiate Professor is that one can Several colleagues won honors this year.

faculty memberfaculty We thatfield. in thrilled that are accepted a jointposition in Departments.our and Cultures to undertake a search for a new Professor Emeritus in Chinese Philosophy, enabled Philosophy and Asian end end of 2016. We wish him well. A generous gift from Our faculty continues to change. DEPARTMENT NEWS from 2016 the Greetings! I would like to share with you some highlights

Dear Friends of Michigan Philosophy,

Philosophy panel, “What Do We Owe Our Veterans?” with speakers APPRECIATION FOR OUR ALUMNI AND FRIENDS Cheyney Ryan (Oxford), Mike Robillard (Oxford), Robert All of these events, which so deeply enrich the lives of our Underwood (Oxford PhD student) and David Reese undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty, are made (Georgetown PhD student). Ryan was a conscientious objector possible by the extraordinary generosity of the Philosophy of the Vietnam war; the others, including Ian, are veterans of Department’s alumni and friends. Donations also make Afghanistan and/or Iraq. Mara Bollard coordinated an possible numerous other activities. With the help of the Louis American Association of Philosophy Teachers workshop on Loeb Fund for the History of Philosophy, Victor Caston teaching and learning, which included David Concepción (Ball has been able to hire a graduate student to assist in his editing State), Alida Liberman (U ), Adam Thompson (U of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. The Ilene Goldman Nebraska) and John Koolage (EMU). Block Memorial Fund in Philosophy supported Zainab Bhindarwala’s internship with documentarian Eileen Jerrett in We are proud to sponsor many extracurricular workshops and Iceland, which she reports on below. The Block Fund and PPE reading groups that have speakers. The Aesthetics Discussion Fund jointly supported undergraduate travel to conferences, Group invited Anthony Rudd (St. Olaf) and Alon Chasid including to the annual PPE conference in North Carolina, and (BarIlan U). The Ethics Discussion Group welcomed Eric a meeting on HeForShe at the U.N. The Tanner Library Fund Campbell (U Maryland) and Neil Shinhababu (National supports librarian services, undergraduate assistants, and book University of Singapore). Simon Huttegger (UC Irvine) and purchases for Tanner Philosophy Library. Other funds support Anubav Vasudevan () spoke at the Foundations of graduate student editing of the Philosopher’s Annual, as well as Belief and Decision Making Workshop. The Foundations of Ethics Bowl–ethics debating clubs coached by our graduate Modern Physics Workshop brought out Yann Benétreau-Dupin students—in several local high schools, many serving (Pittsburgh), Katrin Heitmann (Argonne National Laboratory), disadvantaged students. Even this list does not cover all the Katie Freese (UM Physics) and Chris Smeenk (Western wonderful things we are able to do with your donations.

Ontario). UM’s Minorities and Philosophy chapter sponsored talks by Eva Kittay (Stony Brook), Harun Küçük (UPenn) and There is more than one way you can help the Philosophy Andrew Moon (Notre Dame). The and Moral Psychology Department. As always, we welcome your donations. In group had Bryce Huebner (Georgetown), Muhammad Ali addition, we welcome any leads you may have about internship Khalidi (York U) and Robert Hopkins (NYU). Cian Dorr (NYU), and job opportunities for our philosophy and PPE students. Daniel Nolan (Notre Dame), Chip Sebens (UM PhD ’15; Please tell me any information you have about internships by UCSD), Noel Swanson (Delaware), and Nic Teh (Notre Dame) sending an email to [email protected]. LSA has opened addressed the workshop. its Opportunity Hub, through which students can apply for internships and financial support to enable them to take Our faculty invited several special guests to their classes. Chris advantage of them. The Philosophy Department is eager to Lebron, Michael Pardo, and Zoltan Szabo visited graduate partner with LSA in supporting our students on internships. seminars taught by Meena Krishnamurthy, Sarah Moss, and Rich Thomason, respectively. We were especially excited We thank you for your generosity and thoughtfulness in helping to invite special guests to address our undergraduates. Emily us enrich the life of the Philosophy Department in so many Woodcock of Clean Water Action visited Maria Lasonen- ways. We acknowledge those who donated to the Department Aarnio’s Environmental Ethics class. Dennis Kamalick, in 2016-17 at the end of this newsletter. If you would like to philosopher and special investigator of police misconduct in donate this year, you may do so through our website at Chicago, spoke to my Introduction to Political Philosophy class lsa.umich.edu/philosophy/. To all who have given or are soon about justice in policing. Dave Baker brought out two speakers to give, you have our deepest gratitude. to his Science Fiction and Philosophy class. Science fiction writer Nancy Kress discussed her Nebula and Hugo award- winning story "Beggars in Spain." Ted Chiang (author of the Cheers, story adapted into the film Arrival) discussed his story "Liking What You See.” Finally, Fred Keller, founder and Chair of Cascade Engineering (a certified B Corportion), delivered our Ferrando Family Lecture to our Philosophy, Politics, and Economics students. He offered an inspiring account of social Elizabeth Anderson entrepreneurship involving his own and numerous other Distinguished University Professor businesses in the Grand Rapids area. Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Chair, Philosophy

, , , at Many King - - won a Coming

Eduardo Eduardo American - presented Josh Josh Hunt Mara Mara Bollard

UCLA UCLA Graduate - Johann Hariman King - Filipa Melo Lopes

, . Nick Nick Serafin , presented “Education Zoë Johnson

, presented her paper

delivered “Spinoza on Power, presented “Pedophilia and the Croix

at George Mason University, and - presented “ Continuum Ian Fishback , Zoë Zoë Johnson Patrick Shirreff Josh Hunt also presented "Don't Know, Don't Destruction” at the Franco

Mercy Mercy Corredor

- delivered “Moral Injury in the Iraq War” History History Program Annual Symposium in

Eduardo Martinez , - , , and Order Uncertainty" at the International King - - Cat Cat Saint Croix Caroline Caroline Perry Mara Mara Bollard presented “ Stable Property Clusters and their -

Johann Johann Hariman Ian Ian Fishback APA, APA, "Higher Formal Ethics Conference at the University of finally, York, "We Can and Have Our Buck and Pass It, Too,” at the Vancouver Summer Philosophy Martinez Conference. Grounds” at the 2016 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting. Legal Implications of ‘Significant Volitional Impairment’” at the North American Society for Social Philosophy's annual conference. Home: Home: Dialogues on Spiritual Impacts of War the Moral, finally, “Military Consequences: Strategic Issues” as part of Psychological, and The Strategic Consequences of the U.S. Use of Torture the ’s Carr Center Policy. for Human Rights Extension and Self Graduate Student Workshop at ENS Jesse de Lyon in June. Interacting Worlds” at Hollowaythe International Summer School in Philosophy of Physics presented in “Symmetry and Saig, Degeneracy Germany. in Atom” the Hydrogen at the Physics Graduate Philosophy Student Conference at the University of of Logic, Western Mathematics, and Ontario. “Accidentally Doing the Right Thing” at the Philosophy Great Plains Symposium, at Conference, and at the the Rocky Mountain Ethics Congress. USC Zoë Johnson Care" at Mount Saint Mary's University and at the Women In Philosophy In the Chicago series, as well as "Assessment Area for Learning" at the Central (WIPHICA) speaker Logic, , and Information. Rackham Summer Award. Over the past academic Rackham year, travel grants were awarded students: to eleven of our Jesse Holloway Sydney Keough Cat Saint Our graduate students have presented papers at a variety wide of conferences over the past presented year. “Is There Such a Disgust?” Thing at the as Omaha Genuinely Workshop Moral in Emotion the at the Philosophy University of of Nebraska in April and at International the Society for Research on conference in July. Emotion Biennial and Violence: Primers for Abolitionism” at the University of Michigan’s Anthro May. at the International Society of Important about Liability?” and “Torture as a War Military Crime” at Ethics, “What Is the University Strategies, of and Tactics in OEF/OIF” Delaware, as a part of “The Toll of Policies,

- - -

Zoë Zoë

Mercy Mercy Mercy Eduardo Eduardo including Jonathan Cat Cat Saint — Filipa Filipa Melo

Zoë Zoë Johnson 17)

- Elise Elise Woodard , and and was was awarded the Filipa Filipa Melo Lopes

was awarded the 18.

-

Doctoral Fellowships noted - King - Shai Shai Madjar was awarded the Cornwell Prize was awarded the Cornwell Prize

, Sara Sara Aronowitz Sara Sara Aronowitz

three students in the class. Within our - GRADUATE REPORT GRADUATE Sarah Moss, Professor, Associate Studies Director Graduate of

was awarded a Visiting Research

won the Dewey Prize for her outstanding Zoë Zoë Johnson

was awarded a Certificate of Merit in Ian Fishback was awarded an Adam Smith Fellowship King Johann Hariman Johann ,

-

. was awarded an IRWG/Rackham Community of was awarded a Summer Lipschutz Fellowship, both won highly competitive Rackham Pre

was given a Rackham Graduate Student Research Grant to participate in the 2017 European Summer School in which which recognizes demonstrated exceptional scholarly Rackham achievement sense of and social responsibility a and students service. who have Lopes Scholars summer fellowship for her research. Croix above, above, Rackham has recognized many of our students this year as deserving support for their summer research and for their travel to workshops and conferences. Sarnoff In addition to awarding the Pre Weinberg Summer Fellowships were awarded Corredor to for intellectual curiosity and exceptional promise of original and creative work. Weinberg Summer Dissertation Fellowship, and further Stevenson Prize for excellence in a dissertation Mara dossier. Bollard teaching. Michigan Law School, an award which was one given of to the seventy just department, Corredor recognition of her outstanding performance MacKinnon’s in Catharine Sex Equality course at the University of events over the course of the coming academic year. Johnson Fellowship at Brown University earlier this spring. University of Michigan Institute Martinez of Humanities. which will take him to George Mason University for several King Doctoral Fellowships for AY 2017 will be spending this coming academic year at the of local our philosophy community and beyond. Beginning with awards, students over the past academic (2016year prizes and published, andmany significant fellowships events organized on behalf won, papers presented and As Director of Graduate Studies, I reporting have on the the pleasure many of accomplishments of our graduate

, .

Elise , and Lingxi Lingxi , , and Cat Brendan , Umer Shaikh , and Elise Elise Woodard was was interviewed Mercy Mercy Corredor

, and Caroline Perry , Chris Nicholson , Filipa Melo Lopes organized COMPASS at , King Filipa Melo Lopes - Ian Ian Fishback , and her team of students from Western philosophy and issues -

Eduardo Martinez Croix - , Joe Shin were the lead organizers of the 2017

Zoë Zoë Johnson were last year’s organizers of the Brendan Mooney Cat Cat Saint , Francesca Bunkenborg Sara Sara Aronowitz

, organized an ethics symposium which , and Caroline Caroline Perry

Caroline Perry Caroline Croix Phi Nation’s Barry Lam as part of “Episode 3: The - - the Nationalthe Ethics Bowl in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. On behalf of the faculty at Michigan, I would like to say that we are truly students inspired have done by on behalf of the the profession past and year, arewe looking forward to workappreciating many over the that our moreaccomplishments of great their the ahead! in year graduate audience of listeners to think philosophically about moral issues raised by warfare. Making strides in our students, discipline’s many Michigan outreach graduate to students their younger continue in dedication cooperation with to A2Ethics, a local organizing nonprofit promoting organization ethics outreach communities. and events philosophy in Kevin initiatives Craven in Michigan High School Ethics local Bowl, which featured thirteen teams from discussing applied eight ethics case studies. different Coaches February 2017 Ethics for Bowl also included the Michigan Alice high Kelley schools Chenyang In May, Mooney featured nine high ethically challenging school topics. student Finally, goes to special presentations recognition on Wayne Memorial High School, which High won School Ethics the Bowl and Michigan claimed the Spirit Award at Perhaps most meaningfully, making our immense contributions students in implementation have the of development been outreach and programs discipline on as a behalf whole. of Over the our summer,became the Director of international collection Minorities of and students that Philosophy, aims and to address an examine issues of minority participation in philosophy. academic Saint University of Michigan’s MAP chapter, which and hosts discussions talks of non related to race, distinctions. gender, disability Woodard and other Michigan, social a new graduate school workshop in Philosophy. for COMPASS The workshop took place in September 2017, when inaugural students Michigan considering students from a diversity of backgrounds were brought to Ann Arbor for a networking, and mentoring. weekend of philosophical by Hi discussion, Morality of War” in February 2017, encouraging a wide

, , , - will

King , and - Daniel Grazer

’s paper Michigan - King ’s paper Joe Shin - and Nick Nick Serafin

organized the

Mara Bollard Alvaro Alvaro Sottil de , , and Johann Hariman King

- Zoë Zoë Johnson . organized an April Defense and War” - and Kevin Craven Ian Ian Fishback

organized a lecture on

, , published by Oxford Zoë Zoë Johnson Mara Mara Bollard Philosophy Philosophy of Science. Princeton Social Epistemology Eduardo Martinez - Defense Caroline Perry Sara Sara Aronowitz - Josh Josh Hunt Zoë Zoë Johnson , . Philosophy Philosophy Now Ian Ian Fishback organized a number of events for the Elise Elise Woodard

Rutgers Caroline Perry organized our Department’s Spring -

,

organized the Princeton Boris Babic Boris Croix -

organized the inaugural Michigan Philosophy

The The Ethics of Self

Sydney Keough Sydney authored "What is an Ersatz Part?" with Kristie Miller, -

Philosopher’s Annual over the past year. conferences, published papers were also organized promoted by and as they served as the graduate student editors of the Alumni Conference. Aguinaga Metanormativity Workshop in August 2017. In addition to the the organizer of reading the group. Foundations In May, of Drucker Modern Physics Colloquium on Theory, Practice, and Experience the of Contemporary Gender. workshop on the Foundations of Cosmology in his role as on teachingon and learning in philosophy. Cat Saint Annette Bryson “What Do We Owe Graduate School. In January, Our Veterans?” American at Association the of Philosophy Rackham Teachers workshop and Mind and Moral Psychology Working Group over the past year. Last November, remarkable professional service. be serving on the APA’s Graduate Student July Council 2017 from to June 2019. In addition to making their mark on the profession through their research, our graduate students are also engaged in "Stable Property Clusters and their Grounds" will appear in Decemberthe 2017 issue of co which will appear Philosophische in Studien a forthcoming issue of University Press in 2016. Practice His Right Against Torture” paper appeared in “The the February/ Absolute March In 2017 issue of “Necessity and Institutions appeared in in Self eds., Christian Coons and Michael Weber, In addition to presenting at conferences, our students have also been publishing their research. delivered “Equality, , inaugural Philosophy, Politics, and and Economics Conference Immutability” Newin Orleans. at the she also presented “Evidential Harm” at Disparity the Penn and Epistemic Workshop at the University of Pennsylvania. “Immodesty “Immodesty and Evaluative Reasoning Club Conference at the University of Turin, and Uncertainty” at the Fifth

UNDERGRADUATE For one thing, the new editorial staff started early, beginning REPORT their work this spring rather than organizing in the fall. The staff is large and diverse, including many students earlier in David Baker, the program who hope to carry on the torch once the seniors Associate Professor, have graduated. I expect to have good news for you this time Director of Undergraduate next year about the accomplishments of the new Meteorite Studies staff: Andrew Beddow, Melvin Bouboulis, Aaruran Chandrasekhar, Brittani Chew, Benjamin Chiang, Brandon Eelbode, Colton Karpman, Anay Katyal, Jesse Kozler, Eun In Winter 2017, Sarah Buss passed on to me the mantle of Young Park, Joseph Wisniewski, and Ashley Woonton. Let’s Director of Undergraduate Studies. Let me begin by thanking wish them luck!

Sarah (as I’ve done in person more than once) for leaving our undergraduate program in such excellent shape. The This year’s undergraduate news also intersects with the boundless creativity and energy she brought to the table national news. It will hardly be news to the informed alum shows in the numerous innovations she began that persist that the 2016-17 academic year coincided with a significant today—from our peer advising program to our continuing amount of political upheaval, both nationwide and on college efforts to connect alumni with our majors and faculty. The campuses. Our students were eager to discuss the rapidly major and the minors are thriving, and our enrollment has changing national climate with philosophical reason and rigor. grown considerably this Fall semester. I chalk all of this up to In our first-year seminar courses, small cohorts of students Sarah’s tireless efforts; I can only hope to do half as well in explored all sides of the attendant issues of ethics, political the coming years! philosophy and epistemology. The seminar course, Philosophy 196, which brings a group of twenty first-years As a 2003 graduate of Michigan Philosophy, guiding the into a small classroom with a faculty member, was ideally undergraduate program that nurtured me is a sobering job, suited for discussing these contentious topics. and reaching out to my fellow alumni with news about the philosophy students who’ve followed them is a sentimental During the Fall semester, Dan Jacobson led a seminar on the task. Let me extend a special hello to those of you whom I 2016 election, examining the political process through three last saw a decade and a half ago, in a classroom in Angell different lenses. First, Dan’s students looked at the election Hall. process itself, examinging the analysis of campaign strategy and the science of polling. Next, they studied the issues Perhaps some of you reading this have shared with me the through a political lens, situating the candidates’ positions experience of working on the editorial staff of Michigan’s relative to historical norms and in the context of their undergraduate philosophy journal, Meteorite. The life cycle of strategies. Finally, they did some ethics, evaluating the an undergraduate journal is a fascinating thing to observe, as candidates’ stances along the axis of right and wrong.

I’ve learned in my nine years as the Meteorite faculty advisor. A gung-ho group of talented philosophy students band Then in the Winter term, Derrick Darby took on the topic of together, issue a call for papers, blaze through hundreds of contemporary activism and social justice movements with a pages of submissions to select out the best, set to laying out course on Black Lives Matter. Through readings from the new issue… TaNehisi Coates and Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, the students examined this movement in the voice of today’s black And then, typically, real life sets in. The best-qualified leaders, as well as placing it in the context of Martin Luther student editors are typically juniors and seniors with tough King Jr.’s thought. Students also conducted their own original courses to complete, honors theses to write, and ultimately a research in this seminar, which they presented to their peers Bachelor’s degree to finish before the spring is done. in the closing weeks of the semester.

Yet sometimes magic can happen. In 2013, an editorial staff The public sphere in America is likely to remain a place of led by editor-in-chief Seth Wolin published professional- moral controversy, and where there is moral controversy, quality issue of Meteorite, the first one to appear in six years. there is need for philosophical ethics. In the coming year, our Now a new Meteorite team has come together, with what department will continue to present our undergraduates with looks to me like a recipe for success. courses relevant to the issues they’re grappling with (for

example, Sarah Moss’s upcoming course on Race and

Knowledge). In another inspiring example of the spirit of real-world This year, five students were awarded honors for their senior engagement that is guiding Michigan Philosophy’s theses: undergraduates, one of our majors, Salim Makki, was given the chance to meet Pope Francis thanks to his skills as an Heather Buja (advised by Elizabeth Anderson), essayist. Salim, a walk-on defensive lineman on the UM “Profits Over Students: Education Markets in football team, entered his essay in a competition held by Segregated & Impoverished Contexts” football coach Jim Harbaugh, to select two players to sit near the Pope as he gave an address in the Vatican. Domenic DiGiovine (advised by Derrick Darby),

“Looking Forward: The Role of Personal “After receiving the message today to be considered for the Responsibility in Healthcare Prioritization” once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to meet His Holiness Pope

Francis,” Salim wrote in his essay, “I knew I had to jump on it. I am a devout Muslim but my grandmother was a Christian Yuchen Liang (advised by Laura Ruetsche), “Phronesis and Virtue of Character: The Making of and I have had the fortune of having the values of both Morally Right Goals in 's Nicomachean religions instilled in me. Growing up my father taught me the Ethics” importance of coexistence in religions and respecting the beliefs of others. Last semester, I intentionally enrolled in the course "The History of Jesus" to advance my knowledge of Ryan Mak (advised by Peter Railton) “Having Jesus Christ in order to relate with my teammates and Trumped the Wall: A Theory of our Special coaches. Obligations to Admitted Refugees”

“His Holiness Pope Francis is sincerely one of my heroes. In Kaleb TerBush (advised by Dan Jacobson) a time where Muslims have been scrutinized and wrongly “Vegetarianism and Moral ” identified with violence, Pope Francis has defended Islam and stated that not all Muslims are violent. His Holiness has The Haller Term Prize for best overall scholarship in continued his support of Islam by washing the feet of Syrian philosophy courses during a semester went to Ryan Mak, Muslim refugees and calling for mutual respect during the who earned A-range grades in four 400-level philosophy holy month of Ramadan. A true hero defends and helps the courses in a single term. Ryan was also honored with the hopeless, and that's why Pope Francis is a hero.” Sidney Fine teaching award for his work in the Academic Success Program, tutoring UM student athletes.

Salim and fellow player Grant Newsome joined Pope Francis on the steps of the Vatican this April 26. The Frankena Prize for the major graduating with the highest distinction was awarded to Heather Buja, whose advisor A few changes are underway in undergraduate studies, Elizabeth Anderson recommended Heather as “ the whole although all are at an early stage. We are introducing several package of everything one would want to see in a great new classes, including introductory-level courses in ancient philosophy student.” and modern philosophy, that will count toward the history requirement of our major. We hope to attract more students whose desire to study philosophy arises from an interest in reading the timeless classics.

We’ve also begun work on an internship network that will connect philosophy students with potential employers, and with alumni in their areas of career interest. The College of Literature, Science and the Arts’s new Opportunity Hub office is assisting us in this effort, which will begin with an event this academic year for students interested in careers in medical ethics. We are also at work crafting our program to be more hospitable to transfer students, a diverse portion of Michigan’s student body that includes many non-traditional students. William K. Frankena

, , in

machine machine, - Système - L’Homme Cartesianism was -

machine doctrine as a - . . In his own preface to this

machine, that Clerselier felt the - machine. - L’Homme machine as a reflection not of some materiality materiality and immortality” (AT III.503). - -

human animals. - It is striking that Augustine also absent is virtually

ii machine is notmachine is a feature central of Cartesianism. - 2, avert, II.506). Even so, contrary to the suggestion - machine was exported to France through the French - introduced in the first public appearance of - Schuyl’s preface on the beast need to invoke Augustine course, for a in long time Augustine had provided defense an alternative of for Cartesianism. those Of dissatisfied with the grand Aristotelian natural philosophy and Christian Thomistictheology. Yet the synthesis of history of the reception of the doctrine of the reveals beast that the of hardly inevitable. Augustino Among early modern resistance both critics to this of doctrine Cartesianism, and to there the insinuation was that connection between Augustine and Descartes, emphasizing in particular Descartes’s thatresult “the human soul is ofspiritual a nature, and is really endorsement of the distinct Augustinian from emphasizes Descartes’s that embrace of of a spiritualism that, as kind Schuyl’s preface ofindicates, has body.” as Augustinian its flip theside doctrine of the beast Clerselier’s preface thus The attempt theological to shield has use its source Descartes the noted in at one Descartespoint in beast a himself. letter to For Regius (on more whom below) that scholastic attributing a corporeal and mortal soul to the beasts allow critics“the who follow easiest Aristotle slide to in the opinion of human soul those is who corporeal maintain and mortal,” that whereas the his that own view the configuration human of soul demonstrating its non differs matter in Thus “opens kind the it fromAristotelianism of easiest is any the religious route faith. mere scholastics, What Cartesianism, is missing that here, however, is to Clerselier’s is appeal more in to accord the than arguably with authority had little the of interest in Augustine. Augustine. linking traditional Indeed, his views Descartes to from those of Clerselier’s condemnations of earlier Descartes on religious grounds in Louvain writings. (1662) It and Rome is (1663), only and after after the the encounter with since the very notion of such a soul is incoherent Phy, VII( in Daniel, it seems that certainty concerning beastthe the doctrine of In fact, it is best doctrine to of understand the Daniel’s beast emphasis insight on into the the essence of history of the reception of this doctrine. The Cartesianism, doctrine itself was but rather of re the the 1662 Latin translation by the Dutch Schuyl. professor Florentius In his preface prolonged to defense this of translation, highlighting Schuylthe the fact that Descartes has been able “to offers ruin this doctrine a of dangerous the opinion” beast according to which incorporeal and incorruptible, “the has a great affinity to the soul of Mind, which is the beasts.” It is significant in light issue ofthat Schuyl cites later Augustine as debate a primary over source for this the Cartesian view that there is nothing similar to human sensory thought in non After the publication of Schuyl’s edition, beast the doctrine of the translation of Schuyl’s preface that Claude Clerselier included in his 1664 edition of edition, Clerselier picked up on Schuyl’s suggestion of a - as

in in line —

Système de

L’Homme

machine “is not - human animals are, -

Professor AND THE THE AND that that we can be certain that Research Report Tad Schmaltz,

— Sylvain Regis. In his - “BEAST MACHINE” “BEAST , which remained unpublished during CARTESIAN DUALISM DUALISM CARTESIAN (1690), published just prior to the text that

i

machine,” according to which non 77). 77). All that can be said on this matter, Descartes Traité de l’homme - -

human animals do not have any kind of “material soul,” -

non with with Descartes’s own position that that he can provide beasts lack a no soul. To be demonstrative sure, Regis also argumentindicates that the philosophie includes the opening passage from Daniel, Regis emphasizes later later French follower, Pierre We find a similar view on this issue in the work of Descartes’s absolutely required by the foundations of Descartes.” the philosophy of commentator that the doctrine of the beast concludes, is that it sensory thought. These is remarks support the comment probableof one that the beasts have no since the human mind does not reach into V.276 their hearts” (AT animals, I do not think that it can be proved that there is none, toward the end of his life, he concedes that “though I regard it as established that we cannot prove there is any thought in significant that Descartes himself questioned the possibility of apodictic certainty regarding this doctrine. In correspondence machine (or in his terms, defining feature of “the early modern doctrineCartesianism. However, it of is automata”) is a makes the stronger claim that the doctrine of the beast In the passage above, the French Jesuit Gabriel Daniel 1650, this doctrine came to be associated with well as Cartesianism with itself. were never written. Nonetheless, after Descartes’s death in promises additional sections relation on to the human the body, these human are now soul lost, or perhaps and its in in contrast to devoid human of sensation and beings, feeling. Indeed, mere although this mechanisms work entirely “beast possible like us” (AT XI.120). This text stops short of explicitly endorsing what later became known as the doctrine of the “nothing other than a statue or machine of earth, which forms God with the explicit intention of making it as much as being, being, considered simply as an animal body, in terms of In his his lifetime, Descartes opens with an account of a human Cartesianism.” Cartesianism.” (Gabriel Daniel, SJ, Suite du bêtes, voyage 1693) desconnaissance touchantla du monde … is between these two species of being. There is here the thespirit and sap, if I dare to express myself thus, of pure sect. One can think in this way, only if of one body and has mind, the and has true penetrated the and demonstration that clear contains or supposes all the principles and all the foundations of the sensation and thought. With the doctrine, it is impossible not to be a Cartesian, and without it, it is impossible to be one. This point alone faithful followers of automata, which your makes pure machines of all great animals in denying all master: this is the doctrine of “The essential point of Cartesianism, and as it were the touchstone, which serves you and other members of your party to recognize

, - -

Principia philosophiae La La Bête transformée en Cartesian argument for the

- body body dualism. If Regius counts - Dictionnaire historique et critique machine. -

(1685) of the Dutch Protestant Jean Daumanson,

machine. After all, in our opening passage he machine has a firm basis neither in Augustine nor in - - But But first, some relevant background. Regius professor was a at medical Utrecht who was Descartes’s new physics intothe Dutch academy. Regius also one of the first to was the introduce point man for the defense of attacks Descartes of against his the traditionalist critic, the Utrecht Rector Gibertus Voetius. Descartes subsequently wrote that he is “so confident of his ” that there is nothing concerning Regius in his writings that “I own” (AT VIIIB.163). could Yet a mere four years not later, in a preface freely acknowledge to as the 1647 my French translation of his Descartes angrily denounces Regius, charging him with Daniel’s remarks indicate machine nonetheless that became an essential element of the sort the doctrine of of Augustinian the spiritualism beast on settled which as the Clerselier proper expression and of others Yet Descartes’s the previously own cited reservations views. of Descartes and Regis concerning the evident reason truth to doubt that of it constitutes “the spirit this and sap of Cartesianism,” doctrine pure as still Daniel provide contends. thought that Daniel indicates Even another feature of Cartesianism so, it even more might essential to this be system than beast the doctrine of the insinuates that the doctrine itself rests on the “true and clear ideas of body and mind,” which are supposed to demonstrate that these two are distinct species of beings. Perhaps what is at the core of Cartesianism is not the machine, then, but doctrinethe underlying sharp distinction of mind, as of the beast a thinking thing,from merely as a body, extended thing. Enter Henricus Regius (not to proponent be confused with of Regis), nonetheless a rejected Descartes’s Descartes’s claim that reason mechanistic unaidedby faith can demonstrate mind physiology as who a Cartesian controversy), then (and not even a firm this, adherence to dualism can as saidbe to be an essential feature of Cartesianism. we’ll see, is a matter of sin. This argument was picked up in machine and it is Daumanson’s version Bayle of the highlights argument that in Pierre (1697). his According tofundamental affinity of the views of Bayle, Augustine and Descartes this theon issue of the beast argument reveals the With respect emphasizes, to there are Augustine the himself was some concerned to particular reconcile divine grounds with the suffering not of creatures in justicegeneral, but only of those for argument thinking creatures made in God’s image. On this reading, that the suffering that Bayle of the beasts is simply beside the point. Moreover, the premise main of the theological argument perhaps could against be countered by considerations such that Descartes suffering raised. I have in mind his suggestion in the Fourth Meditation that it is possible that God imperfection permits our in errors because parts this of perfection of the universe as a whole (AT VII.61). Along nature these contributes to same lines, it seems thepossible that God could permit suffering greater in the beasts because this imperfection is somehow required for the greater perfection of the whole. Thus a case could be made that a prominent Augustino beast Descartes.

, - of

De (1676),

Discours (1680), a Discours

, ch. 7, 58). 24). 24). But then the -

De l’Ame Cartesian on this issue. - , ch. 7, 59). So defined, , Pardies’s critique of the De l’Ame des bêtes reflective reflective sensation, which - 51). 51). Pardies readily grants that - Paul Paul du Vaucel, cites Augustine Gaston Pardies. The - - De l’Ame machine is among “the speculations

- machine drew a response from the - Observations , §71, 50 Discours de la connoissance des bêtes

Discours 95). 95). machine that is presented so forcefully that some -

- Observations sur la philosophie de Descartes , ch. 13, 177). Given this of sensation, it

machine, namely, that the attribution of sensation to non

human animals would conflict with the fact that divine justice prevents God from allowing suffering in animals incapable of purportedly Augustinian argument for the doctrine of the beast - In his text Dilly also devotes an entire chapter to another soul thatsoul Pardies posits in the case of the beasts. must be wholly immaterial. According to Dilly, then, Augustine leaves absolutely no room for the sort of material principle or this this soul cannot be identified with any bodily element, but There Dilly takes Augustine to define the soul in terms of the “faculty of apperception” ( have advanced concerning the reasons nature given of by the Saint soul Augustine” by ( the his his position by tracing devotes a chapter to its the “confirmation of the source opinion that we to Augustine. Thus he follows a familiar Cartesian tradition in attempting to bolster This response may seem to preclude simply by fiat the sort of sensation that Pardies attributes to the beasts. However, Dilly have an immaterial soul. reflection that, on Pardies own view, would require that they without being aware that it is sensing (123 beasts could possess sensation only if they possessed a l’Ame is simply a contradiction to say that something can sense the the soul “directly and immediately by its presence alone” ( feature that thought can sensation itself lack. requires a In reflection that fact, makes it according known to to Dilly, French Cartesian Antoine Dilly. In Dilly claims that Pardies mistakenly takes reflection to be a doctrine doctrine of the beast Prior to Du Vaucel’s and and inventions something thathas source its in Augustine. of the Cartesian philosophy,” and not the the theory of the beast sensations are produced, and has never recognized that they are only machines or automata.” Du Vaucel concludes that being being a simple modification recognized of the sensitive soul in souls the body, in has beasts, by which their Augustine seems to have explicated human sensation as in in support of the sort Pardies of endorsed. Thus account Du of Vaucel animal emphasizes sensation that that “Saint In his critic of Cartesianism, Louis

derives from a “material §102, 191 principle” of sensation ( require require an immaterial and immortal soul. However, he insists that they have a kind of non the the other ( the beasts lack any sort of reflective thought, which would that that is ”a simple perception of an object without reflection,” on essentially takes with it a species of reflection indivisibly on itself,” on the that one hand, and “a sensible thought” it makes However, later in this text, Pardies emphasizes the distinction between a “spiritual or, if you will, intellectual thought … that readers took its author to be a crypto begins with an extended summary of the Cartesian case the for beast focus of the 1672 the French Jesuit Ignace Augustine himself embraced it. The doctrine itself was the

- , Neuve: Neuve:

- la -

, and a H. Regius But perhaps But perhaps

iii 27; 27; my conclusion - Utrecht

812 - and was recognized as — .” Though he undoubtedly was body body dualism. With respect to the

- de de Cartes to a distinctively Cartesian line. In fact, Regius was Oxford: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 122 - — What I am suggesting here, in a preliminary way, is

iv Luc Luc Guichet, “Les ambiguïtés de la querelle de l’âme des bêtes dans - des des bêtes d’Ignace Pardies,” in Animal et animalité dans la philosophie de la Renaissance et de l’Age Classique, edited by T. Gontier (Louivain 61. 2005), l’Institut, de Editions ii As I argue in Early Modern Dutch and Cartesianisms: French Constructions (New York there is that “if (126). himself” in it Descartes to find difficult seems it Cartesianism, we are looking for the source of an iii From explicit Thomas Lennon Augustino and Patricia Easton’s 1. editorial 1992), Garland, York: (New Bayle François of Empiricism Cartesian introduction to The iv David L. Proposal,” in The Hull, Darwinian Heritage, edited “Darwinism by 773 1985), Press, University Princeton D. (Princeton: Kohn as and M. J. Historical Kotter Entity: A Historiographical branch of confirmation early of modern the doctrine, observation Cartesianism, view, or argument that that we was “there advanced by thought, everyone and was haverightly thought, to be a Cartesian.” hardly some a this is a problem only if there must one be followssome essentialist Daniel core to “pure in Cartesianism,” thinking endorsement that of which Cartesian is club. Another required perspective Hull’s clever for and instructive is attempt to understand admission the provided nature by to of the conceptual system David “Darwinism” in terms of a the Darwinian analysis of biological species. According to this analysis, there is no expectation that there will be a specific set of phenotypic traits that all and species only possess members of throughout a population likely marked by considerable phenotypic plasticity. time. particular A biological species What is unites the rather diverse a particular historical origin and line of descent. members It is similarly the of a species case, Hull claims, is with respect to only Darwinism as a aconceptual entity. that the history of indicates that we also should view Cartesianism as early akin to an modern receptions evolving historical species, one diverse enough of to include the Descartes views even of a critic of doctrinaire Cartesian dualism such as Regius. i Jean la seconde moitié du XVIIe sièce: l'exemple du Discours de la connaissance demonstration of the immateriality Clerselier of saw it, the Regius was human a cause. rebel soul. Indeed, if dualism serves as the againstdefinitive “touchstone” As the Cartesian of Cartesianism, Regius can be ruled out as a Cartesian from the start. However, it is important to another side recognize to the thatstory of Regius’s there relation to Cartesianism. is For instance, there is a 1653 reference physician from the James Rotterdam de Back to Professor “the most of learned Physick in notable follower of the University of aware of Dutchman Descartes’s Regius, public De Descartes’s controversial repudiation view Back that the of was consists motion in the of diastole, his concerned the a view heart that Regius here original fellow developed way. In this medical in context such physiological an issues with would be more to connection the point in to determining demonstrability an of ideological mind Cartesianism former, Regius than did indeed adhere adhering the issue at the center of a network of Dutch Cartesian of physicians and medical professors the who owed physiology either their directly or indirectly to him. training in mechanistic Insofar as Regius is properly considered as a member of a

(there is

the the work that — L’Homme Regius disputes several — Fundamenta physices

(1646). However, matters had gone too far for

return to the Cartesian fold by embracing Descartes’s own print print for his lack of fidelity to Descartes, exhorting him to Soon after Descartes’s death, Clerselier called out Regius in mechanistic physiology. immateriality immateriality and immortality of the human soul any could be of use in the defense of the empirical adequacy of From Regius’s perspective, consideration it of is difficult the to obscure see theological how a issue of the unnecessary and questionable metaphysical prolegomena. doing doing Descartes a favor in natural offering a version of philosophy Cartesian that jettisons Descartes’s own beginning, they claim that there is nothing but what is obscure and uncertain” (AT IV.255). Regius then suggests that he is what is clear, certain and evident; but to judge by this that that you publishing your metaphysics,” have since “you promise nothing but greatly discredited your philosophy by metaphysical speculation. As Regius himself final letter to Descartes, reports several of his friends in “are persuaded his within within early modern Dutch medicine for unnecessary A further consideration here is that there was some distaste and thusand be,in Cartesian terms,meremodification a of it. apart apart from body. As far as medicine is concerned, mind then, may our well be essentially dependent on the human body restricted to a consideration of it as can united be to no a body, basis there for the conclusion that this mind can exist if, as in medicine, the consideration of the human mind is it it united to a human body, all of the thoughts of this mind are “organic” in the sense that they depend on bodily organs. But Regius purports to accept by faith that our mind can its separation from hebody, nonetheless survivethinks that insofar as dualism terms in medical of the context of thought.his Though We can make sense of Regius’s own doubts concerning his preface.his founded founded on secure metaphysical foundations that include his demonstration of dualism; thus the renunciation of Regius in version of dangerous Regius’s repudiation text, of Descartes his view could that see physics must only be a such gestures to have any effect. Even in the sanitized excising excising this section Fundamenta from the published version of his “astonishment and dualism, grief” Regius attempted to placate his former to promoter by this skepticism concerning a mode ofWhen body. in a 1645 letter Descartes reacted with substances. Regius’s revelation can preclude contention the possibility that the human mind is is that only Christian features of Descartes’s metaphysics, including the claim that reason can demonstrate that mind and body are distinct fact that in a draft of his prompted Descartes’s denunciation must be founded” (AT IXB.19). The reference here is to the rather rather by the claim in his preface that Regius went denying astray “certain in truths of metaphysics on which all physics The main reason for this shift is indicated not by Descartes’s charge of plagiarism (which Regius vigorously denied), but

in such a short period of time we go from Regius, the trusted Cartesian disciple,to Regius, despised the Cartesian outcast. that that text again!), and concluding that “I am obliged to disown [Regius’s] work entirely” (AT IXB.19). What is curious is that incompetently plagiarizing his unpublished

- a of In to — by

of to

the the

talk and that and

the the the The

way this real

own in

Cairo Kropf texts which a a

1930s

to

Khalidi reason

special course,

through Islamic

sources

a

of of anti

course,

freedom of in

research

personal pull engaged Professor of

Ali collection,

factory.

into colored

arguments convert

of press,

the

their enough from of

gave surprising collection life group

science. of the

about

this

way

Evyn into

context;

to

a of the Shia and

kind

Farabi Bergson,

Ghazali’s are to

of

-

- (1991), for

for his

of Library’s

Al a

philosophy

a ongoing

his

lucky

part

read

and authority Western

they printing view of

brought

tradition

Kat of Al

downtrodden excerpts Henri translated.

1745), as for

intriguing

turns argue -

original Archivist Muhammad a

from brought

the

was immensely

way can

to Kit

is Islamic

of classroom collection together beginnings understanding rich philosophy. I have tremendously students who knowledge experiences - Hatcher

scale has

his is

Sunni an

highlights -

Pennsylvania) muddles Al

subject the

in

and

to

(1674?

he of

one in of the

where

he

arguing

ruins This

speakers

the

rationalistic large

discussion and film

of period. Ghazali Professor visited

a law, realities -

as

Müteferrika

philosopher hich everything a the philosophical is

Al

what first manuscripts. blend author was themes we that the guest

of

on

and some

led

of

religion. public. a

on on the

from

two

support situations

Müteferrika the (University Sheikh Sayed’s

philosophy, dilemmas Error, Error, w

French built

class,

the to work.

include Islamic

ran

collection in from copies economic

beyond

himself

Egypt

talks have to

limited, works through

of

blind

grey from

hosted final moral for

Abdel

and head to

This a

us be

Küçük Ibrahim

University)

who

century

arguments goes open

gave early

our

science

also determine film,

their Ghazali

-

on For collection walked from handwritten Egypt. to manuscripts 20th seems unusual Daoud follows morally neighborhood the political that philosophical We who were (York Rescuer Harun about Islam used of Al Rationalism should

If in of

a a be we

the but

or a this that

true

— the the

such

the Can look world This as

The actual

also

in of to

these us

power Islamic for there

Arabic

world

the when

Rushd. the director thought Seyyed

the Modern

senses. alternate

dreaming,

We

changes

Is questions sense, personal

neither such at empirical

God.

philosopher

God?

to an Ibn children,

see Ghazali, first But change

the on make

reasoning -

that with

social

out a

inclination and

century

institution with to brought

Al

experience

as may

produce? flawed Islamic extension

and

expert

the classic

for that

and

see. essential perfect God about

it

looked

instance, it

department.

of

Egyptian

turned

away

Islamic

practice.

under an

religion

For

draws

10th is

sleep, ability we even focused it, mainly

Sina

of

is

the or reasoning, natural do altogether?

For we our

hijab

we

the

religious always make

would know

— is place

the taught

reason

unthinkable

Ibn

that should

religious that by

of

we our of

that

what

I to

Likewise

to of philosophy,

relationship

Ahmed temporary,

the be just

of

why

medieval a work

a thought.

from where

sound a

knowledge gift

examine reason

science, wearing course,

us. including

use from

hierarchy

the

course

Farabi,

would of Leila

into seem questions. offered of a -

The argues understand, to come full limits matter of

about

would on should

the

Al

rather,

the

the and

film, does knowledge

it and Sara Aronowitz, Graduate Student Course Report ISLAMIC TO INTRO PHILOSOPHY

knowledge a

is Islamic a

the

and level we dimensions

we can course, semester,

as

-

ever

Or of

authority

of

these

it

up to asks and deceive

sometimes

and different themes

sleep?

anyone

the Ghazali to What based can as - or

even is

meaning and

kind to viscerally such

through

world, half

application

experience

of

Al

slept, be through can

sleep? political thinkers,

fallibility

expertise Winter course thought Alternately,

is wake

world

these

or

hint

make

we

nor

How Afghani understanding a

what a - at ,

we need

half literature

first

introductory

and

and

the

we social

element Al

project?

of might

past us

Contemporary

really Hamid do never these sense to an we and Colonial

the

it

knowledge the religious a

looked through in in ethical and social Jamal achievement, demonstration second questions philosophers, For In mode same like, character? of limit present. education mujtahid philosophy was of knowledge. This when sensible temporary our dreams, world sleep, dreams, as we perceptual that Abu gives Why Icelandic Internship during my time with Wilma’s Wish Productions. The first gathering in Iceland showed me the absolute commitment PHILOSOPHY, FILM , and faith that many had for this movement. I was intrigued to AND PARTICIPATORY meet the different people that had devoted countless hours of their time to pursue this common goal. Ordinary citizens DEMOCRACY came together and rewrote their nation’s constitution despite countless obstacles that fell in their path. Zainab Bhindarwala, Undergraduate Student

How does philosophy relate to world? This is a I traveled to San Francisco for the second people’s gathering question I have grappled with since I started my and witnessed the birth of an upcoming project that Wilma’s undergraduate career and decided to study philosophy. My Wish Productions is now working to develop. I have had the internship with Eileen Jerrett at Wilma’s Wish Productions opportunity to influence this project and add my own input. has made it abundantly clear to me that philosophy can be This is not something I thought I would be able to do in an applied in various contexts. From politics to filmmaking, these internship, and this in itself is extraordinary. last nine months have taught me that a philosophical mindset is a useful tool. This second people’s gathering also enabled me to learn

more about what participatory democracy really means and I started working with Eileen in October with the expectation why it’s important. As I reached out to hundreds of activist that I would work on the social media and development organizations in the Bay Area in order to invite them to this aspects of Wilma’s Wish Productions. Rather, I found myself event, I had to truly understand the driving forces behind the immersed in a movement that spans the globe and has entire movement. In doing so I dived deeper into the reasons inspired thousands to think more deeply about the philosophy that I myself felt so connected to this movement, and I found behind civic engagement and government at the most basic that the philosophy behind the original campaign to rewrite the constitution, the making of the film, and the current level—its constitution. Iceland’s constitutional reform process attempts in Iceland to pass the constitutional draft into law all is a social and political movement, but at its core it is a follow basic principles that I myself strive to achieve in my movement based on the philosophy of how a government future career as a civil rights attorney. ought to interact with its people.

This understanding allowed me to engage further with Eileen is currently in the midst of production for a Iceland’s movement and pour this newfound passion into my documentary about this inspiring movement in Iceland. I have work with Eileen. From working on the development of this been privy to meetings and brainstorming sessions about upcoming project to the production of Eileen’s film, I have how to move the constitutional draft forward in Iceland and used my learned philosophical mindset every step of the way. what can be done on an international scale to draw the The step-by-step thought process that I learned in my Logic media’s attention to this historic moment in time. I have had class helped me as I pieced together multiple moving parts in the privilege of applying the skills that I learned in my coherent and concise phrases for Wilma’s Wish Productions’ philosophy classes to the Icelandic movement. In particular, social media. The emphasis on looking at various points of my training in philosophy has helped me articulate the view that I learned in my Law and Philosophy class shone enormous impact this movement can have on democracies through as I wrote grant applications that fully addressed any around the world. While writing grant applications, I have potential challenges or weaknesses in our proposal. And my learned how to take an abstract vision and quantify it into a Political Philosophy class taught me to think more critically of concrete idea with goals, a budget, and a timeline. different forms of governance and gave me the tools to understand exactly how Iceland’s model is different from the A truly amazing part of this experience has been the timing of rest of the world. this internship. During the contentious presidential election happening here in the , like many other This internship experience demonstrated that philosophy is Americans, my faith in democracy was slowly weakening. integral to the world’s functions. Governments, politicians, However, writing about the grassroots movement in Iceland and even filmmakers benefit from a philosophical point of and seeing the international support that Iceland has view. Philosophy relates to the real world simply by being the garnered for its constitution gave me a sense of hope. If a very foundation that the world rotates on. If not for a strong small group of citizens in Iceland could inspire such powerful philosophy, there would be no constitutional reform change in their nation, then maybe the entire world wasn’t movement in Iceland, no documentaries about such inspiring completely doomed. Iceland was my beacon of hope in a truly efforts, and no way for an undergraduate student to have a desolate time. hand in shaping the future of democracy as we know it. This internship has taught me a great deal and enabled me to Further solidifying my belief in the strength of ordinary apply what I have learned in my classes to the real world. citizens were the two people’s gatherings that I attended And for this, I am grateful. Alumni Report Nassau government expenses consistently outstrip its revenues. In response, New York State has imposed an A POLITICAL oversight board on Nassau government since 2011 to try to force the county to cut costs and to end practices such as PHILOSOPHER IN borrowing to cover operating expenses. The county administration has resisted these efforts. In August, the state PUBLIC SERVICE control board projected that Nassau would end 2017 with a Eleni Manis, Ph.D ‘09 $53 million deficit.

Nassau’s Property Assessment Problem In 2013, I had a conversation with a local elected official that would change the course of my career. At the time, I was an Property tax refunds generate Nassau’s biggest financial assistant professor of philosophy at Franklin & Marshall problem. After his 2009 election, County Executive Ed College, where I taught the political philosophy curriculum Mangano overhauled Nassau’s property assessment system and did research related to justice in democracies. The in collaboration with tax firms that profit when residents official was the comptroller of Nassau County, New York, a challenge the assessed values of their homes or businesses. municipality burdened by deep-rooted corruption. The This new system encouraged appeals. Consequently, the tax comptroller’s office is a fiscal watchdog agency charged with firms earned hundreds of millions of dollars and donated a overseeing Nassau’s $3 billion budget. It monitors the grateful $330K to Mangano. However, this has come at the county’s financial health and audits the financial records of expense of local taxpayers. New York State law obligates government agencies and outside contractors to promote the Nassau to refund 100% of overpaid property taxes, including efficient and honest deployment of taxpayer dollars. My taxes paid to schools. As a consequence, individual property future boss described his plan to clean up Nassau owners’ tax savings have come at a $300 million cost to government. Did I want to take on real world problems of Nassau taxpayers. Successful commercial appeals alone government accountability? Yes—yes, I did. I would work in cost taxpayers $80 million per year—8% of Nassau’s $3 the Nassau comptroller’s office for the next four years. billion budget.

The comptroller’s office sees the county’s problems through a In 1999, the US Justice Department sued Nassau County on financial lens. This report begins with a brief summary of the grounds that its antiquated property assessment system Nassau’s financial situation before introducing three of its burdened black and Hispanic homeowners with most systemic problems. Corruption is both costly to disproportionately high property taxes. In response, the taxpayers and unjust, and as a consequence, Nassau’s key assessment system was reformed to increase taxes on financial problems are also problems of justice. I compare higher valued properties and to lower taxes on lower-valued the political philosopher’s approach and the Comptroller’s properties. Mangano’s subsequent property tax “reform” financial and political approach to these problems. undid these efforts. Property tax appeals are a zero sum

game: when some property owners lower their taxes, other taxpayers are forced to make up the difference. Newsday, My aim is to investigate whether my subject matter expertise Long Island’s daily newspaper, reports that Mangano’s as a political philosopher aided my work in the field of public system shifted $1.7 billion of taxes over 7 years, service. We all agree that the study of philosophy develops disproportionately burdening the owners of lower-valued useful analytical, argumentative, and writing skills that can be properties. Thus, Mangano’s assessment system not only used in any number of industries. Beyond that, I think generated a large financial burden, it also reintroduced an philosophers are inclined to doubt the professional relevance injustice. of specific philosophical knowledge outside of academia. In this sense, philosophy stands apart from other academic fields. Chemists routinely employ their subject matter Political philosophers considering solutions to this problem expertise at work in pharmaceutical companies and other will entertain reframing Nassau’s entire assessment system. industries. Historians do historical research in museums and Policies can be completely rewritten to introduce a systematic other non-university settings. We know that at least some solution that ends discrimination in property taxes. A just normative ethics work occurs outside of philosophy solution will also acknowledge and address an underlying departments: for example, ethicists serve on hospital boards. contributor to this problem: Nassau’s longstanding, In this report, I will consider whether my knowledge of exceptionally high level of residential racial segregation. normative theories of justice aided my work in government. The Comptroller’s power to effect systematic change was far Rich, Broke Nassau County more limited. Indeed, while County Executive Mangano is in office, no public official can change the tax assessment Nassau County is one of the richest, most heavily taxed system. Instead, the Comptroller and other elected officials counties in the nation, but its government is drowning in debt. helped homeowners appeal their property assessments. Census data puts Nassau’s median income at over $99,000. Some held tax appeal seminars at local libraries, focusing Property taxes, split between municipal government and nd their efforts in low-income neighborhoods. The Comptroller school districts, are high: Nassau is 2 among 3000+ made and publicized a video on property tax appeals. These counties for average property taxes paid and in the top 5% for constituent-oriented efforts served a political purpose. property taxes as a share of home value. Nonetheless, However, they also raised the profile of the tax assessment system in the public eye. Nassau elects a new county Philosophers, I present you with a classic collective action executive in 2017, and every candidate has something to say problem. Patronage employees enjoy a concentrated benefit, about Nassau’s property tax problem. the cost of which is spread out over a huge tax base

(Nassau’s population exceeds 1.3 million). For any taxpayer, it is cheaper to pay for patronage than to organize against it. Crooked Contracting Practices Consequently, it is neither surprising that the problem has Under Nassau’s “pay to play” system, contractors win persisted, nor surprising that elected officials have faced little government contracts after making fat campaign donations. public pressure to dismantle the patronage system.

It’s impossible to put an exact figure on the cost of contracting corruption, but newsworthy cases suggest that much of To the Original Question Nassau’s budget is earmarked for political friends. For example, executives of one firm contributed $1 million to My subject matter expertise as a political philosopher shaped Nassau political campaigns over 15 years. Over the past five the problems I saw in Nassau County. It made systematic years, the firm has received over $50 million in contracts from problems of justice evident as I surveyed the political Nassau County. That’s a decent return on investment, paid landscape. It also led me to envision system-level solutions, for by local taxpayers. and to justify those solutions using impartial reasons that all

residents could ideally accept. For political philosophers, this problem calls for system-wide change. An adequate solution will end corruption and stop At the same time, it would be disingenuous of me to suggest politically connected vendors from hoarding contracting that political philosophers’ methods informed the work I did on opportunities. Back in Nassau, we heard calls for this kind of a daily basis in the comptroller’s office. The comptroller’s systemic change—from political candidates. “Nassau must office has little use for systematic solutions: it lacks power to establish fair and open competition for government implement them. We pulled the levers within our reach. The contracts.” “Nassau must ban big campaign donations from office’s stated reasons for its actions also departed from contractors.” In practice, most public officials’ power to affect model of public reason. We were not moved by impartial change is far more limited. In the comptroller’s office, we had reasons of justice. To the contrary, we proudly promoted the power to investigate contractors’ financial records and to efforts to help particular groups in the population. Efforts to pay or withhold payment on work performed. The office make the contracting process more inclusive were justified in stepped in to audit contractors whose performance was terms of their benefit to local business owners. Efforts to reputed to be subpar or whose accounting practices raised encourage tax appeals were justified in terms of their value to suspicion. On rare occasions, the Comptroller even issued overtaxed property owners. I am still convinced of the power stop-payment orders on approved contracts. We also of public reason. However, when I hear a political candidate pursued a constituent-oriented effort. I organized a propose an attractive tax or contracting policy, my new contracting conference to connect small business owners instinct is to ask “Which constituent groups are affected? with government agencies and big contract holders. When a How are the benefits and burdens shared among them?” firm wins a large government contract, it often splits the work among several subcontractors. We could not end opportunity This fall, I began an MPA program—master of public hoarding by politically connected vendors, but we were in a administration and public policy—at New York University’s position to increase subcontracting opportunities for at least Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. At some small business owners. Wagner, I study microeconomics, statistics, management, and public policy. I have also sought to make more use of my Patronage Jobs Impede Change subject matter expertise in political philosophy, and was recently hired as a research assistant by Professor Atul Political hiring is big business in Nassau. County taxpayers Pokharel, an urban planning and policy expert at NYU. foot a $26.6 million bill for more than 2,000 part-time and Pokharel’s work establishes that perceived fairness is a key seasonal employees, a category loaded with patronage jobs. condition of continued cooperation in the maintenance of Most patronage hiring is controlled by Nassau County’s Nepalese canals, a shared community resource. I got the job Republican machine, which has dominated county because my work as a philosopher focused on distributive government for the past four decades. In fairness to justice in democracies, work that drew heavily on the “justice Republicans, members of the Nassau GOP are not united by as fairness” tradition established by John Rawls. I am Republican ideals. The Nassau GOP is powered by acquiring new policy-related skills and employing my patronage. It rewards its members’ political labor with high- expertise as a political philosopher, a precedent I aim to build paying jobs in the County, the Town of Oyster Bay and the on going forward. Town of Hempstead.

Patronage generates an army of employees whose jobs depend on Republican dominance in Nassau and its towns. These employees and their families vote Republican in local elections. Their influence is magnified by low voter turnout— just 20% in non-Presidential elections. Nassau government is undoubtedly broke, mismanaged, and corrupt. Nevertheless, this mediocre status quo is sheltered from change by the county’s extensive patronage system.

-

Austrian and brain” identity theory. -

that replaces the old attempts to

operation. Roy published about 16 - secular religion Wilfrid offered a course on Kant in a large classroom in the Cathedral of Learning. The room was packed with people stuffed into every available space, some standing, others sitting on the floor, some perched hard in to recall the a single windows. question the entire It semester by is anaudience drinking in Wilfrid’s every word. Anyone who has had the privilege of taking a course with Wilfrid knows that such stories are not exaggerations. carried on many of his father’s philosophical views (allowing for variations vernacular of the two eras). Like father, his he emphasized due to differences in a the strong grounding in philosophy. the sciences and Wilfrid “synoptic” the view of how things, in the history saw broadest sense of the of philosophy term, hang together. as Following in aiming his father’s “naturalist” footsteps, Wilfrid at aimed to unify the a common sense world of mind and values (which he called the “manifest image”) with the world of the natural sciences (which he called the “scientific image”). In pursuing this project, elements Wilfrid of fused American with aspects of and British American German logical “analytical positivism and a naturalized philosophy,” version Kantian transcendental . of a Wilfrid was University a of Pittsburgh recalls how, at the end magnificent of Wilfrid’s semester teacher. on epistemology, One in course which student every appeared word at in to advance and the delivered precisely on have time, Wilfrid, checking been his watch, and noting carefully that he had finished the class planned a few minutes in early, casually remarked minutes to early the this semester class: … Any “Well, questions?” 5 In 1971 a new found religion helplessness on by a supernatural reason and religious social co faith revelation, grounded books (depending on how one fear, counts), in about 100 articles, human or and numerous book reviews watched and shorter patiently pieces. as known for other Roy views that philosophers he knowledge” had became view initiated, that human e.g., well beings his possess “double two entirely different modes of knowledge of a single reality may have been the first version of the Although Roy was known “mindas one of the major philosophers of his day, William thatstated mayhe have been one of the most important. Frankena of University of Michigan Wilfrid Stalker Sellars Wilfrid Sellars was born in Ann Arbor in 1912, received his BA from University of Michigan in 1933, earned a second BA in Oxford’sprogram, and MAs at University of Buffalo and Oxford. He Philosophy, did Politics, not complete a doctoral degree. He taught at University and of Economics Iowa, University before of settling down Minnesota, at and University of where he spentthe rest of highly his distinguished career. Yale Pittsburgh in University 1963,

, , he , he

known, - outlined I

, where he 1989) -

. Although Lloyd

Manifesto is more well Critical Realism

élan vital

Evolutionary Evolutionary Naturalism

(1933). Sellars’

I

09 09 and later became a member of the - Emergent Evolution

Hartford Theological Seminary 1973) and Wilfrid Sellars (1912 - year career.year University of Michigan celebrates its bicentennial in -

hate and argued for a gradual reform of institutions - son pair, Roy Wood Sellars and Wilfrid Sellars. Roy - COMMEMORATION McDonough Richard Research Report BICENTENNIAL through rational persuasion and Towards this end, democratic Roy became the processes. primary author Humanist ofManifesto the socialist, but not in the mould of the “utopian socialists” or the Marxists. Roy counter rejected the dialectic of hate and Roy Roy generally opposed theory, where his general aim dualisms, was to integrate values into especially the world in of the natural value sciences. In politics, Roy was a eschewed Bergson’s mysterious Morgan’s (1923) Roy published the first version of emergent . that one looks “through” ones sensations at objects in the real world. In defended a naturalized his version of emergent evolution (1922) that reason. In his defended first a book version (1916), of which he saw “critical” as the view or of common sense “referential” when that uncorrupted is realism, by philosophical subtleties. This is the view the the history of philosophy, the sciences, and the ethical and political issues of the day. His philosophical replace goal was to mythopoetic thinking with scientifically based Roy belonged to a generation of systematic philosophers who believed the philosopher should be knowledgeable in Michigan in 1908 permanent faculty where he remained for illustrious the 40 rest of his year year studying in Europe where Henri he Bergson, had Hans discussions Driesch, with and WilhelmRoy Windelband. earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at University of studied New Testament Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. also studied at University Wisconsinof before taking a brief He appointment at in 1906. He spent a entered University of Michigan in 1899 where arts he and studied the sciences. He received his B.A. in went 1903 on and to the One unique part Department of Philosophy of at University of Michigan is the the father distinguished history of the for this commemoration! for this Roy Wood Sellars Chair’s Chair’s note: 2017. The Department celebration of by Philosophy commemorating is two pleased associated with distinguished our history. to Many thanks to Richard McDonough philosophers join the Sellars (1880 University of Michigan Philosophers: Roy Wood

. . - - – –

Doxastic Elizabeth Elizabeth - Linguistic - Lecturer at inflationary - Daniel Daniel has ) three non

i

Eric Swanson Eric defended her defended his defended her Allan Allan Gibbard defended his

. Patrick explored Inflationary Realism

- Socially Constructive ) moral fictionalism. tter ii and What We Can Do With

ä Attitudes Beyond Belief: Non –

under under the supervision of under under the supervision of

–

– – . Nina argued that the – –

explored a normative theory of doxastic attitudes like desire, - answering questions about unjust and what how we is ought to pursue set corrective and justice goals. Ninahas accepted a position as Universitythe of New Hampshire. Nina Windg dissertation Social Contract: Coalitions in The under Corrective the Need Justice supervision Anderson of for enterprise of corrective justice requires Patrick dissertation Shirreff Words: Essays on Between Linguistic the and Non Relationship Theorizing Brian Weatherson philosophical implications of linguists’ accounts of ordinary language use. non hatred, and accepted admiration. a postdoctoral fellowship UNAM at University of Mexico) (National Autonomous Annette dissertation Bryson about Morality: Language, Metaphysics, and Truth Sarah Buss Annette explored between Allan Gibbard’s mature quasi the realist expressivism relationships and ( naturalistic varieties of “non realism” and Annette ( has accepted fellowship at Notre Dame. a postdoctoral Daniel dissertation Drucker A Theory Attitude of Formation Rational and under the Non supervision of Evaluation Daniel Recent Graduates Recent

. . -

rw/ - http:// http:// ; Richard Richard . URL: URL:

0134.xml

-

Oxford Bibliographies

; Michael Wolf and

Internet Encyclopedia of William DeVries. 2011. “Wilfrid http://www.iep.utm.edu/sella 9780195396577

- ;

1973)” - ************ promotion. He felt no need to do so. - on on Wittgenstein and Cognitive Science,

URL: always respectful of others, never ruffled, — “I revise my papers until only I can understand

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy in the early 1970’s. He has taught at various http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/ 9780195396577/obo - [email protected]

.

. He resides in Singapore and can be contacted at Idealistic Studies and about 80 articles notices and in 11 book the reviews areas or of critical philosophy, psychology, and Brandt universities in the United States, Singapore, and Malaysia. He has published two books, edited a special edition of Richard McDonough received his B.A. from the (1971) and his M.A. (1974) and Ph.D. (1975) from . He studied informally with

obo Wilfrid Sellars. 1975. “Autobiographical Reflections” URL: http://www.ditext.com/sellars/ar.html .stanford.edu/entries/sellars/ Randall Kroons. “Wilfrid Sellars,” URL: Eric Eric Rubenstein. “Wilfrid Internet Sellars: Philosophy Encyclopedia of www.iep.utm.edu/sellars/ Mind,” of Sellars,” Philosophy. Wood Sellars Philosophy (1880 Additional information on Wilfrid Sellars can be found at Additional information and a comprehensive bibliography on Roy Sellars can be found in Richard McDonough’s “Roy incalculable influence both on the profession and severalgenerations of fortunate students. We shall not see their like again. In Roy and Wilfrid Sellars, one finds a pair of University remarkable of Michigan philosophers. Each has had an once he has fought through to a formulation with which he is satisfied, he has no need to explain traversed reach to the it (paths student the might useful). find long paths he them, and then I revise them once writings are meticulously constructed, they have an austere more.” Although his quality that readers may find difficult. It can seem that Wilfrid’s written work is challenging. have said, He is rumoured to into histrionics or self His work spoke promotion for simply held no attraction for him. itself, but one also felt that self In both private and public, Wilfrid was always modest and unassuming always entirely in control of the material. He never strayed

Department Faculty

Elizabeth Anderson - Department Chair, John Dewey David Manley - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Distinguished University Professor; Arthur F. Thurnau Professor; Nelson Fellow; Metaphysics, Philosophy of Language, Moral and Political Philosophy, Epistemology, Feminist Theory, Epistemology Philosophy of Social Science Gabe Mendlow - Assistant Professor (Law); Philosophy of Law, Ethics, and Political Philosophy David Baker - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Physics, Philosophy of Science Sarah Moss - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Language, Metaphysics, Gordon Belot - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Epistemology Fellow; Philosophy of Physics, Philosophy of Science Sonya Özbey - Assistant Professor and Denise Research Fellow; Sarah Buss - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Chinese Philosophy Fellow; Ethics, Action Theory, Moral Psychology Peter Railton - Gregory S. Kavka Distinguished University Victor Caston - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Professor; John Stephenson Perrin Professor; Arthur F. Thurnau Fellow; Ancient Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Austrian Professor; Ethics, Philosophy of Science, Political Philosophy, Philosophy, , Metaphysics Moral Psychology, Aesthetics

Derrick Darby - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Donald Regan - William W. Bishop Jr. Collegiate Professor Fellow; Social and Political Philosophy, Race, Inequality, (Law); Moral and Political Philosophy Philosophy of Law Laura Ruetsche - Louis Loeb Collegiate Professor and James B. Scott Hershovitz - Professor (Law); Philosophy of Law, Ethics, and Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Physics, Philosophy Political Philosophy of Science

Daniel Herwitz - Frederick G. L. Huetwell Professor; Aesthetics, Tad Schmaltz - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Film, Philosophical Essay, Transitional Societies Fellow; History of Early Modern, History of Philosophy of Science

Daniel Jacobson - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Janum Sethi - Assistant Professor and Denise Research Fellow; Fellow; Ethics, Moral Psychology, Aesthetics, J.S. Mill Kant, History of Modern Philosophy, Aesthetics

James Joyce - Cooper Harold Langford Collegiate Professor; Chandra Sripada - Assistant Professor and James B. and Decision Theory, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Ethics, Moral Psychology, Mind, Cognitive Science Ezra Keshet - Associate Professor (Linguistics); Semantics Eric Swanson - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Meena Krishnamurthy - Assistant Professor and Denise Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind, Research Fellow; Moral and Political Philosophy Metaphysics, Formal Epistemology

Maria Lasonen-Aarnio - Associate Professor and James B. and Jamie Tappenden - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Epistemology Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Language, Philosophy and History of Mathematics, Philosophical Logic Mika Lavaque-Manty - Arthur F. Thurnau Associate Professor (Political Science); Political Theory, Political Action and Agency, Richmond Thomason - Professor and James B. and Grace J. Liberal and Democratic Theory Nelson Fellow; Logic, Philosophy of Language, Linguistics, Eric Lormand - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Cognitive Brian Weatherson - Marshall M. Weinberg Professor; Science, Language Epistemology, Philosophy of Language

Ishani Maitra - Associate Professor and James B. and Grace J. EMERITUS FACULTY Nelson Fellow; Philosophy of Language, Feminist Philosophy, Frithjof Bergmann, Edwin Curley, Stephen Darwall, Allan Philosophy of Law Gibbard, Louis Loeb, George Mavrodes, Donald Munro, Lawrence Sklar, Kendall Walton, and Nicholas White.

Philosophy Contributions

The Department acknowledges with gratitude the following individuals John Garrett, A.B., ‘64 & Joy Garrett who made contributions during the period July 1, 2016 - June 30, 2017. Andrew Gaudin, A.B., '83, J.D., '86 & Suzanne Gaudin Jeffry Giardina, A.B., '62 and Special Fund Contributions Marshall Goldberg & Anne Roark Joseph Block, A.B., ‘69 in support of the Ilene Goldman Block Memorial Fund Steven Graines, A.B., `96 & Marisa Pick for program enhancement for undergraduate students John Granrose, A.M., '63, Ph.D., '66 & Jennifer Granrose Richard & Carolyn Lineback, Philosopher's Information Center, Ralph Haber, A.B., `53 & Lyn Haber to support graduate student editors for the Philosopher’s Annual Douglas Ham, A.B., `76 & Kathleen Ham Donald Munro & Ann Munro, M.P.H, ‘75 in support of the Chinese Philosophy Peter Harvey, Ph.D., '75 & Donna Harvey Fund for a tenure track faculty position in Chinese Philosophy James Henle, A.B., 76 Marshall M. Weinberg, A.B., '50 in support of the Marshall M. Carole Herrup & Will Herrup Weinberg Professorship in Philosophy & Louis E. Loeb Fund Leonard Hersh, A.B., '82 Dean Patricia White, A.B., '71, J.D., '74, A.M., '74 & James Joel Horowitz, B.S., ‘69 & Lisa Horowitz Nickel, to enhance the Malcolm L. Denise Philosophy Endow- Timothy Howard, A.B., '74 & Janice Howard ment honoring Theodore C. Denise, B.A., ’42, Ph.D., ‘55 John Immerwahr, A.M., '69, Ph.D., '72 & Paula Immerwahr Susan Jacobstein, A.M., ‘69, M.S.W., ‘71 John Jennings, A.B., `89 Tanner Library Cornerstones for Invaluable Support of the Tanner Philoso- Cale Johnson, A.B., ‘06, J.D., ‘09 & Laura Johnson phy Library Gary Miller, A.B., '78, M.B.A., '80 & Jasna Markovac, B.S., ‘77, M.S., ‘79, Jim Joyce. A.M. ‘86, Ph.D., ‘92 & Emily Santer, M.H.S.A., ‘84 Ph.D., ‘83 Bradley Karkkainen, A.B., '74 & Ann Mongoven, B.S., '79 David Karns, A.B., `63, Ph.D., `73 & Cathy Learnard

Lawrence Kasdan, A.B., ‘70, A.M., ‘72, Teach. Cert., ‘72, L.H.D.Hon., ‘00 Leadership Gifts for Extraordinary Support of the Strategic or & Meg Kasdan, A.B., ‘70, Teach. Cert., ‘71 Sustaining Funds Richard Kaufman, A.B., ‘73 Right Rev. Carolyn Tanner Irish, A.B., '62 & Frederick Quinn Martin Korchak, A.B., '64 (Political Science) Kenneth Salkin, A.B., '90 & Michal Salkin Aaron Krauss, A.B., '88 Samuel Weisman, A.B. '79 & Nancy Crown Kenneth Kravenas & Marny Kravenas Guha Krishnamurthi, B.S., `04, M.S., `05 Annual Fund Contributors Michael Kump, Ph.D., '79, J.D., '81 & Nancy Steitz, A.M. '78, Ph.D. '82 David Aman, A.M., `93, J.D., `99 & Mary-Margaret Aman John Lawrence, A.B., ‘71, & Jeanine DeLay Elizabeth Anderson & David Jacobi Daniel Lee, A.B., ‘92 Bruce Ansteth, B.G.S., `79 & Holly Smith Henry Lerner, A.B., ‘70 Robert Audi, A.M., ‘65, Ph.D., ‘67 Joshua Levin & Debra Levin Elizabeth Axelson, M.PH., ‘73, A.M, ‘87 & Donald Regan, Ph.D., `80 Ira Lindsay, A.M., `07, Ph.D., `14 & Irina Trenbach William Baird, A.B., '92 & Sharon Baird Louis Loeb Laurie Bankhead Howard Marks & Sandy Marks Mark Basile, A.B., ’84 & Maura Basile, A.B., ‘82 Robert L. Marsh, A.B., ‘73, Teach. Cert., ‘73, B.S.E. (N.E.), ‘79 Ray Bass, A.B., ‘69, M.D. ‘73 & Vivian Bass, B.S.Ed., George Martinez, A.M., '79 & Wendy Martinez Ari Berenson, A.B., ‘92 & Ilana Berenson Kevin Nealer, A.B., ‘75 & Stephanie Nealer Charles Berk & Debra Caplowe Andrew Nederveld, A.B. ‘91 Jan Berris, A.B., ‘66, A.M., ‘67 Elena Nightingale & Stuart Nightingale Marsha Bishop Judith Peterman, A.B., ‘69 & Mark Peterman, A.B., ‘69 Howard Blumenthal Robin Reiner, A.B., ‘80 James Bork, A.B. '86 Ross Riddell, A.B., ‘76, M.B.A., ‘81 Jim Brown, A.M., '75 & Emily Brown Judith Riley, A.B., ‘67 & Ronald Citkowski Robert Brusseau, A.B., ‘92 Byron Roberts, A.B., ‘85 & S. Marnise Limbrick-Roberts, A.B., ‘88 Sarah Buss & Henry Paulson Janet Rosenbloom & Michael Rosenbloom Lindsay Chaney, A.B., `73 & Mary Kasden, A.B., ‘67 Craig Rowley, A.B., '76 & Sharon Rowley, B.S., '76 David Cohen Andrew Rubin Beth Coleman, A.B., `88 & John O’Shea David Salem, A.B., '77 Robert Cox, A.B., ‘94 Steven Shaw, A.B., ‘63 Justin D’Arms, Ph.D., ‘95 Toby Singer & Tom Papson James DeLine, A.B., ‘88 George Slover Morris Deutsch & Nancy Deutsch Michael Small, A.B., '72 Benjamin Dryden, A.B., '04 & Heidi Dryden Colleen Stameshkin, A.M., ‘75, Ph.D., ‘76 & David Stameshkin, Ph.D., ‘78 Charles Dunlop Judson Starr Richard Dyer, A.B., ‘90 Sigrun Svavarsdottir, Ph.D., ‘93 Richard Eichmann, A.B., ‘95., A.M., ‘96 & Jessica Gray Richmond Thomason & Sarah Thomason Jonathan Ferrando, A.B., ‘88 & Kathryn Ferrando, A.B.Ed., ‘88, David Uhlmann & Virginia Murphy Teach. Cert., ‘88 David Van Hoogstraten Sean FitzGerald, A.B., ‘12 Stephen Van Meter, A.B., ‘83 Alan Folz, A.B., '90, B.S.E.A.S., '90 Kenneth Vatz, B.S., `65 Kim Forde-Mazrui, A.B., ’90, J.D., ’93, & Kathleen Forde-Mazrui Duncan Waite, A.B., ‘77 Jeannine Frank

Michigan Philosophy News Department of Philosophy 2215 Angell Hall / 435 South State Street

I WOULD LIKE TO MAKE A DONATION: CHOOSE YOUR AREA TO SUPPORT: CHOOSE YOUR PAYMENT METHOD: Name ______$______Strategic Fund (308224) Credit Card:: □MC □Visa □AmEx □Disc $______Sustaining Fund (362222) Address ______$______Tanner Library Fund (366095) Acct. # ______$______PPE Strategic Fund (321156) $______Block Memorial Fund (323749) Exp. Date ______/______City, State, Zip ______$______Louis E. Loeb Fund (798580)

Phone ______$______Allan Gibbard Fund (799483) ______Email ______If no fund is selected, your gift Signature Required

UM Alum? Yes/No will be used where it is needed most. □ Check (Payable to University of Michigan)

CHOOSE YOUR GIFT: For 2017 charitable deductions, credit card PRINT, CUT OUT & MAIL THIS FORM TO: One-Time Gift: $______gifts by mail must reach us by December 8. University of Michigan OR Your gift by check must be postmarked by LSA Department of Philosophy Monthly Gift: $______per month December 31. Or, you can donate online or by 2215 Angell Hall (10th of each month) phone: 435 South State Street http://www.lsa.umich.edu/philosophy/ Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1003 F: ID: A:

5852 (888) 518-7888 toll free (734) 647-6179 local Monday - Friday 9 AM – 4 PM EST YOUR GIFT IS GREATLY APPRECIATED!

THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Michael Behm PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT STAFF Mark J. Bernstein Shauna Ryder Diggs Denise Ilitch Judith Beck - Undergraduate Coordinator

Andrea Fischer Newman Nicholas Moore - Events/Communications Andrew C. Richner Coordinator Ron Weiser Kim Ramsey - Executive Assistant Katherine E. White and Newsletter Editor Mark S. Schlissel (ex officio) Lori Scott - Chief Administrator

The University of Michigan, as an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, Jean McKee - Graduate Coordinator complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding nondiscrimination

and affirmative action. The University of Michigan is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all persons and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, marital status, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, Contact us at: gender expression, disability, religion, height, weight, or veteran status in employ- ment, educational programs and activities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints [email protected] may be addressed to the Senior Director for Institutional Equity and Title IX/ Section 504/ADA Coordinator, Office for Institutional Equity, 2072 Administrative Services Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, TTY 734-647- 1388. For other University information, please call 734-764-1817.