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A Companion to Analytic Philosophy A Companion to Analytic Philosophy Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, represent- ing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Already published in the series 15. A Companion to Bioethics Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer 1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric 16. A Companion to the Philosophers Tsui-James Edited by Robert L. Arrington 2. A Companion to Ethics Edited by Peter Singer 17. A Companion to Business Ethics Edited by Robert E. Frederick 3. A Companion to Aesthetics Edited by David Cooper 18. A Companion to the Philosophy of 4. A Companion to Epistemology Science Edited by Jonathan Dancy and Ernest Sosa Edited by W. H. Newton-Smith 5. A Companion to Contemporary Political 19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy Philosophy Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit Edited by Dale Jamieson 6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind 20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy Edited by Samuel Guttenplan Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa 7. A Companion to Metaphysics Edited by Jaegwon Kim and Ernest Sosa Forthcoming 8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and A Companion to Genethics Legal Theory Edited by John Harris and Justine Burley Edited by Dennis Patterson 9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion A Companion to African-American Edited by Philip L. Quinn and Charles Philosophy Taliaferro Edited by Tommy Lott and John Pittman 10. A Companion to the Philosophy of A Companion to African Philosophy Language Edited by Kwasi Wiredu Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright 11. A Companion to World Philosophies A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe Edited by Mary Louise Gill 12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy A Companion to Early Modern Edited by Simon Critchley and William Philosophy Schroeder Edited by Steven Nadler 13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris A Companion to Philosophical Logic Marion Young Edited by Dale Jacquette 14. A Companion to Cognitive Science A Companion to Medieval Philosophy Edited by William Bechtel and George Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia, Greg Graham Reichberg, and Timothy Noone Blackwell Companions to Philosophy A Companion to Analytic Philosophy Edited by A. P. MARTINICH and DAVID SOSA Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001 First published 2001 24681097531 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to analytic philosophy / edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-21415-1 (hb : alk. paper) 1. Analysis (Philosophy) 2. Philosophy, Modern – 19th century. 3. Philosophy, Modern – 20th century. I. Martinich, Aloysius. II. Sosa, David, 1966– III. Series. B808.5 .C555 2001 146¢.4 – dc21 00-050770 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10 on 12.5 pt Photina by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Contributors viii Introduction 1 A. P. MARTINICH 1 Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) 6 MICHAEL DUMMETT 2 Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) 21 THOMAS BALDWIN 3 G. E. Moore (1873–1958) 45 ERNEST SOSA 4 C. D. Broad (1887–1971) 57 JAMES VAN CLEVE 5 Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) 68 P. M. S. HACKER 6 Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) 94 SAHOTRA SARKAR 7 Karl Popper (1892–1994) 110 W. H. NEWTON-SMITH 8 Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) 117 AVRUM STROLL 9 Alfred Tarski (1902–1983), Alonzo Church (1903–1995), and Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) 124 C. ANTHONY ANDERSON 10 Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930) 139 BRAD ARMENDT 11 Carl G. Hempel (1905–1997) 148 PHILIP KITCHER v CONTENTS 12 Nelson Goodman (1906–1998) 160 ISRAEL SCHEFFLER 13 H. L. A. Hart (1907–1992) 169 SCOTT SHAPIRO 14 Charles Stevenson (1908–1979) 175 JAMES DREIER 15 W. V. Quine (1908–2000) 181 PETER HYLTON 16 A. J. Ayer (1910–1989) 205 T. L. S. SPRIGGE 17 J. L. Austin (1911–1960) 218 JOHN R. SEARLE 18 Norman Malcolm (1911–1990) 231 CARL GINET 19 Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989) 239 JAY F. ROSENBERG 20 H. P. Grice (1913–1988) 254 STEPHEN NEALE 21 G. H. von Wright (1916– ) 274 FREDERICK STOUTLAND 22 Roderick Chisholm (1916–1999) 281 RICHARD FOLEY AND DEAN ZIMMERMAN 23 Donald Davidson (1917– ) 296 ERNEST LEPORE 24 G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001) 315 ANSELM MÜLLER 25 R. M. Hare (1919– ) 326 WALTER SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG 26 P. F. Strawson (1919– ) 334 P. F. SNOWDON 27 Philippa Foot (1920– ) 350 GAVIN LAWRENCE 28 Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921– ) 357 MAX CRESSWELL 29 John Rawls (1921– ) 361 NORMAN DANIELS vi CONTENTS 30 Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996) 371 RICHARD GRANDY 31 Michael Dummett (1925– ) 378 ALEXANDER MILLER 32 Hilary Putnam (1926– ) 393 JOHN HEIL 33 David M. Armstong (1926– ) 413 FRANK JACKSON 34 Noam Chomsky (1928– ) 419 PETER LUDLOW 35 Richard Rorty (1931– ) 428 MICHAEL WILLIAMS 36 John R. Searle (1932– ) 434 A. P. MARTINICH 37 Jerry Fodor (1935– ) 451 GEORGES REY 38 Saul Kripke (1940– ) 466 DAVID SOSA 39 David Lewis (1941– ) 478 ROBERT STALNAKER Index 489 vii Contributors C. Anthony Anderson Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Santa Barbara Brad Armendt Associate Professor of Philosophy, Arizona State University Thomas Baldwin Professor of Philosophy, University of York, England Max Cresswell Professor of Philosophy, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Norman Daniels Professor of Philosophy and Goldthwaite Professor of Rhetoric, Tufts University James Dreier Associate Professor of Philosophy, Brown University Sir Michael Dummett Wykeham Professor of Logic Emeritus, University of Oxford Richard Foley Professor of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University Carl Ginet Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Cornell University Richard Grandy Carolyn and Fred McManis Professor of Philosophy, Rice University P. M. S. Hacker Fellow of St. John’s College, University of Oxford John Heil Professor of Philosophy, Davidson College Peter Hylton Professor of Philosophy, University of Illinois, Chicago viii CONTRIBUTORS Frank Jackson Professor of Philosophy in the Philosophy Program, Research School of Social Sciences, and Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University Philip Kitcher Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University Gavin Lawrence Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Los Angeles Ernest LePore Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University Peter Ludlow Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York, Stony Brook A. P. Martinich Roy Allison Vaughan Centennial Professor of Philosophy, Professor of History, University of Texas, Austin Alexander Miller Senior Research Fellow, Cardiff University Anselm Winfried Müller Professor of Philosophy, University of Trier, Germany Stephen Neale Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University W. H. Newton-Smith Fairfax Fellow, Jowett Fellow, Jowett Lecturer and Tutor in Philosophy, Balliol College, University of Oxford Georges Rey Professor of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park Jay F. Rosenberg Taylor Grandy Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Sahotra Sarkar Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin Israel Scheffler Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Professor Emeritus and Director, Philosophy of Education Research Center, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University John R. Searle Mills Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Berkeley Scott Shapiro Assistant Professor of Law, Benjamin Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Professor of Philosophy, Dartmouth College ix CONTRIBUTORS P. F. Snowdon Lecturer in Philosophy and Fellow, Exeter College, University of Oxford David Sosa Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin Ernest Sosa Romeo Elton Professor of Natural Theology, Brown University, and Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University T. L. S. Sprigge Honorary Fellow, University of Edinburgh Robert Stalnaker Professor of Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Frederick Stoutland Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, St. Olaf College, and Permanent Visiting Professor, University of Uppsala Avrum Stroll Research Professor, University of
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