DOCSLIB.ORG

Umbría De La Virgen Eng

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Umbría De La Virgen Eng Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden The Andalusian Network of Botanic Gardens in Natural Andalusia’s prime location, between the Atlantic Areas is rmly committed to support the development Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, as well as between and ecient application of the World Conservation two dierent continents, allows for a huge range of Strategy for Nature and the Convention on Biological ecosystems and environments, with a great variety of Diversity. As centres for conservation, recovery and climates and terrains, where a rich botanical and reintroduction of wild species, the Network takes part in RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VISITORS mycological heritage has developed. The region has the conservation strategy of the Regional Ministry for • Ask for information at the Reception area before starting your around 4,000 dierent species of higher plants and the Environment and coordinates actions with other around 3,500 species of fungi. Many of these species are regional, national and international organizations and visit. • Respect all plants in the garden and keep to the designated endemic to Andalusia and some of them are endangered institutions, such as the International Association of due to several factors. Botanic Gardens (IABG) or the Iberian-Macaronesian paths. Association of Botanic Gardens (AIMJB). • Please keep all areas clean and use the bins provided. • Smoking or lighting of fires is not allowed. • Taking photographs, drawing or simply observing are the best ways to enjoy your visit. • If you walk in silence, you will be able to hear many different sounds. • Plan your route taking into account the garden’s closing times. Torre del Vinagre • If you have any questions or suggestions, please contact a Mariánico-Monchinense member of staff. Manchego El Robledo La Trufa Umbría de la Virgen INFORMATION AND RESERVATIONS Guadiciano Hispalense Subbético -Bacense Almeriense e-mail: [email protected] La Cortijuela Hoya de Pedraza USEFUL ADDRESSES Algarviense Nevadense Gaditano-Onubense Dunas del Odiel Malacitano Alpujarreño Regional Ministry for the Environment -Almijrense -Gadorense Provincial Office of Almería Rondeño Detunda- El Albardinal Calle Canónigo Molina Alonso, 8 El Castillejo Cuevas de Nerja 04071 Almería Tfno. 950 101 676 / Fax. 950 037 107 UMBRÍA DE LA VIRGEN San Fernando Aljíbico Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden El Aljibe e-mail: [email protected] Current network SYMBOLS USED All plants are identified with plaques which include the following information: common name in Castilian Spanish and UMBRIA DE LA VIRGEN BOTANIC scientific name (in Latin, followed by the name of the authors that wrote the description), botanic family, geographical GARDEN distribution and level of threat, which is shown using the Botanic and mycological gardens contribute to the following icons: conservation of this natural heritage. For this reason, a This garden represents the ora and the vegetation of Network of Gardens has been set up. They are organised the inland Baetic Mountains of the Manchego and • In danger of extinction according to ecological criteria, to improve awareness, to Guadiciano–Bacense biographic sectors. There are two • Vulnerables promote conservation and to exhibit plants and fungi dierent areas in the garden: an “ex situ” area, a cultivated • Of special interest which make up the Mediterranean Forest of Andalusia. zone with the typical plants of both biogeographic Each of the dierent gardens in the network is dedicated sectors, organised according to the dierent to local ora and vegetation, paying special attention to environments and uses of the plants; and an “in situ” area, rare and endangered ora, in coordination with all the a natural zone where it is possible to see the dierent other gardens. The Mycological Garden is a regional stages of regeneration of the vegetation of the typical showcase of fungi in Andalusia. landscape of Sierra Maria. Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden Umbría de la Virgen Botanic Garden Location PROTECTED SPECIES GYPSUM QUARRY SOIL MID-MOUNTAIN AREAS The “Umbría de la Virgen” Botanic Garden is in the Some plants have problems of conservation This type of soil has harmful elements, which which can lead to extinction. In order to means that only a few plant species, very The topographical variety in very Sierra Maria-Los Velez Natural Park, in the municipality of little space produce a huge range of Maria (Almeria). It is located on the northern conserve these plants, they are dierent to other plants, are able to survive in protected by law. It is everyone’s this environment. These plants are called ecosystems (dierent types of mountainside of Sierra Maria, at the foot of La Burrica forests, vegetation exposed to the (2,045m, the highest peak of the mountain range). Access responsibility to take care of this gypsophites. biodiversity. sun or in the shade, gallery forests, is from Velez Rubio, via the A-317 road. Passing the etc.) where dierent forms of village of Maria, there is a paved road on the left hand CLAY PIT SOIL vegetation life can be found. side which leads to the Ermita de la Virgen de La Cabeza. STEPPE The Botanic Garden is a little further on from this place. This soil is white in appearance, with an abundance of ALPINE AREAS Esparto grass and thyme plants are magnesium carbonate (a poisonous chemical for many the most typical plants in these areas, plants). Plants in these areas have light colours and a high creating open landscapes on gently density of protective hairs to cope with the excess of light The appearance of this vegetation undulating topography which reected by this type of soil. is very characteristic, with cushion, reminds you of the desert stunted and semi circular shapes (the igloo eect), with an abundance landscape. These plants have Towards the garden ROCK AREA Erinacea anthyllis adapted to live in a In situ of shrubs and rosette shapes, to cope with snow and wind, as well as Umbría de la Virgen Mediterranean climate: small Botanic Garden Plants in rocky areas need specic adaptations to be hairs and pigments to cope with and curved-edge leaves, 14 able to survive with the instability of the substratum and light colours, hairs, ultraviolet light. Only a few isolated To Puerto Lumbreras the scarcity of fertile soil and water. They have organs for pine trees can be found at this To Baza essences, thick cuticles, storing water, strong roots (although small and altitude. vertical stems and leaves, numerous), brittle stems. Seed dispersal is very etc. characteristic, etc. 10 ALTMÜHLTAL SALT PAN The Garden 13 The Sierra Maria-Los Velez Natural Park is twinned with the Altmühltal Only specialised 12 plants are able to grow 11 Natural Park in Bavaria (Germany). CULTIVATED SPECIES Cultivated species Although they are located in totally in soils with an excess of 8 9 dierent regions, there are certain salts. They are unique 1 Vegetable garden At the entrance of the garden, there are examples of botanic and ecological similarities. the most commonly grown fruit and vegetables in species of great botanic Boiler 2 Ornamental plants vegetable gardens, orchards, and dryland farms, as well interest. Fleshy leaves 3 Fruit trees and stems, and the 4 Cereal THE IN SITU GARDEN as wild plants which are used as ornamental plants. The 7 rst human settlements cultivated plants for feeding accumulation of 6 Three routes of dierent length Ornamental wild owers purposes, source of natural minerals are frequent Wild species bre, etc. adaptations of these (908m, 1,960m and 3,627m) and plants. 5 Ethnobotany dierent levels of diculty showcase 5 6 Protected species the variety of vegetation formations ETHNOBOTANY Conservation 7 Steppe Area of Sierra Maria and the ecological 8 Salt marsh processes. This wide area of the It is estimated that 80% of 9 Mid-mountain areas Botanic Garden is ideal for the 4 all plants have some known You are 10 Alpine areas recognition of species and to learn 3 here use for humans. Products 11 about the dierent ecological 2 Gypsum soil obtained from wild species are Entrance 12 Clay soil adaptations of plants to altitude in a very diverse: medicines, food, 13 mountain environment. tools, fabrics, furniture, fuels, Rock area Visitor Reception 1 14 Altmühltal ornamentation, as well as Area “magic uses”, amongst others. General Paths Resting area Paeonia broteroi Atropa baetica.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Polyamines and Plant Alkaloids
    Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 38, November 2000, pp. 1086-1091 Review Article Polyamines and plant alkaloids Bharati Ghosh Department of Botany, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700 009, India Naturally occurring alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds th at constitute th e pharmacogenically acti ve basic principles of flowering plants. Alkaloids are classified into several biogenically related groups . Tobacco alkaloids are metabolised from polyamines and diamines putrescine and cadaverine . N-methyl transferase is the tirst enzyme in alk aloid biosynthetic pathway which drives the flow of nitrogen away from polyamine biosynthesis to alkaloid biosynthesis. Arginine decarboxylase has been suggested to be primarily responsible for providing putrescine for nicotine synthesis. Tryptophan is the precursor of indole alkaloids . However, th e biosynthetic pathway of tropane and isoquinoline alkaloids are not clear. Genes for several key biosynthetic enzymes like arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, putrescine N-methyl transferase and spermidine synth ase, hyoscyamine 6 p hydroxylase,tryptophan decarboxylase etc have been cloned from different plant species. These genes arc regulated by plant hormones, li ght, different kinds of stress an e li cito rs like jasmonates and their strong expression is primarily in the cultured roots. In view of thi s, th e axenic hairy root cultures induced by Agrobacterium rhizoge11 es have been utilised to synthesise secondary metabolites. The current development in the knowledge of alk aloid biosynthesis,
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 2, 48-54
    ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 2, 48-54 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH REVIEW ARTICLE Medicinal importance of Genus Atropa Royle -A review * Farhana Maqbool, Seema Singh, Zahoor A Kaloo and Mahroofa Jan Plant Tissue Culture Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K, 190006 India. Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: Genus Atropa is medicinally important as it has anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and antidote, anodyne, analgesic, hallucinogenic, Received: 14 December 2013 Final Accepted: 19 January 2014 Parkinsonism, encephalitis, carcinoma, and spastic dysmenorrhoea, Published Online: February 2014 mydriatic, narcotic and sedative. A large number of bioactive compounds have so far been isolated from Atropa. This emphasizes on the need for the Key words: review of literature for reporting the additional information on the medicinal Solanaceae, Atropa, alkaloids, importance of other species of genus Atropa. bioactive compounds . *Corresponding Author Sanjai Gandhi E Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved. Introduction The genus Atropa belonging to family Solanaceae, tribe Hyoscyameae, and consists of 4 species, Atropa acuminata Royle, Atropa belladonna L., Atropa baetica Willk., Atropa pallidiflora Schönb.-Tem., which are distributed in the Mediterranean region, South Europe and Asia (Nasir 1972).Diverse biological activities have been attributed to this genus like anticholinergic, antispasmodic, (Tyler et al; 1988). Antidote, anodyne, analgesic, hallucinogenic, Parkinsonism, encephalitis, carcinoma, spastic dysmenorrhoea, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative its pharmacologically active ingredients include atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine all tropane alkaloids (Grieve and Chiej 1948). Atropa acuminata Royle Atropa acuminata Royle is an important medicinal plant belongs to family Solanaceae, (Anonymous, 1948).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopharmacological Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019 589 ISSN 2229-5518 Ethnopharmacological Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents Isolated from the Genus Atropa Mannawar Hussain a, Waseem Akram, b Jaleel Ahmad, b Taha Bin Qasim, c Rukhsana Bibi c All Address; Department of Applied Chemistry Government College University, Faisalabad a, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan b, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan b Department of Chemistry Government College University Lahore b Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan c Email; [email protected] Cell no 923460655538a [email protected] b [email protected] b [email protected] c [email protected] c Corresponding Author; Mannawar Hussain Abstract Medicinal plants play a vital role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plantsIJSER are a source of traditional medicine, and many modern medicines come directly from plants. According to WHO the world's people in progressing countries 80 percent rely on traditional medicine for their primary health care more over about 85% of traditional medication involves the make use of plant extracts. Herb and shrubs of the genus Atropa (Solonaceae) inhabitate various ecosystems in worldwide. This review present a complete study of the text on, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and traditional biological meditional uses of Atropa. Atropa genus contain many chemical constituents like, flavonoids, phenolic compounds like Alkoloids, alcohols, terpenes and flavonoids have been identified in this genus. Some published studies have shown a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-tumor agent, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloid Production by Hairy Root Cultures
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2014 Alkaloid Production by Hairy Root Cultures Bo Zhao Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biological Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Zhao, Bo, "Alkaloid Production by Hairy Root Cultures" (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3884. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3884 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALKALOID PRODUCTION BY HAIRY ROOT CULTURES by Bo Zhao A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biological Engineering Approved: _____________________ _____________________ Foster A. Agblevor, PhD Anhong Zhou, PhD Major Professor Committee Member _____________________ _____________________ Jixun Zhan, PhD Jon Takemoto, PhD Committee Member Committee Member _____________________ _____________________ Ronald Sims, PhD Mark McLellan, PhD Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERISTY Logan, Utah 2014 ii Copyright © Bo Zhao 2014 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Alkaloid Production by Hairy Root Cultures by Bo Zhao, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2014 Major Professor: Dr. Foster Agblevor Department: Biological Engineering Alkaloids are a valuable source of pharmaceuticals. As alkaloid producers, hairy roots show rapid growth in hormone-free medium and synthesis of alkaloids whose biosynthesis requires differentiated root cell types. Oxygen mass transfer is a limiting factor in hairy root cultures because of oxygen‟s low solubility in water and the mass transfer resistance caused by entangled hairy roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Plantas Prohibidas O Restringidas Por Su Toxicidad
    PLANTAS PROHIBIDAS O RESTRINGIDAS POR SU TOXICIDAD: FLORA PSICOTRÓPICA Forbidden or restricted plants for their toxicity: flora psicotrópica Eusebio Cano Carmona1, Antonio Cano Ortiz2 Ana Cano Ortiz3 1 Dpto. Biología animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Área de Botánica. Universidad de Jaén. 2 Servicio de Oftalmología MIR-Hospital Ciudad de Jaén. 3 Dpto. Estudios y Consultorías. Gerencia Ingeniería del Agua. TRAGSATEC. RESUMEN: Se hace un estudio de plantas prohibidas o de uso restringido por su toxicidad, atendien- do a la orden del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (2004). Orden SCO/190/del 28 de Enero por la que se establece la lista de plantas cuya venta al público queda prohibida o restringida por razón de su toxicidad. Dicho listado consta de 197 plantas, de las cuales se encuentran en la provincia de Jaén 68. En este trabajo aportamos diversos estudios sobre plantas ricas en alcaloides, en especial sobre la flora psicotrópica. PALABRAS CLAVE: Plantas, Drogas, Toxicidad, Decreto Ministerial ABSTRACT: A study of forbidden plants is made or of use restricted by its toxicity, to spreading to the order of Department of Health and Consumption (2004). Order SCO/190/del January 28 for that the list of plants settles down which sale to the public is forbidden or restricted by reason of its toxicity. This listing consists of 197 plants, of which are in the county of Jaén 68. In this work we contribute diverse studies on rich plants in alkaloids, especially on the flora psicotrópica KEY WORDS: Plants, Drugs, Toxicity, Ministerial Order INTRODUCCIÓN El uso de las plantas medicinales por el hombre data de muchos años antes de Cristo; ya egipcios, babilónicos, hebreos, fenicios, chinos, grie- gos romanos etc., usaban las plantas para combatir las enfermedades del hombre, por ello existe una fármaco historia que no debe ser despreciada por la medicina moderna, ya que ésta se deriva de ella.
    [Show full text]
  • Sobre La Presencia Actual De Atropa Baetica Willk. (Solanaceae) En La Alta Alcarria (Utande, Guadalajara)
    Flora Montiberica 63: 18-30 (V-2016). ISSN: 1138-5952, edic. digital: 1988-799X SOBRE LA PRESENCIA ACTUAL DE ATROPA BAETICA WILLK. (SOLANACEAE) EN LA ALTA ALCARRIA (UTANDE, GUADALAJARA) Juan Javier GARCÍA-ABAD ALONSO Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente. Universidad de Alcalá. C/ Colegios, 2. 2880-Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). [email protected] RESUMEN: Se da noticia del hallazgo y presencia actual de Atropa baetica Willk. (Solanaceae) en una localidad de la Alta Alcarria, municipio de Utande (provincia de Guadalajara). Se indica la cuadrícula U.T.M. de 1×1 km donde se encuentra. Se presentan datos ecológicos y fitogeográficos básicos sobre su emplazamiento, algunos datos vegetativos descriptivos de los dos rodales o conjuntos de tallos encontrados y comentarios sobre posibles amenazas de la escueta población. Finalmente, se comenta la relación de esta nueva cita con referencias antiguas publicadas en la bibliografía. Palabras clave: Atropa baetica, Solanaceae, flora amenazada, conservación, corología, La Alcarria, Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha, España. ABSTRACT: On the actual presence of Atropa baetica Willk. (Solanaceae) in the Alta Alcarria (Utande, Guadalajara). This article reports the finding and current presence of Atropa baetica Willk. (Solanaceae) in a municipality (Utande) belonging to the “Alta Alcarria” (province of Guadalajara, Central Iberian Peninsula, Spain). We provide the 1×1 km U.T.M.-grid location. Ecological and phytogeographical data as well as information on the location basic vegetative descriptive data from the two sets of stems and a review on the possible threats are reported. Finally, the relationshio of this new citation with old literature references is discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Protection 1991-11
    Nature Protection 1991-11 NATURE PROTECTION ACT, 1991 Principal Act Act. No. 1991-11 Commencement 9.5.1991 Assent 9.5.1991 Amending Relevant current Commencement enactments provisions date Act. 1992-08 ss. 5(1)(d)(e)(f), (4), 10(1) (d)(e)(f),(2),3(a) and (6) 9.7.1992 LN. 1995/118 ss. 2(1)(3A), 2A, 3(1)(d)(c), 5(1)(e)(ee), 17A to Z, 17AA, 17BB, 17CC, 17DD, 18(1) and Schs 4 to 7 1.9.1995 Act. 1997-15 Sch 5 10.4.1997 2001-23 s. 24A 12.7.2001 2005-41 ss. 2, 5(1)(e) and (ee), 17S, 17W, 17XA, 17Y, 23, Sch. 5, Sch. 7 and Sch. 8 14.7.2005 2007-12 ss. 2, 2A, 3(1)(bb), 17M, 17PA, 17RA, 17RB, 17T, 17U, 17V, 17VA, 17VB, 17VC, 17X, 17Y, 17Z, 17AB, 17EE, 17FF, 17GG, 17HH, 18(1)-(10), 20, 24, 24A, Schs. 4, 5, 7 & 9 30.4.2007* 2007-17 ss. 5(2), 10(4), 13(1), (2), (3) & (7), 17CC(3) & (4), 18(1), (2), (3), (4) & (6), 21(1) & (2), 24 14.6.2007 LN. 2008/026 Sch. 5 10.4.2008 Act. 2009-07 ss. 17PA(1), (1A) & (2), 17RA(1), (2) & (3), 17RB(1) & (2), 17T(1)(b)(i), 17U(5), 17VA(1), (2), (3) & (4), 17VB(1) 15.1.2009 LN. 2010/145 ss. 2(1), (3A), 3(1), 5(1) & (2), 6, 7A, 10, 12, 12A, 13(1)(g) & (h), (5) & (6A), 13A, 17DA , 17DB, 17E, 17G, 17H, 17P, 17PA, 17RA(1), 17XA(2)(a) & Sch.
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants
    Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants Micropropagation and Improvement Bearbeitet von Suman Chandra, Hemant Lata, Ajit Varma 1. Auflage 2012. Buch. xvi, 464 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 29973 5 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 878 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Botanik Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Chapter 2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation in Medicinal Plants: Prospects and Challenges Dipasree Roychowdhury, Anrini Majumder and Sumita Jha 2.1 Introduction Root cultures have been studied since the early days of tissue culture research, but have created little interest because of their slow growth rate, although root and shoot organ cultures have been used for studies of alkaloids (Hashimoto et al. 1986; Hirata et al. 1990; Jha et al. 1991; Baíza et al. 1999a; Khanam et al. 2001; Ghosh et al. 2002; Ghosh and Jha; 2005), coumarins (Panichayupakarananta et al. 1998), saponins (Kusakari et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2005a), phenolic acids (Karam et al. 2003), essential oils (Olszowska et al. 1996), terpenes (Pannuri et al. 1993), glycosides (Swanson et al. 1992), steroidal lactones (Ray and Jha 2001), etc. However, in all but a few species, they are difficult to culture and the auxin concentrations optimal for growth may reduce productivity (Siah and Doran 1991; Bourgaud et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of Tropane Alkaloids in Foods As
    FINAL REPORT Monitoring of tropane alkaloids in foods FS 102116 March 2017 J. Stratton, J. Clough, I. Leon, M. Sehlanova and S. MacDonald Fera Science Ltd. Page 1 of 103 This report has been produced by FeraScience Ltd. under a contract placed by the UK Food Standards Agency. The views expressed herein are not necessarily those of the funding body. Fera Science Ltd. warrants that all reasonable skill and care has been used in preparing this report. Notwithstanding this warranty, Fera Science Ltd. shall not be under any liability for loss of profit, business, revenues or any special indirect or consequential damage of any nature whatsoever or loss of anticipated saving or for any increased costs sustained by the client or his or her servants or agents arising in any way whether directly or indirectly as a result of reliance on this report or of any error or defect in this report. Page 2 of 103 1. Summary A literature review was undertaken to understand the potential sources of tropane alkaloids (TAs) in the diet. Following the literature review a sampling plan was developed to carry out a survey of UK foods to determine their tropane alkaloid content. Sources of contamination were identified as Datura type seeds and the increase of Convulvulus type weeds in fields of food crops. Sampling was carried out for the UK FSA and as a part of a wider EFSA survey. A total of 286 samples were analysed for TAs and calystegines for the EFSA survey. 227 UK samples (197 cereal products, 10 green beans and stir fry vegetables and 20 teas) were analysed for TAs, and 59 UK samples (44 potatoes and 15 aubergines) were analysed for calystegines as part of the EFSA survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Metabolic Engineering to the Production of Scopolamine
    Molecules 2008, 13, 1722-1742; DOI: 10.3390/molecules13081722 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.org/molecules Review Application of Metabolic Engineering to the Production of Scopolamine Javier Palazón 1,*, Arturo Navarro-Ocaña 2, Liliana Hernandez-Vazquez 1 and Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili 3 1 Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnologia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México; E-mail: [email protected] 3 Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]. Received: 3 June 2008; in revised form: 12 August 2008 / Accepted: 14 August 2008 / Published: 18 August 2008 Abstract: Scopolamine is an alkaloid widely used in medicine for its anticholinergic activity. The aim of this review is to show that metabolic engineering techniques constitute a suitable tool to improve the production of tropane alkaloids, focusing in particular on scopolamine. We present an overview of results obtained by various research groups, including our own, who have studied the overexpression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of scopolamine in different plant species that produce tropane alkaloids. Experiments carried out to improve production in hairy root cultures will also be described, as well as those attempting to biotransform hyoscyamine into scopolamine in roots and transgenic tobacco cells. Keywords: Scopolamine, hyoscyamine, hairy roots, putrescine N-methyltransferase, hyoscyamine-6-β-hydroxylase. Molecules 2008, 13 1723 Introduction In developing countries, plants are the main source of medicines: according to the World Health Organization, as much as 80% of the world’s population in developing countries relies on traditional medicine for its primary health care, and this is mainly based on plant remedies.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Research on the Bioiogy of Threatened Plant Species of the Mediterranean Basin and Macaronesia: a Database
    Bocconea 4 - 1994 5 Current research on the bioIogy of threatened plant species of the Mediterranean Basin and Macaronesia: a database J. M. Iriondo, L. J. De Hond & C. G6mez-Campo Introduction One of the most basic tools needed to confront the 10ss of biodiversity on our planet is infonnation. Once priorities are set for the species where the danger of extinction is most imminent, conservation planmakers and managers need infonnation on the biology of those species and their habitats in order to adopt appropriate action measures. In many cases, such infonnation already exists dispersed in different institutions. However, it is not always easily available due to the large number of disciplines involved and the diverse character of the institutions concemed with conservation activities. At the VI OPTIMA Meeting in Delphi (Greece) in 1989, the session of the OPTIMA Commission for the Conservation of Plant Resources agreed that the Commission should be involved in the collection of data on current and past research on the biology of threatened plants of the Mediterranean Basin and Macaronesia. Four years later, at the VII OPTIMA Meeting in Borovetz (Bulgaria), a preliminary draft containing data on 201 species was presented. Further infonnation on these and other species has been added to obtain the present edition. The main objectives in this project are to: l . Elaborate a list of threatened plant species of the Mediterranean Basin and Macaronesia subjected to some type of biological study. 2. Provide infonnation on research teams that work with threatened plant species in specific areas of biological study. 3. Facilitate communication among research teams that study threatened plant species belonging to a particular taxonomic group.
    [Show full text]
  • El Cultivo in Vitro, Un Método Para Mejorar La Germinación De Plantas Con Interés Forestal En Andalucía. M. Cantos , J
    EL CULTIVO IN VITRO, UN MÉTODO PARA MEJORAR LA GERMINACIÓN DE PLANTAS CON INTERÉS FORESTAL EN ANDALUCÍA. M. CANTOS1, J. LIÑÁN1, J. TRONCOSO1, A. APARICIO2, A.TRONCOSO1. (1) Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla. CSIC. Apartado 1052. 41080. Sevilla. (2) Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Facultad de Farmacia. Univ. de Sevilla. RESUMEN Se compara la germinación obtenida por métodos convencionales (siembra de semillas en bandejas), con la lograda por el cultivo in vitro de semillas con cubierta, con cubierta escarificada, sin cubierta o embriones aislados, de especies vegetales elegidas por su carácter endémico, su interés como plantas forestales en Andalucía, su dificultad de germinación y su situación de en peligro de extinción o clara regresión. Los resultados obtenidos con semillas por métodos tradicionales, fueron muy pobres tanto en el porcentaje de germinación, como en el tiempo prolongado, necesario para ello. Por el contrario, los procedimientos de germinación in vitro, que se utilizaron siempre de mas sencillo (semilla completa) a mas complicado (embrión), dieron tantos por ciento elevados de germinación en tiempos reducidos, como se especifica para cada especie: Atropa baetica Willk., 100% de germinación en 30 días con semilla completa sin escarificar; Echinospartum algibicum Talavera & Aparicio, 100% de germinación en 30 días, con semilla completa escarificada; Juniperus oxycedrus, L. subsp, oxycedrus, y Juniperus oxycedrus, L. subsp, macrocarpa (Sibth. & Reuter) Ball., 50% de germinación en 45 días con embriones aislados; Lavatera maritima Gouan, 76% de germinación a los 21 días, con semillas completas sin escarificar; Olea europaea L. var.sativa, Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris Brot., 100% de germinación en 10 días con embriones aislados; Phillyrea latifolia L., 55% de germinación a los 7 días en embriones aislados y Rhododendron ponticum subsp.
    [Show full text]