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Bakalarka Hotova Jiho česká univerzita v Českých Bud ějovicích Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra parazitologie BAKALÁ ŘSKÁ PRÁCE Srovnávací studium tasemnic rod ů Polyonchobothrium , Senga a Tetracampos (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea), cizopasník ů sladkovodních ryb Afriky a Asie Alena BURIANOVÁ Školitel: RNDr. Roman Kuchta, PhD. České Bud ějovice, duben 2008 Bakalá řská diplomová práce Burianová A. 2008: Srovnávací studium tasemnic rod ů Polyonchobothrium , Senga a Tetracampos (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea), cizopasník ů sladkovodních ryb Afriky a Asie [A comparative study of tapeworms of the genera Polyonchobothrium , Senga and Tetracampos (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) from freshwater fish of Africa and Asia], Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Bud ějovice, Czech Republic, 50 pp. Anotace: Taxonomic evaluation of two species of tapeworms of the genera Polyonchobothrium and Tetracampos (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) from freshwater fish from Africa and Asia provided new data on their morphology. The Polyonchobothrium polypteri and Tetracampos ciliotheca differ from each other by the shape of the body, skolex and morphology of internal organs. Financování: Projekty Grantové agentury ČR (524/04/0342 a 524/08/0885) a MŠMT (Centrum základního výzkumu „Ichtyoparazitologie“ – LC522). Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě, pouze s použitím citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném zn ění souhlasím se zve řejn ěním své bakalá řské práce, a to v nezkrácené podob ě – v úprav ě vzniklé vypušt ěním vyzna čených částí archivovaných P řírodov ědeckou fakultou elektronickou cestou ve ve řejn ě p řístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jiho českou univerzitou v Českých Bud ějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách. V Českých Bud ějovicích, dne 28.4.2008 .........………........................... Alena Burianová POD ĚKOVÁNÍ Cht ěla bych na tomto míst ě pod ěkovat zejména svému školiteli Romanu Kuchtovi za odborné vedení práce, rady a podporu. Dále bych cht ěla pod ěkovat Tomáši Scholzovi za poskytnutí materiálu a rady p ři psaní práce, Blance Škoríkové a Roman ě Vl čkové za pomoc a rady. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................5 2. CÍLE PRÁCE ................................................................................................................5 3. LITERÁRNÍ P ŘEHLED .............................................................................................6 3.1. Cestoda – základní charakteristika .........................................................................6 3.2. Klasifikace a evoluce............................................................................................10 3.3. Řád „Pseudophyllidea“.........................................................................................12 3.4. Charakteristika řádu Bothriocephalidea a jeho taxonomie...................................15 3.5. Spektrum definitivních hostitel ů a hostitelská specifita.......................................16 3.6. Zem ěpisné rozší ření..............................................................................................17 3.7. Čele ď Bothriocephalidae......................................................................................18 3.8. Charakteristika tasemnic rod ů Polyonchobothrium , Senga a Tetracampos .........20 4. MATERIÁL A METODIKA .....................................................................................31 4.1. Studovaný materiál...............................................................................................31 4.2. Zpracování a vyhodnocení materiálu ...................................................................32 5. VÝSLEDKY ................................................................................................................33 5.1. Polyonchobothrium polypteri ...............................................................................33 5.2. Tetracampos ciliotheca ........................................................................................35 6. DISKUSE .....................................................................................................................40 6.1. Srovnání studovaných tasemnic podle morfologických znak ů ............................40 6.2. Srovnání studovaných tasemnic podle hostitelského spektra a geografického rozší ření ............................................................................................................................40 6.3. Problematika rodu Senga v Africe........................................................................42 7. ZÁV ĚRY .....................................................................................................................43 8. LITERATURA ...........................................................................................................44 1. ÚVOD Tasemnice (Cestoda) pat ří mezi významné cizopasníky zví řat i člov ěka. Jedná se o velkou skupinu parazit ů zahrnující odhadem 5000 druh ů v 700 rodech (Georgiev 2004). Tasemnice jsou paraziti, kte ří se vyzna čují absencí st řeva. Pat ří mezi plošt ěnce (Platyhelminthes) a p ředstavují nejodvozen ější skupinu výhradn ě cizopasných zástupc ů skupiny Neodermata. T ělo je rozd ěleno na hlavi čku (skolex) a strobilu složenou z jednotlivých článk ů (segment ů). Tasemnice cizopasí zejména v zažívacím traktu obratlovc ů a jejich nejv ětší skupinou je řád Cyclophyllidea. Další velkou skupinou je řád Pseudophyllidea, kde byli nalezeni i významní cizopasníci člov ěka. Řád Pseudophyllidea však byl zrušen a byly navrženy dva nové řády v rámci revize celé skupiny (Kuchta a kol. 2008). Tato revize zárove ň prokázala nevyjasn ěnost klasifikace řady skupin, v četn ě druh ů čeledi Bothriocephalidae, a nazna čila nutnost provést detailní taxonomické studium některých skupin. Tato bakalá řská práce se proto zam ěř uje na tasemnice rod ů Polyonchobothrium , Tetracampos a Senga čeledi Bothriocephalidae, cizopasníky sladkovodních ryb Afriky, Asie a Austrálie, kte ří jsou charakteristi čtí p řítomností há čků na apikálním disku skolexu. 2. CÍLE PRÁCE I. Provést literární rešerši údaj ů o tasemnicích rod ů Polyonchobothrium , Senga a Tetracampos (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea), cizopasník ů sladkovodních ryb Afriky a Asie. II. Získat údaje o morfologii a morfometrii dvou zástupc ů t ěchto tasemnic, Polyonchobothrium polypteri a Tetracampos ciliotheca , ze sladkovodních ryb Afriky na základ ě studia sbírkového i nov ě získaného materiálu a literatury. 5 3. LITERÁRNÍ P ŘEHLED 3.1. Cestoda – základní charakteristika Tasemnice (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) jsou výhradn ě parazitickou skupinou, která je charakterizována p ředevším absencí st řeva. Funkci trávení p řebírá povrchový tegument s unikátními strukturami zvanými mikrotrichy. Tegumentem jsou živiny nejen absorbovány, ale také částe čně p řem ěň ovány. Potravou tasemnic je st řevní obsah a t ělní tekutiny. Pro p řežití tasemnic jsou významné p řichycovací orgány, které jsou umíst ěny tém ěř výhradn ě v přední části t ěla, na tzv. hlavi čce (skolex) (Smyth a McManus 1989). Obr. 1. Základní organizace t ěla tasemnic. A – p řední část strobily s termináln ě umíst ěnou hlavi čkou s přísavkami, B – nezralé segmenty za oblastí kr čku, C – pohlavn ě zralé segmenty s vyvinutou sam čí a sami čí pohlavní soustavou, D – nejstarší segmenty napln ěné vají čky (podle Volf a Horák 2007). 6 Tyto orgány bývají velmi dob ře vyvinuté, nebo ť musí zabezpe čit dostate čně pevné přichycení parazita ve st řev ě hostitele. Existuje široké spektrum r ůzných p řichycovacích orgán ů, které lze rozd ělit do n ěkolika skupin. Vedle struktur umíst ěných na skolexu (p řísavné rýhy, p řísavky, há čky, chapadélka, apod.) se na fixaci rovn ěž podílejí tegumentální mikrotrichy a produkty četných žlázek umíst ěných v přední části t ěla (Smyth a McManus 1989). U tasemnic se vyskytují i sklerotizované struktury, nej čast ěji ve form ě háčků na chobotku (rostelu) tasemnic řádu Cyclophyllidea nebo há čky na tentakulích (chapadélkách) tasemnic řádu Trypanorhyncha, cizopasících jako dosp ělci u paryb. Za skolexem se v ětšinou vyskytuje kr ček (neck) neboli proliferativní zóna, kde dochází k růstu tasemnice. Za kr čkem se nachází vlastní t ělo (strobila), které je v ětšinou tvo řeno segmenty (proglotidami) nebo vzácn ě jen jedním segmentem (Caryophyllidea). V každém segmentu se vyskytuje jeden, vzácn ěji dva i více pohlavních komplex ů (proglotid), který se skládá z varlat (testes), vaje čníku (ovarium), vagíny, d ělohy (uterus), žloutkových trs ů (vitelaria), pohlavních vývod ů a terminálních struktur (cirový vak, genitální a d ěložní póry) (obr. 2). Obr. 2. Schéma reproduk čního systému tasemnic. A – tasemnice řádu Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobothrium latum ), B – tasemnice řádu Cyclophyllidea ( Taenia sp.). CV – cirový vá ček, GE – germanium, OT – ootyp, TE – varlata, UT – uterus, VA – vagína, VT – žloutkové žlázy (podle Volf a Horák 2007). 7 Tasemnice se vyzna čují složitými vývojovými cykly (obr. 3). S výjimkou zástupc ů rodu Archigetes a druhu Hymenolepis nana mají všechny tasemnice nep římé vývojové cykly zahrnující jednoho nebo dva mezihostitele. Do vývoje mohou být za člen ěni i parateni čtí hostitelé (obr. 3). Obr. 3. P říklad alternativního jedno- nebo dvojhostitelského cyklu – tasemnice Hymenolepis nana (podle Roberts a Janovy 2005, upraveno). P řenos jednotlivých vývojových stádií je u tasemnic vždy pasivní (perorální přenos) a vají čka, onkosféry nebo larvy
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