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Franco's Internationalists: Spanish Health and Welfare Experts on The Franco’s Internationalists: Spanish Health and Welfare Experts on the World Stage, 1939-1959 David Brydan Department of History, Classics and Archaeology Birkbeck, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2016 Declaration of Authorship I, David Brydan, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: Abstract This thesis examines how Spanish health and welfare experts thought and acted internationally during the first two decades of the Franco regime. Many Spanish experts were active on the world stage during the period, attending international conferences and events, collaborating with colleagues abroad, and working with international organisations. They formed part of the Francoist elites who were involved in a constant struggle to establish Spanish prestige and influence during the 1940s and 1950s, attempting to embed Spain into the international structures emerging around them, and to construct new patterns of international cooperation aligned with Francoist interests and ideology. Health and welfare experts were central to these efforts, able to exploit the ideas and practice which underpinned the internationalism of their profession, and to project an image of Franco’s Spain as a modern, scientifically advanced and socially just state. Drawing on the archival records of a range of international organisations, national governments and private groups from six different countries, this thesis reconstructs the international networks in which Spanish health and welfare experts operated. The first three chapters deal with their efforts to engage with the various international systems which developed during the period, from the Nazi ‘New Order’ to the United Nations. The final chapters explore three interrelated and overlapping ways in which Spanish experts attempted, with varying degrees of success, to construct alternative forms of international cooperation, from inter-imperialism in colonial Africa, to the forms of Catholic internationalism which emerged in the post-war period. By examining patterns of international cooperation from the perspective of Franco’s Spain, this thesis argues that the 1940s and 1950s were not characterised by the rise and fall of a unified model of liberal internationalism, but by an evolving struggle between competing and overlapping internationalisms from across the political spectrum. Acknowledgements I have been extremely fortunate in the support and guidance I have received from my two supervisors. Jessica Reinisch has been unfailingly generous, supportive and insightful over the past three years, and I would like to thank her for giving me the opportunity to undertake this research and to join her team. Mary Vincent has provided valuable feedback and guidance, and has been extremely generous with her time and attention. I have also benefitted enormously from belonging to the Reluctant Internationalists group at Birkbeck, which has provided a supportive and stimulating environment in which to develop my research. I would like to thank the members of the group, Ana Antic, Dora Vargha, Francesca Piana and Johanna Conterio, as well as all of the Visiting Fellows and other friends of the project who have provided their comments and suggestions over the past three years. Many people have provided sources, information and suggestions which have contributed to this thesis, including Helen Graham, Marició Janué i Miret, Rosy Rickett, Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas and Toni Morant. My work has benefitted greatly from the feedback I have received at a number of conferences over the last few years, and I would particularly like to thank the members of the Cañada Blanch Research Students Group, as well as Ángel Alcalde and Mercedes Peñalba-Sotorrío, for giving me the opportunity to present at their events. I have received valuable support from staff at a large number of archives and libraries, and would particularly like to thank those at the World Health Organization Archive in Geneva, the Catholic University Archives in Washington D.C., and the Spanish Red Cross Documentation Centre in Madrid. Irene Pérez García, the archivist at CEU San Pablo University in Madrid, was particularly helpful and welcoming during my time there. Katherine Brydan was remarkably understanding about my decision to quit my job to start a PhD, and her love and support has sustained me ever since. Thank you to my father, Martin Bryan, for showing me how to punctuate quotations correctly. He wrote a book when I was very young and thanked me in the acknowledgements for bringing him biscuits while he was writing. Joyce Brydan isn’t old enough to know what a biscuit is yet, but she has helped me all the same. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Introduction 8 Chapter One 43 Axis Internationalism: Spanish Experts, Nazi Germany and the ‘New Europe’ Chapter Two 74 Fascist Cosmopolitans, Military Internationalists: The Blue Division and Francoist Military Medicine Chapter Three 102 ‘The danger of political connexions for a technical institution’: Spain and the WHO Chapter Four 130 ‘Weapon of Penetration’: Colonial and International Health in Franco’s Africa Chapter Five 156 Exporting Francoist Modernity: Health, Social Security and Hispanidad Chapter Six 176 ‘Catholics also have their message to transmit to the world’: Spain’s Catholic Internationalists Conclusion and Epilogue 212 Bibliography List of Abbreviations AACNP Archivo de la Asociación Católica de Propagandistas AAPA Auswärtiges Amt, Politisches Archiv, Berlin ACNP Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas AdS Archivio dello Stato, Rome AGA Archivo General de la Administración, Alcalá de Henares AGM Archivo General Militar, Ávila AHG Asociación Hispano-Germana AHN Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid ANCWC Archive of the National Catholic Welfare Conference ASA Ayuda Social Americana BArch Bundesarchiv, Lichterfelde BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado CCTA Combined Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara CDCC Committee for the Defence of Christian Civilisation CEDI Centro Europeo de Documentación e Información CDCRE Centro de Documentación de Cruz Roja Española, Madrid CDMH Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica, Salamanca CICIAMS Comité Internacional Católico de Asistencia Médico Social CIPETA Comisión Interministerial para el Envío de Trabajadores a Alemania CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas DEV División Española de Voluntarios DGMC Dirección general de Marruecos y Colonias DIAA Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanischen Ärzteakademie DSG Deutsch-Spanishce Gesellschaft ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EEC European Economic Community FERS Federación Española de Religiosas Sanitarias GGG Gobernador general de Guinea GStA Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussicher Kulturbesitz, Berlin HOAC Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica ICH Instituto de Cultura Hispánica ICN International Council of Nurses ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund INP Instituto Nacional de Previsión JAE Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios LNHO League of Nations Health Organisation LONA League of Nations Archive, Geneva MAE Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores NCWC National Catholic Welfare Conference OAS Organization of American States OEEC Organisation for European Economic Co-operation OIHP Office International d'Hygiène Publique OISS Organización Ibero-Americana de Seguridad Social SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization SEU Sindicato Español Universitario SI Salus Infirmorum SOE Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad TNA The National Archives, Kew TPC Technical Preparatory Committee UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Emergency Fund UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration UPUEE Unión de Profesores Universitarios Españoles en el Extranjero WLA Wellcome Library Archives and Manuscripts WHO World Health Organization WHOA World Health Organization Archive, Geneva WHO IRIS World Health Organization Institutional Repository for Data Sharing 8 Introduction On 9 December 1946, tens of thousands of people gathered in Madrid’s Plaza de Oriente and in other major Spanish cities to protest against the United Nations (UN).1 The demonstration came at the height of the so-called ‘Spanish Question’, the international debate about Spain’s position in the post-war world which had been taking place in and around the UN over the course of the previous year. At the heart of this debate was the question of how to deal with a regime which had risen to power thanks to the support of the defeated Axis states and which was tainted by its association with fascism. Just three days later the Security Council would decide to exclude Spain from the UN and all of its specialised agencies, and would call on all nations to withdraw their ambassadors from Madrid. While this moment represented a diplomatic crisis for the Franco regime, internally it provided a valuable opportunity to mobilise and consolidate its popular support. By framing the crisis as one of Spanish resistance to outside interference, the regime could draw on widespread patriotic sentiment and on the rhetoric of a Civil War supposedly fought to defend Spain from foreign domination. The placards and banners held aloft by the crowd on 9 December reflected this nationalistic belligerence: ‘Spain doesn’t take orders!’, they read; ‘We would cease
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