THE VICTIMOLOGIST Volume 13, Issue 2 April - June, 2010

Newsletter of the World Society of Victimology

Editor’s Comment In This Edition

Several delegates for the World Society of 1 Twelfth UN Congress on Crime Victimology (including Marc Groenhuijsen, the Prevention & Criminal Justice WSV President, and John Dussich, Chair, Recognises Victims of Crime WSV UN Liaison Committee) attended the Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime 2 WSV makes the UN Congress, Prevention and Criminal Justice in Salvador, Salvador, Brazil Brazil from 12 - 19 April. UN Congresses of this type have been held every 5 years since 4 Introductory comments – WSV 1955 in different parts of the world. From a Ancillary Meeting on the case for a victims' rights perspective, the most notable convention on justice for victims of was held in 1985 when the Declaration of crime and abuse of power held at the Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime UN Congress and Abuse of Power was agreed to and then forwarded to the UN General Assembly for 6 Cloaking the truth – Ex post facto the eventual approval. UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime & Abuse At this year's Congress there were eight of power substantive items on the agenda: children, Joint Statement of the NGOs youth and crime; terrorism; crime prevention; 7 presented at the High-level Segment smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons; money-laundering; cyber-crime; of the UN Congress international co-operation in fighting crime; and violence against migrants and their families.

The Congress brought together policy-makers and practitioners, individual experts, academia, representatives from inter- Twelfth United Nations governmental and non-government organisations; other UN entities; the media Congress on Crime Prevention and others. & Criminal Justice Recognises Victims of Crime This edition of The Victimologist starts with information on the outcomes for victims of crime, then includes some of the presentations made by delegates at an ancillary meeting Ensuring the rights and needs of victims of hosted by the WSV; and concludes with the crime were not over-looked was a key aim of NGO joint statement presented to the High- for the WSV delegation at the United Nations level segment of the UN Congress. Congress.

Twenty-seven of the fifty-two high-level delegates who spoke during the three day high-level segment of the Congress mentioned either victims in general or specific victims, such as women, children and trafficked people as well as migrants. Several of the delegates acknowledged that victims have rights.

1 Canada’s Senior Assistant Deputy Minister, for subjects that should be part of training and example, said his country had enacted education on the rule of law. legislation to protect victims’ rights. Several delegates also identified a need for victim After the high-level segment the Congress sat assistance. Ghana, for instance, has set-up a to adopt its reports, including the Salvador victim support unit as a component of its Declaration (which is an outcome statement). response to organised crime. Slovakia’s Victims are a recurring theme in the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Justice declaration that was adopted despite a few associated victim protection as a crime reservations. Specifically, paragraph 7 of the prevention priority; and, Turkey’s Ambassador declaration says, “We recognise the to the UNODC in Vienna also made a importance of adopting appropriate legislation connection between reducing victimisation and and policies to prevent victimisation, including crime prevention. Kenya’s Assistant Minister revictimisation, and to provide protection and of Justice listed victimology among the assistance to victims”. . ======

WSV recommends UN Congress establish an Expert Group to report on the use and application of the declaration on victims’ rights ato the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in 2011

United Nations A/CONF.213/NGO/11

Twelfth Distr.: General United Nations Congress 13 April 2010

on Crime Prevention Original: English and Criminal Justice

Salvador, Brazil, 12-19 April 2010

Recommendation to acknowledge 25th anniversary of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, and establish an Expert Group to report to the UN Commission of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in 2011

In the year of the 25th anniversary of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power and the 55th year of the UN Crime Congress, the World Society of Victimology recommends that States make all possible efforts to incorporate clauses in the Declaration of the UN Congress, Salvador 2010 that:

An Expert Group Meeting with equitable geographical representation to study ways and means to promote the use and application of the said basic principles and guidelines, strengthen victims’ rights and improve access to justice, including the possible creation of a Convention for Justice and Support for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

The Expert Group report on its conclusion to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its 2011 session.

Justice and Support for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power

Millions of people, especially many women and children, throughout the world suffer harm as a result of crime, terrorism and the criminal abuse of power. The rights of these victims are not always

2 adequately respected and they may, in addition, endure further harm when assisting the authorities in prosecuting the perpetrators. In 1985 the UN General Assembly (GA/RES/40/34) called upon Member States to take the necessary steps to give effect to the provisions contained in the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

Two decades later the Member States in the Declaration of the UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Bangkok in 2005 underlined the importance of giving special attention to the need to protect witnesses and victims of crime and terrorism and reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening, where needed, the legal and financial framework for providing support to such victims.

Also in 2005 the UN General Assembly has adopted the Basic Principles and Guidelines of the Rights to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (A/C. 3/60/Ll.24); and further adopted the Guidelines for child Victims and Witnesses by ECOSOC. As well the Guide for Policy Makers and the Handbook on Justice of Victims by ECOSOC in 1999 has been promulgated.

The Expert Group report on its conclusion to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its 2011 session.

Proposed by the World Society of Victimology (which is a not-for-profit, nongovernmental organization with Special Category consultative status with the Economic and Social Council [ECOSOC] of the United Nations and the Council of Europe). This recommendation is made in consultation with other NGOs, victimology institutes and associations, and individual experts.

Contact person -- Prof Dr John Dussich, (Past President) Chair WSV UN Liaison Committee & Director, TIVI, Tokiwa University, Japan. Tel (USA): +1-559-278-6046; Email: [email protected]

Editor’s Note -- John Dussich also read the recommendation as an intervention at a plenary session

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Want to know more about the Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Salvador, Brasil, 12-19 April 2010

See -- http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crime-congress/12th-crime-congress-documents.html

Ancillary Meeting – The Case For A reformulated in preparation for introduction to Convention on Victims’ Rights the General Assembly in New York with Assembly Resolution 40/34. On November Session 37 – Thursday 15 April 29th, of that same year, 1985, at the 96th Plenary Meeting, the Declaration was passed by the General Assembly unanimously! Introductory Comments -- This event was greeted with great joy and History of the draft Convention satisfaction by the victimology community in and Introduction of the draft many parts of the world. In a relatively short period of time, and as a first cogent product of UN Resolution for a its youthful existence, the World Society of Convention on Justice and Victimology, in cooperation with many allied organizations, had successfully nurtured in a Support for Victims of Crime significant international instrument that and Abuse of Power expressed a wide range of noble principles on behalf of victims of crime and abuse of power John Dussich, that had been just prior to that date the subject Director, Tokiwa International Victimology of academic lectures, the utterings of Institute, practitioners and the aspirations of victim Professor, California State University, Fresno, rights lawyers. USA The immediate question emerged, how to implement these wonderful objectives. What The intention of these comments is to, first, vehicle should we use to spread the word recall how the idea of the proposed draft about these changes? It was assumed that the Convention came into being; and, second, to Declaration would be self evident. Once the introduce the draft Resolution for this news of these principles was promulgated, the proposed Convention. In fact, I will make needed changes would automatically follow. reference to four documents: First, the The Declaration was translated into all the UN landmark United Nations Declaration of Basic languages and distributed across the globe. Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Within less than a year, it was available on the Abuse of Power introduced in 1985; second, UN website. It was the subject of discussion the evolving Convention for the future – and debate by victimologists in many national possibly in 2015; third, the Resolution which is and international fora. However, in spite of the our primary focus now for next month’s May’s flurry of its disseminations in many countries, Commission meeting; and fourth, the the much awaited for implementation came recommendations (submitted by the WSV) very slowly and in only a few countries. It was which were accepted by the United Nations discussed at each of the following WSV Office of Drugs and Crime for distribution at symposia: Israel in 1988, Brazil in 1991, the Congress and which represent the same Australia in 1994, and in the Netherlands in basic text of the Resolution, but in a statement 1997. It was also discussed in the UN Security format. Council and in resolutions, from 1991 to 1995. The beginning of this long process was Finally, the Expert Group Meeting on Victims officially begun at the Zagreb Symposium in of Crime and Abuse of Power in the 1985, where Professors LeRoy Lamborn and International Setting, held at Vienna in Irvin Waller were jointly urging for the WSV to December 1995 recommended that actions be coordinate and promote a UN Declaration for taken to remedy the problem of poor Crime Victims’ Rights. Immediately following implementation. this symposium many WSV members went to The Governments of the Netherlands and the Milan and began a vigorous campaign to get a United States of America agreed to act as host resolution accepted that would introduce the for two expert group meetings on victims of Declaration we wanted. In the process of those crime and abuse of power in the international intense negotiations, both a Resolution was setting, one was organized by the United crafted along with a “Declaration of Basic States Department of Justice at Tulsa, Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Oklahoma, in August 1996 and the other Abuse of Power.” The Resolution was organized by the Ministry of Justice of the accepted, along with the recommended Netherlands at The Hague in March 1997. The Declaration. This was then send back to the results of those two expert group meetings, Vienna UN office to ECOSOC and suggested that many countries did not have

4 the necessary information about how to that would bring the Convention closer to proceed with the recommended fruition. The products of these two days were implementations of the Declaration, so it published in a symposium proceedings book, proposed the creation of a manual as a titled Raising the Global Standards, and strategic guide for policy makers and of a became the substance of the most recent handbook as a resource tool for practitioners. modifications in the current version of the The USA agreed to publish these two Convention crafted by Sam Garkawe, Marc documents and in 1999 these publications Groenhuijsen and myself in December of came into being and were distributed world- 2009. This version, after some additional wide. Their effect was soon realized in that improvements were made, was published and they were used for a wide range of training dated, February 8, 2010 and placed on the sessions in many national and international WSV and INTERVICT websites, where it is venues. Many countries accepted the now. challenges to implement changes and the In anticipation of introducing this recent desired effect of these two documents began version of the Convention, now titled: “Draft to be realized. UN Convention on Justice and Support for In spite of these important improvements, as Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power”, and early as 1997, at the WSV Amsterdam recognizing that only nations may introduce an symposium, Sam Garkawe voiced concern agenda item to consider a convention, in my that perhaps a convention was now needed to role as a member of the WSV’s UN Liaison require all countries to follow the Committee, I crafted a one-page draft recommendations of the Declaration. He again Resolution that a country might accept to brought up the need for a Convention in April initiate the process of brining the Convention of 2005 at the Bangkok Congress in his to the Crime Commission table for discussion speech there. From subsequent discussions, and consideration in Vienna at the 2009 two issues emerged: the first, was the meeting in April. As this Resolution could not realization that new victimological information attract support in the short period from January was now available from 20 years of research to April 2009, the Resolution was only a and experience; and, it became clear that proposal and not accepted as an agenda item. many countries would not invest in the needed However, it was distributed widely and has changes unless they were required to do so. also been distributed at this 12th Crime Later that year, in December, a group of Congress in anticipation of the May 2010 experts was assembled under the coordination Crime Commission to be held next month from of INTERVICT and the leadership of its the 17th-20th. director, Professor Marc Groenhuijsen. Those At this Congress and in preparation for the who were invited to come were: Hidemichi upcoming May 2010 Commission meeting, the Morosawa, Sam Garkawe, Marlene Young, WSV prepared a Recommendation document Karen McLaughlin, Raj Kumar, Rianna which was approved just this past Tuesday for Lechart, Irvin Waller, Adedokun Adejemi and distribution to the member States. Many of you Marianne Hilfe. It was at this meeting that the have seen these Recommendations. The text actual first text of a convention was created. of this document is essentially the same as the That first draft was distributed, mostly within text of the aforementioned Resolution. the WSV. With the benefit of suggestions, a second version was published on the Last night, the WSV was told that the INTERVICT and WSV websites. proposed draft of the Salvador Declaration will include also wording in support of victims’ The next year at the WSV symposium in rights. Furthermore, the WSV team during this Orlando, USA, Marc Groenhuijsen organized a Congress has been successful in obtaining 21 special workgroup to further consider changes signatures in only three days from NGOs and on this new draft convention. After the individuals supporting the WSV initiative for symposium further changes were made and the Resolution. also published on the WSV and INTERVICT websites. This version was labeled the Our challenge from now to May 17th, is to December 2006 Convention. Lastly, in 2008, convince a country that is willing to adopt a under the leadership of myself, the Tokiwa Resolution, similar to this draft, as an agenda International Victimology Institute (TIVI) hosted item prior to May 17th so that it can discussion two days of seminars focused on analytic by the current Commission at that time. critiques and recommendations aimed at changing the content; and, for the first time, a At the conclusion of this meeting, there will be petition sheets passed around. I would like to full day aimed at creating a series of strategies

5 invite you all to support these initiatives with International Criminal Court. As well, of the 10 your signatures. Thank you very much. primary principles of justice found in the Declaration, the UN Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) After-word – John says, “We were able to get contains 4 of these, whereas UNTOC’s 69 signatures on our petition to support our Protocol Against Trafficking in Persons, proposed Resolution, especially by many Especially Women and Children contains 6 in NGOs, country delegates (mostly from Brazil) a mandatory form and another 3 in an optional and individuals.” form. The declaration has also influenced regional instruments; for example, the 2001

Council of the EU Framework Decision (a ======legally binding document for the current 25 European Union Member States) includes 8 of the 10 principles. (Garkawe 2000) Cloaking the truth – ex post Furthermore, many of the fundamental facto the UN Declaration of principles and resultant rights have subsequently become part of domestic Basic Principles of Justice for legislation. In my home country, Australia, 5 of Victims of Crime and Abuse of the 6 States have Declarations or Charter of victims’ rights, while the sixth has pledged to Power honour the UN Declaration. Thus, it is a most important document in international law. Michael O’Connell, Vice President, World Society of Victimology, Unlike Magna Carta, the UN Declaration has Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South not been revised and amended. Many clauses Australia in Magna Carta were renewed over hundreds of years. Many of the original clauses have The United Nations Declaration of Basic been encapsulated into other law or amended Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and by other law. Abuse of Power of 1985 is frequently called In the year of the 25th anniversary of the the Magna Carta on victims’ rights. It is one of Declaration it is worthwhile contemplating how the most celebrated documents since the to further advance victims’ rights. The WSV victim was rediscovered. has recommended at this Congress that the Like the original Magna Carta, the Declaration UNODC appoint an Expert Committee for this is both inspirational and aspirational. From the purpose. victims’ perspective the Declaration is a great Although it can be argued that victims of crime paper. are better off as a consequence of the Magna Carta proclaims many clauses Declaration, research reveals a more intended to prevent innocent citizens pessimistic picture. becoming victims of abuse of power. It also About one decade after the UN Declaration states, To no one will we sell, to no one deny was promulgated, for example, over one half or delay right or justice, it did not say this only of victims across our world (who completed the applies to defendants. It also importantly international crime survey) said they were became the basis of the principle of justice that unhappy about the way police treat them. if a right is violated there should be a remedy. Many stated that police "did not do enough" or The drafters did not intend the UN Declaration "did not recover the goods". About 1 in 5 said to be simply a set of pious platitudes; rather the police failed to keep them informed about they intended it to be a statement on certain progress in their case. 1 in 5 women victims of purposes and rights that form the basis of domestic violence or sexual assault, specific responsibilities and activities to ensure responded that police were "incorrect" or victims have access to justice and fair "impolite". Victims of personal violence, treatment, assistance, restitution and including domestic violence and rape, were compensation. the least satisfied with the police because they felt that the police "did not do enough" or There is no doubt that the Declaration has "were not interested". (International Crime positively influenced the treatment of victims of Victim Survey 2000) crime. It has also influenced many international instruments; for example, the Then about two decades after the UN Rome Statute and Rules & Procedures of the Declaration, approximately one half of the

6 victims who reported a crime were satisfied given information, compensation and services, with the way the police treated their case, as well as the right to be heard at appropriate although in several countries where levels of times in the case. satisfaction used to be comparatively high, the The causes that lead to the existing rates of satisfaction have decreased. This Declaration remain realities for many victims. group of countries includes the USA, Canada, Their discontent has not diminished. Now is England & Wales, Sweden and the time to seriously examine the feasibility of a Netherlands, which are countries where better Convention on victims’ rights. It is time for all treatment of victims is actively promoted. victims to benefit from binding international (International Crime Victim Survey 2005) law. For this purpose there should be an Since the UN adopted the Declaration, victim appropriate monitoring mechanism; and support in those countries that share a consideration given to a means of common law criminal justice system as well as enforcement, so if violations happen and the Netherlands and Sweden has improved, cannot be resolved in victims’ home countries, so that it is frequently provided to victims. In there may an avenue (in accord with the other countries where victims have been international legal principles of State surveyed and comparative data is available, Responsibility) for victims to seek a remedy. there has been a modest increase in victim support in most countries. Notably, less than 1 in 10 victims of serious crimes who reported to JOINT STATEMENT ON the police received specialised help. Furthermore, about 4 in 10 of those who did BEHALF OF NON- not, expressed a need for support. Victim GOVERNMENTAL support agencies provided services to approximately 1 in 5 of victims with expressed ORGANIZATIONS needs. (International Crime Victim Survey 2005) High-level Segment – Sunday 18 April Uniformly across our world where victims have been surveyed, the results show the Twelfth United Nations implementation of victims’ rights has been patchy and for too many people, victims’ rights Congress on Crime Prevention are empty promises (see e.g. O’Connell 2006 and Criminal Justice (Australia); Human Rights Watch 2009 (USA); Wemmers et al 2005 (Canada); Groenhuijsen Presented for the NGO Alliance by Yael 1997) Over all, far too many victims still end Daniele up traumatized by criminal justice systems. Thank you, Mr. President, for giving me the Moreover, too many victims are treated poorly floor. This statement is made on behalf of and do not receive adequate material, numerous NGOs and many individual experts psychological and social support. represented at the Twelfth United Nations I do not refute that victims’ rights are Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal entrenched in much law; however, those rights Justice and it has been prepared through an are rarely seen as binding on those obliged to open consultative process to develop our act accordingly. shared viewpoint. The Declaration encourages laws and Civil society has a key role in contributing to practices in order to guarantee fundamental the development and implementation of fairness and justice for all victims of crime. national and international instruments and However, victims’ rights – with few exceptions structures to combat crime and victimization. – are not yet analogous to the concepts of We challenge abuses, defend human rights, natural justice and procedural justice. identify systemic weaknesses. We advocate for, and propose, new initiatives and Thus, ex post facto the Declaration, the approaches for just and humane responses to rhetoric cloaks the truth for many victims. both the victims and the perpetrators of crime. It is my contention that the UN Declaration It is in this spirit that we make this statement. should not remain a static document. Our statement will address victims, juveniles, access to justice and fair treatment, organized In 1985 the United Nations adopted a crime and research and evaluation. declaration referring to the rights of victims of crime. It established the importance of victims being treated with dignity and respect and

7 Victims Turning to children who come into conflict with the law, we recommend that young children Every year, all over the world, more than one below the age of criminal responsibility should billion people suffer harm as a result of crime. be dealt with through supportive care rather Millions more are victims of abuse of power than punishment, as recommended by and terrorism. Throughout history they have international instruments. been forgotten and ignored segments of their societies, without a voice or rights. While the Responses to offences committed by minors rights of offenders have been established, should have an educational aim and, as far as those of victims have been largely overlooked. possible, ensure the young person's At best, criminal justice systems have used participation in decisions made about them victims as witnesses to establish their cases. throughout the process. All measures on their behalf should be regularly monitored in order The Seventh UN Congress adopted the United to improve them. They should ensure the Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of protection of those minors deprived of their Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of liberty, in particular their physical and mental Power. For the first time, the international integrity and their welfare. community recognized their plight and acknowledged their rights. This, and all Access to Justice and Fair Treatment subsequent victim rights instruments and The third concern is how we ensure access to provisions, called on States to promote and justice and fair treatment. fulfil the rights of victims and ensure that their needs are met. We call for the establishment Civil society and governments have a of an expert group to study the implementation responsibility to work together to reduce prison of these instruments and to make populations. Restorative justice is one recommendations. example of an effective and useful tool in working with offenders and preserving the No member of the international community can interests of victims. It is important that the speak of any crime without acknowledging its public understand how it works and appreciate victims and their rights. We call on all States to its benefits. adopt and implement appropriate legislation, policies, and practices for the protection of, The excessive and arbitrary use of pre-trial and assistance to, victims of crime, abuse of detention and inadequate access to legal aid power and terrorism. Justice would then be for disadvantaged defendants undermine realised both for the victims and for society. confidence in criminal justice systems. They result in a series of adverse consequences Juveniles that are almost certainly magnified further A second major concern we address is down the criminal justice chain. These juveniles. undermine health, promote corruption and torture and contribute to the social exclusion of All Member States should adopt a minimum pre-trial detainees and their families. Limiting age of criminal responsibility. We propose that the use of pre-trial detention is critical. The this should be no less than 12 years of age as accused person must have access to proper established under international law. legal assistance as early as possible, including Additionally we recommend that the age of in police custody. criminal responsibility be increased to 14 as proposed by the United Nations Special In view of the rapidly increasing use of prison Rapporteur on Torture. for women who offend, we call on the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Children living in the street and / or Justice to adopt the draft Supplementary Rules domestically-abused children should be the for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and concern of the community as a whole. Staff in Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders relevant community-based institutions and this year, as they summarize best practice in organizations should have specialized training working with women who offend. to support and assist these children to become viable members of their communities, also to Given the high proportion of drug users in prevent their further victimization and possible prison populations in many countries, it is criminalization. important to utilize fully evidence-based alternatives to conviction, punishment and The children of prisoners are forgotten victims imprisonment. Where treatment is compulsory, of crime. Their needs should be taken into the place of detention for treatment should be account at each stage of the criminal justice subject to inspection in the same way as process, from arrest to release from prison. prisons.

8 Following from this, we stress that visiting for this to become reality. Member States must mechanisms for prisons are essential. They support a victim-centered monitoring ensure that the treatment of inmates complies mechanism to UNTOC and its protocols with UN standards and norms. We strongly without further delay. urge States that have not yet ratified the Turning to organized crime and corruption, in Optional Protocol to the Convention against our view, these are two sides of the same coin. Torture to do so, and those which have ratified We call for integration of crime prevention and it to designate or establish independent and anti-corruption strategies to advance justice, effective national preventive mechanisms. equity and the possibility of achieving A binding instrument with an effective sustainable development. monitoring mechanism to cover the Standard Research and Evaluation Minimum Rules is required. We ask the Commission to establish a working group to There is a need for more research on effective consider the preparation of a draft Convention criminal justice practice, particularly in crime or similar instrument on the rights of persons prevention. Greater emphasis should be held in places of compulsory detention, placed on criminal justice education, taking advantage of new technology and teaching We call upon the General Assembly, through techniques. The Commission should consider the Commission, to take note of the document the development of a Criminal Justice "Basic Principles of Religious Freedom in Education Declaration. Prison" that was reviewed by prison managers, representatives of Buddhist, Hindu, Finally, we thank our Brazilian hosts for this Muslim, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant excellent opportunity to exchange ideas. A Christian and Roman Catholic faiths, and by a great deal of reform in criminal justice has number of Member States at this Congress. occurred in Latin America over the past 25 years pertaining to the Rule of Law. Much can Transnational and Organized Crime be learned from the region in improving At the 4th Conference of the Parties to the UN criminal justice throughout the world. Convention against Concluding Remarks Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), As civil society organizations we are States Parties declared that a victim-centered committed to monitoring progress in approach was essential to an effective strategy implementing the Salvador Declaration and to protect and assist victims of trafficking. Just the resolutions adopted by the Commission as victim-centered approaches are key to the and other UN bodies. We look forward to implementation of the Protocol, so they are maintaining our critical partnership in essential to its effective review. In the year advancing the effectiveness of crime 2000, victims of trafficking placed their hope in prevention and criminal justice. an international framework promising to prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in Thank you, Mr. President. persons. They have now waited 10 long years

The Victimologist -- Newsletter of the World Society of Victimology

Managing Editor: Michael O'Connell, Commissioner For Victims’ Rights, GPO Box 464, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Phone: +61 +8 82071723, Fax: +61 +8 82071736 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board: Dr Georgios Antonopoulos Lecturer, School of Social Sciences & Law, Criminology, Sociology and Youth Studies, University of Teesside, Tees Valley, UK. Tel: 01642 342392 Email: [email protected] Marisol Casanova Guzman, calle 7 #I-11, Urb. Brisas del Mar, Luquillo, P.R. 00773 Phone: (787) 763-1985 ext. 259, Fax: (787) 763- 5168, E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Otmar Hagemann, Kiel University, Germany, Email: [email protected] Almir Maljevic, Faculty of Criminal Justice Sciences, University of Sarajevo. Phone: 387 33445 452 ext: 227. E-mail: [email protected]

Inquiries: Address all correspondence concerning newsletter materials to the members of the Editorial Board. Further information on WSV is available at www.worldsocietyofvictimology.org and membership inquiries should be addressed to Paul Friday, Treasurer at [email protected]