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Using Fire and Herbicide to Control Lygodium Microphyllum and Effects on a Pine Flatwoods Plant Community

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Using Fire and Herbicide to Control Lygodium Microphyllum and Effects on a Pine Flatwoods Plant Community RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT: Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. is a non-native invasive fern that has become a serious problem in many habitats in southern Florida. The effectiveness of fire and/or triclopyr ester in killing L. microphyllum, the time and .amount of herbicide required for inspections and re-applications, and • the effects of these treatments on a southern Florida pine flatwoods community were examined. These treatments were: (1) herbicide application with bimonthly inspection and re-application if necessary, (2) herbicide application with biannual inspection/re-application, (3) prescribed fire to reduce L. microphyllum Using Fire and biomass followed by biannual inspection and herbicide application, and (4) untreated controls. All fire and/or herbicide treatments killed standing L. microphyllum, and the prescribed fire reduced by about Herbicide to one-half the amount of subsequent herbicide, but not the time, required to kill regrowth. No treatment prevented L. microphyllum regrowth, and every treatment had at least one new frond at the end of the three-year study. Fire and/or herbicide treatments did not permanently decrease native species cover, Control Lygodium richness, evenness, or diversity (Shannon's H'), and native species cover increased following biannual herbicide and firelbiannual herbicide treatments. Two-month inspection/retreatment intervals were not more effective than six-month intervals. Lygodium microphyllum can return to former amounts of biomass microphyllum and and cover within a few years of burning. Waiting too long to inspect and retreat negates the benefits of Effects on a Pine using fire to reduce L. microphyllum biomass. Index terms: fire, herbicide, invasive plant, Lygodium microphyllum, Old World climbing fern Flatwoods Plant Community in South INTRODUCTION lum only very infrequently covers more than small patches of ground (R. Pember­ Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br., Old­ ton, research entomologist, United States Florida World climbing fern, is an indeterminately Department of Agriculture, pers. comm.), twining fern found throughout much of and does not dominate its plant community the Old World tropics (Pemberton 1998), (Goolsby et al. 2003). In Florida, however, Randall K. Stocker1, 4 where it is frequently described as "weedy" the rapid spread of the species has been (Tagawa and Iwatsuki 1979; Singh and Raymond E. Miller Jr.2 compounded by the establishment of large Panigrahi 1984). It was first reported as nearly monospecific stands. The extensive 2 David w. Black a naturalized species in Florida (Martin indeterminate growth of single compound Amy P. Ferriter3 County) in 1965 (Beckner 1968), and con­ fronds of L. microphyllum can create dense Daniel D. Thayer2 cern about the spread of L. microphyllum in accumulations of light-blocking biomass central Florida was voiced as early as 1978 covering and killing herbaceous and shrub 1 IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive (Nauman and Austin 1978). This species layers, and can even lead to the death of Plants and Department of Agronomy has now become a recognized threat to na­ mature trees as the fern twines into the University of Florida tive plant communities throughout southern overstory canopy (Pemberton and Fer­ 304 Newell Hall Florida (Pemberton 1998; Pemberton and riter 1998). Plant communities in Florida PO Box 110500 Ferriter 1998). Extent of L. microphyllum infested by L. microphyllum include bald Gainesville, Florida 32611-0500, USA in southern Florida was calculated (aerial cypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) survey) to be 11,213 ha in 1993, 15,892 swamps, pine flatwoods, wet prairies, 2 South Florida Water Management ha in 1997, 17,410 ha in 2001, and 48,878 saw grass (Cladium majaicense Crantz) District ha in 2005, and estimated to be 74,090 marshes, mangrove stands, Everglades tree P.O. Box 24680 ha in the entire southern Florida region islands, and disturbed areas (Pemberton West Palm Beach, FL 33416, USA in 2005 (Ferriter and Pernas 2006). The and Ferriter 1998). exponential nature of this increase can be 3 Idaho State Department of Agriculture seen by plotting the survey data collected While several herbicides are able to kill 2270 Old Penitentiary Rd. by Ferriter and Pernas (2006) and in a more L. microphyllum (Stocker et al. 1997), Boise, ID 83701, USA focused examination of spatial distribu­ the rapid spread of this species makes it tion of L. microphyllum over time in the unlikely that herbicide-only programs will • Everglades region of southern Florida (Wu be able to contain the plant, nor lead to et al. 2006). The potential distribution of its eventual control. A statewide manage­ 1 Corresponding author: L. microphyllum in the Everglades (Volin ment plan recommends biological control [email protected] et al. 2004) and more generally in North combined with herbicide treatments as the and South America has been examined as best strategy for long-term management well (Goolsby 2004). and control (Pemberton et al. 2006). The Natural Areas Journal 28:144-154 biological control program is well under­ In its native Old World range, L. microphyl- way (Goolsby et al. 2003), and the first 144 Natural Areas Journal Volume 28 (2),2008 biological control agent (Austromusotima control and regrowth of L. microphyllum; replicates (6) of each of four treatments. camptonozale [Lepidoptera: Crambidae; and the effects of those treatments on a pine Data collection was repeated in November Yen et al. 2004]), a frond-feeding mus­ flatwoods plant community, one of many 1998 and 1999. otimine moth, was released in 2005. It is plant communities in Florida that require possible that several different biological frequent burning to maintain desired native Treatments consisted of: (1) initial use control agents will be necessary, and until plant diversity and habitat for threatened of herbicide to kill L. microphyllum and a more diverse biological control program and endangered plants and animals (Lan­ herbicide treatment of regrowth at two is implemented, herbicides will remain the geland and Hutchinson 2006). Additional month intervals (termed bimonthly herbi­ most effective readily available manage­ objectives included comparing two differ­ cide), (2) initial use of herbicide to kill L. ment tool. ent frequencies of herbicide re-treatment microphyllum and herbicide treatment of (every two or six months) and determining regrowth at six month intervals (biannual The importance of fire in the evolution time and herbicide requirements for the herbicide), (3) initial use of fire to reduce of Florida's plant communities and the tested treatments. L. microphyllum biomass followed by use of prescribed fire to manage habitats herbicide treatment at six month intervals for native plant diversity (Wade et al. (fire/biannual herbicide), and (4) untreated METHODS 2000) suggest that fire might offer an control plots. The final interval in biannual additional management tool to control herbicide and firelbin herbicide plots was The study site is a wet flatwoods dominated L. microphyllum, except for three very four months instead of six. Each treatment by Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine), important factors: (1) fire alone does not was replicated in six plots in a completely located in Palm Beach County, Florida, on kill L. microphyllum (Maithani et al. 1986; randomized design. It is recognized that the south side of Indiantown Road approxi­ Roberts 1996; Stocker et al. 1997), (2) L. bimonthly application of herbicide is mately 1.6 km west ofInterstate 95. A fire microphyllum regrows very quickly after impractical for most resource inanage­ in 1995 killed many Taxodium distichum fire (Goolsby et al. 2003), and (3) fire may ment situations, but L. microphyllum had and P. elliottii. Lygodium microphyllum re­ provide open sites for establishment of new recovered quickly from some herbicide ap­ covered very rapidly following the fire, and populations (Langeland and Hutchinson plications in demonstration plots, and it was by 1997 covered much of the herbaceous 2006). Fire can, however, reduce both desirable to know if even an impractical and shrub layers and many of the stan4ing living and dead standing L. microphyllum bimonthly frequency' would successfully trunks of dead trees. At the start of the biomass, possibly reducing the amount of kill this species. study (December 1997), L. microphyllum . herbicide required for subsequent treat­ was estimated to occupy approximately ment of regrowth and unburned plants, Fire was applied to firelbiannual herbicide 73 ha of the 176 ha total property area. and make access to sites much easier for plots on 14 January 1998. Mter initial Since the property was scheduled to be management personnel (Langeland and ignition of biomass, the plot was allowed developed into a Palm Beach County Hutchinson 2006). In small demonstration to burn without further assistance unless natural area and recreational facility, the plots, spot fires have been used to burn re-ignition was needed to continue the research was conducted in parallel with a L. microphyllum climbing into overstory burn. Lygodium microphyllurn has very larger restoration effort. trees. Herbicide (glyphosate) applications thin pinnae, and fronds readily ignite and to regrowth three to four months after the support rapid, intense burning. Fire was On 3. December 1997, a 20-m x 40-m fire were effective, with little regrowth seen suppressed with shovels and water when area was divided into 24 plots, each 2-m (J. Hutchinson, graduate student, Univer­ it reached the plot borders. No heat ef­ x 8-m, with I-m strips between plots on sity of Florida, pers. comm.). While spot fects, such as curled or scorched leaves, their long axis and 2-m strips between plot burning followed by herbicide may not be were observed on plants in neighboring ends. Three 0.25-m2 square plot frames suitable for larger infestations, it may be unburned plots. were randomly located in each plot, from an effective tool in nascent populations which L. microphyllum biomass samples (Langeland and Hutchinson 2006). J'riclopyr ester (PathfinderTM, 0.09 kg L-l were collected and dried to constant weight active ingredient) was used for all herbicide in a forced air drying oven.
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